翻译理论与实践(安徽理工大学)：英译汉理论与实践

英译汉理论与实践教程
程永生
Translation form English into
Chinese,
Theory and Practice
Cheng Yongsheng
作者简介,
? 程永生，男,1946年生，安徽省潜山县人。早年
毕业于安徽大学外语系英语专业，曾留学新西兰，
研究生毕业于坎特伯雷大学英语系，获优硕士学
位 (MA with honors)。安徽理工大学教授，外语系
主任；安徽大学兼职教授、硕士生导师。研究方
向为语言学和翻译理论与实践。作者近期的主要
著述有：, 描写交际翻译学,,, 汉译英理论与
实践教程,,参与了, 中国翻译通史, 的编撰工
作，还发表了十多篇有关翻译研究方面的论文。
作者的主要社会兼职有：全国人大代表、淮南市
政协副主席。
目录
? 前言
? 第一章 报刊文章选段汉译
? 第二章 美国总统就职演说汉译
? 第三章 英国名家演说汉译
? 第四章 英美小说汉译
? 第五章 美国文学史选段汉译
? 第六章 国外翻译理论著作选段汉译
第一章 报刊文章选段汉译
第一节
? 1 Outside the United Nations,human rights
matters have been discussed with the Group of
7 major industrialized countries and the Non-
Allied Movement at their summit meetings,as
well as with the Organization of American States,
the Organization of African Unity,the
Association of South-East Asian Nations,
European Union,the Commonwealth of
Independent States,the Rio Group and in other
important regional and subregional forums,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1.Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of an unusually long
simple sentence,whose backbone structure
could be reduced to… human rights matters
have been discussed with … as well as with …,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? As revealed in the grammatical analysis,the selection consists of
only a single simple sentence and it is a periodic sentence,
beginning with a prepositional phrase,In addition,the selection
sound exotic to the Chinese ear with so many names of
international organizations,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The selection is structurally complicated with the two coordinate
prepositional phrases at the end of the sentence,and it is
structurally formal for its structural complication,grammatical
completeness and freedom from any colloquial structures,
? 3,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are
frequently used,for example,with …,as well as
with… ; the Group of 7 major industrialized
countries and the Non-Allied Movement; the
Organization of American States,the
Organization of African Unity,the Association of
South-East Asian Nations,European Union,the
Commonwealth of Independent States,the Rio
Group; and regional and subregional,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,the pattern … discussed
with … and with … is used to reinforce the coherence and unity
as well; the possessive pronoun their is used to refer to Group of
7 major industrialized countries and the Non-Allied Movement;
names of international organizations are listed one after another;
subregional and regional are used as partial repetitions,and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? The selection is characterized by the frequent employment of
such formal words,including nominalizations,as matter,discuss,
major,industrialize,summit,movement,organization,association,
commonwealth,independent and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 联合国之外，人权方面的事务已经讨论过了，和七个主要工业国集团、不结
盟运动，在它们的峰会上；也已经讨论过了，同美洲国家组织、非洲统一组
织、东南亚国家联盟、欧洲联盟、独立国共同体、里约集团以及在其他重要
的地区和次地区的论坛上。
? Comments,
? Such a translation is awkward in that in the case of expressing the similar
ideas as the selection contains,the usual Chinese way will be,某某问题已
经在某某地点和某某、某某以及某某讨论过了, If the discussion partner list
is too long,the Chinese might turn to such expression as 某某问题已经在某
某地点和某某与某某讨论过了，也已经在某某地点和某某、某某 …… 等讨论
过了,……, The alternative Chinese patterns point to the necessity that
such phrases as和七个主要工业国集团、不结盟运动 ; 在它们的峰会上 ; 同美
洲国家组织、非洲统一组织、东南亚国家联盟、欧洲联盟、独立国共同体、
里约集团以及在其他重要的地区和次地区的论坛上 should be fronted or
reorganized,
? B) Translation 2,
? 在联合国之外，人权问题已经在峰会上同七大工业国集团、不结盟
运动讨论过了，也已经同美洲国家组织、非统组织、东南亚国家联盟、
欧洲联盟、独立国共同体和里约集团讨论过了，在其他地区性和次地
区性的论坛上也已经讨论过了。
? Comments,
? The present translation is totally different from the previous in that
by repeating 同 …… 讨论过了 with 在 …… 也已经讨论过了 as a
reinforcement,all the discussion participants are now well organized
in an orderly pattern,However,abbreviations could have been used
for the names of the international organizations,and other
measures could also be taken,
? C) Translation 3,
? 人权问题在联合国内外都已经讨论过了。例如，在联合国机构之外，
在七国集团和不结盟运动的峰会上，在美洲国家组织、非统、东盟、
欧盟、独联体、里约集团中，在重要的地区与次地区论坛上，都已经
讨论过了。
? Comments,
? In the present version,abbreviations are used,the repetition of 讨
论过了 is avoided by repetition of 在 …,上（中） three times,and
addition of人权问题在联合国内外都讨论过了。例如 for the clarity of
the ideas,coherence of the text and improvement on the structure
of the translation as a whole,The addition of 在联合国内外,
together with the repetition of 讨论过了,is meaningful in that first,
the implied meaning is made explicit; second,the translation now
assumes an explicit deductive pattern of development,that is,
development from general to specific,
? 2 Parallel to this,the High Commissioner has initiated and
vigorously pursued the restructuring of the Centre for Human Rights
with the aim of ensuring a secretariat capable of providing the
highest standards of work to respond effectively to an ever-growing
number of mandates and human rights challenges around the world,
The Commission on human Rights is a unique world forum with
primary objective being to make the enjoyment of human rights a
reality for all people,This can only be achieved by translating
principles and norms into concrete deeds affecting the way people
live,In doing so,the Commission on human rights can also give
greater impetus to the initiatives being undertaken by the High
Commissioner,It is essential that the Commission,as the most
important forum dedicated to human rights,accord the High
Commissioner the support needed for forging greater determination
in promoting and protecting all human rights,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of five sentences in all,with the longest
running three and a half lines,and the shortest one and a half lines,
Of the five sentences,the first is a simple sentence; the second is
also a simple sentence but with an absolute nominal construction
embedded; the next two are also simple sentences but the last is a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and a subject clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with an adjective phrase and the structure
of the sentence could be reduced to such a backbone structure
as… the High Commissioner has initiated and pursued… with the
aim of…,
? 3,Notes,
? In the sentence,a secretariat capable of… means a secretariat
that is capable of…, And also in the sentence,… provide… to…
means to … provide in order to…, In the second sentence,… with
primary objective being to make the enjoyment… is an absolute
nominal construction,Again in the second sentence,… make … a
reality for all people assumes the structure of make + object +
object complement,In It is essential that… in the last sentence,
the that clause serves as the real subject,and it serves as the
formal subject,The clause is in subjunctive mood,Also in the
sentence,there is a pattern of accord somebody something,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the five sentences the selection consists of,the first,
the fourth and the last are periodic while the other two
are loose sentences,The three sentences are regarded
as periodic in that the first sentence begins with an
adjective phrase; the fourth begins with a
prepositional phrase while the last begins with a
formal subject,keeping the real subject further back,
Also in the last sentence,there is a parenthetic
structure embedded,as discussed in the grammatical
analysis,
? 2,Structural complication,
? all the sentences are structurally complicated to some
extent though most of them are complicated at phrasal
level rather than at sentential level,For example,in the
first sentence,the two past participles in the predicate
are in coordination; and there are a number of
prepositional phrases together with an adjective phrase
and an infinitive phrase,In the second sentence,there is
an absolute nominal construction together with other
structural complications; and other sentences are
complicated in similar ways,In addition,all the
sentences vary in length,rhetoric structure and
grammatical structure,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for
their grammatical completeness and freedom
from any colloquial structure,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structure are frequently used,for
example,initiated and vigorously pursued; an
ever-growing number of mandates and human
rights challenges around the world; principles
and norms; and promoting and protecting,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,the High
Commissioner,commission and human rights are
repeated; initiative is used as a partial repetition for
initiate; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,can be easily
located such as commissioner,initiate,vigorously,
pursue,restructuring,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 与此平行，高级专员已经启动了并不遗余力地追求人权中心改组，目的是确保书记处能够提供最高
的工作标准，以有效地回应不断增长的官方要求和世界范围内的人权挑战。人权专署是世界上唯一
的论坛，其主要目的是让享受人权成为所有的人的一种现实。这个目的的达到，只有通过将原则和
规范转换成影响人们生活方式的具体的做法。在这样做的时候，人权专署也可以提供更大的动力，
为正在采取的启动行动的高级专员。下面的做法是有必要的，专署，作为致力于人权工作的最重要 的论坛，必须为高级专员提供支持，为他更加增强决心来促进和保护所有的人权。
? Comments,
? The translation of the first three sentences,though word for word,sentence for sentence,are
basically acceptable,For in the translating process,what should be fronted and readjusted has
been fronted and readjusted already,However,that of the last two sentences are beyond the
Chinese norm,which,in the case of expressing the similar ideas,would require two sentences like this,在这样做的时候，人权专署也可以为 …… 提供更大的动力 ; and 作为 ……,专署必须
为 …… 提供更多的支持，以便他 …… 。这样做是很有必要的, This analysis points to the necessity
for improvement to be made on the translation,In addition,与此平行 at the very beginning is not a typical Chinese expression for the context; 这个目的的达到，只有通过将原则和规范转换成影响
人们生活方式的具体的做法 could be readjusted,and so on,
? B) Translation 2,
? 同样，高级专员已经启动并正在竭力追求重组人权中心，以确保书记处能够
提供最好的工作标准来有效地回应日益增长的官方指令和世界范围内的人权
挑战。人权专署是唯一的世界论坛，其主要目的是将人人都享有人权变为现
实。这个目标，只有通过将原则和规范都转换成影响人们的生活方式的具体
行动，才能达到。这样做，人权专署就能为高级专员做好正在启动的工作提
供更大的动力。作为致力于人权工作的最重要的论坛，专署必须为高级专员
提供必要的支持，以便他在促进和维护所有的人权事务中能下更大的决心。
? Comments,
? Improvements have been made on the readability,coherence and
authenticity with the proper choice of words and sentence patterns,For
example,the patterns proposed in the above comments are now used; 同样
is substituted for 与此平行 ; and readjustments are made in accordance with
what is previously commented on about other translations,Consequently,
the translation,now without any foreignized structure,is much more
readable,coherent and authentic,
? C) Translation 3,
? 与此同时，高级专员已经启动并孜孜以求于改组人权中心，以便秘书处能以
最高工作标准去有效应对联合国官员日益增长的要求和世界范围的日益增长
的挑战。专署是世界上的唯一人权论坛，主要致力于实现人人享有人权。这
个目标，只有通过将原则和规范变为影响人们的生活方式的具体行动，才能
实现。在实现目标的过程中，人权专署就能进一步推动高级专员做好正在启
动的工作。作为最重要的人权论坛，专署必须为高级专员提供必要的支持，
以便他痛下决心，来推进和保护一切人权。
? Comments,
? Improvements are further made on authenticity and coherence by using
such expressions as 与此同时；以便；主要在于,and so on; and by
employing the sentence pattern这个目标，只有 ……,才能实 and by
substituting主要致力于实现人人享有人权 and在实现目标的过程中，人权专
署就能进一步推动高级专员做好正在启动的工作 for the previous,
Consequently,the translation sounds more like a piece of Chinese writing,
? 3 The diverse ramifications of the end of the cold war
remain a palpable factor in the world even today,nearly
a decade later,The cessation of super-Power rivals and
military confrontation set in train a whole host of
progressive changes within and among countries,At the
same time,the international community is still struggling
with the adverse consequences of bipolarity‘s collapse,
The inner-ethnic conflicts that followed the break-up of
several multi-ethnic States,whether in central Asia or
the former Yugoslavia,are tragic cases in point,Some of
the former proxy battlegrounds of the cold war in Asia
and Africa continue to reel from instability,
1) Analysis of the original,
A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of five sentences,and all of the sentences
are simple in structure except for the fourth,which is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,
? 2,Additional complication
? In the first sentence,nearly a decade later is in apposition to
today before it,serving grammatically as the appositive and
functionally to explain when today is,In the second sentence,the
phrase set in train means cause… to happen,The third sentence
begins with a prepositional phrase while the fourth sentence has
a parenthetic structure embedded,that is,whether in central Asia
or the former Yugoslavia,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of five sentences,of
which the first two and the very last are loose
sentences while the two in the middle are
periodic,for the beginning with a prepositional
phrase and the insertion of a parenthetic
structure respectively,However,at the end of
the first sentence,there is a noun phrase
serving as appositive to what goes before and
adding complexity to the sentence structure,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The structure complication of the third
sentence lies in its beginning with a
prepositional phrase,And the fourth sentence
contains a subordinate clause and a
parenthetic structure,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences in the selection are formal in
structure in that they are all grammatically
complete and free from any colloquial
structure,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,
for example,super-Power rivals and military
confrontation; within and among; central Asia or the
former Yugoslavia; and Asia and Africa,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be identified as follows,super-Power
rivals is used as a specification for cold war;
international community is used as a near synonym for
the world; cold war and multi-ethnic are repeated;
conflict is used as a near synonym for confrontation,
and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,
can be found throughout the selection
such as diverse,ramification,palpable,
cessation,confrontation,bipolarity,
progressive,adverse,and many others,
? C) Background knowledge,
? (1) The cold war refers to the cold war between
the former Soviet Union and the United States;
? (2) The super powers also refer to the former
Soviet Union and the United States;
? (3) Bipolarity refers to the two poles leading by
the former Soviet Union and the United States,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 冷战的结束的各种分支甚至在今天的世界也能感受得到，已经快十年过去了。
超级大国的竞争和军事对抗的停止，使国家内部和国家之间发生了一系列循
序渐进的变化，变化的安排是恰当的。同时，国际大家庭仍然在同两极对抗
崩溃的坏的后果作斗争。跟着几个多民族国家的解体，内部民族冲突，不管
是在中亚还是在前南斯拉夫，都是悲剧的例子。在亚洲和非洲的某些从前的
冷战代理战场由于不稳定仍在继续运转。
? Comments,
? The above is basically a word-for-word translation though some of the
prepositional phrases are fronted in the translating process according to
Chinese norms,Consequently,improper structuring and wording can be
found here and there,For example,已经快十年过去了 is inappropriately
placed at the end of the sentence and is necessary to be transpositioned;
变化的安排是恰当的 is employed as the translation of set in train,which
sounds exotic and may probably be a mistranslation; the puzzling
expression of某些从前的冷战代理战场由于不稳定仍在继续运转,puzzling for
its exoticness,should be retranslated,
? B) Translation 2,
? 将近十年过去了，冷战结束后的各种分化瓦解，在今天的世界上仍然可以感
觉得到。超级大国之间的竞争和军事对抗的停止，使国家内部和国家之间发
生了一系列循序渐进的有利变化。同时，国际社会仍然在同两极对抗崩溃后
的负面影响作斗争。随着某些多民族国家的解体，国内的民族对立，无论是
在中亚还是在前南斯拉夫，都是悲剧的例子。在亚洲和非洲某些从前的冷战
次战场由于不稳定仍然危机四伏。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made on the first translation when将近十年过去了 is
transpositioned; 变化的安排是恰当的 and某些从前的冷战代理战场由于不稳
定仍在继续运转 are retranslated,and so on,Consequently,all the structural
problems are solved and the translation is improved in terms of authenticity,
coherence and readability,However,there is still much room for further
improvement,
? C) Translation 3,
? 随着冷战的结束，各种力量分崩离析，将近十年过去了，其影响在今天的世
界上仍难以消除。超级大国停止了竞争和军事对抗，促使国家内部和国家之
间发生了许多有利的变化。尽管如此，国际社会仍然在同两极对抗崩溃后的
负面影响作斗争。某些多民族国家解体之后，国内发生民族对抗，无论是在
中亚还是在前南斯拉夫，都是悲剧。在亚洲和非洲，某些从前冷战时期的第
二战场，由于两级对抗崩溃了，力量均衡打破了，依旧危机四伏。
? Comments,
? The present translation is characterized by the frequent use of verbs for
nouns and of the explication technique to bring out the implied meanings of
the original,for example,都是悲剧性的 ; 冷战时期的第二战场 ; 由于两极对
抗崩溃了，力量均衡打破了,依旧危机四伏,etc,In addition,尽管如此 is now
employed to translate at the same time,a choice made in accordance with
the context rather than with the original wording,
? 4 States that were held together by their
perceived strategic utility to one side or the
other in some instances have suffered gravely as
a result; this was true,for example,in the Horn
of Africa earlier in the decade,and most recently
in the former Zaire,The help of all States,
especially those that played leading roles in cold
war,is necessary to undo its remaining social,
economic and political distortions,
1) Analysis of the original,
A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of
which the first is a compound complex
sentence,containing two coordinate clauses
connected by a semi-colon,and in the first
clause,there is an attributive clause embedded,
The second is a complex sentence,composed
of a main clause and an attributive clause but
embedded in the parenthesis,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The subject and the predicate of the main clause of
the first sentence is kept far apart by the attributive
clause and for example is embedded as a parenthesis
? 3,Notes,
? The backbone structure of the first clause in the first
sentence can be reduced into something like this,
states … have suffered…, The second sentence has
especially those that played leading roles in cold war
embedded as a parenthesis,and the backbone
structure of the sentence would be something like this,
the help … is necessary to undo…,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of two periodic
sentences,each for the insertion of a
parenthetic structure respectively and each of
the two sentences is structurally further
complicated by the embedding of a
subordinate clause,
? 2,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are formal in structure in
that they are both grammatically complete and
free from any colloquial structure,
? 3,Parallel structure,
? The selection is made further peculiar in that it is popular with
parallel constructions,for example,to one side or the other; in
the Horn of Africa earlier in the decade,and most recently in the
former Zaire; social,economic and political,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? examples could be found as follows,the other is an elliptic
structure of the other side; the word states is repeated; those is a
substitute for the states,and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? It is also popular with formal words,including nominalizations,
such as perceive,strategic,utility,instance,especially,economic,
political,distortion and so on,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 那些被见到的战略利益将它们在有些场合同这边或同那边捆在一起的
国家结果已经遭遇得很严重。这是真的，例如，这十年中的头几年的
非洲的好望角和最近的原扎伊尔。帮助所有这些国家，尤其是那些在
冷战中起领头作用的国家是必要的，以便它们解除仍然存在在那儿的
政治的、经济的和政策的扭曲。
? Comments,
? Translation 1 is a pure word-for-word translation except for the
transposition of some originally subordinate clauses into proper
positions in the Chinese sense,Consequently,the readability of such
a translation could be challenged,For example,the first sentence in
the translation is too long; some expressions such as 遭遇得很严重 ;
这十年中的头几年的非洲的好望角 ; 解除 …… 扭曲 and others are not
typical Chinese and are not readable either,
? B) Translation 2,
? 由于明显的战略利益，那些在有些场合同这边或那些捆绑在一起的国
家，结果遭遇很惨。例如，在前几年的非洲好望角和最近的前扎伊尔
都是如此。帮助所有这些国家，尤其是那些在冷战中起领头羊作用的
国家，是必要的，以便它们摆脱社会的、经济的和政治的影响。
? Comments,
? The present translation is much improved in terms both of sentence
pattern and vocabulary by fronting the 由于 …… clause; using 例
如,…… 都是如此 to translate it was true,… ; 帮助 …… 摆脱 … 是必
要的,etc,and such expressions as领头羊 ;摆脱 …… 影响,etc,
Consequently,the present translation is much more readable and
authentic in the Chinese sense,
? C) Translation 3,
? 出于眼前的战略需要，有些国家时而站在冷战的这一方，时而站在冷
战的那一方，结局都很凄惨。前几年非洲的好望角和最近的前扎伊尔
都是这样。帮助这些国家，尤其是那些在冷战中冲锋陷阵的国家，从
政治上、经济上、政策上摆脱冷战的阴影，是必要的。
? Comments,
? The present translation finds itself different from the previous in the
employment of such new sentences as the first two and the
employment of such new expressions as 出于眼前的战略需要 ; 时而
站在 ……,时而站在 …… ;冲锋陷阵 ; 摆脱阴影,etc,Consequently,
the translation is much more readable,coherent and authentic,
though in the Chinese sense,Apparently,in the process,explication
technique is repeatedly used,for example,冷战的 is repeatedly
inserted; 冲锋陷阵 is used to translate played leading roles with
meaning amplified,and so on,
? 5 A second fundamental force reshaping the world today
is globalization,it is perhaps the most profound source
of international transformation since the industrial
revolution began to turn external trade into a routine
feature of international life,Beginning in the 1960s,with
the limited lifting of capital controls and the gradual
emergence of multinational manufacturing firms,
financial markets have become increasingly integrated
and the production of goods and services
transnationalized,
1) Analysis of the original,
A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The present selection consists of two sentences,of which the first
is a compound complex sentence,containing two coordinate
clauses,of which the second is complex in structure,composed of
a main clause and an adverbial clause of time,The second
sentence is simple in structure,
? 2,Additional complication,
? the coordinate clauses in the first sentence are loosely connected
and they can be changed into either a compound sentence,A
second fundamental force is… globalization and it is perhaps the
most profound source of… or into a complex sentence,A second
fundamental force… is globalization,which is perhaps the most…,
The second sentence begins with a present participle phrase
followed by a prepositional phrase,which is parenthetic in
structure,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The first sentence is loose in structure while the
second is a periodic sentence for the beginning with a
present participle phrase and the embedding of a
parenthesis in the form of a prepositional phrase,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The two sentences are complicated in that the first
sentence has a subordinate clause embedded while
the second has a complicated beginning,In addition,
the selection is formal in structure for the grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 3,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures can be identified,
for example,the limited lifting of capital controls and
the gradual emergence of multinational manufacturing
firms; and financial markets have become increasingly
integrated and the production of goods and services
transnationalized,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? examples can be easily found,for instance,
international transformation is used with the meaning
of reshaping the world; and globalization,international,
multinational,and transnationalized are used as
synonyms though of different parts of speech,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? The selection contains many formal
words,including nominalizations,such as
fundamental,reshape,globalization,
profound,international,revolution,
transformation,multinational,
translationalize,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 第二个改变今天的世界的基本力量是全球化，这或许是国际改造的最深刻的
源泉，自从工业革命开始将对外贸易变成国际生活的一种日常特征。 1960年
代开始，由于资本限制的有限解除，由于多国生产公司的渐渐出现，金融市
场已经在不断整合，物资生产、服务生产也跨国化了。
? Comments,
? The translation of the first sentence runs as long as the original without any
structure change and that of the second sentence is also a word-for-word,
clause-for-clause translation,The two translations sound awkward to some
extent though tolerably acceptable,But strictly speaking,自从工业革命开始
将对外贸易变成国际生活的一种日常特征 should be fronted with rewordings,
However,in other parts,readjustments are made,though locally,for
example,in the last sentence of the translation,由于 and生产 are repeated
for the sake of authenticity,
? B) Translation 2,
? 当前，第二个重组世界的基本力量是全球化，这或许是自工业革命开
始将对外贸易变成国际生活的日常特征以来的最深刻的国际改组的力
量之源。从二十世纪六十年代起，由于资本限制的有限解除，由于跨
国生产公司的逐步出现，金融市场日趋整合，物资与服务生产也日趋
国际化。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made in the first sentence of the translation in
that 自工业革命开始 is now fronted to its usual position in the
Chinese sense,and in the second sentence of the translation in that
local readjustments are made,However,这或许是自工业革命开始将
对外贸易变成国际生活的日常特征以来的最深刻的国际改组的力量之
源 is unusually long,even longer than the corresponding part in the
previous translation,and without any rewording identified,
? C) Translation 3,
? 今天，全球化成了重组世界的第二大基本力量。由于工业革命，对外贸易在
国际生活中不可或缺，自那以来，全球化就成了国际关系重组的重要的源泉。
自二十世纪六十年代起，由于资本限制的有限解禁，由于多国制造公司的逐
步出现，金融市场日趋整合，物资生产和服务也日趋跨国化了。
? Comments,
? Great changes can now be witnessed in the translation of the first original
sentence together with some local readjustments made on the translation
of the second,Specifically speaking,the long clause is now chopped short
with necessary readjustments made; and 今天，全球化成了重组世界的第二
大基本力量。由于工业革命，对外贸易在国际生活中不可或缺，自那以来，
全球化就成了国际关系重组的重要的源泉 is a totally new translation,And in
the last sentence of the translation,物资生产和服务 is substituted for the
previous,and so on,Consequently,the present translation is more readable,
coherent and authentic,
Exercises,
? 1 They considered that such work is of particular relevance in helping
developing countries,in particular governments and SMEs,to better
understand and participate in processes under way in other
intergovernmental organizations dealing with telecommunications and their
trade applications,in particular the International Telecommunications Union
and World Trade Organization,
? 2 The meeting considered that the recommendations made by the United
Nations International Symposium on Trade Efficiency in the sector of
telecommunications remain a valid basis for the continuation of
intergovernmental activities in the area of the telecommunications,business
facilitation and trade efficiency,The experts underlined that UNCTAD should
pursue its work in this area by complementing UNISTE recommendations
through the consideration of a number of recent trends and events,which
have been and will continue to be of critical importance for the
competitiveness of enterprises,especially small and medium-sized
enterprises,in the years to come,
? 3 Such trends and events include in particular,
? (a) The continuation of the liberalization and privatization processes pursued by a growing
number of countries in the sector of telecommunications services and equipment; these
processes have been reinforced by the recent WTO Agreements on Information Technology and
on Basic Telecommunications Services,
? (b) The continuation of the trend towards lower prices for international telecommunications
services;
? (c) The accelerated advent of new infrastructures such as low earth orbiting satellite systems;
? (d) The rapid expansion of the Internet,which will have far-reaching consequences on the ways
in which individuals and enterprises access and provide information,in particular for the purpose
of business transactions,
? 4 Since dialogue is an interaction process,not an event,it must be structured,relevant,
transparent,and representative,and it should have an effective influence on both policy formulation and implementation; effective dialogue must occur at all appropriate levels,regional,
local and sectional,etc,
? 5 Based on the assessment of lessons learned from past experience,the experts recommended
that,in the interest of achieving stability and coherence in macro and micro policies for SME
promotion,Governments should identify their appropriate role and activities to better support
SMEs; they should adopt the principle of subsidiary,that is to identify who can do what best and at what level; in this context it might be necessary to develop the necessary legislation for non-
state service providers,Governments should understand needs assessment and develop tools to
evaluate impacts of policies and program,including support mechanisms,
第二节
? 6 Numbers tell part of the story,international
financial flows tower over world trade by a ratio
of 60:1,while the growth in world trade itself
typically exceeds the increase in world gross
domestic product by more than 5 percent each
year,The other part of the story is in the
organization of these flows,they take place
within markets which,for most purposes,have
become single markets,and within firms or
among related parties that treat the world,
synoptically,as a single market place,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the first is a
compound sentence,containing two coordinate clauses,of which
the second in turn is again compound in structure,composed of
two coordinate clauses connected by while,The second sentence
is compound complex in structure,composed of two coordinate
clauses,of which the second in turn is complex in structure,
composed of a main clause with two prepositional phrases in
coordination,each of which has an attributive clause embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The second sentence has two parenthetic structures embedded,
for most purposes and synoptically,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The first sentence is loose in structure while the second is a
periodic sentence for the embedding of two parentheses,
? 2,Structural complication,
? he two sentences are both structurally complicated to some
extent in that the first is a compound sentence while the second
is a compound complex one,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are formal in structure in that they are both
grammatically complete and free from any colloquial structure,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? The two sentences are structurally parallel though the
parallelism is not extended to the explanatory clauses
that follow,In addition,there are other parallel
structures,though some parallel components are
placed far apart,for example,part of the story,the
other part of the story; international financial flows
tower over world trade,the growth in world trade; by
a ratio of 60:1,by more than 5 percent; single markets,
a single market place; and within firms or among
related parties,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,part of the story
is repeated by the other part of the story; world trade
is repeated; financial flows is repeated by these flows;
markets,single markets and a single market place are
used synonymously,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? The selection is rather popular with formal words and
nominalizations such as international,financial,market,
typically,exceed,domestic,organization,increase,
synoptically,and so on,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 数字只是部分故事：国际经济的流动超出世界贸易，其比例是 60:1，
而国际贸易本身的增长典型地超出世界毛国内生产总值每年 5％。故
事的另一部分是，在组织这些流动中，它们都是在市场范围内发生的。
市场，就多数目的而言，已经成了单一市场；在公司之间或者有关各
方之间，也是如此。这些公司和有关各方，总体上将世界当成了一个 单一的大市场。
? Comments,
? The translation is rather awkward in that 故事 is improperly used for
the translation of the story though tower is properly translated into
超出, Another example is the improper translation of in the
organization of these flows into在组织这些流动中, Such are
translations based on dictionary definitions of the words and
expressions in question and consequently they are not only exotic to
the Chinese eye but also meaningless to the Chinese mind,
? B) Translation 2,
? 数字只能说明部分问题：国际资金的流转超出了世界贸易，比例为
60:1，而世界贸易本身的增长明显超出了世界毛国内生产总值每年 5
％以上的增长率。问题的另一方面是，在资金流转的结构中，流转都
是在市场范围内发生的，市场在大多数方面已经成了单一市场，在公
司之间或有关各方之间，都将世界看成了一个单一的大市场。
? Comments,
? The above-mentioned awkward expressions are eliminated and
idiomatic or even technical terms are used in their stead,For
example,部分 and 问题的另一方面 are used to translate story; and资
金流转 is employed to translate these flows,Consequently,the
translation as a whole is much more improved in terms of
readability,coherence and authenticity,
? C) Translation 3,
? 一方面，数字说明，国际资金流转远远超出了世界贸易，
其比例是 60:1，而世界贸易自身的增长明显高出毛国内生
产总值的 5％的增长率。另一方面，从资金流转的结构看，
上述各端都在市场范围内发生的，市场在很大程度上已经
变成了单一市场。从公司关系或有关各方的关系看，公司
或有关各方总体上将世界看成是一个单一市场。
? Comments,
? By using and fronting一方面 and另一方面,a prominent
improvement is made in terms of readability,coherence
and authenticity,In addition,从 …… 看,a ready Chinese
expression,is now used twice,adding a great deal in
readability,coherence and authenticity to the translation,
? 7 Globalization and liberalization that produced it have
generated a sustained period of economic expansion,
together with the most rapid reconfiguration of
international economic geography ever,Unprecedented
wealth and standards of living exist in the industrialized
world,Elsewhere,some countries that struggled with
poverty a mere generation ago are now economic poles
in their own right,Over the course of the next
generation,a majority of the world‘s most rapidly
growing economies will be located in what is now the
developing world,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of four sentences,of
which the first is a complex sentence,composed
of a main clause and an attributive clause while
the second is a simple sentence,The third is
again a complex sentence,composed of a main
clause and an attributive clause and the last is
again a complex sentence,composed of a main
clause and a nominal clause serving as the
object of the preposition in,
? 2,Note,
? The backbone structure of the first sentence is
globalization and liberalization… have
generated…,and there is a long prepositional
phrase together with an adverb at the end of
the sentence,The third sentence begins with an
adverb and the backbone structure of the
sentence is some countries… are now economic
poles…,and the last sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of four sentences,with the first two being
loose and the last two being periodic for their beginnings with
either an adverbial phrase or a prepositional phrase,
? 2,Structural complication,
? In the subject of the first sentence there is an attributive clause,
and the predicate is followed by a long prepositional phrase,
Generally speaking,however,the last two are a little more
complicated than the first two,For example,the third sentence
begins with an adverbial phrase and has an attributive clause
embedded in the part serving as the subject,The last sentence
begins with a prepositional phrase and has a nominal clause
embedded at the very end and after the preposition in,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The four sentences are formal in structure for
they are all complete in grammatical structure
and free from any colloquial structure,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures can be found,for example,
globalization and liberalization; and wealth and
standards of living,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples can easily be found as follows,
economic is repeated; economy is used as a
partial repetition of economic; industrialized
world is used in contrast with developing world,
and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations are popularly
used,for example,globalization,liberalization,
wealth,generate,standard,sustain,economic,
expansion,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 全球化和产生全球化的自由化，已经产生了好长一段时间的经济扩张，
还有一道产生的世界经济地理飞速重新配置。在工业化的世界里存在
着前所未有的富有和生活标准。其他地方，有些国家，仅仅一代人之
前还在同贫穷搏斗，已经成了自己的经济支柱。在下一代人成长的过
程中，大多数世界经济增长最快的国家将会在现在的发展中国家里找 到。
? Comments,
? The translation follows the original rigidly and consequently some of
the results sound very exotic and awkward,For example,已经产生
了好长一段时间的经济扩张 ; 还有一道产生的世界经济地理飞速重新
配置 ; 存在着前所未有的富有和生活标准,and other similar ones
could and should be improved on,
? B) Translation 2,
? 全球化和引起全球化的自由化，带来了好长一段时间的经济腾飞。同
时，世界经济地图也在飞速地重新布局。工业化国家出现了前所未有
的富有和生活标准空前提高。其他地方，有些国家仅仅在一代人以前，
还在同贫穷作斗争，现在已经成了经济支柱。在下一代人成长之际，
世界上经济增长速度最快的国家，大多在今天的发展中世界。
? Comments,
? The present translation is improved on the previous to a large
extent,For example,世界经济地图也在飞速地重新布局 ; 出现了前所
未有的富有和生活标准空前提高 ; 世界上经济增长速度最快的国家，
大多在今天的发展中世界 and others are now substituted for the
previous counterparts,However,such collocations as带来了好长一
段时间的经济腾飞 ; 出现了前所未有的富有和生活标准空前提高,etc,
do not sound as neat and authentic as expected,
? C) Translation 3,
? 由于全球化和催生全球化的自由化，世界经济持续快速发展；这样一来，世
界经济格局也日新月异。发达国家空前富有，生活水平空前提高。其他国家，
上一代人还在同贫穷作斗争，现在已成了经济支柱。再过一代人，世界经济
