English Pronunciation for
Communication
A Practical Course for Students of English
By
Wang Guizhen
Faculty of English Language & Culture
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Stressed Words & Unstressed
Words in a Sentence
What is a syllable?
A word part and the basic unit of English rhythm
What is a stressed syllable?
ba NAAAA na
Syllable 1 Syllable 2 Syllable 3
(short) (long) (short)
Stressed Syllables &
Unstressed Syllables
Stressed syllables are strong syllables,
Unstressed syllables are weak syllables.
Stressed syllables:
? are long
? have a pitch change
? have full vowel sounds.
Unstressed syllables:
? are short
? often have a reduced vowel sound.
F i g 9, E n g l a n d wa s a t wa r wi t h Am e r i c a, ( By n o n - n a t i v e s p e a k e r o f En g l i s h )
F i g 10,Engl and w as at w ar w i t h A m er i ca,( B y nat i v e s peak er of Engl i s h)
Strong and weak syllables
? The vowel in a weak syllable tends to be shorter,
of lower intensity and different in quality,
? ‘father’,the second syllable is shorter than the
first,is less loud and has a vowel that cannot
occur in strong syllables,
? ‘bottle’,the weak second syllable contains no
vowel at all,but consists entirely of the
consonant /l/,We call this a syllabic consonant,
Different types of weak syllables
? The schwa
? a -- attend,character,barracks,again,ballad,
necklace,workaday,workable,elephant
? ar -- particular,molar,monarchy
? ate -- intimate,accurate,desolate
? o -- tomorrow,potato,carrot
? or -- forget,ambassador,opportunity
? e -- settlement,violet,postmen
? er --perhaps,stronger,superman
? u -- autumn,support,halibut
? ough -- thorough,borough
? ous -- gracious,callous
Any English vowel letter can be pronounced
with the schwa /?/
allow a
firemen e
possible i /?/
command o
support u
4,Sentence stress
? What to stress in a sentence?
? 1,Information words are usually
stressed,nouns,verbs,adjectives,and
adverbs.
? 2,Unstressed words are usually
function words like articles,pronouns,
possessives,prepositions,auxiliary
verbs,and conjunctions.
Information words and function words
Information words,nouns,verbs,adjectives,and adverbs,
They give information about who,what,when,where,why,how
They express the main idea or content of the phrase or sentence,
They carry the message and therefore usually stressed,
Function words
Unstressed words are usually function words
like articles,pronouns,possessives,prepositions,
auxiliary verbs,and conjunctions,
These words connect the information words
to form grammatical sentences.
If you stress all the words in an utterance,you may
sound unpleasant or even cause misunderstanding
because
1,You are giving too much information,and
2,English speakers usually stress all words
only when they are impatient or angry.
The Distribution of English Stresses
1,Form words are typically unstressed.
2,Content words are normally stressed.
3,Form words are stressed where contrast is expressed.
4,Any word being repeated is usually not stressed.
5,No stress on words indicating facts of which both
parties are aware.
6,Some words never occurs at all except unstressed.
7,Stress can be idiomatic or habitual.
The kettle's boiling.
The milkman called.
The phone's ringing.
8,Many stressings are idiomatic.
9,Stress expresses different meanings.
He's back again.
10,Further examples:
-- How many times? -- Three times.
London and districts around London.
If you want to make good coffee,you must use
plenty of coffee.
-- I want some money.
-- You're asking me for money?
(You must be mad.)
-- This pen's useless,-- Get a new one,then.
The Tide Rises,the Tide Falls
? The tide rises,the tide falls,
? The twilight darkens,the curlew calls;
? Along the sea-sands damp and brown
? The traveler hastens toward the town,
? And the tide rises,the tide falls.
?
? Darkness settles on roofs and walls,
? But the sea,the sea in the darkness calls;
? The little waves,with their soft,white hands,
? Efface the footprints in the sands,
? And the tide rises,the tide falls.
?
? The morning breaks; the steeds in their stalls
? Stamp and neigh,as the hostler calls;
? The day returns,but never more
? Returns the traveler to the shore,
? And the tide rises,the tide falls.
gzwang@mail.gdufs.edu.cn
Communication
A Practical Course for Students of English
By
Wang Guizhen
Faculty of English Language & Culture
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Stressed Words & Unstressed
Words in a Sentence
What is a syllable?