飞速增长的国家，将多半是今天的发展中国家。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the above-mentioned awkwardness is completely
eliminated with a neat coherent and readable text produced,Specifically
speaking,这样一来 is used to translate together with,a choice made in view
of the context; 发达国家 is used in contrast with其他国家 ; 发展中国家 is
used in coherent connection with 发达国家 on one hand and 其他国家 on the
other; 发达国家空前富有，生活水平空前提高 is internally parallel,
Consequently,the translation is greatly improved in an all round way,
? 8 Globalization also poses numerous policy challenges,
however,Among them are the inherent risks of markets
lacking critical regulatory safeguards,as is true in some
respects of international financial markets,Globalization
is also eroding the efficacy of some policy instruments
by which the industrialized countries had pursued full
employment and social stability throughout the era that
followed the Second World War,No consensus exists yet
about how to replace the neo-Keynesian compromise
that governed the political economy of advanced
capitalism,but it would be folly to believe that the public
in the industrialized countries is prepared simply to
return to an era of unfettered market forces,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The present selection consists of four sentences,of which the first
is a simple sentence while the second is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an adverbial clause,The third is
again a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and a
preposition-leading attributive clause,in which there is another
attributive clause further embedded,The last is a compound
complex sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses,of which
the first is complex in structure,composed of a main clause and
an elliptic nominal clause serving as the object of the preposition
about,where there is an attributive clause; and the second
coordinate clause is also complex in structure,composed of a
main clause and object clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence has an adverb added to the
end; the second sentence is in inverted order,
which put in its normal order would be the
inherent risks of … are among them,
? 3,Notes,
? In the sentence,as is true… means and this is
true…,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of four sentences and all of them are loose
in structure,except for the second sentence,which is inverted in
order and hence periodic in structure,In terms of length,they run
from short to long in a natural sequence,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The first sentence is rather straightforward,except for the
addition of however at the very end,The third sentence involves
two-tier subordination and last sentence involves subordination
embedded in coordination,In the selection,parallel structures are
seldom used,
? 3,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples can be found as follows,
globalization,industrialized countries and era
are repeated,and the pronoun them is used to
refer to challenges,
? 4,Lexical formality,
? The selection is characterized by the popular
use of formal words and nominalizations such
as globalization,pose,numerous,policy,
inherent,regulatory,safeguard,instrument,
industrialized,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 全球化也设置了许多政策挑战，然而。这些挑战中有与生俱来的市场风险，由于没有
关键的调节保障，国际金融市场的某些方面就是这样。全球化也侵蚀某些政策手段的
效用，利用这些手段，工业化国家在整个第二次世界大战之后一直追求全员就业和社
会稳定。没有取得一致意见，关于如何取代新凯恩斯妥协，新凯恩斯主义曾指导过发
达的资本主义的政治经济。但是要相信工业化国家的大众就准备回到无拘无束的市场
力量的那样一个时代，那就错了。
? Comments,
? The above is basically a word-for-word translation with readjustment made only
where there is a prepositional attribute or an inversion is involved,However,such a
translation has basically retained the coherence of the original selection by retaining
its cohesive devices,Put against Chinese norms,the translation is apparently
problematic with the placement of 然而 at the end of the first sentence,the position
of the clause of 由于 …… in the middle of the second sentence,the embedding of the
phrase关于 …… in the middle of the fourth sentence,etc,together with the use of
such unauthentic collocations as 设置 …… 挑战 ; 侵蚀 …… 效用,etc,All this points to
the necessity that some translation techniques such as transposition,explication,
implication,and others should be employed,
? B) Translation 2,
? 然而，全球化也带来了许多政策性挑战。由于缺乏关键的调节保障，市场天生具有风
险，这就是政策性挑战。国际金融市场的某些方面也是这样。工业化国家在第二次世
界大战之后，一直采用政策手段来追求全员就业和社会稳定，全球化正在销损某些政
策手段。新凯恩斯主义曾指导过发达资本主义的政治经济，至于用什么东西替代新凯
恩斯主义，也没有达成共识。但是，如果认为工业国的大众就想回到无拘无束的市场
力量的那样一种时代，那就是错的。
? Comments,
? The contribution the present translation has made lies mainly in the elimination of the
above-mentioned problematic translations by turning to commonly used translation
techniques,especially to transposition,For example,然而 and 由于 are transpositioned,
and 由于 is translated together with缺乏关键的调节保障，市场天生具有风险,
Additional transpositioned examples are工业化国家在第二次世界大战之后，一直采用
政策手段来追求全员就业和社会稳定 and新凯恩斯主义曾指导过发达资本主义的政治经
济，至于用什么东西替代新凯恩斯主义, However,in terms of Chinese authenticity,
the translation still remains much to be desired,
? C) Translation 3,
? 然而，全球化给许多政策带来了挑战。由于没有关键性调节措施作保障，市
场就必然要承担风险，这就是对政策的挑战。国际金融市场的某些方面也是
如此。第二次世界大战之后，工业化国家一直用政策手段来寻求全员就业和
社会稳定，由于全球化，某些政策措施已难以发挥作用。新凯恩斯主义曾经
指导过先进的资本主义的政治经济，在全球化的语境下，用什么东西来指导
政治经济，也没有达成共识。但如果认为，工业国的大众就想回到任凭市场
力量自由驰骋那样一种岁月，那就是错误的。
? Comments,
? In terms of Chinese authenticity,improvements have been made by
changing政策性挑战 into either给政策带来挑战 or 对政策的挑战 ; 销损某些政
策手段 into某些政策措施难以发挥作用 ; 无拘无束的市场力量 into任凭市场力
量自由驰骋 ; and by inserting such phrase as在全球化的语境下,
Consequently,the authenticity and readability are both improved,if the
coherence is not improved as much,
? 9 Additional policy challenges face the developing
countries,To begin with,the benefits of globalization still
affect relatively few among them,Some 40 percent of
the direct foreign investment flows to developing
countries is accounted for by China alone; East Asia as a
whole absorbs nearly two thirds,In contrast,Africa is
the recipient of a meager 4 percent,while official
development assistance has fallen,Among the countries
bypassed by global capital flows are those that are
experiencing the most enduring poverty,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of five sentences,of which the
first two are simple sentences; the second two are
compound sentences,each composed of two
coordinate clauses; and the last is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The second sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase,and so is the third sentence,And the main
clause of the last sentence is in inverted order,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The present selection consists of five sentences,of which the
second,the fourth and the last are periodic while the other two
are loose in structure,The second and fourth sentences are
periodic each for the beginning with a prepositional phrase while
the last is periodic for the inverted order,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The last three sentences are complicated though for different
reasons,In the case of the third sentence,the complication can
be attributed to the coordination; in the case of the last two,to
subordination,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from any colloquial structure,In the
selection,parallel structures cannot be identified,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples can be found as follows,the pronoun them is used to
stand for the developing countries,which is repeated; and China,
East Asia and Africa are semantically related,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations can be frequently found,for
example,additional,challenge,developing,benefit,globalization,
affect,relatively,foreign,investment,account,contrast,and so
on,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 增加的政策挑战面对发展中国家。首先，全球化的好处仍然只影响它们中的
相对少数。直接流向发展中国家的国外投资的 40％左右被中国一国消受了，
整个东亚吸收了将近三分之二。与此形成对照的是，非洲只是 4％吸收者，而
官方的发展支持却下降了。在那些被全球资本流动擦肩而过的国家之中有那
些正在经历最旷日持久的贫穷的国家。
? Comments,
? Though with some readjustments made locally and the reversal of the
inverted order in the translation of the last sentence,the above translation,
deliberately pursues a word-for-word mode strictly and rigidly,resulting in
such awkward expressions as 增加的政策挑战面对 …… ;非洲只是 4%的吸收
者,etc,And the sentence patterns selected also remain much to be desired,
However,such cohesive devices are basically properly retained as首先 ; 与
此形成对照的是,etc,and the same is true with the idiomatic use of such
expressions as发展中国家 ; 整个东亚 ; 资金流向 ; 发展支持 ; 擦肩而过 ; 旷日
持久,etc,
? B) Translation 2,
? 发展中国家面临更多的政策挑战。首先，全球化的利益仅影响发展中
国家中的极少数，直接流向发展中国家的外国投资，有 40%左右流到
了中国一个国家，整个东亚将近吸收了三分之二。与此相反，非洲仅
吸收 4％，但政府的发展支持反而下降了。与全球资金流动擦肩而过
的国家中，有些正在经历最旷日持久的贫穷。
? Comments,
? The present translation has overcome the above-mentioned
awkwardness and retained,with forms altered occasionally,the
cohesive devices and the authentic expressions formerly employed,
However,against Chinese norms,such a translation still remains
much to be desired,For example,全球化的利益仅影响发展中国家中
的极少数 ; 直接流向发展中国家的外国投资，有 40%左右流到了中国
一个国家，整个东亚将近吸收了三分之二 ; 与全球资金流动擦肩而过
的国家,and others could be further improved on,
? C) Translation 3,
? 发展中国家还面临其他政策性挑战。首先，受惠于全球化的发展中国
家，相对而言，只是极少数。直接流向发展中国家的外国投资,40%
左右流到了中国，整个东亚吸收了将近 2/3。适成对照，非洲仅吸收 4
％，政府的发展支持基金反而减少了。失去吸收外资机会的国家中，
有些正在遭受最旷日持久的贫穷。
? Comments,
? The new translation is characterized by the employment of such
typical Chinese expressions as 其他 ; 首先 ; 受惠于 …… ; 相对而言 ; 适
成对照 ; 减少 ; 失去 ; 遭受,etc.,together with the elimination of
redundant information as contained in such semantically similar
expressions as foreign investment flows,the recipient of…,etc,But
the most preeminent change may be the substitution of失去吸收外
资机会的国家中 for the previous counterpart,
? 10 As indicated in 1997 Human Development
Report,published by the United Nations
Development Program,lack of global financial
resources is no impediment to eradicating
extreme poverty,Pro-growth policies at the
national level coupled with targeted external
assistance can enable currently marginalized
countries to become active participants in the
global economy,I consider it to be a core
mission of the Unites Nations to help facilitate
their successful transitions,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences,all of which
are simple in structure,though the first is the longest
while the last is the shortest,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase
followed by a past participle phrase,which is in
parenthetic structure; and in I consider it to be a core
mission of… to help… in the last sentence,it is the
formal object while to help… is the real object,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the first is a
periodic sentence for the beginning with elliptic adverbial clause,
followed by a past participle phrase,which can be regarded as a
parenthesis; and the other two are loose sentences,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The subject of the second sentence is complicated due to the use
of the past participle phrase after the word level,And the third
sentence contains a real and a formal object,Based on the
analysis,we can say that the selection,with more loose
sentences than the periodic one,is still structurally complicated,
though mostly at the phrasal level,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The selection is structurally formal for the reason that all the
constituent sentences are grammatically complete and free from
any colloquial structure,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,United Nations is repeated
and economy is used as a partial repetition of financial,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations are abundantly used such as
development,report,publish,program,impediment,eradicating,
poverty,assistance,marginalize,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 正如 1997年, 人的发展报告, 指出的，这个报告是联合国发展计划署
发表的，缺少国际资金来源并不能阻碍消除极度贫穷。国家水平上的
亲发展的政策加上有目标的外部援助能使现在正处于边缘地位的国家
成为积极的国际经济的参与者。我考虑联合国的核心工作是帮助促进
它们成功地过渡。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,few awkward expressions could be
found except for such quasi-ones as亲发展； 有目标的,etc,
However,the sentence pattern chosen for the translation of the first
sentence of the original is typically beyond appropriateness in that
in accordance with Chinese norms,这个报告是联合国发展计划署发
表的 should be transpositioned,or fronted,to be exact,
? B) Translation 2,
? 联合国发展计划署发表了, 1997年度人的发展报告, 。正如这份报告
所指出的，缺少国际资金来源并不能妨碍消除极度贫困。国家水平上
的有利于发展的政策，加上有针对性的外部援助，就能使现在正处于
边缘地位的国家积极地参与全球经济。我认为，联合国的核心任务就
是帮助推动它们实现成功的过渡。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,all the necessary improvements are made
in accordance with the above comments,However,to make the
theme more preeminent,some information could be simplified while
other information could be amplified,even by addition or repetition,
? C) Translation 3,
? 联合国发展计划署发表的, 1997年人的发展报告, 指出，缺少国际资
金来源并不妨碍消除极度的贫困。国家如能制定政策激励发展，加上
有针对性地引进外资，就能摆脱现在的边缘地位，积极地参与到全球
经济之中。我认为，联合国的首要任务，就是帮助这些国家，促使它
们成功地摆脱边缘地位，参与全球经济。
? Comments,
? In accordance with the above comments,the information in the
translation of the first sentence of the original is simplified while the
information in the translation of the last part of the last sentence is
amplified by the repetition of 摆脱边缘地位，参与全球经济, Actually,
the amplified translation has explicated the meaning of transition in
the original,hence more clarity for the part under discussion,
Another consequence of the amplification is that the repetition has
contributed a great deal to the coherence of translation,
Exercises,
? 6 The experts were of the opinion that policy coherence must occur in at least five areas,
? (i) There must be coherence between macroeconomic conditions and micro policies favoring
SMEs,because macroeconomic instability not only affects SMEs more but can also destroy
whatever impact SME program could have;
? (ii) Policy coherence is needed among all public and private sector bodies involved in SME support
services in the country,because fragmented policies and programs waste scarce resources;
? (iii) There must be policy coherence among all levels of government,since what is achieved at
the federal level might be undermined at a lower level and vice versa;
? (iv) There must be stability,clarity and coherence in implementation;
? (v) There must be coherence between policies to promote internal growth of SMEs while
respecting external obligations and commitments such as WTO agreements,SME issue should be
integrated into overall industrial policy,However,Governments should also have a national
strategy to redress biases against SMEs by addressing their specific needs such as access to a range of business services which large firms commonly have internally,
? 7 The experts recommended that support measures and agencies whether provided or organized
by the Government,should be needs-based or demand driven,They further recommended the
use of survey to identify the needs of target groups and to evaluate the impact of these measures,
programs and agencies,
? 8 The experts regarded it as critical that Governments adopt the principle of subsidiarity in
designing efficient support measures,First,the provision of support measures should be the
responsibility of all players,Governments,business associations,and NGOs,A coordination
agency should be created which is independent,business-oriented,run by qualified and
adequately remunerated staff,and sustainable,Second,support measures should be
decentralized as much as possible,The experts recommended that Governments facilitate
networking among service providers to contribute to the efficiency and effectiveness of the
support infrastructure at the federal,regional and local level and provide government assistance for research on marketing,trade promotion activities and technology diffusion programs,
? 9 China‘s modern humiliations began with the early nineteenth century,with the Opium Wars,
Thereafter the great powers,as occasion permitted,worked industriously to carve it up into spheres and areas for exploitation,China‘s central government was a mockery,capable only of
feeble response,So out of tune with the world of nation-states was China that it did not even
possess a ministry of foreign affairs until as late as 1858,It continued officially in the dream world of former times when a ministry of tribute and capitulations was all that was really needed
for dealing with ―barbarians.‖
? 10 With a curious arrogance,made even stranger by its weakness,China at first continued to
refuse to accept the West on equal terms and negotiate with them as such,When ultimately it began to negotiate,China‘s only real strength lay in playing the powers off against one another –
a tactic only partially successful,Despite the spheres of influence and territorial concessions it was driven to concede,China remained a nominally independent state primarily because its very
size made it difficult to digest and there were many who wished to attempt it,
第三节
? 11 Furthermore,developing countries are in the
difficult position of having to realign the
character of their state apparatus in several
directions simultaneously,The growing
recognition that the State is not itself a creator
of wealth has led to widespread privatization
and deregulation,but even in market-oriented
developing countries the State has critical roles
to play in providing an enabling environment for
sustainable development,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? he selection consists of only two sentences,of which the first is
simple in structure while the second is a compound complex
sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses,the first of which
has an appositive clauses embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with an adverb while in the second
sentence the clause that the State is not itself a creator of wealth
is in apposition to the growing recognition,and the second
coordinate clause in the sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the first is
periodic,beginning with an adverb and the second assumes a
coordinate structure consisting of two clauses,of which the first is
loose but contains an appositive clause while the second is
periodic,beginning with a prepositional phrase,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Of the two sentences,the second is longer than the first,
Therefore,the selection is varying in sentence length and
structure,and it is structurally somewhat complicated,No
parenthesis or parallel structure is found except for some local
parallel expressions such as privatization and deregulation,and
perhaps enabling environment and sustainable development,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The selection is structurally formal for the fact that the
two sentences are both grammatically complete and
free from any colloquial structure,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,their is used to
refer to developing countries,which is repeated; state
is used in relation to developing countries and is itself
repeated; and development is used as a partial
repetition of developing,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? The selection is abundant with formal
words and nominalizations such as
furthermore,character,apparatus,
simultaneously,recognition,privatization,
deregulation,environment,sustainable
and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 还有，发展中国家都处于困难地位，得从几个方面同时调整它们的国家机器的性质。
不断增长的认识，政府本身不是财富的创造者，导致广泛的私有化和调节功能下降。
但是，甚至在以市场为导向的发展中国家，政府在为可持续发展提供赋予能力的环境
中能起到作用。
? Comments,
? In the process of translation,some readjustments have already been made in
accordance with Chinese norms,For example,the phrase in several directions
simultaneously at the end of the first sentence in the original has been fronted to the
position before 调整 in the translation,Similarly,the phrase in providing an enabling
environment for sustainable development in the second sentence of the original has
also been fronted,However,the three translated sentences are not as internally or
externally coherent as could be expected,In addition,the sentence不断增长的认识，
政府本身不是财富的创造者，导致广泛的私有化和调节功能下降 presents great
difficulty for the Chinese reader to understand,for in the translation,the relation
between recognition and the appositive clause that follow has not been made explicit
enough,
? B) Translation 2,
? 另外，发展中国家都处于困难地位，不得不同时从几个方面对它们的国家机
器的性质进行调整。政府本身不是财富的创造者，这种认识不断增长，结果
导致广泛的私有化和调节功能下降。但是甚至在以市场为导向的发展中国家
中，政府在为可持续发展提供赋予能力的环境中应能起到作用。
? Comments,
? Compared with the first translation,the present translation is more
coherent,especially intra- sententially,For example,by using 不得不,the
two parts of the first sentence in the translation is more internally coherent,
Similarly,by substituting这种认识不断增长 for the previous counterpart and
transpositioning it to the middle of the translation,the first two parts of the
second sentence in the translation are better connected and so are the last
two parts in the same translation,However,the third sentence in the
translation remains unchanged,
? C) Translation 3,
? 另外，发展中国家举步维艰，不得不同时从几个方面对国家机器进行脱胎换
骨的改造。政府本身不创造财富，这种认识逐步深入人心，结果私有制广泛
发展，政府调控功能萎缩。但应该看到，就连那些以市场为导向的发展中国
家，政府在为可持续发展提供良好环境方面还是大有作为的。
? Comments,
? The present translation has broken up the literal shatters of the original
structure by employing,for example,such typical Chinese expressions as举
步维艰 ; 脱胎换骨的改造 ; 逐步深入人心 ; 调控功能萎缩 ; 大有作为 and so on,
In addition,in the last two sentences in the translation,new structures are
employed,For example,in the second sentence,结果 is used not only to
balance the sentence but also to make more explicit the cause-and-effect
relation between the two parts of the sentence,In the last sentence,应该
看到 is appropriately inserted and 是大有作为的 is used so that it contrasts
explicitly with 调节功能萎缩, Consequently,the translation sounds more
readable,coherent and authentic to the Chinese ear,
? 12 The World Bank‘s 1997 World Development Report
shows systematically how crucial an effective State is in
this regard,as evidence from the so-called newly
industrializing countries had suggested for some time,
Finding the appropriate balance,however,especially in
contexts where civil society is weak and transnational
forces overpowering,is an exceedingly complex task,
Various United Nations ―good governance‖ programs are
designed to assist individual Governments in defining the
balance that best meets their needs,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the first is a
complex sentence,containing a main clause and an adverbial
clause of manner,and the main clause in turn is complex in
structure,containing a main clause and an object clause; the
second is a complex compound sentence,composed of a main
clause and an attributive clause embedded in the prepositional
phrase and the attributive clause is compound in structure,
composed of two coordinate clauses; the third is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the middle part of the second sentence,there is a parenthesis
embedded,composed of an adverb and a prepositional phrase
with another adverb before it,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the first and
the last are loose sentences while the second is periodic for its
embedment of a parenthetic structure,In terms of length,the
first is the longest and the other two are of the same length,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The complication of the first sentence lies in its containing a
subordinate clause serving as the object and another serving as
an adverbial,The second sentence is complicated by the
parenthesis on one hand and by embedding an attributive clause
in the parenthesis on the other,The last sentence is characterized
in this respect by its being in passive voice and taking a
subordinate clause at the very end,In the selection,parallel
structures are seldom used,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The selection is structurally formal in that all the constituent
sentences are grammatically complete and free from any
colloquial structure,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,government and governance
are used in relation to state and country; and the United Nations
is used in relation to the World Bank,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are abundantly used
such as systematically,development,balance,government,
governance,industrialize,appropriate,transnational and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
?, 世界银行的 1997年的世界发展报告, 系统地表明，在这方面一个有效的政
府是多么重要，正如从所谓的新近正在工业化的国家来的证据在一段时间中
所表明的那样。然而，发现合适的平衡，尤其在文明社会很弱跨国力量特强
的语境下，是一项极其复杂的任务。各种各样的联合国, 优秀管理, 项目都
旨在帮助个体政府来定义能最好满足它们自己的需要的平衡。
? Comments,
? The translation strictly follows the original both lexically and structurally,
though some readjustments are made where extremely necessary,For
example,in this regard in the first sentence is fronted in the translation and
so is however in the third line of the original,The third example is the
fronting of that best meets their needs at the end of the original,However,
the translation as a whole is basically coherent though measures could be
taken for the betterment,
? B) Translation 2,
?, 1997年世界银行的关于世界发展的报告, 系统地表明，在这方面一
个富有效力的政府是多么重要，从所谓的新近正在工业化的国家来的
证据在一段时间中也是这样表明的。然而，发现合适的平衡，在文明
社会很弱跨国力量特强的环境中，尤其是一项极其复杂的任务。各种
各样的联合国, 优秀管理, 项目都旨在帮助政府来确定能最好地满足它们自己的需要的平衡。
? Comments,
? The translation has improved on the previous only at some minor
points,For example,有效的 is replaced by富有效力的 ; 所表明的那样
is changed into也是这样表明的 ; 尤其 is backwardly put; 个体政府 is
replaced by政府 ; 语境 is replaced by环境,etc,In other words,the
general framework remains intact,
? C) Translation 3,
?, 1997年世界银行的关于世界发展的报告, 多角度地表明，在这个问题上，
有效地发挥政府的作用至关重要。另外，最近正在进行工业化的国家的发展
经历，在一段时间中也说明有效地发挥政府的作用至关重要。然而，找到合
适的平衡，在社会文明程度不高跨国力量特强的情况下，尤其是一项极其复
杂的任务。各种各样的联合国, 优秀管理, 项目都旨在帮助政府来确定能满
足自身的需要的最佳平衡。
? Comments,
? The present translation has improved on the previous to a greater extent by
1) inserting也说明有效地发挥政府的作用至关重要 at the end of the second
and the beginning of third line with corresponding part before it changed in
wording; 2) substituting最近正在进行工业化的国家的发展经历 for the
previous; 3) replacing 发现 by 找到 and 文明社会很弱 by社会文明程度不高 ;
4) by shifting 最佳 and letting it modify平衡,and so on,Consequently,the
translation is more readable,coherent and authentic,
? 13 Third,globalization rests on and is sustained by a
remarkable revolution in its own right in information
technology,particularly the integration of increasingly
powerful computers with telecommunication systems
that permit high-volume and high-quality real-time voice
and data transmissions,Indeed,the adjective ―global‖
refers less to a place than to a space defined by
electronic flows and a state of mind,World currency
markets are the most global of all in this sense,and
what has come to be known as the global factory relies
similarly on such electronic infrastructure,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the first is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive clause
embedded in the nominal phrase at the end of the sentence; the second
sentence is simple in structure while the third is a compound complex
sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses,the second of which has
a subordinate clause serve as its subject,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a numeral and has an adverb together
with a nominal phrase at the end of the sentence; and the second
sentence begins with an adverb,And in the first sentence,the noun
phrase particularly the integration of increasingly powerful computers
with telecommunication systems… is in apposition to and specifying
information technology,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of three sentences,two of which are loose
and the sentence in the middle is periodic in structure,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The structure of the first sentence is complicated through the
coordination of two predicate verbs,one active and the other
passive,and by taking a specifying appositive nominal phrase at
the very end,The second sentence is simple in structure,though
periodic rhetorically for its beginning with an adverb,The third
sentence assumes a coordinate structure,In terms of length,the
first is the longest and the second is the shortest,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences in the selection are
structurally formal in that they are all
grammatically complete and free from any
colloquial structure,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are frequently used,for
example,rests on and is sustained; high-
volume and high-quality; voice and data; less
to a place than to a space; and electronic flows
and a state of mind,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,global is repeated
and is used as a partial repetition for globalization;
information,telecommunication and computer are
semantically related; and electronic is also repeated,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations are popularly
employed such as globalization,sustain,remarkable,
revolution,information,technology,particularly,
integration,information,telecommunication,
infrastructure,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 第三，全球化有赖于、被支持于自身的非常优秀的革命，在信息技术
方面，尤其在整合日益强大的计算机和通讯系统方面，这种通信系统
能允许大容量的、高质量的即时声音和资料的传递。的确，形容词
,全球的, 很少指一个地点，较多指一个空间，为电子流和一种思维
状态所定义。世界货币市场在这个意义上是所有当中最全球的，那些 已经被称为是全球的工厂同样也依赖于这种电子基础建设。
? Comments,
? The translation sounds exotic throughout due to the fact that it
follows the strict suit of the original to a large extent,A case in
point is the use of such lexical items as被支持于 ; 最全球的 ; etc,and
the displacement of such expressions as在信息技术方面 ; 为电子流
和一种思维状态所定义,etc,In a word,there is much room left for
improvement when Chinese norms are taken into account,
? B) Translation 2,
? 第三，全球化有赖于自身在信息技术方面的无与伦比的变革，得益于
它的支持，尤其得益于日益强大的计算机和通讯系统的结合，这种通
信系统能大容量、高质量地即时传递声音和数据。的确，形容词, 全
球的, 多用于指空间，不大用于指地点。这种空间是用电子流和一种
思维状态来定义的。从这个意义上说，世界货币市场是全球通用的,那些已经被称为是全球工厂的同样也依赖于电子基础设施。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,exotic lexical items and displaced
expressions are altered with sentence structures transformed
accordingly in the light of Chinese norms,However,various parts in
the translation seem illogically coherent,which could probably be
otherwise,For example,尤其得益于日益强大的计算机和通讯系统的
结合，这种通信系统能大容量地、高质量地即时传递声音和数据
could be retranslated for better coherence,
? C) Translation 3,
? 第三，全球化有赖于信息技术的突飞猛进，得益于信息技术的支持。计算机的功能日
益强大，通讯系统传递声像和数据，容量大，质量高，全球化尤其依赖二者的结合。
的确，形容词, 全球的, 不大用于指地点，多用于指空间，指用电子流和一种思维方
式所定义的空间。从这个意义上说，世界货币市场是最具全球性的，那些已经被称为
是全球工厂的生产商同样也有赖于电子基础设施。
? Comments,
? Having broken up the structural shatters of the original,the present translation has
basically reorganized the information bits in accordance with their internal cohesive
forces,Chinese coherence mechanisms,Chinese grammar and Chinese rhetoric,For
example,全球化有赖于信息技术的突飞猛进，得益于信息技术的支持 does not only
sound more coherent but also more parallel and hence more rhythmic,计算机的功能
日益强大，通讯系统传递声像和数据，容量大，质量高，全球化尤其依赖二者的结合 is
the retranslation of the previous,and the parts within it are more coherently
sequenced,Consequently,the translation is now more readable,coherent and
authentic,though occasionally irrespective of the original structure,
? 14 The information revolution has unfolded most
extensively in the industrialized world,but it also holds
enormous potential for the developing countries,It
diminishes the constraints of distance in the
manufacturing industry and many services,and offers
new tools in the form of administrative capacities,long-
distance learning,telemedicine,the more effective
management of micro-credit systems,and agricultural
production,and for a variety of other applications,Major
efforts should be undertaken to support greater
acquisition and utilization of information technology by
the developing countries,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of
which the first is a compound sentence,
composed of two coordinate clauses while the
other two are both simple in structure,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The second sentence contains two coordinate
predicate verb phrases,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of three sentences and all of the
three are loose in structure,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The first sentence contains two coordinate clauses
while the second contains two coordinate predicates,
and in the second predicate,there are parallel phrases,
The third sentence is simple but is in passive voice,Of
the three sentences,the second is the longest while
the other two are of the same length,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The sentences are structurally formal in that they are
grammatically complete and free from any colloquial
structure,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? The selection is characterized with the popular
employment of parallelism,first,in the form of
coordination,as mentioned above; and second,in the
form of phrase,for example,administrative capacities,
long-distance learning,telemedicine,the more
effective management of micro-credit systems,and
agricultural production,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,information is
repeated; industry is used as a partial repetition of
industrialized; and long distance learning,telemedicine
and micro-credit system are all used in connection with
information,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,can be
frequently found,for example,information,revolution,
extensively,industrialize,enormous,potential,diminish,
constraint,manufacturing,capacity,telemedicine,
management,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 信息革命在工业化了的世界最广泛地展开了，在发展中国家也有巨大的潜力。
它缩小了制造工业和许多服务业的距离限制，以管理能力、长距离学习、远
程医疗、微观信誉系统、农业生产和其他许多应用更有效地管理的形式，提
供了新的工具。主要的努力必须采用以支持发展中国家更大地学习和利用信
息技术。
? Comments,
? The translation has witnessed some readjustments made in accordance
with Chinese norms such as the fronting of 在工业化了的世界 together with
在发展中国家 and the backward placement of提供了新的工具,etc,However,
长距离学习 and 主要的努力必须采用 are not authentic Chinese expressions,
and the translation of微观信誉系统、农业生产和其他许多应用更有效地管理
的形式 reveals our intention that with the translation,we have deliberately
left a puzzling grammatical structure implicit so that (it) offers new tools in
form of… and for a variety of… are in coordination,and so are the more
effective management of micro-credit systems,and agricultural production,
in which the comma before and is motivated by the other and that follows,
? B) Translation 2,
? 在工业发达国家，信息革命广泛地展开了，在发展中国家也有巨大的
潜力，缩短了制造业和许多服务业的距离限制，为管理能力、远程学
习、远程医疗、微观信誉系统、农业生产和其他许多应用进行更有效
的管理，提供了新的工具。仍须付出更大的努力以支持发展中国家更
好地学习和利用信息技术。
? Comments,
? The translation has improved on the previous by eliminating all
the above-mentioned weak points but it is still problematic in that,1)
the first sentence could be better organized; 2) the two coordinate
structures as mentioned above could be made more explicit in
meaning in the translation,
? C) Translation 3,
? 在工业发达的国家，广泛展开了信息革命；在发展中国家，也具有巨大的潜
力。信息革命缩短了制造业和许多服务业的距离，为提高管理能力、进行远
程教学和远程医疗，为更有效地管理微观信誉系统，为促进农业生产等均提
供了新的工具；为许多其他应用提供了新的途径。但仍须付出巨大努力来支
持发展中国家更好地掌握和利用信息技术。
? Comments,
? Improvements have been made in accordance with the above analysis,
Now the first sentence in the translation has assumed a parallel structure,
and the meaning of the two coordinate structures as mentioned above is
translated more explicitly,In addition,in the second sentence of the
translation,four 为 …… structures are used,with the first three organized
one parallel to another,and the first three together parallel to the fourth,
Consequently,the translation is now more readable,coherent and authentic,
? 15 The intensification of global environmental
interdependencies constitutes yet a fourth
transformative force,At the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development,
held at Rio de Janeiro in 1992,the international
community endorsed the concept of sustainable
development as the key to reconciling economic
and social progress,which all desire,with
safeguarding the planet‘s ecosystems,on which
all depend,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the first is a
simple sentence while the second a complex sentence,composed
of a main clause and an attributive clause,which in turn is
complex in structure,composed of a main clause and an
attributive clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The second sentence begins with prepositional phrase followed by
a past participle phrase,and after the attributive clause which all
desire,there is a prepositional phrase embedded with the second
attributive clause to follow,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the
first is loose while the second is periodic for that it
begins with a prepositional phrase,followed by a past
participle phrase,in the form of parenthesis,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Of the two sentences,the first is structurally simple
while the second is complex and periodic in structure,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are both structurally formal for their
grammatical completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples can be found as follows,the international community is
used as the synonym for the United Nations; environmental is
used as a partial repetition of environment; and development and
all are also repeated,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations are scattered here and there,
for example,intensification,global,environmental,
interdependence,constitute,transformation,conference,and
many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 全球环境互相依存的强化构成了第四种改造力量。在联合国环境和发
展会议上，在 1992年在里约热内卢举行的，国际大家庭将支持可持续
发展作为经济和社会进步妥协的钥匙的观念，大家都希望妥协经济和
社会进步，以确保这个星球的生态系统，大家都依赖生态系统。
? Comments,
? The translation sounds unusually exotic,first,by the frequent
employment of such exotic expressions as 强化 ; 改造力量 ; 将 …… 作
为 …… 的钥匙 ; 妥协经济和社会进步,etc,and second by the
displacement of在 1992年在里约热内卢举行的 and大家都依赖生态系
统,though displacement in the Chinese sense,In other words,for
the translation to be acceptable,efforts should be made to change
the wording and structures,
? B) Translation 2,
? 还有，全球环境互相依存的增强构成了改造现实世界的第
四种力量。在 1992年于里约热内卢召开的联合国环境和发
展会议上，国际社会支持将可持续发展作为协调经济和社
会进步的主要手段的观念，大家都希望协调经济和社会进
步，以确保大家都赖以生存的这个星球的生态系统。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the above-mentioned words
and expressions are changed,and 在 1992年在里约热内
卢举行的 and大家都依赖生态系统 are fronted,
Consequently,the translation is acceptable now in terms
of readability,coherence and authenticity,However,the
sentences could be retranslated with new structures,
? C) Translation 3,
? 构成改变当今世界的第四种力量是全球环境比以往任何时候都更加互
相依存。 1992年，在里约热内卢召开了联合国环境和发展会议，会上，
国际社会赞成将可持续发展作为协调经济和社会进步的主要手段。这
是大家所期待的，否则就难以确保我们都赖以生存的地球上的生态安
全。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made in that structures are altered and some
expressions are substituted for,even for those that are only slightly
unsuitable,Particularly worth mentioning is the last part,which is
now translated from the negative viewpoint,Consequently,the
coherence is reinforced and the selection sounds much more natural
to the Chinese ear,In other words,readability and authenticity are
also strengthened,
Exercises,
? 11 America may have fondly imagined that its 1899 Open Door policy toward China,to which the
other powers gave lip service,had stayed the process of division,But this was more or less self-
delusion,In 1898,Britain,Germany,Russia,and France had forced concessions from China,
which,combined together,destroyed China‘s future as an economic unit,
? 12 These leases,which were to run for ninety-nine years (Russia‘ lease on the southern Liaotung
Peninsula was for only twenty-five),provided for Chinese employment of a British inspector
general of Chinese customs,exclusive rights (to Germany) to build railroads and open mines in
Shantung,the giving over of control of Port Arthur (to Russia),Kwangchow (to France),and
Kowloon and Weihaiwei (to Britain),Italy‘s demand for a port in 1899 the Chinese government
felt strong enough to reject,The complete colonization of China was stayed only by its great
mass and by the inability of the powers to agree readily on how to divide it up,
? 13 In October 1911 the long-delayed Chinese revolution began,and in 1912 the six-year-old boy
emperor abdicated,Sun Yat-sun,who had been elected president by a revolutionary provisional
assembly at Nanking on December 30,1911,resigned when Yuan Shih-k‘ai was selected in mid-
February as president by the national assembly,Yuan Shih-k‘ai,a would-be Oriental Bonaparte,
now attempted to consolidate his power,At the end of 1915 he announced his assumption of
imperial powers,was forced to cancel this,and in the middle 1916,died,After this date the
struggle for power became more and more confused,Not only were there governments at both
Canton and Peking,but between 1920 and 1926 war lords fought one another in equal disregard
of both,
? 14 Mr,Prime Minister and our very distinguished guests from the
People‘s Republic of China and the United States of America,It is a
great privilege while we are guests in your country to be able to
welcome you and the Chinese who are present here as our guests
this evening,On behalf of Mrs,Nixon and all of the members of our
Official Party,I want to express my deep appreciation for the
boundless and gracious hospitality which you have extended to us,
? 15 As you know,it is the custom in our country that the members of
our press have the right to speak for themselves and that no one in
the Government can speak for them,But I am sure that all those
from the American press who are here tonight will grant me the rare
privilege of speaking for the press in extending their appreciation to
you and your Government for the many courtesies you have
extended to them,You have made it possible for the story of this
historic visit to be read,seen and heard by more people all over the
world than on any previous occasion in history,
第四节
? 16 A fifth fundamental shift in the world today is
the pronounced transnational expansion of civil
society,itself made possible by a combination of
political and technological changes,This is of
great significance for the United Nations,Private
investment capital exceeds by a factor of six the
available official development assistance and
must be further mobilized for development
purposes,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences and
all of them are simple in structure,
? 2,Additional complication,
? At the end of the first sentence,there is an
absolute nominal construction and the
predicate of the third sentence is composed of
two coordinate verb phrases,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? All the sentences in the selection are
loose in structure and are not structurally
complicated,
? 2,Structural formality,
? The sentences are structurally formal for
their grammatical completeness and
freedom from any colloquial structure,
? 3,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,the United
Nations is used in implicit relation to the world;
expansion,change and development are also implicitly
related; and private investment capital is used in
contrast with official development assistance,
? 4,Lexical formality,
? The selection is lexically formal not only by employing
nominalizations,shift of function,but also by using a
lot of borrowings,such as fundamental,pronounced,
expansion,transnational,combination and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 今天世界的第五个基本变化是文明社会的明显的跨国扩张，其本身由
于政治的和技术的变化的一种结合而成为可能。这对联合国来说具有 伟大的意义。私人投资资本与现有的官方发展支持之比为 6:1，必须
为各种发展目的进一步动员起来。
? Comments,
? The translation has fronted all the prepositional phrases in the
original that should,in obedience to Chinese norms,be fronted,
However,such phrases that could be frequently found in the
translation as 文明社会的跨国扩张 ; 变化的结合,etc,do not sound
authentic as most of the Chinese would expect,In addition,
measures should be taken to strengthen inter-clausal and inter-
sentential coherence,
? B) Translation 2,
? 由于政治的和技术的变革的相互结合，结果形成了今天世
界的第五个基本变化：文明社会的明显的跨国扩展。这对
联合国来说具有重大意义。私人投资资本与现有的官方发
展支持之比为 6:1，必须进一步动员起来以进行各种发展。
? Comments,
? In the translation,the above-mentioned problems have
been solved when由于政治的和技术的变革的相互结合，
结果形成了今天世界的第五个基本变化：文明社会的明显
的跨国扩展 and必须进一步动员起来以进行各种发展 are
substituted for the previous counterparts,Consequently,
the translation is now readable,coherent and authentic,
? C) Translation 3,
? 第五，政治变革和技术变革的相互作用，文明社会跨国发展，这对联合国具
有重大意义。结果，私人投资大幅度增加，是现有的官方发展支持的六倍，
还必须进一步动员起来，以促进各种发展。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,alterations are further made in that,first,第五 is
now fronted to the very beginning of the sentence; second,政治变革和技术
变革的相互作用，文明社会跨国发展，这对联合国具有重大意义 is based on
the reorganization of the previous parts,forming two cause-and-effect
chain,with政治变革和技术变革 and文明社会跨国发展 forming the first chain;
and文明社会跨国发展 and对联合国具有重大意义 forming the second chain;
third,私人投资大幅度增加，是现有的官方发展支持的六倍，还必须进一步动
员起来，以促进各种发展 is also structurally different from the previous,
Consequently,the translation is close to the corresponding Chinese writing,
? 17 Sixth,and closely related,there is a growing
trend towards democratization and respect for
human rights,Countries in all parts of the world
are voluntarily limiting the arbitrary powers of
state agencies together with the abuses and the
social and economic costs they engender,Some
120 countries now hold generally free and fair
elections,the highest total in history,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the
second is complex in structure,composed of a main
clause and an attributive clause,while the other two
are simple in structure,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a numeral followed by
and together with a past participle phrase; and the
third sentence ends with a noun phrase,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the three sentences in the selection,the first is
apparently a periodic sentence for its beginning with a
numeral plus a past participle phrase while the other
two are loose in structure,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Generally speaking,the selection is not complicated in
structure for only one out of three is complex in
structure and only one out of three is periodic in
structure,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the three sentences are structurally formal
for the grammatical completeness and
freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are used,
for example,growing trend towards
democratization and respect for human rights;
the abuses and the social and economic costs;
social and economic; and free and fair,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,country is
repeated in its plural form; the pronoun they is
used to refer to the arbitrary powers; state is
used in relation to countries; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are
frequently used,for example,democratization,
respect,voluntarily,limit,arbitrary,agency,
engender,generally,election,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 第六，也是联系密切的，存在一种日益增长的民主化和尊
重人权的倾向。世界各地的国家主动地限制国家代理人的
武断的权利，以及武断权利产生的滥用和社会经济损失。
现在，有大约 120个国家举行普遍的自由的和公平的选举，
这是历史上总量最高的。
? Comments,
? Measures have been taken to readjust the structure in
the translation,by taking Chinese norms into account,so
that all the elements serving as attributes have been
fronted,However,such expressions as联系密切的 ; 国家
代理人的武断的权利 ; 武断权利产生的滥用,and others
sound quite exotic,
? B) Translation 2,
? 第六，也是与此密切相关的是，民主化和尊重人权的倾向日益增长。
世界各地，各国都主动限制政府部门的武断权利，以及由此产生的权 利滥用和社会经济损失。现在，有大约 120个国家普遍举行自由、公
平的选举，这在历史上是最高的。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,all the above-mentioned problems have
been solved and民主化和尊重人权的倾向日益增长 is substituted for
the previous translation,However,the present version could be
further improved on for ideological clarity on the one hand and for
inter-clausal,inter-sentential and textual coherence on the other,if
we could give up the rigid observation of the original structures,
? C) Translation 3,
? 第六点与第五点密切相关，这就是民主化和尊重人权的倾向与日俱增。世界
各地，许多国家都在采取积极措施限制政府部门的独断专行，限制由此引发
的权利滥用及其所造成的社会经济损失。现在，有大约 120个国家普遍举行自
由、公正的选举，这个数字创历史之最。
? Comments,
? In accordance with the Chinese rules of grammar,the present translation
has reorganized the ideas contained in the original,though occasionally
irrespective of the original structure,For example,by turning to the
explication technique,第六点与第五点密切相关 is substituted for the
previous; for coherence,这就是 is inserted with what follows retranslated for
inter-clausal coherence; again for coherence,限制 is repeated with
corresponding readjustments made in the co-text,and so on,Consequently,
the translation sounds like a sort of rewriting,but all the original ideas could
be found with ease,
? 18 The same technological means that
foster globalization and the transnational
expansion of civil society also provide the
infrastructure for expanding global
networks of ―uncivil society‖ – organized
crimes,drug traffickers,money launderers
and terrorists,These parasitic elements
constitute a seventh factor shaping the
international agenda today,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the
first is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause
and an attributive clause,while the second sentence is
simple in structure,
? 2,Additional complication,
? There is a nominal phrase at the end of the first
sentence in apposition to the nominal phrase before
the dash; and at the end of the second sentence,there
is a present participle phrase,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The two sentences are both loose in structure,2,
Structural complication,
? The structure of the first sentence is rather
complicated for two reasons,first,it is a complex
sentence; and second,there is an appositive noun
phrase after the dash,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are structurally formal for their
grammatical completeness and freedom from
colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In such a short selection,parallel structures could be found,for example,
globalization and the transnational expansion of civil society; and organized crimes,
drug traffickers,money launderers and terrorists,Another stylistic feature lies in
that a seventh factor remains unmentioned until the selection comes to the
predicate of the last sentence,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,globalization,transnational and international
are semantically related; organized crimes,drug traffickers,money launderers and
terrorists are used to specify ―uncivil society‖; the phrae these parasitic elements is
used to refer to organized crimes,drug traffickers,money launderers and
terrorists; and expanding is used as a partial repetition of expansion,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? The selection employs formal and written structures in addition to the employment
of formal words,nominalizations and borrowings such as globalization,expansion
for nominalizations and formal words,and technological,infrastructure,
transnational,trafficker,launderer,parasitic and others for borrowings and formal
words,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 同样的技术手段，这些技术手段培育了全球化和文明社会
的跨国发展，也为, 不文明社会, 扩展国际网络提供了基
础设施 ——有组织的犯罪、贩毒、洗钱和恐怖主义分子。
这些寄生成分构成了改变当今国际日程表的第七个因素。
? Comments,
? The above translation could be regarded as word for
word,or clause for clause,to be exact,though what
should be fronted has been fronted in line with Chinese
norms,Consequently,the structures for the sentences,
as well as for some phrases,in the translation,especially
that of the first sentence,should be readjusted,
? B) Translation 2,
? 技术手段培育了全球化和文明社会的跨国发展，这些技术
手段也为, 不文明社会, 的日益扩展的国际网络提供了基
础设施 ——有组织的犯罪、贩毒、洗钱和恐怖主义分子。
这些寄生成分构成了改变当今国际舞台的第七个因素。
? Comments,
? The translation could be counted as faithful to the
original lexically,ideologically and structurally,only with
some minor adaptations made in the light of Chinese
norms,However,it has improved on the previous in that
技术手段培育了 ……,…… 也为 …… 提供了 …… is a
coherent Chinese sentence pattern,
? C) Translation 3,
? 计算机和通讯系统等技术手段既促进了全球化和文明社会的跨国发展，
也为, 不文明社会, 如有组织的犯罪、贩毒、洗钱和恐怖活动等日益
增长的跨国犯罪提供了基础设施。这些寄生虫构成了影响当今国际风
云的第七大要素。
? Comments,
? The present translation finds itself different from the previous in
that,计算机和通讯系统 is inserted for explication of 技术手段 or这些
技术手段 ; the structure既 …,也 … is employed for coherent
organization of the ideas contained in the original; 有组织的犯罪、
贩毒、洗钱和恐怖活动 is transpositioned immediately after―不文明社
会,,and 国际风云 is substituted for 国际舞台, Of course,
redundant information which may hinder the fluent unfolding of the
text is deleted,Consequently,coherence,authenticity and
readability are improved on the previous translation,
? 19 Finally,and somewhat paradoxically,these
integrative trends are accompanied by tendencies
towards fragmentation,In some instances,what appears
to be fragmentation is in fact a move towards
decentralization in policy-making and administration due
to the desire for greater efficiency,effectiveness and
accountability,thus posing no grounds for concern,In
other cases,as noted above,fragmentation has been a
by-product of the collapse of bipolarity and has led to
intra-communal strife and conflict,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the second is a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and a subject clause,
while the other two are simple in structure though the last sentence
contains a parenthetic elliptic adverbial clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with an adverb followed by an adverb
phrase with and in between; the second sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase with a present participle phrase positioned at
the end of the sentence while the third sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase followed by an elliptic adverbial clause,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of three sentences,all of which can be regarded as
periodic for the reason that the first sentence begins with finally and
somewhat paradoxically; the second sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase and the third begins with a prepositional phrase followed by a
parenthetic elliptic clause of adverbial,The first sentence is in passive
voice and the other two are in active voice,Of the three,the second is the
longest,followed by the last,with the first being the shortest,
? 2,Structural formality,
? The selection is structurally formal in that all the sentences are
grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures,
? 3,Parallel structure,
? Besides the coordinate structures,the selection is popular with other
parallel structures,for example,finally,and somewhat paradoxically;
policy-making and administration; efficiency,effectiveness and
accountability; strife and conflict,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,fragmentation is
repeatedly used; decentralization is used as a synonym
for fragmentation with integrative used as a partial
antonym,and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are used
throughout the selection such as paradoxically,
integrative,trend,accompany,tendency,
fragmentation,decentralization,administration,and
accountability,to name only a few,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 最后，在一定程度上是悖论式的，这些综合的趋势，为分解的倾向所
伴随。在有些例子中，有些看上去是分解的东西，实际上是朝在制订
政策和行政管理方面非集权化迈进，由于希望更大的效率、更大的成
效和更加负责任，因此不构成关心的理由。在其他情况下，正如前面
看到的，分解是两极对立崩溃的副产品，已经导致了内部的敌意和冲 突。
? Comments,
? Like what has gone before,the translation is in obedience with the
original strictly though with minor adaptations made such as
fronting some due parts,However,some expressions in the
translation are still difficult to comprehend such as 综合 in contrast
with分解 ; 不构成关心的理由 ; and由于希望更大的效率、更大的成效
和更加负责任 should be fronted in the translated context,In addition,
coherence could be reinforced,
? B) Translation 2,
? 最后，在一定程度上是悖论式的，这些整合的趋势伴随着
分化瓦解的倾向。在有些情况下，由于希望有更高的效率、
更大的成效、更能分清责权，有些看上去是分化瓦解，实
际上是在制定政策和行政管理方面朝着分权的方向迈进，
因此不构成我们担心的理由。在另一些情况下，正如前面
提到的，分化瓦解是两极对立崩溃的副产品，已经导致了
内部的敌意和冲突。
? Comments,
? Improvements have been made by using 担心的理由 to
replace关心的理由 ; 分权 to replace非集权化 ; 分化瓦解 to
replace分解 ; and fronting the由于希望 …… clause,
though 分化瓦解 is itself not a satisfactory substitute,
? C) Translation 3,
? 最后一点，在一定程度上是悖论式的。分与合在同步消长。在有些情况下，
由于希望提高效率、增进成效、分清责权而采取了一些措施，这些措施看上
去是分，实际上是在制定政策和实施管理时朝着分权的方向迈进，因而不必
介意。在另一些情况下，正如前面提到的，分是两极对立崩溃的产物，已经
在有关民族内部引起了敌意和冲突。
? Comments,
? Improvements have been made both structurally and lexically,For example,
最后一点，在一定程度上是悖论式的 has now won its independence as a
sentence; 分 is now juxtaposed with 合 ;idiomatic Chinese expressions are
used such as提高效率、增进成效、分清权责 ;实施管理 has replaced行政管理,
etc,In addition,不必介意 is now employed to add a classic touch to the
translation,though not a necessary must,Furthermore,long sentences in
the previous translations are chopped short,So generally,the present
translation is more readable,coherent and authentic,
? 20 The experts stressed the importance of electronic
commerce as a vehicle for the integration of smaller
players,especially developing countries,economies in
transition and small and medium-sized enterprises,in
international trade,In this context,the experts
underlined the importance of UNCTAD‘s work in area of
trade efficiency and the need to pursue the work
undertaken by UNCTAD and its partners to promote the
implementation of the Columbus Ministerial Declaration
on Trade Efficiency and its recommendations,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences and they are both simple in
structure,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence has a parenthetic structure embedded in the
middle and ends with a prepositional phrase; the second sentence
begins with a prepositional phrase,And in the second sentence,the
importance… and the need… are in coordination and so are
UNCTAD and its partners in the last but one line,with the Columbus
Ministerial Declaration on Trade Efficiency and its recommendations
forming another coordinate structure at the very end of the
sentence,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of two periodic sentences,one with a parenthesis
embedded and the other beginning with a prepositional phrase,
? 2,Structural complication,
? In the first sentence,the noun phrase small players is separated by the
parenthesis from its modifier,in international trade,and the parenthesis is
functionally used to explicate the content of small players,The second
sentence is complicated by the frequent use of parallel structures,one
embedded within another,For example,the importance… and the need…
are parallel; UNVTAD and its partners are parallel,subordinated to the
need… ; and the Columbus Ministerial Declaration on Trade Efficiency and
its recommendations are parallel,but further embedded,Therefore,the
selection is structurally complicated though at sentential level the two
sentences are simple in structure,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are structurally formal for their
grammatical completeness and freedom from colloquial
structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? The characteristics of popularly employed parallel
structures have been partially discussed,But there are
still other such structures,for example,developing
countries,economies in transition and small and
medium-sized enterprises; small and medium; the
experts stressed… and the experts underlined…,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,UNCTAD and
importance are repeated; its is used to refer back to
UNCTAD; trade is used as a synonym for commerce;
developing countries,economies in transition and
small and medium- sized enterprises are used to
specify small players; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? The sentence is popular with the use of such formal
words,including nominalizations,as importance,
electronic,transition,commerce,integration,
enterprise,international,context,expert,underline,
and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 专家们强调电子商务作为结合小脚色 ——尤其是发展中国家、过渡经
济、中小企业的重要性，在国际贸易中。在这种语境中，专家们强调
联合国贸易与发展会议的工作的重要性，强调必须追求由联合国贸易
与发展会议和它的伙伴们承担的工作，来促进, 哥伦比亚部长会议关
于贸易效率的宣言, 和建议。
? Comments,
? The translation demonstrates that it is free from misunderstanding
with regard to the original grammatical structure,However,在国际
贸易中 is evidently misplaced and should be transpositioned,In
addition,the meaning of来促进, 哥伦比亚部长会议关于贸易效率的
宣言, 和建议 is incomplete and should be made explicit,
? B) Translation 2,
? 专家们强调电子商务在国际贸易中在整合小脚色中的重要性，尤其在
整合发展中国家、过渡经济和中小企业中的重要性。在这种语境中，
专家们强调联合国贸易与发展会议的工作的重要性，强调必须做好由
联合国贸易与发展会议和它的伙伴们所承担的工作，以促进, 哥伦比
亚部长会议关于贸易效率的宣言, 和各项建议的落实。
? Comments,
? Improvements have been made on the previous with regard to the
misplaced在国际贸易中 by fronting the phrase and repeating 在 ……
的重要性, In addition,来促进, 哥伦比亚部长会议关于贸易效率的宣
言, 和建议 has been turned into以促进, 哥伦比亚部长会议关于贸
易效率的宣言, 和各项建议的落实, However,improvements could
be further made in respect of inner- and inter-sentential coherence,
? C) Translation 3,
? 专家们强调指出，在国际贸易中，电子商务在整合小参与者时具有重要作用，
在整合发展中国家、过渡经济和中小企业中尤其成效显著。在这方面，专家
们尤其重视联合国贸易与发展会议的工作，强调必须做好由联合国贸易与发
展会议和它的伙伴们所承担的工作，以促进, 哥伦比亚部长会议关于贸易效
率的宣言, 及会议提出的各项建议的落实。
? Comments,
? Further improvements have been made in that在国际贸易中 is further
fronted for the ease of reading; 重要性 is replaced by具有重要作用,with 具
有重要作用 and尤其成效显著 parallel to each other,for the enhancement of
authenticity; the first强调 is replaced with强调指出,with parallel effect and
for the improvement of authenticity; the second强调 is replaced by 重视 for
the avoidance of tedious repetition; and at the very end of the translation,
和 is replaced by 及 to clarify the secondary importance the following phrase
bears and 会议提出的 is inserted to explicate the implicit meaning,
Consequently,the present translation is more readable,coherent and
authentic in the Chinese sense,
Exercises,
? 16 Yesterday,along with hundreds of millions of viewers on television,we
saw what is truly one of the wonders of the world – the Great Wall of China,
As I walked along the Wall,I thought of the sacrifices that went into
building it,I thought of what it showed about the determination of the
Chinese people to retain their independence throughout their long history,I
thought about the fact that the Wall tells that China has a great history and
that the people who built this Wonder of the World have a great future,
? 17 The Great Wall is no longer a wall dividing China from the rest of the
world,But it is a reminder of the fact that there are many walls still existing
in the world which divide nations and peoples,The Great Wall is also a
reminder that for almost a generation there has been a wall between the
People‘s Republic of China and the United States,In these past four days,
we have begun the long process of removing that wall between us,We
began our talks recognizing that we have great differences,But we are
determined that these differences not prevent us from living together in
peace,
? 18 You believe deeply in your system,We believe just as deeply in our system,It is
not our common beliefs that have brought us together here but our common
interests and our earnest hopes,the interest that each of us has to maintain our
independence and the security of our peoples; the hope that each of us has to build
a new world order in which nations and peoples,with different systems and different
values,can live together in peace – respecting one another while disagreeing with
one another,letting history rather than the battlefield be the judge of their different
ideas,
? 19 Mr,Prime Minister,you have noted that the plane which brought us here is named
―the Spirit of ‘76.‖ Just this week we have celebrated in America the birthday of
George Washington,the father of our country,who led America to independence in
our revolution and served as our first President,He bade farewell,at the close of his
term,with these words to his countrymen,―Observe good faith and justice toward all
nations,Cultivate peace and harmony with all.‖
? 20 It is in that spirit - the spirit of ‘76 – I ask you to rise and join me in a toast to
Chairman Mao,Premier Chou,to the peoples of our two countries and to the hope of
our children that peace and harmony can be the legacy of our generation to theirs,
第二章 美国总统就职演说汉译
第一节
? 21 Among the vicissitudes incident to life no event could have filled
me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was
transmitted by your order,and received on the 14th day of the
present month,On the one hand,I was summoned by my country,
whose voice I can never hear but with veneration and love,from a
retreat which I had chosen with the fondest predilection,and in my
flattering hopes,with an immutable decision,as the asylum of my
declining years – a retreat which was rendered every day more
necessary as well as more dear to me by the addition of habit to
inclination,and of frequent interruption in my health to the gradual
waste committed on it by time,
? （ George Washington,The Experiment of the American People）
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the first is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and a subordinate clause serving as
the object of the preposition of; and the second is also a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,with a parenthetic
clause embedded in the predicate and another attributive clause embedded
in the appositive nominal phrase at the end of the sentence,
? 2,Additional complication
? The first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase,The second sentence
also begins with a prepositional phrase,and as mentioned before,it has a
parenthetic attributive clause embedded in the predicate and an appositive
phrase at the end of the sentence with another attributive clause embedded,
In the first line of the first sentence,incident to life is an adjective phrase
modifying vicissitudes,and vicissitude and event are synonyms,In the
second line of the first sentence,that of which… means the event of
which…,
? 3,Notes,
? The backbone structure of the second sentence is I was summoned by my country… from a
treat… --a retreat…, The backbone structure of a retreat which I had chosen with the fondest
predilection,and in my flattering hopes,with an immutable decision,as the asylum of my
declining years is a retreat I had chosen… as…, Also in the second sentence,– a retreat which
was rendered… is the appositive to a retreat… before it,And … by the addition of habit to
inclination,and of frequent interruption in my health to the gradual waste committed on it by
time could be made explicit as … by addition of habit to inclination,and by addition of
frequent interruption in my health to the gradual waste committed on it by time,
? 4,Paraphrase,
? The above paragraph could be paraphrased in the following manner,Among the events that
happened to life,no event could have filled me with greater anxieties than the event in which
you sent the notification and I received on the 14th day of the present month,On the one hand,I was called on by my country from a retreat which I had chosen as the asylum of my
declining years,I had chosen the retreat with fondest predilection,and in my flattering hopes,
with an unchangeable decision,The retreat was rendered every day more necessary and
dearer to me because of my habit and inclination,and because of frequent interruption in my
health and the gradual waste committed on it by time,However,my country‘s voice I always
hear with veneration and love,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The two sentences in the selection are both periodic in that they each
begin with a prepositional phrase,and the second sentence has a
parenthetic attributive clause embedded in the predicate,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The main clause of the first sentence is in active voice but the subordinate
clause it contains is passive,as is the second sentence,Besides,the second
sentence is much longer and much more complicated structurally than the
first,As revealed in the grammatical analysis,the two sentences are
structurally complicated both at sentential and phrasal levels,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? parallel structures are frequently used,for example,transmitted … and received… ;
veneration and love; with the fondest predilection and … with an immutable
decision; more necessary as well as more dear; the addition of habit to inclination,
and of frequent interruption in my health to the gradual waste,and others,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Repetition,synonymy,substitution,ellipsis and so on are popularly used,for
example,vicissitude and event; veneration and love; predilection and inclination;
declining years,interruption in health and gradual waste,are examples of
synonyms or near synonyms; transmit and receive are antonyms; retreat is
repeated; habit before of frequent interruption is omitted; that in the second line
is used to substitute for anxiety,etc,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations are popularly employed throughout the
selection,for example,vicissitude,incident,notification,transmit,receive,
summon,veneration,predilection,immutable,to name only a few,
? C) Background knowledge,
? (1) The present selection and the two ones that follow
are from the inauguration by George Washington,the
first president of the United States;
? (2) George Washington (1732-1799) served as the first
president of the United States (1789-1797),During the
colonial time,he was a Virginian landowner and was a
leader of the opposition to British colonial policy,With
the break of the War of American Independence,he was
appointed in 1787 commander in chief of the Continental
army,With the victory in 1783,he presided over the
council to draft in 1787 the U,S,constitution and wan
unanimously elected president,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 在所有的发生在生活中的事件中，没有哪一件事更使我充满焦虑不安的了，那就是，
您送达给我的通知，我于本月 14日收到。一方面，我被国家召唤，国家的声音我从来
都是带着崇敬和挚爱来聆听的。国家要我从退隐中出来，而退隐我是带着酷爱来选择
的。我也正奢望，选择退隐是我的无法更改的决定。我将退隐作为我每况愈下的岁月
的一个庇护之所。我既有习惯也有偏爱，身体时好时歹，由于时间的缘故，身体也越
来越没用了。因此，退隐对我越来越必要，越来越珍贵。
? Comments,
? We have produced a word-for-word translation,which,if we are not too strict,is not
problematic in terms of readability and authenticity,In the proves of translating,
some readjustments are made,For example,发生在生活中的 is fronted; 那就是 is
inserted; 您送达给我的通知，我于本月 14日收到 is changed from passive voice to
active voice to suit the new context; 国家要我从退隐中出来 is reworded; and我既有习
惯也有偏爱，身体时好时歹，由于时间的缘故，身体也越来越没用了 and因此，退隐对
我越来越必要，越来越珍贵 are swapped in terms of their positions,and so on,
However,ideas could be better organized,expressions could be more authentic and
formality could be further reinforced,
? B) Translation 2,
? 在生活中发生的所有事件当中，没有哪一件事比您送来通知我于本月 14日收
到更使我焦虑不安的了。一方面，国家召唤我不要退隐，对于国家的声音我
总是带着崇敬和挚爱来聆听的。我是以酷爱之情选择退隐的，我也正在奢望，
退隐是一项不可更改的决定。我将退隐作为我迟暮之年的安身之所。习惯又
加偏爱，身体时有不适，岁月更不饶人。退隐于我，日渐必须，倍觉珍贵。
? Comments,
? The translation is much improved on the previous with the choice of such
authentic and parallel expressions as习惯又加偏爱，身体时有不适，岁月更
不饶人。退隐于我，日渐必须，倍觉珍贵,and with the newly worded
expressions such as在生活中发生的所有事件当中 ; 没有哪一件事比您送来通
知我于本月 14日收到更使我焦虑不安的了 ; 国家召唤我不要退隐 and so on,
However,some ideas are not sufficiently well-organized as they ought to be,
especially those in the middle part of the translation,
? C) Translation 3,
? 足下送来了通知，我于本月 14日收到。在我经历的事件中，没有哪一件事比这更让我
焦虑不安的了。一方面，国家召唤我出山，对于国家的呼唤我总是以崇敬和挚爱之情
来聆听的。然而，退隐是我孜孜以求的选择，我也奢望，这一选择我决难更改。因为，
我已打算以退隐来安度晚年。习惯更添爱好，身体日渐衰朽，岁月更不饶人。退隐于
我，日渐需要，弥足珍贵。
? Comments,
? In the translation of the first sentence,ideas in the original are reorganized with the
transposition of足下送来了通知，我于本月 14日收到 to the very beginning and the
treatment of such transpositioned as 事件 and 一件事 in what follows,In this way,the
parts in question are coherently organized,Moreover,the translation of the second
sentence is characterized not only by the reorganization of the ideas but also by
breaking up the structures of the original,in line with Chinese norms,of course,For
example,这一选择我决难更改 is substituted for the previous; 因为 is inserted,In this
way,better coherence is obtained,In conclusion,the present translation is much
more readable,coherent and authentic,though in some cases,irrespective of the
original,
? 22 On the other hand,the magnitude and
difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my
country called me,being sufficient to awaken in
the wisest and most experienced of her citizens
a distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications,could
not but overwhelm with despondence one who,
inheriting inferior endowments from nature and
unpracticed in the duties of civil administration,
ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own
deficiencies,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of a single sentence only,which
is complex in structure,composed of a main clause and
two attributive clauses,one in the subject and the other