A word part and the basic unit of English rhythm
What is a stressed syllable?
ba NAAAA na
Syllable 1 Syllable 2 Syllable 3
(short) (long) (short)
Stressed Syllables &
Unstressed Syllables
Stressed syllables are strong syllables,
Unstressed syllables are weak syllables.
Stressed syllables:
? are long
? have a pitch change
? have full vowel sounds.
Unstressed syllables:
? are short
? often have a reduced vowel sound.
F i g 9, E n g l a n d wa s a t wa r wi t h Am e r i c a, ( By n o n - n a t i v e s p e a k e r o f En g l i s h )
F i g 10,Engl and w as at w ar w i t h A m er i ca,( B y nat i v e s peak er of Engl i s h)
Strong and weak syllables
? The vowel in a weak syllable tends to be shorter,
of lower intensity and different in quality,
? ‘father’,the second syllable is shorter than the
first,is less loud and has a vowel that cannot
occur in strong syllables,
? ‘bottle’,the weak second syllable contains no
vowel at all,but consists entirely of the
consonant /l/,We call this a syllabic consonant,
Different types of weak syllables
? The schwa
? a -- attend,character,barracks,again,ballad,
necklace,workaday,workable,elephant
? ar -- particular,molar,monarchy
? ate -- intimate,accurate,desolate
? o -- tomorrow,potato,carrot
? or -- forget,ambassador,opportunity
? e -- settlement,violet,postmen
? er --perhaps,stronger,superman
? u -- autumn,support,halibut
? ough -- thorough,borough
? ous -- gracious,callous
Any English vowel letter can be pronounced
with the schwa /?/
allow a
firemen e
possible i /?/
command o
support u
4,Sentence stress
? What to stress in a sentence?
? 1,Information words are usually
stressed,nouns,verbs,adjectives,and
adverbs.
? 2,Unstressed words are usually
function words like articles,pronouns,
possessives,prepositions,auxiliary
verbs,and conjunctions.
Information words and function words
Information words,nouns,verbs,adjectives,and adverbs,
They give information about who,what,when,where,why,how
They express the main idea or content of the phrase or sentence,
They carry the message and therefore usually stressed,
Function words
Unstressed words are usually function words
like articles,pronouns,possessives,prepositions,
auxiliary verbs,and conjunctions,
These words connect the information words
to form grammatical sentences.
If you stress all the words in an utterance,you may
sound unpleasant or even cause misunderstanding
because
1,You are giving too much information,and
2,English speakers usually stress all words
only when they are impatient or angry.
The Distribution of English Stresses
1,Form words are typically unstressed.
2,Content words are normally stressed.
3,Form words are stressed where contrast is expressed.
4,Any word being repeated is usually not stressed.
5,No stress on words indicating facts of which both
parties are aware.
6,Some words never occurs at all except unstressed.
7,Stress can be idiomatic or habitual.
The kettle's boiling.
The milkman called.
The phone's ringing.
8,Many stressings are idiomatic.
9,Stress expresses different meanings.
He's back again.
10,Further examples:
-- How many times? -- Three times.
London and districts around London.
If you want to make good coffee,you must use
plenty of coffee.
-- I want some money.
-- You're asking me for money?
(You must be mad.)
-- This pen's useless,-- Get a new one,then.
The Tide Rises,the Tide Falls
? The tide rises,the tide falls,
? The twilight darkens,the curlew calls;
? Along the sea-sands damp and brown
? The traveler hastens toward the town,
? And the tide rises,the tide falls.
?
? Darkness settles on roofs and walls,
? But the sea,the sea in the darkness calls;
? The little waves,with their soft,white hands,
? Efface the footprints in the sands,
? And the tide rises,the tide falls.
?
? The morning breaks; the steeds in their stalls
? Stamp and neigh,as the hostler calls;
? The day returns,but never more
? Returns the traveler to the shore,
? And the tide rises,the tide falls.
gzwang@mail.gdufs.edu.cn