in the predicate,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The sentence begins with a prepositional phrase,and in
the main clause,there is a parenthetic structure
embedded while in the attributive clause embedded in
the predicate,there is another parenthetic structure
embedded,
? 3,Notes,
? In understanding,the subordinate and parenthetic structures could be put aside
momentarily and then the backbone structure of the sentence would be the
magnitude and difficulty of the trust… could only overwhelm… one… ; and the
backbone structure of who,inheriting inferior endowments from nature and
unpracticed in the duties of civil administration,ought to be peculiarly conscious of
his own deficiencies would be who,… ought to be…,
? 4,Paraphrase,
? The above paragraph contains only a single complex sentence with an extremely
complicated structure,From the above analysis,this single sentence paragraph
can be paraphrased as follows,On the other hand,the magnitude and difficulty of
the trust to which the voice of my country called me are sufficient to awaken a
distrustful scrutiny into the trustee‘s qualifications in the wisest and most
experienced of her citizens,The magnitude and difficulty of the trust could only
overwhelm one who ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own deficiencies if he
inherits inferior endowments from nature and unpracticed in the duties of civil
administration,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The single sentence the selection contains is periodic in structure,
beginning with a prepositional phrase,and having two present
participle phrases embedded in different locations as parentheses,
? 2,Structural complication,
? This together with the two attributive clauses embedded in
different parts of the main body of the sentence breaks up the
sentence and contributes significantly to the structural complication,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The selection is structurally formal for its grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? The selection is characterized by the popular employment of
parallel structures,for example,magnitude and difficulty; the
wisest and most experienced; inheriting inferior endowments
from nature and unpracticed in the duties of civil administration,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples can be found as follows,her is used to stand for my
country; his is used to stand for who,the undertaker of the trust,
and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,borrowings and nominalizations are popularly used,
for example,magnitude,difficulty,sufficient,awaken,
experienced,citizen,distrustful,scrutiny,qualification,overwhelm,
despondence and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 另一方面，信任的规模和困难，我的国家的声音召唤我至信任处，足能唤醒
这个国家的最聪明、最有经验的公民不信任地审视他的资格。信任的规模和
困难足能压倒信心不大的人。这个人，生来天资比较差，在治理公民事务的
种种职责中有没有什么经历，尤其应该感到自身的不足。
? Comments,
? The translation,consisting of three sentences instead of one,could be
regarded as word for word,or clause for clause if we are a little bit
particular,Although such phrases as of my country,a distrustful scrutiny
into his qualifications,with despondence,from nature,in the duties of civil
administration,etc,are duly fronted in the translation,and信任的规模和困
难 is properly repeated,the second clause in the first sentence of the
translation is not properly positioned,and the coherence between the
second and the third sentence is not well explicated,
? B) Translation 2,
? 另一方面，我的国家召唤我并委以重任，这项重任的规模和困难足以
唤醒国民中最聪明、最富有经验的人用挑剔的眼光来审视承担者的资
格。这项任务的规模和困难只能使人失去信心，一个人天分不高，又
没有行政经验，应该特别感到自身的不足。
? Comments,
? The translation of the first sentence is much improved by
transpositioning or fronting我的国家召唤我并委以重任 and by using
这项任务的规模和困难只能使人失去信心 in the second sentence,
However,the structure and wording selected for the translation
have yet left much to be desired,especially those concerned with
the second sentence translation,
? C) Translation 3,
? 另一方面，国家召唤我去承担重任。任务之重，困难之巨，足以使那
些最聪明、最富有经验的国民将怀疑的眼光投向承担者的资质。一个
人，如果天分不高，又没有行政经验，面对如此重大、如此困难的重
任，尤感力不从心，只能望而却步。
? Comments,
? In this translation,the two sentences are reorganized,irrespective
of the structure of the original to some extent,by granting
independent status for国家召唤我去承担重任 ; using the new
pattern 任务之重，困难之巨，足以使 … ; and changing the last
sentence into一个人,如果天分不高，又没有行政经验，面对如此重
大、如此困难的重任，尤感力不从心，只能望而却步,a sentence full
of parallel structures,Consequently,readability,coherence and
authenticity are all reinforced,and the present version sounds more
like a piece of Chinese writing than like a translation,
? 23 Such being the impressions under which I have,in
obedience to the public summons,repaired to the
present station,it would be peculiarly improper to omit
in this first official act my fervent supplications to that
Almighty Being who rules over the universe,who
presides in the councils of nations,and whose
providential aids can supply every human defect,that
His benediction may consecrate to the liberties and
happiness of the people of the United States a
Government instituted by themselves for these essential
purposes,and may enable every instrument employed in
its administration to execute with success the functions
allotted to his charge,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of a single sentence only,complex in
structure,The structural complexity lies in that,first,the sentence
begins with an absolute nominal construction with an attributive
clause embedded; second,the main body of the sentence consists
of a main clause and an appositive clause that His benediction
may… and may…, However,between the main clause and the
appositive clause,there is a noun phrase followed by three
coordinate attributive clauses,When putting the absolute nominal
construction and all the embeddings aside,then the backbone
structure would be,it would be peculiarly improper to omit… my
fervent supplications to that Almighty Being… that His benediction
may consecrate… and may enable…,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The sentence begins with an absolute nominal construction; and it
has in obedience to the public summons embedded as a parenthesis
in the first line; who rules over the universe,who presides in the
councils of nations,and whose providential aids can supply every
human defect in the third and fourth lines keeps the appositive
clause too far away from its antecedent; and in the main clause,it
serves as the formal subject while the infinitive phrase to omit…
serves as the real subject,Therefore,the absolute nominal
construction such being the impressions… could be understood as
such are the impressions … ; to omit… my fervent supplications to
that Almighty Being… is cut off by the parenthesis in this first
official act; supplications is in apposition to that His benedictions
may consecrate … and may enable… ; consecrate … to… means to
enable… to be devoted to… ; and at the very end of the selection,
his in to his charge means the undertaker‘s or the president‘s,
? 3,Paraphrase,
? The above is also a paragraph consisting of a single complex
sentence only and based on the above analysis,the paragraph
could be paraphrased as follows,What I have stated are the
impressions,Under those impressions,I have obeyed the public
summons and repaired to the present station,In this first official
act,if I should omit my fervent supplication to that Almighty
Being,it would be peculiarly improper,That Almighty Being rules
over the universe,presides in the councils of nations,and His
providential aids can supply every human defect,I then would
supplicate that His benediction may consecrate to the liberties
and happiness of the people of the United States a Government
instituted by themselves for these essential purposes,and may
enable every instrument employed in its administration to execute
with success the functions allotted to the president‘s charge,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of only a single sentence,which is periodic in
structure,beginning with an absolute nominal construction where an
attributive clause is embedded and the coherent structure of that clause is
cut off by the parenthesis in the form of prepositional phrase,
? 2,Structural complication,
? In the grammatical analysis,the main body is in the following backbone
structure,it would be peculiarly improper to omit… my fervent
supplications to that Almighty Being… that His benediction may
consecrate… and may enable…,which is cut off by the noun phrase
together with the three coordinate attributive clauses introduced by who,
who and whose respectively,However,what goes before may enable is too
long and a comma is inserted accordingly,contributing to the loose
connection between the two coordinate predicates,may consecrate… and
may enable…, In addition,the absolute nominal construction is in inverted
order and in it would be peculiarly improper to omit…,the real subject is to
omit… and it stands there only as the formal subject,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The structural formality of the selection also lies in its grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? The selection is characterized by such parallel structures,for example,who
rules over the universe,who presides in the councils of nations,and whose
providential aids can supply every human defect; may consecrate …,and
may enable … ; liberties and happiness,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,His is used to refer to Almighty Being;
his is used to refer to the speaker or the president; themselves is used to
refer to the United States; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,borrowings and nominalizations are popularly employed
throughout the selection such as impression,obedience,summon,repair,
peculiarly,improper,official,fervent,supplication and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 这些就是我的印象，在这些印象之下，我恭顺地听从公众的召唤，改变了主
意，来就任此职。在这样的第一次官方行动之中，如果我不虔诚地祈求万能
的上帝，那将是极不恰当的。万能的上帝主宰宇宙，在所有国家的议会中主
持工作，他的神助会弥补人类的一切缺陷。我祈求上帝，愿上帝的福佑能使
美国人为了这些基本的目的建立起来的政府能致力于美国人民的自由与幸福；
愿上帝的福佑能使在行政过程中使用的一切工具成功地履行这项重任赋予承
担者的种种职能。
? Comments,
? This translation is essentially based on the paraphrase of the original with
readjustments made here and there in accordance with Chinese norms,For
example,万能的上帝 and祈求上帝 are repeated; 能使美国人为了这些基本的
目的建立起来的政府能致力于美国人民的自由与幸福 is transpositionally
translated; 承担者 is explicitly translated,and so on,However,the use of
such phrases as印象 ; 官方行动 ; 承担者的职能,and so on,and the structure
used,are much to be desired,
? B) Translation 2,
? 这些就是我的感受，带着这些感受，我恭顺地听从公众的召唤，改变
了初衷，就任此职。在这次首场官方大典上，如果我不虔诚地祈求万
能的上帝，那就是极不恰当的。万能的上帝主宰宇宙，主持各国的议
会，他的神助能弥补人类的一切缺陷。我祈求上帝，愿他的福佑能使
美国人民为了自由和幸福而建立起来的政府致力于人民的自由与幸福。
愿上帝的福佑能使行政中使用的一切手段成功地履行总统的职责赋予
他的种种职能。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made by substituting 感受 for印象 ; 官方大典 for官
方行动 ; 总统的职责 for承担者的职责 ; and by repeating自由和幸福,
However,the structure employed for the first translation remains
almost intact,
? C) Translation 3,
? 以上是我的感受，怀着这种心情，我恭顺地听从公众的召唤，改变初衷，就
任总统。万能的上帝主宰宇宙，指导各国议会的工作，他的神助能弥补人类
的一切缺陷。当此就职大典之际，我如果不热忱地祈求万能的上帝，那就有
失允当。美国人民为了自由和幸福等基本目的建立了政府。我祈求上帝，愿
他的福佑能使政府为美国人民的自由与幸福而奋斗；愿他的福佑使一切行政
措施都能让总统成功地行使他的职责赋予他的种种职能。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made by substituting 心情 for感受 ; 总统 for此职 at the
beginning; 就职大典 for官方大典 ; etc,In addition,irrespective of the
original structure,万能的上帝主宰宇宙，指导各国议会的工作，他的神助能
弥补人类的一切缺陷 is now transpositioned or fronted,to be exact,and so is
美国人民为了自由和幸福等基本目的建立了政府, Consequently,coherence,
authenticity and readability are reinforced in a comprehensive way,
? 24 Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office
of our country,I avail myself of the presence of that portion of my
fellow-citizens which is here assembled to express my grateful
thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to look
toward me,to declare a sincere consciousness that the task is
above my talents,and that I approach it with those anxious and
awful powers so justly inspired,A rising nation,spread over a wide
and fruitful land,traversing all the seas with the rich productions of
their industry,engaged in commerce with nations who feel power
and forget right,advancing rapidly to destinies beyond the reach of
mortal eye – when I contemplate these transcendent objects and
see the honor,the happiness,and the hopes of this beloved country
committed to the issue,and the auspices of this day,I shrink from
the contemplation,and humble myself before the magnitude of the
undertaking,
? （ Thomas Jefferson,To Unite with One Heart and One Mind）
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the first is a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause; two attributive
clauses,one embedded in the second line and the other embedded
in the third line of the selection; and two coordinate appositive
clauses positioned after the nominal phrase a sincere consciousness,
The second is also a complex sentence,composed of an adverbial
clause of time and a main clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a past participle phrase and the two
infinitive phrases to express… and to declare… in the main clause
are loosely connected without a conjunction in between,
? 3,Notes,
? The backbone structure of the sentence would be,I avail myself
of the presence… to express… and to declare…, And in the first
sentence,to avail oneself of… to… means to take the opportunity
of… to…, The second sentence begins with an absolute nominal
construction,a rising nation,spread…,traversing…,engaged…,
advancing…,which means ours is a rising nation,which is
spread…,traverses…,is engaged… and is advancing…, And in
the absolute nominal construction,there is an attributive clause
embedded,that is,who feel power and forget right,Therefore the
backbone structure for the sentence would be,I shrink from the
contemplation,and humble myself before the magnitude of the
undertaking,
? 4,Paraphrase,
? The paragraph under discussion could be paraphrased as follows,I was
called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office of our
country and now I avail myself of the presence of that portion,here
assembled,of my fellow-citizens to express my grateful thanks for their
favor,And with this favor they have been pleased to look toward me,I also
avail myself of their presence to declare that I am sincerely conscious that
the task is beyond my talents,and that I approach the task with anxious
and awful powers,and these powers are so reasonably inspired,Ours is a
rising nation,It is spread over a wide and fruitful land,It is covering all the
corners of the land with the rich productions of their industry,It is engaged
in commerce with nations that feel power and forget right,And it is
advancing rapidly to destinies that human beings could not see,When I
think about these extremely great objects and see the honor,the happiness,
and the hopes of this beloved country committed to the president,and the
auspices of this day,I shrink from the thinking,and humble myself before
the great task,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the first is a
periodic one beginning with a prepositional phrase,Also in the
sentence,between the two infinitive phrases to express … and
declare …,there should be an and,but is actually not any,
Moreover,they are cut off by a long phrase in between,probably
misleading the reader to the comprehension of the structure,The
second is also a periodic sentence,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Before the when clause,there is a long absolute nominal
construction,which,together with the clause,keeps the essential
structure,i.e,the subject and the predicate of the main clause,until
the end of the sentence,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are grammatically complete and free from any
colloquial structure,indicating that the selection is also formal in
structure,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Another preeminent feature attributable to the selection is the
popular use of parallel structures such as the following,to
express… and to declare… ; that the task is above my talents,
and that I approach it with those… ; anxious and awful; feel
power and forget right; spread over…,traversing…,engaged…,
advancing… ; contemplate… and see… ; the honor,the happiness,
and the hopes of… and the auspices of this day; shrink from…
and humble myself before…,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,our country is
used in connection with my fellow-citizens,to which
they is used to refer; the task is used to refer to
undertaking the duties of the first executive office of
our country and it is used to refer to the task; and so
on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including
nominalizations,are also popularly used,for example,
undertake,executive,country,avail,presence,portion,
fellow,citizen,assemble,express,grateful,declare,
consciousness,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 被召唤承担起我国首席行政长官的职责，我利用我的同胞中的那一部分在此聚会的机
会，表达我对他们一直兴高采烈地期待着我的那股偏爱的衷心感谢，同时宣布我的一
种真诚的感觉，这项任务超出了我的才能，我是带着焦虑和惶恐的心情来接近这项任
务的，产生焦虑和惶恐是有正当理由的。一个正在兴起的国家，辽阔而富有成果的大
片国土，横跨所有的工业生产富有的海洋，和那些感到强大但忘记了权力的国家进行
贸易，快速地挺进到肉眼看不见的命运中去。当我想到这些远不可及的目标，看到这
个可爱的国家赋予这项任务的荣誉、幸福和希望时，看到今天的支持时，我从沉思中
退缩，我在巨大的任务面前变得很渺小。
? Comments,
? The above is a word-for-word translation though with some phrases duly fronted to
make the translation sound locally authentic,For example,between 表达 and 感谢,a
long clause is transpositioned; justly inspired is explicated; commerce is specified; of
this beloved country committed to the issue is explicitly translated,and so on,
However,what is首席行政长官? Why should我的同胞中的那一部分在此聚会? What
kind of任务 is it? What do you mean by辽阔而富有成果的大片国土 and横跨所有的工业
生产富有的海洋? All these,and probably others,are certainly puzzling the Chinese
reader,
? B) Translation 2,
? 我被召唤担负起我国首席行政长官的职责。同胞们一直兴高采烈地对我寄予厚望，借
部分同胞在此聚会出席庆典的机会，对他们对我的偏爱，表示衷心的感谢。同时，也
开诚布公地说明，我真诚地感到，这项工作超出了我的才华。我是以焦虑和惶恐之情
来接受这项任务的。焦虑和惶恐是毫不奇怪的。我们的国家蒸蒸日上，幅员辽阔，物
产丰富，工业生产到处兴旺发达。我们国家正在与那些自觉强大而忘记权力的国家进
行贸易，正在朝着肉眼看不到的将来挺进。每当我想起这些遥远的目标，看到亲爱的
祖国赋予这项任务的荣誉、幸福和希望的时候，看到今日的支持之际，我便从沉思中
退缩回来，自己在这项巨大的任务面前显得非常渺小。
? Comments,
? As far as vocabulary is concerned,this translation sounds much better than the
previous,though the meaning of首席行政长官 could be clarified,In addition,同胞们一
直兴高采烈地对我寄予厚望 is transpositioned; the parallel structures我们的国家蒸蒸
日上，幅员辽阔，物产丰富，工业生产到处兴旺发达 and我们国家正在与那些自觉强大
而忘记权力的国家进行贸易，正在朝着肉眼看不到的将来挺进 are substituted for the
previous,and so on,However,the original is selected from an inauguration,usually
extremely coherent throughout,though characterized by vocabulary formality and
structure complication,It is in this respect that the translation has left much to be
desired,For example,焦虑和惶恐是毫不奇怪的 is not properly positioned,
? C) Translation 3,
? 同胞们召唤我就任总统，今天部分同胞在此聚会，参加就职典礼。借此机会，对他们长期以来怀着
偏爱之心，对我寄予厚望，表示衷心的感谢。同时，也借此机会，开诚布公地向大家说明，我真诚
地感到，才疏学浅，难当重任。毫不奇怪，我内心充满了焦虑和惶恐。我是以焦虑不安的心情来就
任总统的。我们的国家，幅员辽阔，物产丰富，蒸蒸日上，工业遍布城乡，生产欣欣向荣。有些国
家自己感觉很强大但却忘记了正义，我们正在和他们贸易；未来用肉眼难以预测，我们正在迅速地
朝未来挺进。当我想到这些可望而不可及的目标的时候，当我看到可爱的祖国赋予总统的荣誉、幸
福和希望的时候，当我看到今天的支持场面的时候，我便从沉思中清醒过来，看到自己在这项巨大 的任务面前显得非常渺小。
? Comments,
? The present translation is much improved in the above-mentioned respects by using great many
four character Chinese expressions in the middle,such as才疏学浅 ; 难当重任 ; 毫不奇怪 ; 幅员辽
阔 ; 物产丰富 ; 蒸蒸日上,and by employing so many parallel structures at the very end,for
example,工业遍布城乡，生产欣欣向荣 ; 有些国家自己感觉很强大但却忘记了正义，我们正在和他们贸易；未来用肉眼难以预测，我们正在迅速地朝未来挺进 ; 当我想到 …,当我看到 …,当我看到 …,
and others,though somewhat irrespective of the structure of the original,All these measures
taken contribute a great deal to the formality,coherence,readability and authenticity of the
translation,in accordance to the Chinese standards,though,
? 25 During the contest of opinion through which
we have passed the animation of discussions
and of exertions has sometimes worn an aspect
which might impose on strangers unused to
think freely and to speak and to write what they
think; but this being now decided by the voice of
the nation,announced according to the rules of
the Constitution,all will,of course,arrange
themselves under the will of law,and unite in
common efforts for the common good,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of a single sentence,composed of two
coordinate clauses,of which the first in turn is composed of a main
clause and attributive clause with an object clause positioned at
the end of it while the second is simple in structure,
? 2,Additional complication,
? Of the two coordinate clauses,the first begins with prepositional
phrase with an attributive clause embedded and the second begins
with an absolute nominal construction,in which the two past
participle phrases are in coordination but loosely connected without
a conjunction in between,
? 3,Paraphrase,
? The selection consists of a single compound complex sentence,
which can be paraphrased as follows,There has been a time of
contest of opinion and the contest of opinion we have passed,
The animation of discussions and of exertions has sometimes
worn an aspect and that aspect might impose on those who are
not used to think freely and to speak and to write what they think,
The contest of opinion is now decided by the voice of the nation,
and the result is announced according to the rules of the
Constitution,After the decision and announcement,all people will,
of course,find their functions to perform under the will of law,
and unite in common efforts for the common good,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of a single compound complex sentence,
which is periodic in structure in that the first coordinate clause
begins with a prepositional phrase while the second coordinate
clause begins with an absolute nominal construction,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The selection is structurally complicated in that besides the complex
beginning,the first coordinate clause has two subordinate clauses
embedded while the second coordinate clause has a complicated
beginning,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The selection is structurally formal in that the sentence it contains is
grammatically complete and free from colloquial structure,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are popularly used,for example,of discussions
and of exertions; to think freely and to speak and write what they
think (the infinitive phrase to think… is parallel to the coordinate
infinitive phrase to speak… and to write… ; and the infinitive phrase
to speak … is parallel to the other infinitive phrase to write… );
decided by the voice…,announced according to… ; arrange
themselves under the will of law,and unite in common efforts…,
contributing a great deal to the structural coherence of the
selection,Besides,the selection is also stylistically characterized by
the delayed placement of the subject and predicate at the very end
of the sentence,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,the animation of discussions
and assertions is used in connection with the contest of opinion;
this at the beginning of the second coordinate clause is used to
refer to the contest of opinion or the animation of discussions and
of assertions; the pronoun they in the third line is used to refer to
strangers; common is repeated; Constitution is used in relation to
nation,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,are
popularly used,for example,contest,opinion,animation,
discussion,exertion,aspect,impose,stranger,announce,and
many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 在意见竞争的时间里，我们已经通过了意见竞争。热烈的讨论和相互影响有
时会消磨一个方面，这个方面也许会强加在那些不习惯于自由地思考、自由
地说出与写出他们的想法的陌生人身上。但这正在由国家的声音来决定，根
据宪法的法则公布出来。大家当然会根据法律的意志来安排自己，在共同努
力中团结起来为共同的利益而斗争。
? Comments,
? In respect for the Chinese reader and Chinese norms,那些不习惯于自由地
思考、自由地说出与写出他们的想法 and others in what follows are
transpositioned,and so on,However,owing to the basically word-for-word
manner of translating,the product,though locally somewhat authentic,
sounds exotic on the whole and presents difficulty for understanding,For
example,在意见竞争的时间里，我们已经通过了意见竞争 sounds extremely
exotic; what are the exact meanings for消磨 ; 陌生人 and这 in这正在由国家的
声音来决定? Why should大家当然会根据法律的意志来安排自己,……? All
this points to the necessity for improvement,
? B) Translation 2,
? 刚才我们经过了意见交锋，进行了热烈的讨论，彼此施加影响。热烈的讨论
和彼此施加影响可能会使那些不习惯于自由地思考、不习惯于自由地说出和
写出他们的想法的人打消顾虑。但是，现在既然民族的声音正在做出决断，
正在根据宪法的条规予以公布，所有的人当然会根据宪法的意志来为自己做
出安排，在为共同的利益而斗争的共同努力中团结起来。
? Comments,
? The present translation has its advantages in that some unauthentic
expressions in the precious are substituted for and the translation is
structurally reorganized to some extent,For example,the more authentic
意见交锋 is substituted for the previous; the more explicit expression彼此施
加影响 is used for the translation of the more implicit term exertions; 热烈的
讨论，彼此施加影响 is repeated with some slight alteration; 打消顾虑 is used
to translate wearing an aspect,an expression vague to the Chinese reader;
为自己做出安排 is substituted for安排自己,and so on,However,how to为自
己做出安排? On what will 做出决断 and what will 予以公布? Clearly these
phrases are not explicitly translated and could be retranslated,
? C) Translation 3,
? 通过群枪舌战，我们对问题展开了热烈的讨论，发表了看法。争论是有好处
的，有时会使那些不习惯于自由思考、无拘无束地说出与写出想法的人打消
顾虑。争论的结果，国家的声音正在做出裁决，也将会根据宪法的有关条款
予以公布。既然如此，所有的人当然都会根据宪法的意志来找准自己的位置，
团结起来为着共同的利益而努力奋斗。
? Comments,
? The present translation has 是有好处的；争论的结果 and既然如此 added
as explicit expressions and cohesive devices for the translation,and
therefore the coherence for the translation is greatly reinforced,In addition,
找准自己的位置 is employed to substitute for为自己做出安排 ; 群枪舌战 and
发表了自己的看法 are substituted for the previous counterparts; 无拘无束 is
used as the repetition of 自由；争论的结果 is inserted； and all the
redundant information is deleted,Consequently,the present translation is
much more readable,coherent and authentic,
Exercises,
? 21 Before concluding,fellow-citizens,I must say something to you on the subject of
the parties at this time existing in our country,To me it appears perfectly clear that
the interest of that country requires that the violence of the spirit by which those
parties are at this time governed must be greatly mitigated,if not entirely
extinguished,or consequences will ensure which are appalling to be thought of,
? (William,H,Harrison,The Parties in Our Country)
? 22 If parties in a republic are necessary to secure a degree of vigilance sufficient to
keep the public functionaries within the bounds of law and duty,at that point their
usefulness ends,Beyond that they become destructive of public virtue,the parent of
a spirit antagonist to that of liberty,and eventually its inevitable conqueror,(William,
H,Harrison,The Parties in Our Country)
? 23 The Republic of Texas has made known her desire to come into our Union,to
form a part of our Confederacy and enjoy with us the blessings of liberty secured and
guaranteed by our Constitution,Texas was once a part of our country – was unwisely
ceded away to a foreign power – is now independent,and possesses an undoubted
right to dispose of a part or the whole of her territory and to merge her sovereignty
as a separate and independent state in ours,(James Polk,The Enlargement of Our
Boundaries)
? 24 I regard the question of annexation as belonging exclusively to the
United States and Texas,They are independent powers competent to
contract,and foreign nations have no right to interfere with them or to take
exceptions to their reunion,Foreign powers do not seem to appreciate the
true character of our Government,Our Union is a confederation of
independent States,whose policy is peace with each other and all the world,
(James Polk,The Enlargement of Our Boundaries)
? 25 I take the official oath to-day with no mental reservations and with no
purpose to construe the Constitution or laws by any hypercritical rules; and
while I do not choose now to specify particular acts of Congress as proper
to be enforced,I do suggest that it will be much safer for all,both in official
and private stations,to conform to and abide by all those acts which stand
unrepealed than to violate any of them trusting to find impunity in having
them held to be unconstitutional,(Abraham Lincoln,The Perpetuity of
Union and the Authority of President)
第二节
? 26 It was not declared on the part of the United States
until it had been long made on them,in reality though
not in name; until arguments and expostulations had
been exhausted; until positive declaration had been
received that the wrongs provoking it would not be
discontinued; nor until this last appeal could no longer
be delayed without breaking down the spirit of the
nation,destroying all confidence in itself and in its
political institutions,and either perpetuating a state of
disgraceful suffering or regaining by more costly sacrifice
and more severe struggle our lost rank and respect
among independent powers,
? （ James Madison,The War in 1812）
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The paragraph consists of a single sentence,which is compound complex in
structure in that it is composed of two coordinate clauses,the first of which
is in turn composed of a main clause and three coordinate adverbial
clauses of time while the second is composed of an elliptic main clause with
was it declared omitted and an adverbial clause of time,However,before
the word nor,there are three until… clauses to distance nor far away from
not in it was not declared and was it declared in nor was it declared is
omitted,therefore,probably misleading the reader to a wrong
understanding of the structure,
? 2,Additional complication,
? At the end of the last coordinate adverbial clause of the first coordinate
clause,there is a subordinate clause embedded in apposition to the noun
phrase positive declaration,
? 3,Notes,
? The backbone structure would be it was not declared… until…
nor (was it declared) until…, Specifically,the backbone structure
for the first coordinate clause would be,It was not declared on
the part of the United States until it had been long made on
them,… ; until arguments and expostulations had been
exhausted; until positive declaration had been received …, And
the backbone structure of the second coordinate clause would be,
nor until this last appeal could no longer be delayed without
breaking down…,(without) destroying…,(without) either
perpetuating… or (without) regaining…, Furthermore,regaining
by more costly sacrifice and more severe struggle our lost rank
and respect among independent powers contains an inverted
structure and can be rearranged like this,regaining our lost rank
and respect among independent powers by more costly sacrifice
and more severe struggle,
? 4,Paraphrase,
? The selection consists of a single compound complex sentence
characterized by the use of the uniform sentence pattern it was not
declared… nor was it declared… and by the popular use of parallel
structures,though not without variation,Based on the above analysis,
the paragraph could be paraphrased roughly in the following manner,
The United States did not declare the war on (Great Britain) until the war
had long been made on them,actually though not declared by Great
Britain,They (the United States) did not declare the war until they had
received clear statement (from Great Britain) that the wrongs causing the
war would not be discontinued,They did not declare the war until the
declaration could no longer be delayed,If the declaration should have
been delayed,the spirit of the nation would have been broken down,the
confidence in the state and in its political systems would have been
destroyed,In that case,a state of disgraceful suffering would perpetuate
or the American people would have to sacrifice more costly and struggle
more severely to regain the lost rank and respect among countries in the
world,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of a single sentence,
compound complex in structure though it is
not a periodic sentence,
? 2,Structural formality,
? The selection is structurally formal in that the
sentence is grammatically complete and free
from colloquial structure,
? 3,Other stylistic features,
? First,a single uniform sentence pattern,that is,it was not declared until… nor (was
it declared) until …,governs the whole paragraph on the one hand and divides the
paragraph into two parts both structurally and semantically,on the other; leading the
reader to the conclusion that the United States declared the war for two related
reasons,1) They were compelled to declare the war; and 2) Otherwise,they would
suffer great losses,And the two reasons constitute the general reason that the
United States were compelled to declare the war,Second,parallel structures prevail
in the selection such as until…,until…,until…,until… ; without…,without…,either
without… or without… ; in reality though not in name; arguments and expostulations;
in itself and in its political institutions; more costly sacrifice and more severe struggle;
rank and respect,etc,Third,passive voice is used mainly in the first part of the
sentence to symbolize that the United States were compelled to declare the war; and
fourth,active voice is used mainly in the present participle phrase or gerundial
phrases mainly in the second part of the sentence to symbolize that if the declaration
should have been delayed,the suffer would have been great and would have been
America‘s; and putting the two together,we can conclude that passive voice is used
for predicate verbs while active voice is used for the present participle or gerunds,
symbolizing that of the two reasons,the external reason overwhelms the other,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? All the parallel structures are used with variation to avoid tedious
repetition,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found when it is used to refer to the war and
it is repeated; this last appeal is used to refer to declaring the war;
the nation is used to stand for the United States; its is used to
stand for the nation; them is used to refer to the United States,
and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations are popularly used,For
example,declare,reality,argument,expostulation,exhaust,
positive,provoking,discontinue,appeal,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 这场战争美国没有公布直到战争很早以前就加在他们身上了，在实际上虽然不是在名
义上；直到各种争论和劝说都已经用尽了；直到正面的宣告已经收到了，宣告说，引
起这场战争的种种错误是不会中断的；也没有直到这最后的诉求不能再推迟而不会瓦
解民族的精神，而不会销毁对国家和它的政治体制的一切信心，而不会要么长期处于
屈辱受苦的状态，要么以更高的代价和更加艰苦的斗争来重新赢得我们在独立的国家
之中已经失去的地位和尊敬。
? Comments,
? Looked from the angle of individual clauses,the translation is fairly authentic,
especially from the viewpoint of being faithful to the original,and particularly with the
insertion of宣告说 and要么 …… 要么 and fronting some parts in accordance with
Chinese norms,enabling the parts in question to be authentic even to the Chinese
eye,However,the pattern这场战争美国没有公布直到 ……,直到 ……,直到 ; 也没有直
到 ……,sounds exotic to the Chinese ear,In addition,such expressions as 这最后的
诉求 ; 销毁对国家和它的政治体制的一切信心,and others,are apparently examples of
translationese,And 加在他们身上了 ; 已经用尽了 ; 已经收到了 and other similar
expressions sound colloquial,
? B) Translation 2,
? 美国没有宣战直到战争早就强加在他们身上了，在实际上虽然不是在名义上；
直到争论和劝说已经无所不用其极了；直到已经收到正面的宣告宣称，引起
这场战争的种种错误做法是不会停止的；美国没有宣战直到这最后一招如果
再推迟，我们的民族精神就会瓦解，对国家和国家体制的一切信心就会丧失，
就会要么长期忍受屈辱的痛苦，要么以更高的代价、以更加艰苦的斗争来重
新赢得我们在世界民族之林中那已经失去的地位和尊严。
? Comments,
? The present translation is improved on the previous in that by inserting美国
没有宣战 at the beginning of the second part,the boundary between the
two parts is clearly marked now,Another point is the substitution of这最后
一招 for这最后的诉求 and of对国家和国家体制的一切信心就会丧失 for销毁对
国家和它的政治体制的一切信心, However,other problems with the
translation still remain intact,In other words,there is still some room for
improvement,though not extremely necessary,
? C) Translation 3,
? 这场战争在实际上虽然不是在名义上早就强加在美国头上了；争论和劝说已经无所不
用其极了；已经收到正面的宣告，引起这场战争的种种错误做法不会停止，直到这时，
美国才宣战。宣战是不得已而为之，如果一再推迟，我们的民族精神就会瓦解，我们
对国家和国体的一切信心就会丧失，就会要么长期忍受屈辱的痛苦，要么以更高的代
价、以更加艰苦卓绝的斗争来重新赢得我们在世界民族之林中那已经失去的地位和尊
严，直到这时，美国才宣战。
? Comments,
? By fronting the contents in the until clauses and repeating直到这时，美国才宣战 ;
by transpositioning在实际上虽然不是在名义上,explicating this last appeal,amplifying
delayed,inserting我们 before对国家和国体的一切信心 ……,substituting 艰苦卓绝 for
艰苦,and so on,the translation becomes more readable,and sounds much more
coherent and authentic,In a sense,the translation has become a piece of Chinese
literary work now,However,all the above three are possible and acceptable
translations,but each one is closer to the Chinese norm than the previous,Still,from
the above translations,we realize that whatever efforts we may make,the stylistic
features of the original will be partially sacrificed,This is due to the nature of
translation and the differences between the two languages and the two cultures,not
due to translation techniques or to translator‘s talents,
? 27 I should be destitute of feeling if I was not
deeply affected by the strong proof which my
fellow-citizens have given me of their confidence
in calling me to the high office whose functions I
am about to assume,As the expression of their
good opinion of my conduct in the public service,
I derive from it a gratification which those who
are conscious of having done all that they could
to merit it can alone feel,
? (James Monroe,Discord Does Not
Belong to Our System)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the
first is complex in structure,composed of a main clause
and an adverbial clause of condition with an attributive
clause further embedded and another attributive clause
embedded in the first attributive clause,The second
sentence is complex in structure,composed of a main
clause and three attributive clauses one embedded
within another,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The second sentence begins with a prepositional phrase,
? 3,Notes,
? In … by the strong proof which my fellow-citizens have given me
of their confidence in calling me…,the strong proof has two
attributes,1) which my fellow citizens has given me; 2) of their
confidence in calling me…, And the first attribute cuts off the
connection between the strong proof and of their confidence in
calling me…, As the expression of … means that the strong proof
could serve as the expression of…, That I derive from it… means
that I derive from the strong proof,And this it is far way from the
strong proof and somewhat misleading,In which those who are
conscious of having done all that they could to merit it can alone
feel,the first tier of the clauses is those can alone feel the which
(the gratification); the second tier of the clauses is who are
conscious of having done all that they could to merit it; the third
tier of the clauses is that they could to merit it,
? 4,Paraphrase,
? The selection consists of two sentences,but they are both
structurally complicated as revealed in the analysis above,Based
on the analysis,the selection could be roughly paraphrased in the
following manner,My fellow citizens have given me their
confidence in calling me to the high office and I am about to
assume the functions of that office,Therefore,I am deeply
affected by the strong proof of the confidence of my fellow
citizens,If I should not,I would be a person without feeling,
Their confidence in calling me could serve as the expression of
their good opinion of my conduct in the public service,I derive
from that proof a gratification and that gratification belongs to
those people alone,And the people who can feel it are those who
are conscious that they have done as much as possible to repay
the gratification,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Structural complication,
? The major stylistic feature of the selection lies in its
structure complication for the fact that the first sentence
contains three subordinate clauses and the phrase the
strong proof is modified by two attributes,and the first
attribute cuts off the connection between the precedent
and the second attribute,The second sentence also
contains three subordinate clauses and the connection
between those and can alone feel is cut off by the two
attributive clauses in between,And the two sentences
are almost of the same length,but vary in their rhetoric
structure in that one being loose and the other being
periodic,
? 2,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are structurally formal in their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 3,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,I and me are repeatedly used;
whose functions is used in connection with the high office; the
possessive pronoun their is used to stand for my fellow citizens;
and so on,
? 4,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations are popularly used such as
destitute,affect,fellow-citizen,confidence,office,function,assume,
and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 我竟然缺乏感情，如果我不被我的同胞们给予我的在他们召唤我担任我将要
承担其各项职能的高级行政工作中所表现出来的对我的强烈信任所打动的话。
作为他们对我在公众服务中的行为良好评价的表达，我从中获得感激。这种
感激只有那些意识到已经竭尽全力来与之匹配的人才能感受得到。
? Comments,
? The translation strictly follows the original both lexically and structurally,
though some local parts are transpositionally translated,for example,我将
要承担其各项职能的高级行政工作中所表现出来的对我的强烈信任所打动 ; 表
达 ; 只有 and others,Consequently,some clauses are not clearly presented
and inter-clausal coherence is not explicitly expressed,Typical of the
unclear presentation is如果我不被我的同胞们给予我的在他们召唤我担任我
将要承担其各项职能的高级行政工作中所表现出来的对我的强烈信任所打动
的话,although the last two sentences are much better translated in this
aspect,
? B) Translation 2,
? 我的同胞们在召唤我即将担任承担其各项职能的高级行政工作中表现
出对我的强烈信任，我若果不为之所打动，那将是缺乏感情。他们表
达了对我在公众服务中的行为的良好评价，我从中获得感激。这种感
激只有那些意识到已竭尽全力报答的人才能感受得到。
? Comments,
? By fronting我的同胞们在召唤我即将担任承担其各项职能的高级行政
工作中表现出对我的强烈信任 before我若果不为之所打动，那将是缺
乏感情,the part in question sounds much coherent to the Chinese,
However,the phrase我的同胞们在召唤我即将担任承担其各项职能的
高级行政工作中表现出对我的强烈信任 is still too long and not
sufficiently well arranged,
? C) Translation 3,
? 同胞们满怀信心地召唤我就任总统，承担起总统的各项职责。对此，我如果
无动于衷，就是不近人情了。同胞们的召唤表明，他们对我的行政能力给予
高度评价，令我心存感激。这种感激之情，只有那些认为已经竭尽全力来回
报的人才能感受得到。
? Comments,
? Irrespective of the structure of the original but respective of the ideas
contained in the selection,the present translation has transpositionally
translated pieces of the information contained in the text in accordance with
Chinese sequencing rules with redundant information eliminated,For
example,同胞们满怀信心地召唤我就任总统，承担起总统的各项职责,is
fronted and given the status as an independent sentence; 对此 is added for
coherence; 同胞们的召唤表明，他们对我的行政能力给予高度评价，令我心
存感激 is a transpositioned translation,with a cause and effect relation
implicitly expressed,and so on,Consequently,the translation has become a
piece of Chinese work,readable,coherent and authentic,though based on
the foreign ideas expressed in the original,
? 28 In commencing the duties of the chief executive
office it has been the practice of the distinguished men
who have gone before me to explain the principles which
would govern them in their respective Administrations,
In following their venerated example my attention is
naturally drawn to the great causes which have
contributed in a principal degree to produce the present
happy condition of the United States,They will best
explain the nature of our duties and shed much light on
the policy which ought to be pursued in future,
? (James Monroe,Discord Does Not Belong to Our
System)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the first is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive clause in the
subject with another embedded in the predicate; the second is also a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive clause;
and the third is again a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and
an attributive clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase and it is in inverted
order in that in the sentence,it serves as the formal subject while the
infinitive phrase to explain… serves as the real subject,The second
sentence also begins with a prepositional phrase with in a principal degree
serving as an implied parenthesis while the third sentence has two
coordinate predicative complements,
? 3,Paraphrase,
? The selection could be roughly paraphrased in the following
manner,When a president begins to undertake his duties in the
executive office,the distinguished presidents before me would
explain the principles they would like to use to govern their
respective work,And this has become a practice,I would like to
follow their respectable example and direct my attention to those
great causes that have contributed in a great degree to the
present happy condition of the United States,These causes will
best explain the nature of our duties and shed light on the policy,
And the policy is no other than what we should pursue in future,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the
first two are periodic,for the reason that the first
sentence begins with a prepositional phrase and the
main clause is in inverted order with it serving as the
formal subject while the infinitive phrase to explain…
serving as the real subject; the second sentence is also
periodic for the fact that it begins with a prepositional
phrase,The third sentence,however,is loose in
structure,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the three sentences are complex in structure and
therefore,structurally complicated,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences in the selection are grammatically complete and
free from colloquial structures,indicating that it is structurally
formal,4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,me and my are used to refer
to the speaker; they,them and their in the first three lines are
used to refer to the distinguished men before me; and they in the
fifth line is used to refer to the causes,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are popularly used,for
example,commencing,administration,respective,principle,
venerated,etc,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 在开始首席行政长官的各项职责时，那是在我以前的各位尊敬的人们
的惯常做法去解释将要指导他们各自的行政工作的各项原则。遵循他
们的令人尊敬的做法，我的注意力自然地被吸引到那些伟大的事业，
这些事业在很大程度上已经对产生现在美国的幸福条件做出了贡献。
这些事业将能最好地解释我们的各项职责，对今后应该追求的政策也 将有很有启迪。
? Comments,
? The translation strictly follows the original both lexically and
structurally,with due parts fronted to reinforce the readability,
However,the meanings of 首席行政长官 ; 在我以前的各位尊敬的人
们 ; 各自的行政工作 ; 令人尊敬的做法 are not clearly explicated with
regard to the new readership,though the above mentioned are all
possible translations beyond any doubt,
? B) Translation 2,
? 在开始担任总统的时候，在我以前的各位尊敬的人们的惯常做法是，
解释将要指导他们各自政府的各项行政原则。遵循他们的令人尊敬的
做法，我自然将注意力投向那些伟大的事业，这些事业在很大程度上
已经对产生美国现在的幸福做出了贡献。这些事业将能最好地阐释我
们的各项职责，对今后应该追求的政策也将很有启迪。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,总统 is used to explicate the meaning of
the chief executive office;政府 is inserted; 在我以前的各位尊敬的人
们的惯常做法是 and我自然将注意力投向那些伟大的事业 are used as
substitutes for the counterparts in the previous translation,With
these measures taken,the translation is improved to some extent,
However,most of the above-mentioned problems with the previous
translation remain intact,
? C) Translation 3,
? 我即将就任总统，承担起总统的职责。以前，各位尊敬的总统就职时通常
总要阐释一下他们各自的施政方略，这样做已成惯例，深受推崇。遵循他们
的做法，我自然注意到大家所关心的重大问题，这些问题在很大程度上奠定
了现今美国幸福的基础；这些问题也能很好地阐释总统职权的性质，对今后
应如何制定政策也富有启迪。
? Comments,
? The present translation is improved on the previous by granting我即将就任
总统，承担起总统的职责 with an independent sentence status; substituting
以前，各位尊敬的总统就职时通常总要阐释一下他们各自的施政方略，这样
做已成惯例，深受推崇 for the previous translation; replacing我自然将注意力
投向 with我自然注意到 ; using奠定了的 … 基础 instead of对 …… 做出了贡献 ;
using大家所关心的重大问题 to replace这些伟大事业 and so on,As a result,
the translation sounds more readable,coherent and authentic though in
Chinese sense rather than in English sense,
? 29 The will of American people,expressed through their
unsolicited suffrage,calls me before you to pass through
the solemnities preparatory to taking upon myself the
duties of President of the United States for another term,
For their approbation of my public conduct through a
period which has not been without its difficulties,and for
this renewed expression of their confidence in my good
intentions,I am at a loss for terms adequate to express
my gratitude,
? （ Andrew Jackson,On the Domestic and the Foreign
Policy）
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the first is a simple
sentence while the second sentence is complex in structure,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first sentence,there is a parenthetic structure embedded between
the subject and the predicate while the second sentence begins with two
coordinate prepositional phrase,
? 3,Notes,
? In the first sentence,the parenthesis expressed through their unsolicited
suffrage means the will of American people is expressed…, And
preparatory to taking upon … modifies the solemnities,which here means
the procedures the president should go through in his inauguration,The
main structure of the second sentence is for… and for…,I am at a loss…,
? 4,Paraphrase,
? The selection could be paraphrased as follows,
American people have expressed their will through free
election and call me before you to go through the
formalities before undertaking the duties of the
president of America for another term,In the first term,
I went through difficulties but the people praised me
for my administrative work and again expressed their
confidence in my future policies,For all this,I cannot
find suitable words to express my thanks,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of two periodic sentences for the reason that
the first sentence has a parenthetic structure embedded between
the subject and the predicate while the second sentence begins
with two coordinate prepositional phrases,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The two sentences can be regarded as complicated in structure,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are grammatically complete and free from
colloquial structures,indicating that they are structurally formal,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? There are only two structures parallel to one another for their
approbation of my public conduct… and for this renewed
expression of their confidence…,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? The selection is lexically cohesive in that I is repeated in the form
of me and my; their is repeated and used to refer to American
people; and expression is used as a partial repetition of expressed,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations can be found,for example,
unsolicited,suffrage,solemnity,preparatory,approbation,
confidence,intention,to name only a few,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 美国人民的意志，通过自觉自愿地行使他们的选举权表达出来了，将我召唤
到你们的面前，来通过各种庄严仪式，这些庄严仪式是在我履行第二任美国
总统的各项职权之前举行的。对他们对我通过了一段不无困难的时期的公众
行为的赞许，对他们再次表达对我的良好愿望的信心，我不知用什么词语才
能充分表达我的感激之情。
? Comments,
? In the translating process,some measures have already been taken,for
example,这些庄严仪式 and 对他们 are repeated; 感激之情 is transpositioned,
and so on,Consequently,every individual clause in the translation is
somewhat authentic now,even to the strict Chinese eye,though the
translation is a product of following the original strictly,However,against
Chinese norms,the translation as a text on the whole could be further
improved if we could shorten the long clauses,restructure the translation,
and pay more attention to the inter-sentential coherence,
? B) Translation 2,
? 美国人民通过自觉自愿地行使他们的选举权，表达了他们的意愿，将
我召唤到你们面前来通过在我即将就任连任总统之前的各种仪式。我
经历了一段不无困难的时期，对这一时期的行政行为，大家颇为赞许，
并再次表达了对我的良好愿望的信心，对此，我不知用什么词语才能
充分表达我的感激之情。
? Comments,
? The present translation is reorganized mainly in accordance with
Chinese structural norms by transpositioning美国人民通过自觉自愿
地行使他们的选举权，表达了他们的意愿 ; 在我即将就任连任总统之
前 ; 我经历了一段不无困难的时期,and inserting 对此, In addition,
some long clauses are shortened,Consequently,the readability,
coherence and authenticity are improved to some extent in general,
and in structural authenticity in particular,However,对我的良好愿
望的信心 sounds a little awkward,
? C) Translation 3,
? 美国人民通过自由选举表达了自己的意愿，将我召唤到大家面前，
来通过这次连任总统的就职仪式，以便开始行使总统职权。前一任期
的工作并不是没有困难的，美国人民对我当时所采取的行政措施给予
赞许；这次，对我的施政方略再次表明了他们的信心。对此，无论用
什么样的词语也难以充分表达我的感激之情。
? Comments,
? For the improvement on the previous translation,typical Chinese
expressions are employed for ideological clarity,Cases in point are
自由选举 ; 连任总统 ; 就职仪式 ; 以便开始 ; 前一任期 ; 当时 ; 行政措施 ;
施政方略 and so on as substitutes for the counterparts in the
previous,In addition,some clauses are broken up while others are
shortened,Transposition and other techniques are further employed,
对我的良好愿望的信心 is retranslated,and so on,Consequently,the
translation could be regarded as a piece of Chinese writing now,
? 30 My experience in public concerns and the observation
of a life somewhat advanced confirm the opinions long
since imbibed by me,that the destruction of our State
governments or the annihilation of their control over the
local concerns of the people would lead directly to
revolution and anarchy,and finally to despotism and
military domination,In proportion,therefore,as the
General Government encroaches upon the rights of the
States,in the same proportion does it impair its own
power and detract from its ability to fulfill the purposes
of its creation,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the first is a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and a subordinate
clause in apposition to the nominal phrase the opinions; and the
second is also a complex sentence,composed of an adverbial clause
of reason and a main clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first sentence,the subject in the main clause is composed of
two nominal phrases,so is the subject in the appositive clause,and
the phrase long since imbibed by me can be regarded as an implicit
parenthesis; the second sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase,followed by an adverb and then by an adverbial clause of
reason,In the second sentence,the phrase in proportion means
without exaggeration or to the same degree,
? 3,Paraphrase,
? The selection could be paraphrased as follows,I have gained
experience in public work and observed a life somewhat in
advance,The experience and observation confirm my opinions
that are deeply rooted in my mind,These opinions are that if we
should destroy our State governments or get rid of their control
over the matters of the local people completely,there would be a
return to the old society,and the law and order would disappear,
Finally,there would be dictatorship and military ruling,Similarly,
when the Central Government invades the rights of the States,to
the same degree,it will weaken its own power and the ability to
fulfill its own creation purposes,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The two sentences can be regarded as periodic in that the first
sentence has an implicit parenthetic structure embedded while the
second sentence has a complicated beginning composed of three
items,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Generally,the two sentences are structurally complicated to some
extent for the structural complexity on one hand and for the
periodic structure on the other,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures could be
frequently found,for example,my experience
in public concerns and the observation of a life;
the destruction of our State governments or
the annihilation of their control; revolution and
anarchy; despotism and military domination; in
proportion,in the same proportion; impair its
own power and detract from its ability,and
others,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be identified as follows,my and me are used to
refer to the speaker,who is implicitly expressed; opinion is used
in connection with experience; general government is used in
contrast with state governments; state is repeated; in proportion
is repeated by in the same proportion; and others,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? The selection witnesses the use of formal words,including
nominalizations,such as annihilation,anarchy,despotism,
domination,proportion,experience,destruction,government,to
name only a few,In summary,the selection is structurally formal
and complicated with parallel structures popularly used,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 我对公众事务关心的经验和我对某种有些超前的生活的观察都证实了长期以
来吸收的看法，解散州政府或者彻底毁灭州政府对本地人民所关心的事务的
调节作用，都将直接导致革命和目无法纪，并最终会导致独裁和军事统治。
成比例的，因此，当中央政府侵犯各州的权利时，同样成比例的，它也就损
害了自己的权利，减损了自己完成创立中央政府的各种目的的能力。
? Comments,
? As a result of strictly following the original both lexically and structurally,
exotic expressions are prevailing all through the translation such as对公众事
务关心的经验 ; 长期以来吸收的看法 ; 革命和目无法纪 ; 成比例的 ; 同样成比例
的,etc,Such expressions are either never seen in Chinese or contradictory
in terms of their own components or not in concord with their respective
contexts,In all these respects,the translation leaves much to be desired,In
addition,the preeminent stylistic feature of the popular use of parallel
structures is not retained to the due extent,
? B) Translation 2,
? 我的行政经验和我对某种超前生活的体验都证明了我长期形成的根深
蒂固的看法。这些看法就是，解散州政府或者彻底摧毁州政府对当地
事务的调节作用，都将直接导致倒退和目无法纪，并最终会导致独裁
和军事控制。同样，当中央政府在侵犯各州的权利时，它也就以同样
严重的程度损伤了自己的权利，削弱了自己实现创立中央政府的各种 目的的能力。
? Comments,
? The present translation has eliminated the disadvantages as
witnessed in the previous translation by substituting行政经验 ; 长期
形成的根深蒂固的看法 ; 倒退和目无法纪 ; 同样 ; 以同样严重的程度,
and so on for the problematic counterparts,However,there is still
something to be desired in terms,at least of authentic structure if
not of choice of words,
? C) Translation 3,
? 我具有行政经验，也具有超前的生活体验。这些都说明，我长期形成的许多看法，虽
然是根深蒂固的，却是无可厚非的。我认为，如果解散州政府，或者彻底削弱州政府
对辖区的事务的调控作用，都将直接导致倒退与混乱，并最终导致军事独裁。因此可
以毫不夸张地说，当中央政府侵吞各州的权利时，也同样削弱了自己的权利，削弱了
自己实现创立中央政府的目标的能力。
? Comments,
? To improve on the previous translation,measures have been taken such as by letting
我具有行政经验，也具有超前的生活体验 be independent with corresponding other
measures taken; inserting 却是无可厚非的 and我认为 ; changing同样 into可以毫不夸张
地说 ; and making some minor changes like substituting倒退与混乱 and军事独裁 for
the counterparts in the previous translation; repeating削弱了 ; letting 实现 in natural
collocation with目标；政府 in natural collocation with调节作用 ; reducing当地人的事务
to辖区事务,and others,Consequently,coherence,readability and authenticity are
reinforced to a greater extent,though popular parallel structures are not eminently
presented,
Exercises,
? 26 It is seventy-two years since the first inauguration of a President under
our National Constitution,During that period fifteen different and greatly
distinguished citizens have in succession administrated the executive branch
of the Government,They have conducted it through many perils,and
generally with great success,Yet,with all this scope of precedent,I now
enter upon the same task for the brief constitutional term of four years
under great and peculiar difficulty,A disruption of the Federal Union,
heretofore only menaced,is now formidably attempted,(Abraham Lincoln,
The Perpetuity of Union and the Authority of President)
? 27 At the second appearing to take the oath of the Presidential office there
is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the first,Then a
statement somewhat in detail of a course to be pursued seemed fitting and
proper,Now,at the expiration of four years,during which public
declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of
the great contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the
energies of the nation,(Abraham Lincoln,To Bind Up the Nation‘s Wounds)
? 28 On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago all thoughts
were anxiously directed to an impending civil war,All dreaded it,all
sought to avert it,While the inaugural address was being delivered
from this place,devoted altogether to saving the Union without war,
insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war –
seeking to dissolve the Union and divide effects by negotiation,
(Abraham Lincoln,To Bind Up the Nation‘s Wounds)
? 29 The country having just emerged from a great rebellion,many
questions will come before it for settlement in the next four years
which preceding Administrations have never had to deal with,In
meeting these it is desirable that they should be approached calmly,
without prejudice,hate,or sectional pride,remembering that the
greatest good to the greatest number is the object to be attained,
(Ulysses Grant,The Greatest Good to the Greatest Number)
? 30 A great debt has been contracted in securing
to us and our posterity the Union,The payment
of this,principal and interest,as well as the
return to a specie basis as soon as it can be
accomplished without material detriment to the
debtor class or to the country at large,must be
provided for,To protect the national honor,
every dollar of Government indebtedness should
be paid in gold,unless otherwise expressly
stipulated in the contract,(Ulysses Grant,The
Greatest Good to the Greatest Number)
第三章 英国名家演说汉译
第一节
? 31 Gentlemen,
? I cannot do better than take my cue from your
distinguished President,and refer in my first remarks to
his remarks in connection with the old,natural,
association between you and me,When I received an
invitation from a private association of working members
of the press of New York to dine with them today,I
accepted that compliment in grateful remembrance of a
calling that was once my own,and in loyal sympathy
towards a brotherhood which,in spirit,I have never
quitted,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The present selection consists of two sentences,of which the first
is a simple sentence while the second is a complex sentence,
composed of an adverbial clause of time,a main clause and two
attributive clauses,one embedded in the middle of the main clause
and the other at the end of it,
? 2,Additional complication,
? After the conjunction than in the first sentence,there are two
coordinate infinitive phrases; the second sentence begins with an
adverbial clause and has a parenthesis embedded in the attributive
clause at the end of the sentence,
? 3,Notes,
? In the first sentence,I cannot do better than take my cue… and
refer… to… means it would be better for me to take my cue … and
refer… to… while… and refer in my first remarks to his remarks in
connection with the old,natural,association… means … and in my
first remarks refer to his remarks regarding the old,natural
association…, And in When I received an invitation from a private
association of working members of the press of New York to dine
with them today,I accepted that compliment in grateful
remembrance of a calling that was once my own,and in loyal
sympathy towards a brotherhood which,in spirit,I have never
quitted,the backbone structure is when I received…,I accepted …
in grateful remembrance… and in loyal sympathy…
? 4,Paraphrase,
? The selection could be paraphrased as follows,It
would be better for me to take my cue from your
distinguished President and begin my remarks by
referring to his remarks concerned with the old,
natural relations between you and me,When I
received an invitation from a private New York press
association to dine with them today,I gratefully
accepted the compliment and recalled the profession
that was once my own,I regard them as my brothers
and have loyal sympathy for them,and that sympathy,
in spirit,I have never quitted,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of two sentences,the first is loose while the second is periodic in
structure,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The two sentences are structurally complicated to some extent for
the reason that in the first sentence,there are two infinitive
phrases in coordination,which together with the conjunction than
form an elliptic adverbial clause of comparison,and the second
sentence is complex in structure and it is a periodic sentence,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are both formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for
example,take my cue…,and refer in my first remarks to his
remarks… ; old and natural; you and me; I received… and I
accepted… ; and in grateful remembrance… and in loyal
sympathy…, 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could also be found as follows,I and remarks are
repeated,and my and me are used to stand for I; association is
used as a synonym for connection; and that complement is used
to refer to the invitation,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations are popularly used,for
example,distinguished,president,remark,connection,natural,
association,receive,accept,remember,invitation,to name only a
few,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 先生们,
? 我不能比从你的尊敬的主席先生那里找到线索的做法做得更好了，而且在我
的首先讲话中提到他的讲话，与你我之间的古老的天然的联系有关的。当我
收到纽约新闻界工作成员的一个私人团体邀请我同他们共进晚餐时，我接受
了对我的恭维，带着感激回忆了那曾经是我的职业的一种职业，带着对兄弟
情谊的真诚的情感，这种情感，从精神上说，我从未丢弃过。
? Comments,
? The translation is far from satisfaction due to the fact that it rigidly follows
the original lexically and structurally,although some fine-tuning has been
imposed on during the translating process,Consequently,clauses within the
two sentences should be rearranged and clarity should be added to the
meaning of the translation,Specifically speaking,在我的首先讲话中 is not a
natural Chinese expression; 与你我之间的古老的天然的联系有关的 ; 带着感
激回忆了那曾经是我的职业的一种职业 and带着对兄弟情谊的真诚的情
感 …… are mispostitioned against Chinese norms,
? B) Translation 2,
? 我最好是从你们尊敬的主席先生刚才的讲话里寻找线索，在我的开场
白中谈谈他说过的你我之间那种古老的天然的联系。当我收到由纽约
新闻界工作成员组成的一个私人团体邀请我同他们共进晚餐时，我感
激地回忆了我曾经做过的新闻工作，以对同行的真诚情谊，接受了他
们对我的敬意。对于同行的真诚友谊，我心中一直没有丢弃过。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made on the previous translation in that the first
sentence is reorganized and sounds more authentic,Furthermore,
the second sentence is reorganized to a greater extent with the use
of such natural expressions as 共进晚餐 ; 感激地回忆了 ; 我曾经做过
的新闻工作 ; 真诚情谊 ; 对我的敬意 ; 心中 ; 一直没有丢弃过 and so on,
However,this does not necessarily imply that there is not any room
for further improvement,
? C) Translation 3,
? 刚才尊敬的主席先生谈到了你我之间的古老而天然的联系。在我的开场白中，
从他的讲话中获取灵感、接过他的话题来阐述你我之间的这种联系，是最好
不过的了。纽约的新闻界看得起我，邀请我同他们共进晚餐，我心存感激，
接受了他们的盛情。此事唤起了我的回忆，我也曾在新闻界工作过，对新闻
界的同行怀有深情厚谊，这种情谊我心里一刻也没有忘怀。
? Comments,
? Improvements are further made on the previous translation in that the first
sentence is broken up into two and reorganized drastically,For example,刚
才尊敬的主席先生谈到了你我之间的古老而天然的联系 is fronted and now
stands as a sentence on its own,In addition,more natural expressions are
employed such as 谈到 ; 古老而天然的联系 ; 在我的开场白中 ; 获取灵感 ; 接
过他的话题 ; 最好不过的 ; 看得起我,and others,The second sentence is also
broken up into two and reorganized drastically with more natural
expressions used such as心存感激 ; 唤起了我的回忆 ; 没有忘怀,and others,
? 32 To the wholesome training of severe
newspaper work,when I was a very young man,
I constantly refer my first successes; and my
sons will hereafter testify to their father that he
was always steadily proud of that ladder by
which he rose,If it were otherwise,I should
have but a very poor opinion of their father,
which,perhaps,upon the whole,I have not,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The present selection consists of two sentences,of which the first is a
compound complex sentence,composed of a main clause,which consists
of two coordinate clauses,and an adverbial clause of time embedded at
the end of the prepositional phrase at the beginning of the sentence,an
object clause embedded in the second coordinate clause and an
attributive clause embedded in the object clause,The second is a
complex sentence,composed of an adverbial clause of condition and a
main clause,which in turn has an attributive clause embedded at the end
of the sentence,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase and the adverbial
clause immediately after it is parenthetic in structure; the second
sentence,in subjunctive mood,begins with a conditional clause,and at
the end of the sentence,perhaps and upon the whole are two
parentheses,
? 3,Notes,
? In the first sentence,to the wholesome training of severe newspaper
work,when I was a very young man,I constantly refer my first
successes could be understood like this,I constantly refer my first
success to the wholesome training of severe newspaper work,and at
that time,I was a very young man,In the second sentence,I should
have but a very poor opinion of their father means I should have only a
very poor opinion of their father,
? 4,Paraphrase,
? Since a paraphrase for the second sentence is unnecessary,the first
sentence will be paraphrased as follows,When I was a very young man,
I received the wholesome training of severe newspaper work and now I
constantly refer my first successes to that training,I regard the training
as the ladder by which I rose and am always steadily proud of that
ladder,And my sons will give evidence to that after my death,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The two sentences the selection contains are both periodic in
structure in that the first sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase with an adverbial clause embedded as a parenthesis; and
the second sentence begins with an adverbial clause of condition
and has two parentheses embedded at the end of it,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The two sentences are structurally complicated for their complexity
and periodicity,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
Examples can be identified as follows,I is
repeatedly used together with my; their is used
in connection with my sons; that ladder is used
to refer to newspaper work,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations are
abundantly distributed,for example,
wholesome,constantly,success,hereafter,
testify,steadily,otherwise,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 经过有益的报界工作的严格的训练，当我还是个年轻人的时候，我经常将我
的最初的成功归之于它。今后我的儿子们向他们的父亲证实，他一直对他赖
以登攀的阶梯引以自豪。要不然的话，我对他们的父亲的看法是会很差的，
这样的看法，总的说来，是没有的。
? Comments,
? By following the original rigidly in terms of both vocabulary and structure,
the translation has produced unsatisfactory results in that by placing当我还
是个年轻人的时候 immediately before 我经常将 ……,the reader might be
misled to understand that but now I am not referring my first successes to
the wholesome training of sever newspaper work,今后我的儿子们向他们的
父亲证实 …… is a mistranslation of my sons will hereafter testify to their
father,which should be understood as after my death,my sons will testify
to their father… as could be evidenced by the word was used in the
subordinate clause that follows,
? B) Translation 2,
? 我年轻的时候，经过了有益的严格的在报界工作的训练，
我经常将我的成功归之于它。今后我的儿子们也会证实，
他们的父亲对自己赖以攀登的阶梯感到自豪。不然的话，
我对他们的父亲的看法会是很差的，但总体上，我没有这
样的看法。
? Comments,
? The second translation has put right some of the
mistakes in the first,However,今后我的儿子们也会证实
has in essence not improved the corresponding previous
part at all,Never the less,some minor readjustments
can be witnessed throughout in the present translation,
? C) Translation 3,
? 我经常将我的成功归功于年轻时当记者受到了有益的严格训练。我百
年之后，我的儿子们在谈到他们的父亲时会说，他将记者生涯当作成
名的阶梯而引以自豪。不然的话，我不认为，他们的父亲是个训练有
素的人。但总体上看，他们的父亲是训练有素的。
? Comments,
? The present translation has put right the remaining mistake in the
second,In addition,it has reduced the first long sentence in the
second into a condensed short sentence,Besides,taking into
consideration of Chinese norms,the present translation has
employed such ready expressions as谈到他们的父亲时会说 ; 记者生
涯 and others to substitute for the corresponding parts in the
previous translation; and 他们的父亲是个训练有素的人 ; and 他们的
父亲是训练有素的,are results of explicit translation,Consequently,
the present translation is more readable,coherent and authentic,
? 33 Hence,gentlemen,under any circumstances,this
company would have been exceptionally interesting and
gratifying to me,But whereas I supposed that like the
fairies‘ pavilion in ―Arabian Nights‖,it would be but a
mere handful,and I find it turn out,like the same elastic
pavilion,capable of comprehending a multitude,so
much the more proud am I of the honor of being your
guest; for you will readily believe that the more widely
representative of the press in America my entertainers
are,the more I must feel the good-will and the kindly
sentiments towards me of the vast institution,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the first sentence is simple in
structure while the second is a complex sentence,composed of an adverbial clause of
concession consisting of a main clause and an object clause,a main clause consisting
of two coordinate clauses and an adverbial clause of consequence with an adverbial
clause of reason after it,which in turn consists of a main clause and an adverbial
clause of comparison in the pattern the more…,the more…,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence has a complicated beginning composed of an adverb,a vocative
and a prepositional phrase,The second sentence begins with an adverb followed by
an adverbial clause,whose subject clause begins with a prepositional structure; in the
second coordinate clause of the main clause of the sentence,there is a parenthesis
embedded,that is,like the same elastic pavilion; and the order of the adverbial
clause of consequence is partially inverted,and so is the order of the adverbial clause
of comparison together with its main clause,And the first sentence is in subjunctive
mood,
? 3,Notes,
? In the second sentence,but whereas I supposed that like the fairies‘
pavilion in ―Arabian Nights‖ means but in contrast to my supposition
that …, The pavilion in ―Arabian Nights‖ refers to a small tent that can
accommodate a small number of people,Still in the second sentence,it
would be but a mere handful means it would only be a few; and … and I
find it turn out,like the same elastic pavilion,capable of comprehending
a multitude could be rearranged in this way,… and I find it turn out
capable of comprehending a multitude like the same elastic pavilion,
? The backbone structure of But whereas I supposed that like the fairies‘
pavilion in ―Arabian Nights‖,it would be but a mere handful,and I find it
turn out,like the same elastic pavilion,capable of comprehending a
multitude,so much the more proud am I of the honor of being your
guest is but whereas I supposed that … it would be…,and I find it…,
so much the more proud am I of … ; for you will readily believe…,
? 4,Paraphrase,
? Based on the above analysis,we believe that it is unnecessary to
paraphrase the first sentence and in the following,only the
second sentence is paraphrased,Originally I supposed that like
the fairies‘ pavilion in ―Arabian Nights‖,the gathering would only
consist of a small number of entertainers and I find out that it
turns out to be,like the same elastic pavilion,capable of
accommodating a great many,For this reason,I am much more
proud of the honor of being your guest,The reason lies within
your ready belief that the more representatives come from the
press of America as my entertainers,the more good-will and kind
sentiments towards me of the vast organization I must feel,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The two sentences in the selection are periodic in structure,for the first
has a complicated beginning while the second begins with an adverb and
an adverbial clause of contrast together with a prepositional phrase
embedded in the form of a parenthesis,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The first is a simple sentence while the second is structurally complicated,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are both structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures could be found,for example,
interesting and gratifying; like the fairies‘ pavilion and like the same elastic
pavilion; and the more…,the more…,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? I is repeatedly used with me and my as partial
repetitions; pavilion is repeated; the vast institution is
used to stand for the press in America and this
company,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations can frequently be
identified,for example,gentlemen,circumstance,
company,exceptionally,interesting,gratifying,suppose,
pavilion,elastic,comprehending,multitude,
representative,entertainer,sentiment,and so on,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 因此，先生们，不管在什么情况下，这个公司本应对我一直是有兴趣
的，令我欣喜的。我本来以为，就像, 天方夜谭, 中仙女们的帐篷一
样只能容纳少数人，但我发现，结果是，同样像那顶富有弹性的帐篷，
能容纳许许多多的人，因此，有幸成为你们的客人我倍感自豪。因为，
你们很容易相信，招待我的人在美国新闻界越具有广泛的代表性，我 就越加感到如此庞大的机构对我的良好祝愿和亲切的感情。
? Comments,
? The translation is,in some places,if not all,a clumsy image of the
original,For example,even in the translated context,公司 in the first
line and 机构 in the last are beyond understanding,Actually,
company here refers to those working for newspapers and
institution means the private association of the working members of
the press of New York,In addition,但我发现，结果是，同样像那顶
富有弹性的帐篷，能容纳许许多多的人 is not well organized enough,
? B) Translation 2,
? 因此，先生们，在任何情况下，在新闻界工作，本应使我兴致不减，感激有
加。我原以为，就像, 天方夜谭, 中的仙女们的帐篷一样，今晚的宴会厅只
能容纳少数人。但我发现，结果是，还像那顶富有弹性的帐篷，它能容纳许
许多多的人。因此，有幸作为你们的客人，我倍感自豪。因为，你们不难相
信，招待我的人在美国新闻界越具有广泛的代表性，我肯定就越会感到美国
报界对我的良好祝愿和亲切感情。
? Comments,
? The present translation has found solutions to all the problems discussed in
the above comments,In addition,unexpected improvements have also
been made by using such ready Chinese expressions as能和出席今晚晚宴的
美国新闻界的朋友们在一起我感到格外高兴 ; 就像, 天方夜谭, 中的仙女们的
帐篷一样，今晚的宴会厅只能容纳少数人 ; 有幸作为你们的客人，我倍感自豪 ;
我肯定就越会感到美国报界对我的良好祝愿和亲切感情,etc,However,this
does not necessarily imply that there is not any room for further
improvement,
? C) Translation 3,
? 因此，先生们，不管风云如何变幻，我对新闻界始终兴致盎然，感激有加。
我原以为，今晚的宴会就像, 天方夜谭, 中的仙女们的帐篷一样，容纳不了
几个人。可我最终发现，虽然还是那顶帐篷，但富有弹性，能接纳如此众多
的朋友。因此，我有幸到这里做客，更加倍感自豪。不难相信，出席招待会
的人，在美国新闻界越具有广泛的代表性，就越加使我感到，广大的美国新
闻界朋友对我的深情厚谊。
? Comments,
? The present translation has improved on the previous when such
expressions are employed as不管风云如何变幻 ; 新闻界 ; 始终兴致盎然 ; 我
原以为 ; 容纳不了几个人 ; 虽然还是那顶帐篷，但富有弹性，能接纳如此众多
的朋友 ; 不难相信 ; 出席招待会的人，在美国新闻界越具有广泛的代表性，就
越加使我感到 ; 对我的深情厚谊,and others,Consequently,it can be
regarded as a piece of authentic Chinese writing if the reader is not
informed of the fact that it is not the original but a translation,
? 34 Gentlemen,I henceforth charge myself,not only here
but on every suitable occasion whatsoever and
wheresoever,to express my high and grateful sense of
my second reception in America,and to bear my honest
testimony to the national generosity and magnanimity,
Also,to declare how astounded I have been by the
amazing changes that I have seen around me on every
side,Nor am I,believe me,so arrogant as to suppose
that in five-and-twenty years there have been no
changes in me,and that I had nothing to learn and no
extreme impressions to correct when I was here first,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the
first is a simple sentence; the second is actually an
infinitive phrase with I henceforth charge myself
omitted,but it consists of an object clause with an
attributive clause embedded; the third is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and two
coordinate adverbial clauses of consequence,of which
the second has an adverbial clause of time embedded,
? 2,Notes,
? In the first sentence,I henceforth charge myself,not only here
but on every suitable occasion whatsoever and wheresoever,to
express my high and grateful sense of my second reception in
America,and to bear my honest testimony to the national
generosity and magnanimity could be reduced to the essentials
like that,I … charge myself … to express… and to bear…, In the
third sentence,nor am I … is used in connection to … not only…
that goes before it,Also in the same sentence,… and that I had
nothing to learn and no extreme impressions to correct when I
was here first could be understood as a whole parallel to that in
five-and-twenty years there have been no changes in me,
B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the first is
periodic in that it begins with a vocative and has a parenthesis
embedded,The second can also be regarded as periodic for the
beginning with also,and so is the third for the embedding of the
parenthesis believe me,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the sentences are structurally complicated to some extent,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are frequently used,for example,not only here
but on every suitable occasion; whatsoever and wheresoever; to
express…,to bear… and to declare… ; high and grateful;
generosity and magnanimity; and that…,and that…,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? I is repeatedly used together with me,my and myself as partial
repetitions; national is used as a partial repetition for America;
the word changes is repeated; I charge myself in the second
sentence is omitted,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations are popularly used in the
selection,for example,whatsoever,wheresoever,reception,
generosity,magnanimity,astound,suppose,impression,etc,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 先生们，我从现在开始，给我自己一个任务，不仅在这儿，而且在任
何合适的场合，不管什么样的内容，不管什么样的地方，来表达我对
在美国第二次受到招待的崇高的感激的感觉，来真诚地证明贵国的慷
慨大方和高尚情操。同时，还要宣布，我为在身边看到的各个方面的
惊人的变化是多么的惊叹不已。我也不会，请相信我，如此高傲，以
致认为在二十五年之间，我本身没有变化，没有什么东西值得我学习
的，没有什么极端的印象需要更正，我第一次在这儿的时候。
? Comments,
? The translation of the first two sentences of the original can be
regarded as a good work,although不管什么样的内容 and不管什么样
的地方 are not very coherent in their context,The translation of the
second,however,sounds exotic,especially by putting我第一次在这
儿的时候 at the end of the translation,
? B) Translation 2,
? 先生们，从现在开始，我给自己定个任务，不仅在这儿，而且在任何
合适的场合，不管是关于什么内容的，也不管是在什么样的地方，来
表达我对第二次访问美国时受到招待的崇高的感激之情，来真诚地证
明贵国的慷慨大方和高尚情操。同时，还要对国人说明，我为从身边
看到的各个方面的惊人的变化感到多么的惊叹不已。请相信，我也不
会如此高傲，以致认为在二十五年之间，自己没有变化，认为我第一
次访问美国的时候感到没有什么东西值得我学习的，没有什么极端的 印象需要更正的。
? Comments,
? The present translation has improved on the previous when the
above-mentioned problems are solved,although such expressions
as崇高的感激之情 is still incongruous to some extent,Taking into
account the Chinese norms respecting the translation at hand,
however,much is still left to be desired,
? C) Translation 3,
? 先生们，从今以后，我给自己定个任务，不仅在这儿，而且在一切适宜的场合来表达
我对我第二次访美期间所受到的招待的感激之情，来现身说法地说明你们举国上下的
慷慨大方和高尚情操。同时，我还要告诉国人，所到之处，亲眼目睹了许多惊人的变
化，使我惊叹不已。请相信我，我不会如此高傲，在两次访美的二十五年间不曾认为，
美国已经今非昔比；也不认为，我第一次访美的时候，没有什么东西值得我学习的，
也没有任何偏见需要更正的。
? Comments,
? The present translation has turned to reorganizing and rewriting,For example,the
first two sentences in the original is now translated into one with the emphatic
expressions whatsoever and wheresoever deleted and 现身说法 inserted,In
translating the last sentence in the original,the clause在两次访美的二十五年间不曾认
为,美国已经今非昔比 is seemingly unjustifiably added but the ideas do exist between
the lines of the original,However,by taking all these measures,the translation
sounds more readable,coherent and hence authentic,since the redundant
information,though emphatic,is eliminated and the implied meaning is explicated,
? 35 Gentlemen,the transition from my own feelings towards and
interest in America to those of the mass of my countrymen seems to
be natural one; but,whether or no,I make it with an express object,
I was asked in this very city,about last Christmas time,whether an
American was not at some disadvantage in England as a foreigner,
The notion of an American being regarded in England as a foreigner
at all,of his ever being thought of or spoken of in that character,
was so uncommonly incongruous and absurd to me,that my gravity
was,for the moment,quite overpowered,As soon as it was restored,
I said that for years and years past I hoped I had had as many
American friends and had received as many American visitors as
almost any Englishman living,and that my unvarying experience,
fortified by theirs,was that it was enough in England to be an
American to be received with readiest respect and recognition,
anywhere,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of four sentences,of which the first is a compound sentence,
composed of two coordinate clauses; the second is a complex sentence,composed of
a main clause and an object clause; the third is again a complex sentence,composed
of a main clause and an adverbial clause of consequence; and the last is a
complicated complex sentence,composed of an adverbial clause of time and a main
clause,which is in turn composed of a main clause and two coordinate object clauses,
of which the first has another object clause further embedded and the second has a
predicative clause further embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a vocative and has whether or no embedded as a
parenthesis; the second sentence has a parenthesis embedded,that is,about last
Christmas time; the third sentence has at least for the moment embedded as a
parenthesis if of his ever being thought of or spoken of in that character is not
counted as another; and the last sentence begins with an adverbial clause and has
fortified by theirs embedded as a parenthesis,
? 3,Notes,
? In the first sentence,the transition from my own feelings towards and interest in
America to those of the mass of my countrymen can be simplified to the transition
from A to B,meaning changing A into B,In the same sentence,whether or no
could be understood as whether or not and make it means succeed in reaching…,
In the third sentence the notion of an American being regarded in England as a
foreigner at all,of his ever being thought of or spoken of in that character can be
understood in this manner,the notion of an American being regarded…,the
notion of his ever being thought of as a foreigner or the notion of his being
spoken of…,where in that character means … as a foreigner,And… so
uncommonly incongruous and absurd to me,that my gravity was,for the moment,
quite overpowered can be simplified to … so… that… ; the main clause of the
fourth sentence,I said that for years and years past I hoped I had had as many
American friends and had received as many American visitors as almost any
Englishman living,and that my unvarying experience,fortified by theirs,… can be
simplified to I said that … and that…, In it was enough in England to be an
American to be received with readiest respect and recognition,anywhere in the
last sentence,it is the formal subject,and to be received with… is the real subject,
and so the whole lot can be rewritten into to be received with… was enough in
England to be an American,
? 4,Paraphrase,
? In the selection,it is unnecessary to paraphrase the first two
sentences and for easy understanding,the last two sentences
could be roughly paraphrased as follows,An American is regarded
as a foreigner in England,or is ever thought of or spoken of as
such,This notion sounds extremely incongruous and absurd to
me,Consequently,I felt so grave for the moment as to be
overpowered,The moment I was restored to normal,I said that
for years and years in the past,I wished that I had had as many
American friends and received as many American visitors as any
living Englishman,I also said that to be received anywhere in
England with readiest respect and recognition was enough,And
that is my unvarying experience and that experience is fortified by
other Englishmen‘s,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? All the sentences in the selection are periodic in structure for the
reason that the first sentence begins with a vocative and has a
parenthesis embedded; the second sentence has a parenthesis
embedded; the third sentence has at least one or at most two
parentheses embedded; and the last sentence begins with an
adverbial clause and has a parenthesis embedded,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All four sentences are complicated in structure though the first is a
compound sentence,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The four sentences are all structurally formal for they are all
grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are frequently used,for example,feelings towards and
interest in… ; whether or no; of an American being regarded in England
as a foreigner at all,of his ever being thought of or spoken of in that
character; thought of or spoken of; years and years; I said that… and
that… ; had had as many American friends and had received as many
American visitors; and respect and recognition,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be identified as follows,those is used to substitute for
feelings and interest; American,England,foreigner and years are
repeated; in that character is used in connection with foreigner; and so
on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? The selection seems not as formal as justified by the scare use of formal
words such as incongruous,absurd,overpower,unvarying,fortify,and
few more others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 先生们，将我对美国的感情和兴趣过渡到我国广大的国民，看来是一件自然的事。但
不管怎样，我将把过渡变成一个快捷的目标。就在这个城市，有人曾问我，大概上个
圣诞节前后，美国人作为老外，在英国是否有某些不利。美国人在英国被看成是老外，
无论是在认识上还是在言辞上具有老外性质，这种概念，对我来说，是极不协调、颇
为荒谬的。当时我的心情沉重，几乎为之压倒。心情一恢复过来我就说，在过去的许
多年里，我希望我有过、我接待过任何一个活着的英国人所有过、所接待过的那么多
的美国朋友。我的永不更改的经验，为他们的经验所加强，这个经验就是，美国人在
英国到处都受到最诚挚的尊敬和认可，这就够了。
? Comments,
? On the whole,the above can be regarded as a word-for-word or clause-for-clause
translation,for there are many expressions that sound unauthentic such as 将我对美
国的感情和兴趣过渡到我国广大的国民 ; 我将把过渡变成一个快捷的目标 ; 是否有某些
不利 ; 无论是在认识上还是在言辞上具有老外性质 ; 美国人在英国到处都受到最诚挚的
尊敬和认可,and others,However,if we should accept the tolerable incoherence,as
Lu Xun once advocated,the translation on the whole is acceptable,
? B) Translation 2,
? 先生们，将我对美国的感情和兴趣变成我国广大国民的感情和兴趣，看来是件自然的
事。但不管怎样，我将尽快朝这个目标努力。大概在上次圣诞节前后，就在这个城市，
有人曾问我，美国人作为老外，在英国是否有某些不便。美国人在英国被看成是老外，
无论是在认识上还是在言辞上，这种概念，对我来说，是极不协调的、颇为荒谬的。
当时我的心情沉重得几乎为之压倒。我一恢复过来就说，在过去的许多年里，我曾希
望我有过、我接待过任何一个英国人所有过、所接待过的那么多的美国朋友。我的永
不更改的经验为他们的经验所加强，这个经验就是，美国人在英国到处都受到最诚挚
的尊敬和认可，这就够了。
? Comments,
? Parts of the weak points as mentioned in the above comments are,to a large extent,
improved on when new expressions are used such as变成 ; 我将尽快朝这个目标努力 ;
是否有某些不便 ; 无论是在认识上还是在言辞上 ; 我的心情沉重得几乎为之压倒 and
others as substitutes for the counterparts in the previous translation,我的永不更改的
经验为他们的经验所加强 and美国人在英国到处都受到最诚挚的尊敬和认可 still sound
unauthentic and incongruous in the context,
? C) Translation 3,
? 先生们，将我对美国的感情和兴趣转变成我国广大国民的感情和兴趣，看来是当然之
举。但不管怎样，我将尽快实现这个目标。上次圣诞节前后，就在这个城市，有人曾
问我，美国人作为老外，在英国是否多有不便。美国人在英国被看成是老外，无论是
心照不宣还是溢于言表，这种概念，对我来说，都是格格不入的、荒谬绝伦的。当时
我的心情沉重得无法承受。我一缓过气来就说，岁月如梭，我无时无刻不希望，所有
活着的英国人有过多少美国朋友、接待过多少美国来访者，我也有过那么多美国朋友、
接待过那么多美国来访者。我有这样的体验，他们也有同样的体验，我们认为，美国
人一到英国到处都受到发自内心的尊敬，到处都视为亲人，就足可慰藉异乡之客了。
? Comments,
? In the first two sentences of the present translation,minor adaptations can be
witnessed,However,from the third sentence on,drastic adaptations are imposed
such as无论是心照不宣还是溢于言表 ; 格格不入的 ; 荒谬绝伦的 ; 缓过气来 ; 岁月如梭 ;
我有这样的体验，他们也有同样的体验 ; 美国人一到英国到处都受到发自内心的尊敬，
到处都视为亲人，就足可慰藉异乡之客了,and others,Of all the adaptations,one may
sound more severe than another,However,the adaptations are justified by the
implied meanings in the original and in the light of the context-triggered Chinese
norms,
Exercises,
? 31 Today,gentlemen,as I know that many among you are interested in the land,
and as I feel that what is termed ―agricultural distress‖ is at the present moment a
topic too serious to be omitted from our consideration,I shall say some words upon
the subject of that agricultural distress,and particularly because in connection with it
there have arisen in some quarters of the country proposals,which have received a
countenance far beyond their deserts,to reverse or to compromise the work which it
took us one whole generation to achieve,and to revert to the mischievous,
obstructive,and impoverishing system of protection,
? (William Ewart Glastone,On Domestic and Foreign Affairs)
? 32 I beg leave to thank you for the extremely kind and appreciative manner in which
you have received the toast of Science,It is the more grateful to me to hear that
toast proposed in an assembly of this kind,because I have noticed of late years a
great and growing tendency among those who were once jestingly said to have been
born in a pre-scientific age to look upon science as an invading and aggressive force,
which if it had its own way would oust from the universe all other pursuits,I think
there are many persons who look upon this new birth of our times as a sort of
monster rising out of the sea of modern thought with the purpose of devouring the
Andromeda of art,
? (Thomas Henry Luxley,Science and Art)
? 33 Mr,Chairman and gentlemen of the Lolos Club,- One might start a great many principles and
ideas which would require to be illustrated and drawn out in order to present a picture of my
feelings at the present moment,I am conscious that in my immediate vicinity there are people
who were great when I was little,I remember very well when I was unknown to anybody,how I
was sent to report a lecture by my friend right opposite,Mr,George Alfred Townsend,and I remember the manner in which he said,―Galileo said,?The world moves round,‘ and the world
does move round,‖ upon the platform of the Mercantile Hall in St,Louis – one of the grandest
things out,
? (Henry Morton Stanley,Through the Dark Continent)
? 34 Ladies and gentlemen,
? I shall have the pleasure of speaking to you about certain traits of character of the people of my
nation,One of the first traits I shall illustrate is their humor,We are,I hope,a Christian people,
but I am certain that our Christianity has been tested a good many times by that often-repeated proverb of Sidney Smith‘s,that it takes a surgical operation to get a joke into a Scotchman‘s head,
? A recent writer,whom I cannot identify,and whose name I do not want to know,denies that
there is anything in our humor that is light in touch,delicate and graceful,He asserts instead that
there is much that is austere and awkward,tiresome,and unpleasant,Now each nation takes its
own humor in its own way,some joyously,some seriously,but none more conscientiously than
the Scotch,
? (John Watson,Scottish Humor)
? 35 Friends,
? I cannot help thinking tonight of the many hundreds of meetings
that have been held in this country in defense of the principle of
women‘s enfranchisement,How many times have noble women
poured forth their very soul in an appeal for political justice,How
many times has such an appeal been made,and made to ears that
were deaf and unheeding,It is well for us all to remember that we
are engaged in no new movement,There were those who came
before us,pioneers of forty and fifty-six years ago,who began the
agitation for woman suffrage,They worked well,they worked
devotedly,and yet,after all those years of hard work,women have
not yet got the Parliamentary vote,
? (Miss Christabel Pankhurst,The Militant Suffragette)
第二节
? 36 Hereupon,out of half-a-dozen people,suddenly
spoke out two,one an American gentleman,with a
cultivated taste for art,who,finding himself on a certain
Sunday outside the walls of a certain historical English
castle,famous for its pictures,was refused admission
there,according to the strict rules of the establishment
on that day,but who,on merely representing that he
was an American gentleman,on his travels,had,not to
say the picture gallery,but the whole castle,placed at
his immediate disposal,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of a single complex sentence,composed of a main
clause and two coordinate attributive clauses,of which the second has an
object clause further embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The sentence begins with an adverb followed by a compound prepositional
phrase; the main clause is in inverted order,whose normal order should be,
two suddenly spoke out; one an American gentleman is an absolute
nominal phrase,whose sentential version should be,one was an American
gentleman,In the sentence,the prepositional phrase at the beginning,with
a cultivated taste for art,famous for its pictures,according to the strict
rules of the establishment on that day,on merely representing that…,on
his travels,and not to say the picture gallery,but the whole castle are
parenthetic structure,although the last one should structurally be the
object of the pattern,have … placed at one‘s disposal,
? 3,Notes,
? Hereupon out of half-a-dozen people,suddenly spoke out two,… means
at this moment,two out of half-a-dozen suddenly spoke out… ; … who,
finding himself on a certain Sunday outside the walls of a certain
historical English castle,famous for its pictures,was refused admission
there,according to the strict rules of the establishment on that day,but
who,on merely representing that he was an American gentleman,on his
travels,had,not to say the picture gallery,but the whole castle,placed
at his immediate disposal can be reduced to the backbone structure like
this,… who… was refused…,but who… had not only the picture gallery
but also the whole castle placed at… ; the phrase on merely presenting
that… means as soon as he only told them that … ; the phrase not to say
means not to speak of,and the phrase not to say…,but… means not
only… but also… ; in the last two lines,… had,not to say the picture
gallery,but the whole castle,placed at his immediate disposal can be
reduced to … had not only A but also B placed at his immediate disposal,
? 4,Paraphrase,
? To reduce possible understanding barriers,we will
paraphrase the selection as follows,Just at that
moment,two people out of half a dozen spoke out,Of
the two,one was an American gentleman,He said that
on a certain Sunday he found himself outside a certain
historical English castle,which is famous for its
pictures,But he was not allowed to enter,for
according to the strict rules,the castle would not open
on that day,However,he told them that he was an
American and was traveling in England,Immediately,
he was let in to see not only the picture gallery but
also the whole castle,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of a single complex sentence,periodic in
structure for the beginning and the multiplication of parenthetic
embeddings,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The subject and the predicate of the main clause are inverted and
the sentence contains an absolute nominal construction,All these
features point to the fact that the selection is structurally very
complicated,
? 3,Structural formality,
? It is structurally formal in that the sentence is grammatically
complete and free from any colloquial expressions,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures could be found though not frequently identifiable,
for example,who,… and who,… ; and not to say the picture gallery,
but the whole castle…,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,one and two are used in
connection with half-a-dozen; American gentleman is used in
connection with half-a-dozen people; walls,castle,establishment,
pictures,admission,picture gallery are semantically related; castle,
picture and American gentleman are repeated; he and his are
repeatedly used to refer to the American gentleman,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations could be found,for example,
gentleman,cultivate,admission,establishment,represent,
immediate,disposal,etc,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 在此之后，在半打人中，两个人突然出来说话，一位美国绅士，对艺
术具有有教养的鉴赏力。他看到自己在某个星期天在某个英国古城堡
的四墙之外，这个城堡的绘画很有名。没有让他进去，根据那天管理
部门的严格规定。但是，他只是表述了他是个美国绅士，正在旅游。
不用说画廊，就连整个城堡立即让他处置。
? Comments,
? In the above translation,some expressions sound quite exotic,for
example,具有有教养的鉴赏力 ; 他看到自己在某个星期天在某个英国
古城堡的四墙之外 ; 就连整个城堡立即让他处置, If we say,the first
two are understandable,the last one lies beyond understanding,In
addition,some parts in the translation should be fronted,for
example,这个城堡的绘画很有名 ; 根据那天管理部门的严格规定,and
so on,And of course,the inverted version is translated into a
normal version in accordance to Chinese norms,
? B) Translation 2,
? 说到这儿，在半打人中，两个人突然出来说话。一位是美
国绅士，有教养，对艺术具有鉴赏力。某个星期天他来到
英国一座古城堡的门外，这个城堡的绘画很有名。那天，
城堡管理部门有严格规定，于是没让他进去。但是，他只
是表述了他是个美国绅士，正在旅游。不用说画廊，就连
整个城堡立即让他畅游了一番。
? Comments,
? In the translation,all the words and sentences are in
authentic Chinese except for some minor points such as
在半打人中 ; 表述了 and so on,And maybe the sentence
某个星期天他来到英国一座古城堡的门外，这个城堡的绘
画很有名 could be rearranged,
? C) Translation 3,
? 说到这儿，在场的六个美国人中，有两个人突然出来说话了，其中的一位是
绅士，有艺术素养，有鉴赏能力。有个星期天他慕名来到一座以绘画而闻名
遐迩的英国古城堡的入口。城堡有严格的管理规定，那天不接待游客，于是
将他拒之门外。但是，当他仅仅说明了他是个美国人，在英国旅游，不用说
画廊，就连整个城堡都立即让他大饱眼福了。
? Comments,
? The present translation is much improved on the previous in that a great
many authentic expressions are employed as substitutes for the previous
counterparts,Among them are在场的六个美国人中 ; 有艺术素养 ; 慕名来到
一座以绘画而闻名遐迩的英国古城堡的入口 ; 那天不接待游客 ; 仅仅说明了 ;
让他大饱眼福 and others,Consequently,the translation is much more
readable,coherent and authentic,even sounding like a piece of Chinese
writing,about what happened in a foreign environment,though,
? 37 The other was lady,who,being in London,
and having a great desire to see the famous
reading-room of British Museum,was assured by
the English family with whom she stayed that it
was unfortunately impossible,because the place
was closed for a week,and she had only three
days there,Upon that lady‘s going to the
Museum,as she assured me,alone to the gate,
self-introduced as an American lady,the gate
flew open,as it were,magically,…
? 1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the first a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause,an attributive clause,an object
clause and an adverbial clause of reason composed of two coordinate
clauses,and there is an attributive clause embedded in the prepositional
phrase by the English family…, The second is also a complex sentence,
composed of an adverbial clause of reason and a main clause with a
parenthetic clause embedded near the end of the sentence,
? 2,Additional complication,
? Between the subject and the predicate of the first attributive clause in the
first sentence,there is a parenthetic structure embedded; and the second
sentence begins with a prepositional phrase and has as she assured me,
alone to the gate,self-introduced as an American lady,and as it were
embedded as parentheses,
? 3,Notes,
? The following point below can be understood
in this manner,who,being in London,and
having a great desire to see the famous
reading-room of British Museum,was assured
by the English family with whom she stayed
that it was unfortunately impossible,because
the place was closed for a week,and she had
only three days there could be reduced into a
backbone structure like this,who … was
assured … that …,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The two sentences are both periodic in structure for the reason that
the first sentence has a parenthetic structure embedded while the
second sentence begins with a prepositional phrase in addition to
the embedding of a number of parentheses,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The two sentences in the selection are grammatically complicated;
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentence are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,The selection
is preeminently characterized by the frequent application of such
rhetoric devices as parenthesis,inversion,repeated embedding and
so on,adding to the structural complication and formality,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,there are parallel structures are used,for
example,being in London,and having a great desire… ; and the
place was closed for a week,and she had only three days there,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,lady and Museum are
repeated; she is repeatedly used to stand for lady,American lady
or the lady; three days and a week are used in contrast; the
famous reading-room is used as part of British Museum,and so
on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? The selection may not seem as formal as it ought to be though
with such formal words used as assure,unfortunately,introduce,
magically,etc.,since all these words are frequently used
nowadays,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 另一位是个女士，在伦敦，很想去看看大英博物馆的阅览
室。她住在一个英国家庭里，那家人肯定地告诉她，很不
幸，那是不可能的，因为，那个地方关门一周，而她在伦
敦只能呆三天。当她到达博物馆时，她肯定地告诉我，她
一个人到了门口，自我介绍说，她是一位美国女士。大门
一下子打开了，奇迹般地，如果可以这样说的话。
? Comments,
? The first sentence of the translation is well rendered,
However,the second could be reorganized and the third
should also go through the process of reorganization,
For example,奇迹般地 could be fronted; 如果可以这样说
的话 sounds incongruous in the context,
? B) Translation 2,
? 另一位是个女士，在伦敦时很想去看看大英博物馆的阅览室。她住在
一个英国家庭里，那家人肯定地告诉她，不幸得很，不可能参观大英
博物馆，因为那个地方关门一周，而她在伦敦只能停留三天。当她到
达博物馆时，她肯定地告诉我，就她一个人到了门口，自我介绍说，
她是一位美国女士。大门一下子奇迹般地打开了，如果可以这样说的 话。
? Comments,
? The translation sounds much better now,except for perhaps the
very last clause,although other places could be further improved in
accordance with Chinese norms,For example,另一位是个女士
sounds abrupt; 不幸得很，不可能参观大英博物馆，因为那个地方关
门一周，而她在伦敦只能停留三天 sounds a little colloquial,and so
on,
? C) Translation 3,
? 另一个站出来说话的是位女士。她说，在伦敦时很想去参观大英博物馆的阅
览室。她的房东恳切地告诉她，不幸得很，她无法如愿以偿，因为大英博物
馆关门一周，而她又只能在伦敦停留三天。可是，她真真切切地对我说，她
去了，果真没有游客，就她一个人。于是她自我介绍说，她是一位美国人。
没想到，她刚说到这儿大门就哗地一下奇迹般地敞开了。
? Comments,
? The translation is drastically different from the previous when另一个站出来
说话的 ; 她说 ; 可是 ; 果真没有游客 ; 没想到 ; 他刚说到这儿 ; 哗地一下 are
seemingly unjustifiably inserted,when 她的房东 ; 无法如愿以偿 ; 真真切切地
对我说 and others are substituted for the counterparts in the previous
translation,Consequently,it sounds more like a piece of writing than a
translation,However,all the ideas could be found in the original,though
some of them are between the lines,
? 38 Now,gentlemen,I refer to these trifles as collateral assurance to
you that the Englishmen who shall humbly strive,as I hope to do,to
be in England as faithful to America as to England herself,have no
previous conceptions to contend against,Points of difference there
have been,points of difference there are,points of difference there
probably always will be between the two great peoples,But
broadcast in England is sown the sentiment that those two peoples
are essentially one,and that it rests with them jointly to uphold the
great Anglo-Saxon race,to which our president has referred,and all
its great achievements before the world,And if I know anything of
my countrymen – and they give me credit for knowing something –
if I know anything of my countrymen,gentlemen,the English heart
is stirred by the fluttering of those Stars and Stripes,as it is stirred
by no other flag that flies except its own,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of four sentences,of which the first is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause,and an appositive clause,which in
turn is composed of a main clause and an attributive clause with a
parenthetic clause embedded,The second is a compound sentence,
composed of three coordinate clauses,The third is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and two coordinate appositive clauses,the
second of which has an attributive clause embedded,The fourth is again a
complex clause,composed of a conditional clause,which is then repeated,
and a main clause with an adverbial clause of manner embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with an adverb and a vocative,and has a
parenthetic clause embedded; in the third sentence,the great Anglo-Saxon
race and all its great achievements before the world are in coordination;
and in the fourth sentence,between the two conditional clauses,there is a
clause in between,that is,and they give me credit for knowing something,
? 3,Notes,
? In the first sentence,the Englishmen who shall humbly strive,as
I hope to do,to be in England as faithful to America as to
England herself,have no previous conceptions to contend against
can be reduced into a the backbone structure like this,the
Englishmen … have no previous conceptions to contend against;
in I refer to these trifles as collateral assurance to you that…,the
that clause is in apposition to assurance; in the third sentence,is
sown means is sowing; the sentiment is followed by two
appositive that clauses,that these two peoples…,and that it
rests with them… ; in it rests with them jointly to uphold…,to
uphold is the real subject and it the formal subject,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Three of the four sentences in the selection are periodic in that the
first sentence begins with an adverb and a vocative,and has
parenthetic clause embedded; the third sentence has a parenthetic
attributive clause embedded; and the fourth sentence begins with
two conditional clauses with a parenthetic clause embedded in
between,
? 2,Structural complication,
? 3 out of 4 are complex sentences,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are frequently used for instance,as faithful to
America as to England herself; points of difference there have
been,points of difference there are,points of difference there
probably always will be between the two great peoples; that
those two peoples are essentially one,and that it rests with them
jointly to uphold… ; the great Anglo-Saxon race,… and all its great
achievements; and the English heart is stirred…,as it is stirred…,
? In the selection,some structures are repeated or partially
repeated,for example,points of difference there have been,
points of difference there are,points of difference there probably
always will be… ; and if I know anything of my countrymen,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,I,my,England,
two peoples,countrymen,gentlemen and others are
repeated; the English heart,the Englishmen and the
great Anglo-Saxon race are used as partial repetitions
for England; Stars and Stripes are used as a partial
repetition for America,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Stylistic contribution also comes from such formal
words and nominalizations as collateral,assurance,
humbly,faithful,previous,conception,contend,
broadcast,sentiment,essentially,and so on,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 现在，先生们，我提到这些小事作为进一步让你们放心的理由。英国人在英国谦卑的，
像我希望的那样，努力做到在英国也像忠实于英格兰一样忠实于美国，没有反对美国
的先入之见。两个伟大的民族之间曾经有过分歧，现在也有分歧，将来很可能一直有
分歧。但是英国的广播一直在播撒这种感情，这两个伟大的民族实际上是一个，它们
有责任共同举起盎格鲁－撒克逊民族的大旗，这一点主席先生刚才已经提到了，共同
向世人展示盎格鲁－撒克逊的巨大成就。如果我对我的同胞了解一点的话，他们相信
我是了解一点的，如果我对我的同胞了解一点的话，先生们，英国人的心为星条旗的
飘扬而激动，就像除了自己的国旗没有别的国旗能使他们的心激动一样。
? Comments,
? The translation is fairly acceptable though it is the result of following the original
strictly,In the translation process,也像忠实于英格兰一样 ; 反对美国的 ; 两个伟大的民
族之间,and others are fronted; 共同 is repeated,and other readjustments are made,
However,against the Chinese norms concerned,the translation could still be further
improved,For example,how to translate the parenthetic structures in the original
and where to place their translations are worth reconsideration,
? B) Translation 2,
? 现在，先生们，我提到这些小事是为了让你们进一步放心。像我希望的那样，英国人
在英国努力谦卑地做到像忠实于英格兰一样忠实于美国，没有反对美国的先入之见。
这两个伟大的民族之间过去和现在都有分歧，将来很可能还有分歧。但英国一直在播
撒这种感情，英美两个伟大的民族实际上是一家，有责任共同举起盎格鲁－撒克逊的
大旗，刚才主席先生也谈到了，共同向世人展示盎格鲁－撒克逊的成就。如果我对我
的同胞们有所了解的话，他们相信我是了解一点的，如果我对我的同胞们有所了解的
话，先生们，英国人的心为星条旗的飘扬而激动，除了自己的国旗没有别的国旗令他
们如此激动了。
? Comments,
? Minor improvements have been made on the previous translation,For example,the
parenthetic structure像我希望的那样 is now fronted; and这两个伟大的民族之间过去和
现在都有分歧，将来很可能还有分歧 is substituted for the previous translation,
However,no other drastic improvement can be witnessed except for,perhaps,the
very last clause,In addition,where to put the other parenthetic structure刚才主席先
生也谈到了? Whether the repetition of如果我对我的同胞们有所了解的话 is necessary
in the new context? All these together with others are all worthy of reconsideration,
? C) Translation 3,
? 先生们，我谈谈这些小事，让你们稳放宽心。正如我所希望的，我们在自己的国土上
努力做到像忠诚于英格兰一样真诚地忠诚于美国。我们两国伟大的人民之间过去有过、
现在仍然有、将来还很可能有分歧，但英国一直在播撒这种感情，英美两国实际上是
一家。正如主席先生刚才说的，我们有责任共同举起盎格鲁－撒克逊的大旗，向世人
展示我们的成就。如果我对我的同胞有所了解的话，这一点他们是深信不疑的，英国
人的心随星条旗的飘扬而激荡，就像随自己的国旗的飘扬而激荡一样，此外，没有别
的国旗能使英国人的心随之激荡了。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made all through the translation,though not very drastically,Such
examples are 我谈谈这些小事，让你们稳放宽心 ; 真诚地忠诚于美国 ; 过去有过、现在
仍然有、将来还很可能有 ; 就像随自己的国旗的飘扬而激荡一样，此外，没有别的国旗
能使英国人的心随之激荡了 and others,However,the parenthetic structure这一点他
们是深信不疑的 still remains where it was,an unavoidable awkward placement if it is
awkward at all,Consequently,the present translation becomes closer to idiomatic
Chinese writing with improved readability,coherence and authenticity,
? 39 If I know my countrymen,in any and every
relation towards America,they begin,not as Sir
Anthony Absolute recommended that lovers
should begin,with ―a little aversion‖,but with a
great liking and a profound respect; and
whatever the little sensitiveness of the moment,
or the little official passion,or the little official
policy now,or then,or here,or there,may be,
take my word for it,that the first enduring,
great,popular consideration in England is a
generous construction of justice,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of a single compound complex sentence,composed
of two coordinate clauses,of which the first is composed of an adverbial
clause of condition and main clause with an adverbial clause of manner
follows,which in turn has an object clause further embedded; the second is
composed of an adverbial clause of concession and a main clause,in the
form of an imperative; and at the end of the second coordinate clause,
there is a nominal clause in apposition to it immediately before it,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In if I know my countrymen,in any and every relation towards America…,
the first comma could be omitted; the saying … not as Sir Anthony Absolute
recommended that lovers should begin,with ―a little aversion‖,but with a
great liking and a profound respect could be understood in its simplified
way as … not … with… but with… ; and in the last but one line,… take my
word for it,that… could be understood as … take my word for it that… with
the comma in between omitted,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The sentence is periodic in that the first coordinate clause begins
with an adverbial clause of concession and the second coordinate
clause begins with an adverbial clause of concession,in addition to
the embedding of parenthetic structures,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The sentence is very complicated in structure,
? 3,Structural formality,
? It is formal in structure in that the sentence is grammatically
complete and free from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are frequently used,for example,
any and every; not … with…,but with… ; a great
linking and a profound respect; the little sensitiveness
of the moment,or the little official passion,or the little
official policy; now,or then; here,or there; and
enduring,great and popular,
? And the selection is stylistically characterized by the
use of parentheses such as in any and every relation
towards America; not as Sir Anthony Absolute
recommended that lovers should begin,etc,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? My is repeatedly used to refer to I; England is
used in contrast to America; little and great are
repeated,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Peculiar stylistic feature is also embodied in the
use of such formal words and nominalizations as
recommend,aversion,profound,respect,
sensitiveness,passion,generous,construction
and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 如果我了解我的同胞的话，在任何与一切意义上对美国的
态度，不像安东尼,阿布索鲁特爵士所推崇的，相爱的人
开始时必须, 略有规避,,而是非常热爱，十分崇敬。不
管当时有什么想法，有什么官场激情，有什么官方政策，
此时还是彼时，此地还是彼地，请相信我，在英国最旷日
持久的、伟大的、普遍的考虑是大方地构建正义。
? Comments,
? The translation on the whole is fairly acceptable,though
improvements could have been made throughout for
greater readability and authenticity,However,in the
translation,only some of the stylistic features are
retained of the original,
? B) Translation 2,
? 如果我了解我的同胞对美国的态度的方方面面的话，不像安东尼,阿布
索鲁特爵士所推崇的那样，相爱的人开始时应该, 略有规避,,而是
一开始就爱之至深，敬之至重。不管当时有什么敏感的想法，不管官
方有什么激情，采取什么措施，不管是此时还是彼时，是此地还是彼
地，请相信我，英国人最持之以恒的、最宏伟的、最普遍的考虑是不 遗余力地构建正义。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made when expressions such as the following are
employed,我了解我的同胞对美国的态度的方方面面的话 ; 而是一开
始就爱之至深，敬之至重 ; 有什么敏感的想法，不管官方有什么激情，
采取什么措施 ; 不管是此时还是彼时，是此地还是彼地 ; 最持之以恒
的,and others,
? C) Translation 3,
? 我洞悉我国人民对美国的深情厚谊，我认为，他们对美国并不像安东
尼,阿布索鲁特所推崇的那样，相爱的人开始时, 都腼腆得难以相互对
视,,而是一见钟情、相敬如宾。不管相见时内心有什么想法，有哪
些官场激情、官方举措，不管何时何地，请相信我，英国人心中最持
久、最伟大、最普及的想法就是竭力为正义而斗争。
? Comments,
? The present translation can be regarded as a piece of rewriting
rather than a translation,to some,if not to all,For it is
characterized by substituting a Chinese main clause,a statement,
for the if clause of the original,by using such ready Chinese
expressions as 一见钟情、相敬如宾,by condensing complicated
ideas in the original into不管相见时内心有什么想法，有哪些官场激
情、官方举措，也不管何时何地,and by taking other measures,
? 40 Finally,gentlemen,and I say this subject to your correction,I do
believe that from the great majority of honest minds on both sides,
there cannot be absent the conviction that it would be better for
this globe to be riven by an earthquake,fired by a comet,overrun
by an iceberg,and abandoned to the Arctic fox and bear,than that
it should present to spectacle of these two great nations,each of
which has,in its own way and hour,striven so hard and so
successfully for freedom,ever again being arrayed the one against
the other,Gentlemen,I cannot thank your President enough or you
enough for your kind reception of my health,and of my poor
remarks,but,believe me,I do thank you with utmost fervor of
which my soul capable,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the first is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and an object clause,which in turn
contains a nominal clause in apposition to the nominal phrase the
conviction,In the appositive clause,there is an adverbial clause of
comparison,which in turn contains an attributive clause,The second is a
compound sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with an adverb,a vocative and a clause,and the
clause is coordinated with the adverb and the vocative; in the sentence,in
its own way and hour serves as a parenthesis; and also in it would be
better for this globe to be riven…,it serves as the formal subject while to
be riven… serves as the real subject,The second sentence begins with a
vocative and has believe me as a parenthesis,
? 3,Notes,
? In the first sentence,… from the great majority of honest minds on both sides,
there cannot be absent the conviction that … could be understood as the
conviction that cannot be absent from… that… ; the backbone structure for it
would be better for this globe to be riven by an earthquake,fired by a comet,
overrun by an iceberg,and abandoned to the Arctic fox and bear,than that it
should present to spectacle of these two great nations,each of which has,in its
own way and hour,striven so hard and so successfully for freedom,ever again
being arrayed the one against the other would be it would be better for.,than
that… ; and the quotation is in subjunctive mood; and the backbone structure of it
should present to spectacle of these two great nations,each of which has,in its
own way and hour,striven so hard and so successfully for freedom,ever again
being arrayed the one against the other would be it should present to spectacle of
these two great nations… ever again being arrayed the one against the other,and
in that structure,it is the formal subject while ever again being arrayed the one
against the other is the real subject; ever again being arrayed the one against the
other,an absolute nominal construction,is equal to that ever again the one is
arrayed against the other,
? 4,Paraphrase,
? The selection is composed of two sentences if and I say this subject to your
correction at the beginning of the sentence is not included,As revealed in the
above analysis,the object clause in the first sentence could be rearranged like this,
the conviction cannot be absent from the great majority of honest minds on both
sides that it would be better for… than that…, And the appositive that clause
could also be rearranged in the following manner,The two great nations have
striven so hard and so successfully …,each in its own way…,though,If we
should see that they would ever be arrayed again the one against the other,it
would be better than to see this globe to be riven…, However,the structure of the
second sentence is not as complicated,For this reason,a paraphrase of the first
sentence shall be presented as follows,Finally,gentlemen,and this final point is
presented for your correction,I really believe that in the honest minds of the great
majority on both sides,there must be such a conviction that if we should see that
our two great nations should be arrayed again one against the other,it would be
better for us to see that this globe should be riven by an earthquake,fired by a
comet,overrun by an iceberg,and abandoned to the Arctic fox and bear,For the
two great nations have striven so hard and so successfully for freedom,though
each in its own way and hour,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The present selection consists of two sentences,and both of them
are periodic sentences in that the first sentences begins with an
adverbial phrase,a vocative and a clause,and has a parenthetic
structure embedded,The second sentence begins with a vocative
and has a parenthetic structure embedded,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The structures of the two sentences are complicated,especially
that of the first sentence,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are also formal in structure for their
grammatical completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are frequently used,for example,riven by an
earthquake,fired by a comet,overrun by an iceberg,and
abandoned to the Arctic fox and bear; way and hour; so hard and
so successfully; the one against the other; and of my health,and
of my poor remarks,
? The selection presents its peculiar stylistic features when
parentheses are frequently employed as listed in the following,
and I say this subject to your correction; in its own way and hour;
gentlemen; believe me and so on,The fronting of the
prepositional phrase from the great majority…,subjunctive mood,
the sentence pattern of … better … than…,etc,are all peculiar
stylistic features,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,I is
repeatedly used together with my; gentlemen,
your and thank you are repeated; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations are
popularly used,for example,finally,subject,
correction,believe,majority,absent,conviction,
earthquake,abandon,spectacle,reception,
remark,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 最后，我谈谈这个问题，请你们更正。我的确相信，在双方的绝大多数诚实的、有头
脑的人的心目中，不可能没有这样的信念。让这两个伟大的国家看到，这两个国家都
用自己的方式，按照自己的时间，如此努力地争取自由，获得了如此巨大的成功，双
方再次呈兵以对。与其这样，还不如让这个地球被地震毁灭掉，被彗星烧毁，被冰川
压垮，将它抛弃给北极狐和北极熊。先生们，我无法感谢你们的主席还是你们，对你
们对我的健康和我的拙劣词语的亲善。但是，相信我，我的确是以我的灵魂所能做到
的热诚来感谢你们的。
? Comments,
? The advantages of the translation,as far as the author of the present book could
recognize,lie in that the third sentence of the translation is properly fronted,与其这
样 at the beginning of the forth sentence is justifiably inserted and the last sentence is
well worded,However,这两个国家都用自己的方式，按照自己的时间，如此努力地争
取自由，获得了如此巨大的成功 in the third sentence and对你们对我的健康和我的拙
劣词语的亲善 in the fourth sentence of the translation should be fronted,and such
expressions as按照自己的时间 ; 将它抛弃给北极狐和北极熊 ;拙劣词语 and亲善 should
be changed into something better,
? B) Translation 2,
? 最后，我谈一个问题供你们指正。我坚信，在双方绝大多数诚实的、有头脑
的人的心目中，不可能没有这样的信念：我们这两个国家都在用自己的方式，
按照各自的日程，努力地争取自由，取得了巨大的成功。与其让这两个国家
看到，双方再次呈兵以对，还不如让这个地球被地震毁灭、被彗星焚烧、被
冰川压垮、抛弃给北极狐和北极熊。先生们，你们对我的健康和我的拙劣词
语给予亲善地接受，我无法感谢你们的主席或你们。但是，相信我，我的确
是以我内心所有的热诚来感谢你们的。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made concerned with the reorganization of the third and
the fourth sentence in the previous translation with some readjustments
implemented of the neighboring sentences,The greatest change lies in the
reorganization of the second and the third sentence,where与其让这两个国
家看到 ……,还不如 …… is used as a unified pattern,though irrespective of
the original structure,However,some clumsy expressions still remain there
as they were,
? C) Translation 3,
? 最后，我谈一个问题，敬请指正。我坚信，在双方绝大多数诚实而有头脑的
人们的心目中，不可能没有这样的信念：我们两个伟大的国家，都在用各自
的方式，按照各自的进程，为自由而不懈奋斗，并获得了巨大成就。我认为，
与其让这两个大国看到，双方再次兵戎相见，还不如让这个地球被地震毁灭
掉、被彗星焚烧掉、被冰川埋葬掉、被北极狐和北极熊糟蹋掉。先生们，你
们的主席和你们祝愿我身体健康，善解我的不善言辞的讲话。对此，我感谢
不尽。但是，我的确是竭尽我的满腔热诚来答谢诸位的。
? Comments,
? Improvements are further made when the remaining clumsy expressions
are substituted for and typically authentic Chinese expressions are used,for
example,最后，我谈一个问题，敬请指正 ; 按照各自的进程 ; 为自由而不懈奋
斗 ; 双方再次兵戎相见 ; 祝愿我身体健康 ; 善解我的不善言辞的讲话 ; 我的确是
竭尽我的满腔热诚来答谢诸位的,
Exercises,
? 36 I do not come here as an advocate,because whatever position the suffrage movement may
occupy in the United States of America,in England it has passed beyond the realm of advocacy
and it has entered into the sphere of practical politics,It has become the subject of revolution
and civil war,and so tonight I am not here to advocate woman suffrage,American suffragists can
do that very well for themselves,I am here as a soldier who has temporarily left the field of battle in order to explain – it seems strange it should have to be explained – what civil war is like
when civil war is waged by women,I am not only here as a soldier temporarily absent from the field of battle,I am here – and that,I think,is the strangest part of my coming – I am here as a
person who,according to the law courts of my country,it has been decided,is of no value to the
community at all; and I am adjudged because of my life to be a dangerous person,
? (Emmeline Pankhurst,Militant Suffragists)
? 37 In the present crisis,it has not been possible to secure the peace of Europe; because there
has been little time,and there has been a disposition – at any rate in some quarters on which I
will not dwell – to force things rapidly to an issue,at any rate,to the great risk of peace,and,as
we now know,the result of that is that the policy of peace,as far as the Great Powers are
concerned,is in danger,I do not want to dwell on that,and to comment on it,and to say where
the blame seems to lie,which Powers were most in favor of peace,which were most disposed to
risk or to endanger peace,because I would like the House to approach this crisis in which we are
now,from the point of view of British interests,British honor,and British obligations,free from all
passion as to why peace has not been preserved,
? (Sir Edward Grey,England‘s Position)
? 38 There is no man in this room who has always regarded the prospect of engaging in a great
war with greater reluctance and with greater repugnance than I have done throughout the whole
of my political life,There is no man either inside or outside this room more convinced that we
could not have avoided it without national dishonor,I am fully alive to the fact that every nation
that has been engaged in war has always invoked the sacred name of honor,Many a crime has
been committed in its name; there are some being committed now,All the same,national honor
is a reality,and any nation that disregards it is doomed,Why is our honor as a country involved
in this war? Because,in the first instance,we are bound by honorable obligations to defend the independence,the liberty,the integrity,of a small neighbor that has always lived peaceably,
? (David Lloyd George,An Appeal to the Nation)
? 39 On this anniversary in every part of the world American citizens meet together and renew,as
it were,their vows of devotion to the great ideals which have animated them,All the world
admires,and all the world sympathizes with the vast work of the great American Republic,All the
world looks back upon the one hundred forty-one years which have elapsed since the Declaration
of Independence and sees in that one hundred forty-one years an expansion in the way of
population,in the way of wealth and of power,material and spiritual,which is unexampled in that
period,and,as far as I know,in the history of the world,
? (Arthur James Balfour,The Fourth of July)
? 40 Today,as I read about the Peace,as I hoped and pray about the
Peace,I thought of the almost countless graves scattered in the
center of Europe,Many of our children are lying there,It must be in
the hearts of all of us to build a fair monument to those men who
will never come back to bless us with their smiles,Do they not want
a grand and magnificent monument built for them so that the next
generations,even if they forget their names,shall never forget their
sacrifice? That is what I want,I almost felt I heard the grass
growing over them in a magnificent,soothing harmony,and that
simple soothing peace of the growing grass seemed to grow louder
and more magnificent until the riot and distractive sound of the
guns were stifled and stifled by it,
? (James Ramsay MacDonald,Peace)
第四章 英美小说汉译
第一节 英国小说汉译（ 1）
? 41 It is a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possession of
a good fortune,must be in want of a wife,
? However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his
first entering a neighbourhood,this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the
surrounding families,that he is considered as the rightful property of some
one or other of their daughters,
? ……
? Mr Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick parts,sarcastic humor,reserve,
and caprice,that the experience of three and twenty years had been
insufficient to make his wife understand his character,Her mind was less
difficult to develop,She was a woman of mean understanding,little
information,and uncertain temper,When she was discontented she fancied
herself nervous,The business of her life was to get her daughters married;
its solace was visiting and news,
? （选自 Jane Austen,Pride and Prejudice,第一章）
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The present selection consists of three paragraphs,selected from the
beginning and the end of the first chapter of the novel,Of the three,the
first paragraph is composed of a single complex sentence,composed of a
main clause and a subject clause; the second paragraph is again
composed of a single complex sentence,composed of an adverbial
clause of concession and a main clause followed by an adverbial clause
of consequence; and the third paragraph is composed of five sentences,
of which the first is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and
a adverbial clause of consequence; the second and the third are simple
sentences; the fourth is again a complex sentence,composed of an
adverbial clause of time and a main clause; and the last is a compound
sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first paragraph is an emphatic sentence,where it serves as the
formal subject while the that clause serves as the real subject; the
sentence in the second paragraph begins with an adverbial clause;
and in the last paragraph,the fourth sentence begins with an
adverbial clause
? 3,Notes,
? In however little known the feelings or views of such a man may be
on his first entering a neighbourhood,this truth is so well fixed in
the minds of the surrounding families,that he is considered as the
rightful property of some one or other of their daughters,the
backbone structure is however little known the feelings or views …,
this truth is so well fixed… that…,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The sentence in the first paragraph is periodic in structure for the
inverted order; the sentence in the second paragraph is also
periodic for the beginning with an adverbial clause; and the fourth
sentence in the third paragraph is periodic also for the beginning
with an adverbial clause,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The sentence in the first paragraph,that in the second paragraph,
and the first and fourth sentences in the third paragraph are
complicated,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are frequently used,for
example,in possession of a good fortune and in
want of a wife; feelings or views; some one or
other; quick parts,sarcastic humor,reserve,and
caprice; mean understanding,little information,
and uncertain temper; and the business of her
life was to get her daughters married; its solace
was visiting and news,
? Additionally,in the first paragraph,the first part of the sentence is composed of
formal words such as truth,universal,acknowledged,etc,to give the impression that
the paragraph under discussion must be concerned with a matter of magnitude and
great significance,However,in the last part of the sentence,especially in must be in
want of a wife,not only words of daily use are employed but also the paragraph
reveals that it is actually concerned with a trivial of marrying one‘s daughters out,
hence the ironic tone,The expression some one or other of their daughters is ironic
in that it discloses what is in Mrs Bennet‘s mind that no matter which of the five
daughters is married out,in so far as it is her daughter,it will be a matter of greatest
happiness,The expression also indicates that of the five daughters,she gives almost
no preference to any,However,as revealed in the chapter to come,Mr Bennet
always gives preference to Elizabeth,the second daughter of the five,In the last
paragraph,a contrast is presented between personalities of Mr and Mrs Bennet in
that in describing Mr Bennet‘s personality,parallel structure is turned to and the
description of Mrs Bennet‘s personality is almost completely composed of loose
sentences,This choice of sentence structure,reinforced by the corresponding
differences in the choice of vocabulary,is quite symbolic,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,this truth is used to refer back to a truth;
such a man is used to refer back to a single man in possession of a good fortune;
he in the second paragraph is used to refer to such a man; the possessive
pronoun their is used to the surrounding families; Mr Bennet is used in contrast to
his wife; she and her are used to refer to his wife,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for example,truth,
universally,acknowledge,possession,fortune,surrounding,family,consider,
property,mixture,sarcastic,humor,reserve,caprice,experience,insufficient,and
others,In the selection,especially in the last paragraph,parallel structures are
used,In the first paragraph,owing to the use of a special sentence pattern,
expectation and suspension is created on the part of the reader and an ironic tone
is conveyed to the reader between lines,In the last paragraph,different sentence
patterns are used symbolically to describe different personalities of the man and
his wife,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 这是一条整个宇宙都承认的真理，一个占有丰富财产的男人，必定缺少一个妻子。
? 不管怎样鲜为人知这样的男人的感情或者观点可能是什么样的，在他们初次进入一个
居民点的时候，这样的真理在周围的家庭的脑子里如此根深蒂固，以致他被认为是他
们的这个或那个女儿的合法财产。
? ……
? 本内特先生是这样的一个混合物，反应很快，讽刺而又幽默，不太讲话，变化无常，
以致于二十有三年的经验都不足以使他的妻子懂得他的性格。她的脑子要摸透就不那
么困难了。她是个理解力平平的女人，没有什么信息，脾气捉摸不定。当她不愉快的
时候，她就想当然地认为自己神经有问题，她的生活的正事就是打算将女儿们嫁出去，
她的安慰就是串门子和打听消息。
? Comments,
? On the whole,the above can be regarded,in ready terms,as a literal translation,
literal both lexically in some cases,and structurally perhaps throughout,For example,
混合物 ; 二十有三年 ;经验 are lexical cases,while不管怎样鲜为人知这样的男人的感情
或者观点可能是什么样的 ; 以致于二十有三年的经验都不足以使他的妻子懂得他的性格
are structural cases in point,
? B) Translation 2,
? 这条真理举世皆知：一个有钱的单身汉总缺少个妻子。
? 当这样的单身汉搬到一个新地方的时候，尽管人们对他的感情如何、观点
怎样一无所知，在周围住户的心目中，这条真理依然根深蒂固，以致将他看
成了他们的这个女儿或那个女儿的合法财产。
? ……
? 本内特先生集聪颖过人、幽默挖苦、不苟言笑、变幻莫测于一身，他的妻
子以和凭着他朝夕相处二十三年的经验都摸不透他的性格。她的脑子倒不难
揣测。她是个智力平平、孤陋寡闻、动不动就发脾气的女人。不高兴的时候
就想当然地认为自己神经出了问题。她生活中的正事就是将女儿们嫁出去，
她的生活安慰就是走村串户，打探消息。
? Comments,
? The translation is structurally acceptable now,However,lexically speaking,
such expressions as 脑子； 动不动就发发脾气 and others may sound
colloquial,In addition,动不动就发发脾气 is not an expression parallel to
what has gone before,
? C) Translation 3,
? 有条真理举世皆知：一个有钱的单身汉总要娶个妻子。
? 每当这样的单身汉搬到一个新地方，尽管人们对他的想法如何、见解怎样一
无所知，在周围住户的心目中，这条真理依然根深蒂固，以致将他看成了他
们的这个女儿或那个女儿的合法财产。
? ……
? 本内特先生聪颖过人、幽默挖苦、不苟言笑、变幻莫测，他的妻子和他朝
夕相处二十三年都捉摸不透。她的想法不难揣测。她智力平平、孤陋寡闻、
易发脾气。不高兴的时候就想当然地认为自己神经受到了刺激。生活中的正
事就是将女儿嫁出去，生活慰藉就是走村串户，打探消息。
? Comments,
? The present translation has already solved the problems mentioned in the
above comments,In addition,the substitution of 有 for这 at the very
beginning,the addition of每 at the beginning of the second paragraph,the
deletion of集 …… 于一身 in the third paragraph,the substitution of 慰藉 for
安慰 and others help to authenticize the translation to a great extent,
? 42 ?My dear Mr Bennet,‘ said his lady to him one day,?have you heard that Metherfield Park is let at last?‘
? Mr Benent replied that he had not,
? ?But it is,‘ returned she; ?for Mrs Long has just been here,and she told me all about it.‘
? Mr Bennet made no answer,
? ?Do you want to know who has taken it?‘ cried his wife impatiently,
? ?You want to tell me,and I have no objection to hearing it.‘
? This was invitation enough,
? ?Why,my dear,you must know,Mrs Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England;
that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place,and so much delighted with it that he agreed with Mr Morris
immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas,and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week.‘
? ?What is his name?‘
? ?Bingley.‘
? ?Is he married or single?‘
? ?Oh! Single,my dear,to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year,What a fine thing for our girls!‘
? ?Is that his design in settling here?‘
? ?Design! Nonsense,how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them,therefore you must visit him as
soon as he comes.‘
? ?I see no occasion for that,You and girls may go,or you may send them by themselves,which perhaps will be still better,for as you
are as handsome as any of them,Mr Bingley might like you the best of the party.‘
? ?My dear,you flatter me,I certainly have had my share of beauty,but I do not pretend to be any thing extraordinary now,When a
woman has five grown up daughters,she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty.‘
? ?In such cases,a woman has not often much beauty to think of.‘
? ?But my dear,you must indeed go and see Mr Bingley when he comes into the neighborhood.‘
? ?It is more than I engage for,I assure you.‘
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The present passage is selected from
Chapter 1 of Pride and Prejudice,
composed of direct speeches,reporting
clauses and intervening narratives,
? 2,Notes,
? First,Mrs Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large
fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a
chaise and four to see the place,and so much delighted with it that he
agreed with Mr Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before
Michaelmas,and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end
of next week can be understood as Mrs Long says that…,that… and
that… ; second,in You and girls may go,or you may send them by
themselves,which perhaps will be still better,for as you are as
handsome as any of them,Mr Bingley might like you the best of the
party,the which in the which clause refers to you may send them by
themselves; and give over means give up; and third,in reading the Mr
Bennet‘s direct speeches,attentions should be paid to such expressions
as this was invitation enough; is that his design in settling here; I see no
occasion for that; a woman has not often much beauty to think of; it is
more than I engage for,etc,Free of grammatical complication,the
expressions may not be easy to understand as they may seem to be,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Throughout the whole selection,it is clearly indicated that Mr Bennet is passive from
the beginning to the end and that he is so reserve that some of his speeches in the
dialogue are realized as narration,On the other hand,Mrs Bennet is always active
and none of her speeches is realized as narration at all,Specifically speaking,there
are sixteen direct speeches in the selection,of which nine belong to Mrs Benett and
seven belong to Mr Benett,However,Mrs Bennet‘s direct speeches are composed of
15 sentences,of which some are composed of coordinate clauses,However,most of
Mrs Bennet‘s speeches serve to provide information,Mr Bennet‘s direct speeches are
composed of 8 sentences,However,3 of them are in the form of question,intended
for seeking information,This shows that first,in the first chapter,Mrs Bennet serves
primarily as an information provider and secondarily as a boss telling her husband
what to do while Mr Bennet mainly serves as an information receiver,Second,as you
will discover,Mr Bennet actually shares a great deal with his wife in thinking of
marrying out their daughters,but he always pretends to have no such an intention,
And his pretension keeps not only his wife but also the reader,to some extent,in the
dark,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the sentences in the selection are not structurally complicated,and in
fact there are only seven complex sentences,and generally speaking,they
are quite short,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are formal in structure and free from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Some parallel structures are used,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? A peculiar feature lies in the use of adjacency pair composed of questions
and answers,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal and written words,including even nominalizations,
are frequently used,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? ―我亲爱的本内特先生,” 他的夫人有一天对他说,,你听说内瑟菲尔德庄园到底租出去了吗？,
? 本内特先生回答，他没有听说。
?, 但是租出去了,” 她回应说,,因为朗太太刚到这里来过，她把所有的一切都告诉我了。,
? 本内特先生没作回答。
?, 你想知道谁租了它吗？, 她不耐烦地叫道。
?, 你 想告诉我，我也不反对听听。,
? 这就足够是邀请了。
?, 为什么，亲爱的，你必须知道。朗太太说内瑟菲尔德被一个来自英格兰北部的非常有钱的青年租
去了。他星期一坐四轮马车来看地方，非常满意，立即和莫里斯先生达成协议，在米迦节之前占有 庄园，他的部分佣人下周底住进房子。,
?, 他是什么名字？,
?, 宾利！,
?, 结了婚还是单身？,
?, 哦！单身，亲爱的，的的确确。一个十分有钱的单身汉，一年四千到五千英镑。对我们的女儿们
是多好的一件事啊！,
? ―他住到这里就是为了这个？,
?, 为了这个！胡说八道，你怎么这么说话！但是很有可能，他爱上了她们中的一个，
因此，他一来你就得去拜访他。,
?, 我看不出有那样的机会。你和女儿们能去，你也可以让她们自己去，这样或许更好
些。她们都漂亮，你也很漂亮。也许宾利先生更看上你。,
?, 我亲爱的，你恭维我了。我也曾经有过自己的美丽，我现在不装作更加出众了。一
个女人，有五个女儿都长大了，她就应该不再想自己的美丽了。,
?, 这种情况下，一个女人不常常老想着自己的美丽了。,
?, 可是，我亲爱的，他一搬到这个居民点来，你真的必须去看宾利先生。,
?, 我确切地告诉你，我是办不到的。,
? Comments,
? This is a rigid word-for-word translation as can be demonstrated by the following
examples,This was invitation enough is translated into这就足够是邀请了 ; the
exclamatory why is translated into为什么 ; take the possession is translated into占有,
and others,However,the major stylistic features such as the aggressiveness of Mrs
Bennet and the passiveness of Mr Bennet still remain there in the translation,
? B) Translation 2,
? ―亲爱的本内特先生,” 有一天他的夫人对他说,,内瑟菲尔庄园到底租出去了，你听说了吗？,
? 本内特先生回答说，他没听说。
?, 真的租出去了,” 夫人说。, 刚才郎太太来过，她把租出去的经过都告诉我了。,
? 本内特先生没有回答。
?, 你难道不想了解谁租去了吗？, 夫人不耐烦地嚷道。
?, 既然你想对我说，听听也无妨。,
? 这就足以打开她的话匣子了。
?, 亲爱的，你必须知道。郎太太说，被英格兰北部的一个有钱的青年人租去了。她说，星期一他坐
着一辆驷马马车来看地方，一眼就看中了，接着就和莫里斯先生谈妥了。她说，他在米迦勒节前搬 进来，下周末仆人们就来收拾房子了。,
?, 叫什么名字？,
?, 宾利。,
?, 结婚没有？,
?, 哦，亲爱的，没结婚，的确没结婚！一个有钱的单身汉，每年四五千英镑。对女儿们真是好消息
啊！,
?, 此话怎讲？和她们有什么关系？,
? ―亲爱的本内特先生,” 夫人答道。, 你怎么这么不讨人喜欢！你肯定知道我在盘算着他娶我们的
某个女儿。,
?, 他就是为这个搬来的？,
?, 为这个，无稽之谈！你怎么这样说话呢！他 有可能 爱上她们中的一个。为此，他一来你就得去拜
访他。,
?, 我不得便。你和女儿们去，或者你叫女儿们自己去，这样或许更好些。女儿们漂亮，你也漂亮，兴许宾利先生就喜欢你呢。,
?, 亲爱的，你不要哄我了。不过我也有过豆蔻年华，可我现在不故作娇艳了。一个女人家，五个女儿都成人了，不应该再考虑自己漂亮不漂亮了。,
?, 那么说，女人也不总认为自己很漂亮了。,
?, 可是，亲爱的，宾利先生一搬来，你就得去拜访他。,
?, 我可告诉你，办不到。,
? Comments,
? With Chinese norms taken into account,readjustments are made all through the present
translation,For example,the following are typical Chinese expressions:既然你想对我说，听听也
无妨 ; 这就足以打开她的话匣子了 ; 你怎么这么不讨人喜欢 ; 为这个，无稽之谈 ; 你不要哄我了,and
others,Consequently,the translation is much improved on in terms of readability,coherence and
authenticity,However,there is still some room for further improvement,
? C) Translation 3,
? ―亲爱的,” 有一天他的夫人对他说,,内瑟菲尔庄园终于租出去了，听说了吗？,
? 本内特回答说没听说。
?, 真租出去了,” 夫人说。, 郎太太刚来过，都告诉我了。,
? 本内特没吭声。
?, 你难道不想知道吗？, 夫人不耐烦地嚷道。
?, 既然你要说，听听也无妨。,
? 一句话就把她的话匣子打开了。
?, 亲爱的，你必须知道。郎太太说，英格兰北部的一个青年人租的，很有钱。她说，
他星期一坐驷马马车来看，一眼就看中了，和莫里斯先生谈妥了。在米迦勒节前搬进
来，下周末仆人就来收拾房子了。,
?, 叫什么名字？,
?, 宾利。,
?, 结婚没有？,
?, 哦，亲爱的，未婚，单身一人！有钱，每年四五千英镑。女儿们的运气真好啊！,
?, 怎讲？关她们什么事？,
? ―亲爱的,” 夫人道。, 你真不讨人喜欢！你肯定知道我在算计着，他要娶我某个女
儿。,
?, 是为这事搬来的？,
?, 为这个，胡说！这叫什么话！他 可能 爱上一个。因此，他一来你就得去拜访他。,
?, 我不得便。你和女儿们去，要不叫她们自己去，这样或许还好些。孩子们漂亮，你
也漂亮，兴许宾利先生就喜欢你呢。,
?, 亲爱的，不要哄我了。我年轻时也妩媚妖娆，可现在不故作娇艳了。一个女人家，
五个女儿，都长大了，不能再考虑自己了。,
?, 那么说，女人的漂亮也是有时节的了。,
?, 可是，亲爱的，宾利先生一来，你就得去拜访他。,
?, 我可告诉你，不好办。,
? Comments,
? In the present translation,readjustments are further made,For example,to imitate
the features of Chinese dialogue and to obtain textual coherence,such colloquial
expressions are used as follows,英格兰北部的一个青年人租的，很有钱 ; 女儿们的运
气真好啊 ; 为这个，胡说！这叫什么话 ; 你和女儿们去，要不叫她们自己去 ; 我年轻时
也妩媚妖娆 ; 女人的漂亮也是有时节的了, In addition,the sentences have generally
become shorter,more readable and more authentic,
? 43 While the present century was in its teens,and in one sunshiny
morning in June,there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss
Pinkerton‘s academy for young ladies,on Chiswick Mall,a large
family coach,with two fat horses in blazing harness,driven by a fat
coachman in a three-cornered hat and a wig,at the rate of four
miles an hour,A black servant who reposed on the box beside the
fat coachman,uncurled his bandy legs as soon as the equipage
drew up opposite Miss Pinkerton‘s shining brass plate,and as he
pulled the bell,at least a score of young heads were seen peering
out of the narrow windows of the stately old brick house,Nay,the
acute observer might have recognized the little red nose of good-
natured Miss Jemima Pinkerton herself,rising over some geranium-
pots in the window of that lady‘s own drawing-room,
? (From William Makepeace Thackeray,Vanity Fair)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the first complex
sentence,composed of an adverbial clause of time and a main clause; the
second is a compound complex sentence,composed of two coordinate
clauses,of which the first is composed of a main clause and an adverbial
clause of time with an attributive clause embedded in the main clause while
the second is composed of an adverbial clause of time and a main clause;
and the last is a simple sentence,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with an adverbial clause together with a
coordinate prepositional phrase,and it has on Chiswick Mall and with two
fat horses in blazing harness embedded as parentheses,And in the main
clause of the first sentence,the subject and the predicate are inverted,In
the second sentence,the attributive clause in the main clause can be
regarded as an implicit parenthesis,
? 3,Notes,
? The backbone structure of the first
coordinate clause in the second sentence
would be a black servant… uncurled his
bandy legs as soon as…, The pattern for
the last sentence is subject + predicate
verb + object + object complement
(rising over… ),
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the first is a periodic
sentence,beginning with a subordinate clause and the main clause is
inverted in order with two parentheses located one after the other,The
second coordinate clause of the second sentence is periodic in structure,
beginning with an adverbial clause,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The grammatical analysis together and the analysis above show that the
selection is structurally complicated though each in its own way,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The three sentences in the selection are structurally formal for their
grammatical completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures can hardly be found except for the asymmetric one,
for example,while the present century was in its teens,and in one
sunshiny morning in June; and the coordinate structure of the second
sentence,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be identified as follows,family coach,horses,harness,
driven and coachman are semantically related; box and equipage are
also semantically related; house,gate,windows and academy are also
semantically related; Miss Pinkerton is repeatedly used,and in one case,
full name is employed; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,can be found,
for example,present,century,repose,servant,equipage,opposite,
academy,and others,However,these words are frequently used now,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 当本世纪正处在头十几个年头的时候，在六月的某个阳光明媚的早晨，一辆大型家庭
马车朝着坐落在齐斯威克大街颦克尔顿小姐的女子学校的大铁门驶来。车子由一个胖
胖的戴着三角帽、披着假发的车夫驾驶着，速度为每小时四英里。一个黑佣人静静地
坐在车夫旁边的箱子上，松开了蜷曲的双腿，当行李驾驶到颦克尔顿小姐闪亮的铜门
牌对面的时候。当他一按门铃，至少看到了二十个年轻的脑袋透过那庄严的老砖房的
狭窄的窗户朝外瞥望。不，目光敏锐的人可能看出来了，那位性格温柔的捷宓默,颦克
尔顿小姐的小红鼻子，她自己站起身来，头伸过自己休息室窗台上天竺葵花盆，朝窗
外观望。
? Comments,
? The translation may sound acceptable now,However,if we go deep into it as a whole,
or more particularly as an artistic product,we may find that there exist three
problems at least,First,the expression头十几个年头 may sound colloquial and
incongruous in its environment; second,some clauses are too long,for example,一
辆大型家庭马车朝着坐落在齐斯威克大街颦克尔顿小姐的女子学校的大铁门驶来 ; 车子
由一个胖胖的戴着三角帽、披着假发的车夫驾驶着 ; 至少看到了二十个年轻的脑袋透过
那庄严的老砖房的狭窄的窗户朝外瞥望 and others; third,some expressions are not
coherent enough in the context,for example,松开了蜷曲的双腿, When we read this
expression,we are not certain why the servant should uncurl his bandy legs,
? B) Translation 2,
? 当本世纪才开始了十几个年，六月里一个阳光明媚的早晨，一个胖胖的车夫，
戴着三角帽，披着假发，驾驶着一辆大型家庭马车，以每小时四英里的速度，
朝着坐落在齐斯威克大街颦克尔顿小姐的女子学校的大铁门驶来。一个黑人
佣人静静地坐在车夫旁边的箱子上，行李车一驶到颦克尔顿小姐的闪亮的铜
门牌前面，他就松开了蜷曲的双腿。他一按门铃，至少看到了二十个年轻的
脑袋透过那庄严的老砖房的狭窄的窗户朝外窥视。不，目光敏锐的人可能已
经发现了，那位性格温柔的捷宓默,颦克尔顿小姐的小红鼻子，她自己站起身
来，头伸过自己休息室窗台上天竺葵花盆，朝窗外观望。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,some of the above-mentioned problems are
solved,but not all,for example,他就松开了蜷曲的双腿 is now coherent with
what has gone before but not with what comes after; 至少看到了二十个年
轻的脑袋透过那庄严的老砖房的狭窄的窗户朝外窥视 and那位性格温柔的捷
宓默,颦克尔顿小姐的小红鼻子 are still too long,
? C) Translation 3,
? 本世纪才过了十几个年，六月的一个早晨，阳光明媚，一个胖胖的车夫，戴着三角帽，
披着假发，驾驶着一辆大型家庭马车，以每小时四英里的速度，朝着坐落在齐斯威克
大街的颦克尔顿小姐的女子学校的大铁门驶来。一个黑人佣人，紧挨在车夫的旁边，
盘着双腿，静静地坐在行李箱上。行李车一驶到颦克尔顿小姐的女子学校的门口，那
个佣人一看到那闪亮的铜门牌，就松开了蜷曲的双腿，跳下车来。学校是古老而规整
的砖房，窗户狭窄。他一按门铃，至少看到了二十个年轻的脑袋从窗内朝外窥视。不，
目光敏锐的人可能已经发现了，那位性格温和的捷宓默,颦克尔顿小姐，在自己的休息
室里站起身来，头伸过窗台上天竺葵花盆，朝窗外观望。虽然看不清人，但能看见她
的小红鼻子。
? Comments,
? By chopping long clauses into short ones,by deletion and addition,we have
enhanced the authenticity and readability of the translation to a much greater extent,
For example,for coherence with就松开了蜷曲的双腿,盘着双腿 is inserted; the three
actions in紧挨在车夫的旁边，盘着双腿，静静地坐在行李箱上 are organized in a more
natural sequence; 能看见她的小红鼻子 is pushed back with虽然看不清人 inserted,and
so on,Consequently,the present translation sounds more coherent and authentic
throughout with improved readability,
? 44 It was the best of times,it was the worst of times,it
was the age of wisdom,it was the age of foolishness,it
was the epoch of belief,it was the epoch of incredulity,
it was the season of Light,it was the season of Darkness,
it was the spring of hope,it was the winter of despair,
we had everything before us,we had nothing before us,
we were all going direct to Heaven,we were all going
direct the other way – in short,the period was so far like
the present period,that some of its noisiest authorities
insisted on its being received,for good or for evil,in the
superlative degree of comparison only,
? (From Charles Dickens,A Tale of Two Cities)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? Sentence structure,
? The selection,strictly speaking,consists of a
single sentence only,which,however,falls into
two parts with the dash serving as the
demarcation,The first part is composed of
antithetic couplets,though implied but
unfortunately,not marked by punctuations,
The second part assumes a … so … that …
pattern and in the that clause,there is a
parenthesis,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Structural complication,
? From the viewpoint of sentence structure,the single
sentence consists of 15 clauses,14 of which are simple
in structure and the last of which is complex in
structure,composed of a main clause and an adverbial
clause of result,
? 2,Structural formality,
? All the clauses are formal in structure for their
grammatical completeness and freedom from colloquial
structures,
? The selection is preeminently marked by the employment of
antithetic couplets,and actually,the couplets,though implicitly
paired,serve as premises,leading to the conclusion after the dash,
in short,the period was so far…, Specifically speaking,there are
seven antithetic couplets,in each of which,there are synonyms and
antonyms,making the greatest contribution to the lexical and
structural coherence for the selection,However,unfortunately the
couplet boundaries are not marked,
? 3,Lexical formality,
? Formal words and nominalizations could be found,for example,
epoch,incredulity,despair,period,authority and so on,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 那是最好的年代，那是最坏的年代，那是智慧的年月，那是糊涂的年月，那
是信赖的时代，那是轻信的时代，那是光明的季节，那是黑暗季节，那是希
望的春天，那是失望的冬日，我们面前应有尽有，我们面前万物皆空，我们
都在直接朝天堂挺进，我们都在朝地狱进军 —一句话，那个岁月与现在的岁
月极其相似，某些喧嚣的权威们坚持认为可以接受那样的岁月，为了峥嵘的
前景或为了不可告人的目的，只是以最高级的方式。
? Comments,
? The translation we are faced with is the result of a word-for-word
transformation process,though very clause in the translation as an
independent entity is beyond challenge from any angle,except perhaps for
the part after the dash,However,the antithetic pattern of the original is not
impressively clear to the Chinese reader and the part after the dash should
be rearranged if we are running after an easy reading,
? B) Translation 2,
? 那是最好的年代，那是最坏的年代；那是智慧的年月，那是糊涂的年月；那
是信赖的时代，那是轻信的时代；那是光明的季节，那是黑暗季节；那是希
望的春天，那是失望的冬日；我们面前应有尽有，我们面前万物皆空；我们
都在直接朝天堂挺进，我们都在朝地狱进军 —一句话，那个岁月与现在的岁
月极其相似，某些喧嚣的权威们，为了峥嵘的前景或是为了不可告人的目的，
坚持以唯一的最高级的方式认可那样的岁月。
? Comments,
? The present translation has improved on the previous by rearranging the
part after the dash and by changing the comma after every antithetic
couplet into a semi-column,Specifically speaking,at the end of each
couplet,a semi-colon is substituted for the comma; and the last clause
assumes the pattern某些喧嚣的权威们,……,坚持以唯一的最高级的方式认
可那样的岁月,though the middle part of which could be fronted,
? C) Translation 3,
? 那是黄金时段，那是粪土流年；那是智慧岁月，那是糊涂春秋；那是信誉时日，那
是轻信时光；那是光明时段，那是黑暗季节；那是希望的春日，那是失望的冬天；
我们面前应有尽有，我们面前万物皆空；我们都在直接朝天堂挺进，我们都在朝地
狱进军 —一句话，那个岁月与现在极其相似，为了光明的前景或为了不可告人的目
的，某些善于张扬的权威们，坚持以唯一的最高形式拥抱那段历史。
? Comments,
? The present translation has altered the previous in two points,First,the repeated
expressions of time in every couplet which may sound tedious to the Chinese
reader are now replaced by expressions similar in meaning but different in form in
accordance with the Chinese norms,which requires that in an antithetic couplet,
repeated expressions should be reduced to the fewest possible,In addition,in
each couplet,the last syllable of every even line now bears an even tone to satisfy
the requirement that in a Chinese regular verse,the rhyme should fall on the last
syllable of each even line which bears an even tone,Second,the part after the
dash is further altered structurally with the middle part fronted,
? 45 The family of Dashwood had been long settled in Sussex,Their
estate was large,and their residence was at Norland Park,in the
center of their property,where,for many generations,they had
lived in so respectable a manner as to engage the general good
opinion of their surrounding acquaintance,The late owner of this
estate was a single man who lived a very advanced age,and who
for many years of his life had a constant companion and
housekeeper in his sister,But her death,which happened ten years
before his own,produced a great alteration in home; for to supply
her loss,he invited into his house the family of his nephew Mr,
Henry Dashwood,the legal inheritor of the Norland estate,and the
person to whom he intended to bequeath it,
? (From Jane Austen,Sense and Sensibility)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of four sentences,of which the first is a
simple sentence; the second is a compound complex sentence,
composed of two coordinate clauses,of which the second contains
an adverbial clause of place; the third is a complex compound
sentence,composed of a main clause and two coordinate attributive
clauses; and the fourth is a compound complex sentence,
composed two coordinate clauses,of which the first is composed of
a main clause and an attributive clause while the second is
composed of a main clause with an attributive clause embedded at
the end of the coordinate clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the second sentence,in the center of their property can be
regarded as a parenthesis while for many generations is apparently
a parenthesis; in the first coordinate clause of the last sentence,the
attributive clause is embedded as a parenthesis while the second
coordinate clause begins with prepositional phrase and has the legal
inheritor of the Norland estate embedded as a parenthesis,In the
last sentence,the legal inheritor… and the person to whom… are in
apposition to his nephew Mr,Henry Dashwood that goes before
them,And the object the family of his nephew Mr,Henry Dashwood,
the legal inheritor of the Norland estate,and the person to whom he
intended to bequeath it should be placed before but is placed after
the prepositional phrase into his family,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the four sentences in the selection,only the second and the last sentences are
periodic in that in the second sentence,there are two prepositional phrases one
before and the other after where serving as parentheses; and the last sentence
contains two parenthetic structures with the second coordinate clause beginning with
an infinitive clause together with the preposition for or an elliptic adverbial clause,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The second sentence is complicated in structure by the adverbial clause of place on
one hand and the appearance of two parentheses before and after where on the
other,The third sentence contains two coordinate attributive clauses and the fourth
is complicated by the attributive clause in the form of parenthesis on the one hand
and by the embedding of the parentheses and the two nominal appositives on the
other,And in the second appositive nominal phrase,there is a subordinate attributive
clause,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences in the selection are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are used,for example,who lived a very
advanced age,and who … had a constant companion and
housekeeper in his sister; and the legal inheritor of the Norland
estate,and the person to whom he intended to bequeath it,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Family and estate are repeated; Dashwood is used twice,though
referring to different persons; property is used as synonym for
estate; Norland Park is used in connection with Sussex; bequeath is
used in relation to inheritor and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? It is also formal for the employment of such formal words,including
nominalizations,as residence,property,generation,respectable,
acquaintance alteration,bequeath,inheritor and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 达施伍德的家一直安顿在萨塞克斯。他们的房地产很大，他们的住所在诺兰庄园，在
他们的财产的中心。在那儿，他们生活了好多代了，以一种受人尊敬的方式，得到了
周围熟人的普遍好评。这份房地产的已故主人是一个单身汉，活到年迈，在他的生活
中多少年来一直与他的姐姐相依为伴，由姐姐操持家务。姐姐的死，比他自己的死早
十年，使家庭发生了巨大的变化。因为为了填补姐姐死后的空白，他将他的侄子亨利,
达施伍德先生一家邀请到他家里，他是诺兰房地产的合法继承人，也是他将要给他留
下遗产的人。
? Comments,
? The above can be regarded as a word-for-word translation in that one of the key
words,e.g,estate,is translated literally,for in English,the word means an area
consisting of extended land with large houses,In addition,the related word park also
means a large area of land,hence the difficulty for translation,However,they are
used in contrast in this selection,Structurally speaking,the following two sentences
are also literally translated,姐姐的死，比他自己的死早十年，使家庭发生了巨大的变
化 ; 因为为了填补姐姐死后的空白，他将他的侄子亨利, 达施伍德先生一家邀请到他家
里，他是诺兰房地产的合法继承人，也是他将要给他留下遗产的人, The question,of
course,lies not in the literal translation itself but in awkwardness against Chinese
norms,
? B) Translation 2,
? 达施伍德家族一直生活在萨塞克斯。田庄很大，住在田庄中心的诺兰
庄园。在那儿，他们生活了好多代了，受人尊敬，得到周围人的普遍
赞誉。田庄的已故主人是个单身汉，活到年迈，多少年来一直与他的
姐姐相依为伴，由姐姐操持家务。姐姐比他早十年去世，她的死使这
个家庭发生了巨大变化。为填补失落，他让他的侄子亨利, 达施伍德
先生一家搬到他家，他是诺兰房地产的合法继承人，也是要为之留下
遗产的人。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,some readjustments are made with
regard to the aforementioned points,In addition,some clauses are
chopped short,However,some manners of expression still remain
problematic against Chinese norms,especially the following,生活了
好多代 ; 是一个单身汉 ; 活到年迈 and others,
? C) Translation 3,
? 达施伍德家族祖祖辈辈生活在萨塞克斯。田庄很大，住在田庄中心的
诺兰庄园。祖祖辈辈受人尊敬，有口皆碑。田庄的已故主人终身不娶，
活到耄耋之年，一直与姐姐相依为命，由姐姐操持家务。姐姐比他早
十年去世，她一死，家庭发生了巨大变化。为填补失落，他让侄子亨
利, 达施伍德先生一家搬来，他是诺兰财产的合法继承人，也是要为
之留下遗产的人。
? Comments,
? To improve on the coherence,authenticity and readability,such
read Chinese expressions as the following are used,祖祖辈辈 ; 受人
尊敬 ; 有口皆碑 ; 终身不娶 ; 耄耋之年 ; 相依为命,填补失落 ; 一 …,.就,
and others,of which most are four character Chinese expressions,
although some of them are used irrespective of the original to some
extent,
Exercises,
? 41 Mrs Bennet designed not to make any reply; but unable to contain herself,began scolding one of her daughters,
? ?Don‘t keep coughing so,Kitty,for heaven‘s sake! Have a little compassion on my nerves,You tear them to pieces.‘
? ?Kitty has no discretion on her coughs,‘ said her father; ?she times them ill.‘
? ?I do not cough for my own amusement,‘ replied Kitty fretfully,
? ?When is your next ball to be,Lizzy?‘
? ?Tomorrow fortnight.‘
? ?Aye,so it is,‘ cried her mother,?and Mrs Long does not come back till the day before; so,it will be impossible for her to introduce him,for she will not
know him herself.‘
? ?Then my dear,you may have the advantage of your friend,and introduce Mr Bingley to her.‘
? ?Impossible,Mr Bennet,impossible,when I am not acquainted with him; how can you be so teasing?‘
? ?I honor your circumspection,A fortnight‘s acquaintance is certainly very little,One cannot know what a man really is by the end of a fortnight,But if
we do not venture,somebody else will; and after all,Mrs Long and her nieces must stand their chance; and therefore,as she will think it an act of
kindness,if you decline the office,I will take it on myself.‘
? The girls stared at their father,Mrs Bennet said only,?Nonsense,nonsense!‘
? ?What can be the meaning of that emphatic exclamation?‘ cried he,?Do you consider the forms of introduction,and the stress that is laid on them,as
nonsense? I cannot quite agree with you there,What say you,Mary? For you are a young lady of deep reflection I know,and re ad great books,and
make extracts.‘
? Mary wished to say something very sensible,but knew not how,
? ?While Mary is adjusting her ideas,‘ he continued,?let us return to Mr Beingley.‘
? ?I am sick of Mr Bingley,‘ cried his wife,
? ?I am sorry to hear that; but why did you not tell me so before? If I had known as much this morning,I certainly would not have called on him,It is
very unlucky; but since I have actually paid the visit,we cannot escape the acquaintance now.‘
? The astonishment of the ladies was just what he wished; that of Mrs Bennet perhaps surpassing the rest; though when the first tumult of joy was over,
she began to declare that it was what she had expected all the while,
? ?How good it was in you,my dear Mr Bennet! But I knew I should persuade you at last,I was sure you loved your girls too well to neglect such an
acquaintance,Well,how pleased I am! And it is such a good joke,too,that you should have gone this morning,and never said a word about it till now.‘
? ?Now Kitty,you may cough as much as you choose,‘ said Mr Bennet; and,as he spoke,he left the room,fatigued with raptures of his wife,
? 42 Not all that Mrs Bennet,however,with the assistance of her five daughters,could
ask on the subject was sufficient to draw from her husband any satisfactory
description of Mr Bingley,They attacked him in various ways; with barefaced
questions,ingenious suppositions,and distant surmises; but he eluded the skill of
them all; and they were at last obliged to accept the second-hand intelligence of their
neighbor Lady Lucas,Her report was highly favorable,Sir William had been delighted
with him,He was quite young,wonderfully handsome,extremely agreeable,and to
crown the whole,he meant to be at the next assembly with a large party,Nothing
could be more delightful! To be fond of dancing was a certain step towards falling in
love; and very lively hopes of Mr Bingley‘s heart were entertained,
? ?If I can but see one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfiled,‘ said Mrs Bennet
to her husband,?and all the others equally well married,I shall have nothing to wish
for.‘
? In a few days Mr Bingley returned Mr Bennet‘s visit,and sat about ten minutes with
him in his library,He had entertained hopes of being admitted to a sight of the young
ladies,of whose beauty he had heard much; but he saw only the father,The ladies
were somewhat more fortunate,for they had the advantage of ascertaining from an
upper window,that he wore a blue coat and rode a black horse,
? 43 Although the schoolmistress‘s letters are to be trusted no more
nor less than churchyard epitaphs; yet,as it sometimes happens
that a person departs his life,who is really deserving of all the
praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good
Christian,a good parent,child,wife,or husband; who actually does
leave a disconsolate family to mourn his loss; so in academies of the
male and female sex it occurs every now and then,that the pupils is
fully worthy of the praises bestowed by the disinterested instructor,
Now,Miss Amelia Sedley was a young lady of this singular species;
and deserved not only all that Miss Pinkerton said in her praise,but
had many charming qualities which that pompous old Minerva of a
woman could not see,from the differences of rank and age between
her pupil and herself,
? (From William Makepeace Thackeray,Vanity Fair)
? 44 Very orderly and methodically he looked,with a hand on each knee,and
a loud watch ticking a sonorous sermon under his flapped waistcoat,as
though it pitted it gravity and longevity against the levity and evanescence
of the brisk fire,He had a good leg,and was a little vain of it,for his brown
stockings fitted sleek and close,and were of a fine texture; his shoes and
buckles,too,though plain,were trim,He wore an odd little sleek crisp
flaxen wig,setting very close to his head,which wig,it is to be presumed,
was made of hair,but which looked far more as though it were spun from
filaments of silk or glass,His linen,though not of a fineness in accordance
with his stockings,was as white as the tops of the waves that broke upon
the neighboring beach,or the specks of sail that glinted in the sunlight far
at sea,A face,habitually suppressed and quieted,was still lighted up under
the quaint wig by a pair of moist bright eyes that it must have cost their
owner,in years gone by,some pains to drill to the composed and reserved
expression of Tellson‘s Bank,
? (Charles Dickens,A Tale of Two Cities)
? 45 By a former marriage,Mr,Henry Dashwood had one son,by his
present lady,three daughters,The son,a steady respectable young
man,was amply provided for by the fortune of his mother,which
had been large,and half of which devolved on him on his coming of
age,By his own marriage,likewise,which happened soon
afterwards,he added to his wealth,To him,therefore,the
succession to the Norland estate was not so really important as to
his sisters; for their fortune,independent of what might arise to
them from their father‘s inheriting that property,could be but small,
Their mother had nothing,and their father only seven thousand
pounds in his own disposal,for the remaining moiety of his first
wife‘s fortune was also secured to her child,and he had only a life
interest in it,
? (From Jane Austen,Sense and Sensibility)
第二节 英国小说汉译（ 2）
? 46 On an evening in the latter part of May a middle-aged man was
walking homeward from Shaston to the village of Marlott,in the
adjoining Vale of Blakemore or Blackmoor,The pair of legs that
carried him were rickety,and there was a bias in his gait which
inclined him somewhat to the left of a straight line,He occasionally
gave a smart nod,as if in confirmation of some opinion,though he
was not thinking of anything in particular,An empty egg-basket was
slung upon his arm,the nap of his hat was ruffled,a patch being
quite worn away at its brim where his thumb came in taking it off,
Presently he was met by an elderly parson astride on a gray mare,
who,as he rode,hummed a wandering tune,
? (From Thomas Hardy,Tess of the d’Urbervilles)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of five sentences,of which the first is a simple sentence; the
second is a compound complex sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses,of
which the first is composed of a main clause and an attributive clause while the
second is also composed of a main clause and an attributive clause; the third is a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an adverbial clause of concession;
the fourth is a compound complex sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses,
the second of which has an attributive clause embedded; and the last is again a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive clause with another
attributive clause embedded within the first,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase; the third sentence has as if in
confirmation of some opinion embedded as a parenthesis; in the fourth sentence,a
patch being quite worn away at its brim… is an absolute nominal construction; and
the last sentence begins with an adverb and has as he rode embedded as a
parenthesis,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the five sentences,the first is a periodic sentence beginning with
a prepositional phrase; the second is a loose sentence while the
third is a periodic sentence again for the parenthesis in the form of
an elliptic adverbial clause of manner; the fourth is also a loose
sentence while the last is a periodic sentence for the fact that the
adverbial clause of time is in the form of a parenthesis,In a word,
in the selection,periodic and loose sentences are interposed with all
the odd-numbered sentences being periodic and all the even-
numbered sentences being loose,
? 2,Structural formality,
? Although all the sentences are not very complicated in structure,
they are all formal in structure in their grammatical completeness
and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 3,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures could hardly be found except
an empty egg-basket was slung upon his arm,the nap of his hat
was ruffled; and perhaps Blakemore or Blackmoor,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,he and his are repeatedly
used to refer to a middle-aged man; legs and arm are part of the
man‘s body; the egg-basket and the hat are what he carried; the
nap,patch and brim are used in connection with the hat,and so
on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including a few nominalizations,can be found in
the selection such as rickety,inclined,straight,occasionally,
confirmation,particular,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 五月后半月某天夜晚，一位中年男子，正在从莎斯顿朝附近的布雷克
莫或布莱克莫山谷的马尔罗特村走去。那双承载他的腿软弱无力，走
起路来有些偏斜，使他稍微朝直线的左侧倾斜。有时他会意地点点头，
好像在肯定某种意见，虽然他不在思考某种特定的东西。手臂上挂着
一只空空的鸡蛋篮，帽子的线头已经隆起，帽沿边的补丁已经磨破了，
那儿他的大拇指伸进来摘下帽子。很快，他遇到了一位年迈的教士，
骑着一头灰色的毛驴。他一边骑着，一边哼着走调的小调。
? Comments,
? By following the original rigidly,we have produced a translation
readable and authentic to some extent,but on it,improvements
could be further made,especially on the translation of the last part
of the last but one sentence and the very last sentence,As for the
wording,there is much to be desired,
? B) Translation 2,
? 五月已经过去半个月了，某天夜晚，一位中年男子，正在从莎斯顿朝
附近的布雷克莫或布莱克莫山谷的马尔罗特村走去。那双承重的腿软
弱乏力，走起路来歪歪斜斜，身子稍微向左侧倾斜。有时心领神会地
点点头，好像在肯定某种意见，虽然他不在思考某种特定的东西。手
臂上挂着一只空空的鸡蛋篮，帽子的线头已经隆起，帽沿边的补丁已
经磨破，大拇指从那儿伸进来摘下帽子。很快，迎面来了一位年迈的
教士，骑着一头灰色的毛驴。一边走着，一边哼着走调的小调。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made on the translation of the first three
sentences and of some parts of the last two,However,虽然他不在
思考某种特定的东西 ; 很快，迎面来了一位年迈的教士 …… ; 走调的
小调 are not either congruous in the context or sufficiently authentic
against the Chinese norms,
? C) Translation 3,
? 马尔罗特村坐落在布雷克莫或布雷克莫山谷。五月的后半月里，有天夜晚，一位中年
男子，离开了莎斯顿，朝附近马尔罗特村走去。那双腿软弱乏力难以支撑他的身子，
走起路来步履蹒跚，躯体稍微向左侧倾斜。他不时地点点头，心领神会，好像在肯定
某种意见，虽然并没有思考任何问题。手臂上挎着一只鸡蛋篮，空空的，帽子破旧，
线头隆起，帽沿上的补丁也破了，大拇指从那儿伸进来摘下帽子。就在这时，迎面来
了一位年迈的教士，骑着一头灰毛驴。一边走着，一边哼着小曲，哼着哼着就走调了。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,such authentic Chinese expressions are employed as
follows,五月的后半月里 ; 离开了 ……,朝 …… 走去 ; 步履蹒跚 ; 心领神会 ; 就在这时 ; 哼
着哼着就走调了,and others,The greatest change lies in that马尔罗特村坐落在布雷克
莫或布雷克莫山谷 now becomes an independent sentences and is fronted to the very
beginning of the translation; and the retranslated versions such as他不时地点点头，
心领神会，好像在肯定某种意见，虽然并没有思考任何问题 ; 手臂上挎着一只鸡蛋篮，
空空的，帽子破旧，线头隆起，帽沿上的补丁也破了 and一边走着，一边哼着小曲，哼
着哼着就走调了 add much to the readability,coherence and authenticity of the
translation,For this reason,the translation sounds more authentic and readable,
? 47 Now what I want is Facts,Teach these boys and girls nothing
but Facts alone are wanted in life,Plant nothing else,and root out
everything else,You can only form the minds of reasoning animals
upon Facts,nothing else will ever be of any service to them,This is
the principle on which I bring up my own children,and this is the
principle on which I bring up these children,Stick to Facts,sir!
? The scene was a plain,bare,monotonous vault of a school-room,
and the speaker‘s square forefinger emphasized his observations by
underscoring every sentence with a line on the schoolmaster‘s
sleeve,The emphasis was helped by the speaker‘s square wall of a
forehead,which had his eyebrows for its base,while his eyes found
commodious cellarage in two dark caves,overshadowed by the wall,
? (From Charles Dickens,Hard Times)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two paragraphs with the first containing 6 and the second
containing 2 sentences,In the first paragraph,the first is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and a subject clause; the second is a compound sentence,
composed of an imperative clause and full clause; the third is also a compound
sentence,composed of two coordinate imperative clauses; the fourth is again a
compound sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses connected by a semi- colon;
the fifth is a compound complex sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses,
either of which has an attributive clause embedded; and the last is a simple sentence,
composed of an imperative clause only,In the second paragraph,the first is a
compound sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses; and the second is a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an adverbial clause of time with
an attributive clause embedded in the main clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The attributive clause in the main clause of the second sentence serves as a
parenthesis,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The first paragraph is a paragraph of free direct speech,with both the
quotation marks and the reporting clause deleted,And all the free direct
speeches point to the personality of the speaker who is described as a frank,
stubborn,and somewhat banal man,The second paragraph is a paragraph
of narration,serving to describe the man‘s surroundings and his looks,In
the first paragraph,all the sentences are loose and simple though
occasionally with a short clause embedded,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Spoken language features are eminent in the paragraph realized in free
direct speech and the short sentences in general,and in the use of
imperative sentences and of coordinate structures in particular,The
narrative paragraph consists of two sentences,rather long,but generally
not very complicated,However,the second sentence in the narration is
periodic in structure,containing a parenthetic attributive clause in the main
clause,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structure,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,I and children are repeatedly
used; boys and girls are used to stand for children; the terms used
to describe the school and the schoolmaster are semantically
related,and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? In the narration,formal words,including nominalizations,can be
found such as monotonous,emphasize,observation,underscoring,
commodious,cellarage,overshadow,etc,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 我们需要的是事实。这些男孩子和女孩子们什么都不要教，只有事实是生活
所需要的。其他什么东西也不要植入，其他一切东西都必须根除。你只能将
有推理能力的动物的脑海建立在事实的基础上。其他没有什么东西对他们有
用。这是我抚养自己的孩子们的原则，也是我教这些孩子们的原则。坚持事
实，先生！
? 场景是一所没有装饰、没有遮盖、单调的教室的穹顶，说话人的方方的食指
强调了他的观察，用在每句下方在老师的袖子上画一条底线的方法。强调得
到了说话人方额头的加强，额头以睫毛为基础，他的眼睛在两个深陷的洞里，
地方很大，为他的方额遮蔽着。
? Comments,
? The translation imitates the original rigidly and consequently,some
expressions are not very authentic in the Chinese sense,especially the
following,将有推理能力的动物的脑海建立在事实的基础上 ; 场景是一所没有
装饰、没有遮盖、单调的教室的穹顶 ; 强调得到了说话人方额头的加强 ; 额头
以睫毛为基础,and others,
? B) Translation 2,
? 听着，我们需要的是事实。生活需要的就是把事实教给这些男孩子和女孩子，
此外，什么也不要教。任何其他东西都不要植入，任何其他东西都必须根除。
你只有用事实来建构有思维能力的动物的心灵。没有任何其他东西对他们有
用。这是我抚养自己孩子的原则，也是我教这些孩子的原则。坚持事实，先
生！
? 场景是一所没有装饰、没有遮盖、单调的穹顶下的教室，说话人用粗壮的食
指为每个句子画上一条底线，画在老师的袖子上，以强调他的理念。说话人
额头宽宽，像一堵墙，更增强了所强调的内容。额头下面是睫毛，眼睛两个
深陷在黑眼窝里，眼窝很大，却为他的宽额所遮蔽。
? Comments,
? With improvements made concerned especially with the above-mentioned
points,the present translation is more readable and authentic now,
However,the parts in说话人额头宽宽，像一堵墙，更增强了所强调的内容
still seem incoherent internally and externally,
? C) Translation 3,
? 听着，我们需要事实。生活需要的就是将事实教给孩子们，此外，什么都不
要教。任何其他东西都不要植入，任何其他东西都必须根除。你只有用事实
来充填有思维的动物的大脑。没有任何其他东西对他们有用。这是原则，我
自己的孩子是这样养大，这些孩子也要这样教。坚持事实，先生！
? 故事发生在一所教室里，上方是穹顶，没有装饰，没有遮盖，单调乏味。说
话人用粗壮的食指为每个句子画一条底线，画在老师的袖子上，以强调他的
理念。他额头宽宽，说话时一用劲，就变成了一堵墙，进一步强调了他的理
念。额头下面是睫毛，两只眼睛深陷在黑眼窝里，眼窝很大，但宽宽额头能
将深陷的眼窝遮蔽住。
? Comments,
? Improvements are further made especially on the translation of the
narration by chopping long clauses short and having说话时一用劲 added,
with related parts rearranged and retranslated accordingly,Consequently,
the translation is now more readable,coherent and authentic in the Chinese
sense,
? 48 There was no possibility of taking a walk that day,We had been
wandering,indeed,in the leafless shrubbery an hour in the morning;
but since dinner (Mrs,Reed,when there was no company,dined
early) the cold winter wind had brought with it clouds so somber,
and a rain so penetrating,that further outdoor exercise was now
out of the question,
? I was glad of it; I never liked long walks,especially on chilly
afternoons,dreadful to me was coming home in the raw twilight,
with nipped fingers and toes,and a heart saddened by the chidings
of Bessie,the nurse,and humbled by the consciousness of my
physical inferiority to Eliza,John,and Georgian Reed,
? (From Charlotte Bronte,Jane Eyre)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two paragraphs,with the first containing two
sentences and the second containing one sentence,In the first paragraph,
the first is a simple sentence and the second compound complex sentence,
consisting of two coordinate clauses with the second clause in turn
containing an adverbial clause of consequence in the pattern of …
so… that…, The single sentence in the second paragraph is compound in
structure,composed of two loosely connected coordinate clauses,the
second of which is also compound in structure,composed of two coordinate
clauses; and the part after the colon is inverted and the normal order would
be,coming home in the raw twilight,… was dreadful to me,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first paragraph,the second sentence has indeed embedded as a
parenthesis and another parenthetic structure embedded in the brackets;
and in the second paragraph,the nurse is embedded as a parenthesis,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The two sentences in the first paragraph vary in length with the second much longer
than the first,In addition,the second is also structurally much more complicated than
the first as revealed in the grammatical analysis,In the second paragraph,the
second coordinate clause is much longer and much more complicated structurally
than the first,and the complication is reinforced by the inverted sentence order,In
the first paragraph,the first is a loose sentence while the second is a periodic
sentence for the two parenthetic structures,The sentence in the second paragraph
can also be regarded as periodic for the long with phrase is in parenthetic structure,
which in turn contains another parenthesis,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The length and the complexity of both sentences and clauses may symbolize a
process developing from simplicity to complexity,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences in the selection are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures could be found,for example,clouds so
somber,and a rain so penetrating; fingers and toes,and a heart; saddened
by the chidings of Bessie,the nurse,and humbled by the consciousness… ;
and Eliza,John,and Georgian Reed,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,I is repeatedly used,and as part of we;
Eliza,John and Georgian are three children of Mrs,Reed; cold wind,clouds
and rain are semantically related; fingers,toes and heart are parts of the
body; physical inferiority is used in connection with humbled,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,could be found,
for example,company,exercise,question,humble,consciousness,physical,
inferiority,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 那天没有可能散步。其实，我们在早晨已经在没有叶子的灌木丛中迈
步了一个小时；自晚饭之后（没有他人陪伴的时候，莉德夫人晚饭吃
得早），冬季寒冷的风带来朵朵乌云，阴沉沉的，雨下得很厉害，现
在再到户外锻炼已经不可能了。
? 对此，我很高兴。我从来就不喜欢散长步，尤其是在寒冷的下午。令
我害怕的是在令人不舒服的黄昏往家里走，手指和脚趾都冻僵了，贝
茜，那个保姆的责怪让人伤心，想到我长得不如伊利莎、约翰和乔治
安,莉德，就低人一等了。
? Comments,
? By following the original rigidly,we have produced a translation
readable and authentic to some extent,but not in typical Chinese,
especially the translation of the last part of the second paragraph
where the clauses are not naturally ordered,
? B) Translation 2,
? 那天没法散步。其实，我们早晨已经在叶子已经落了的灌木丛中迈步了一个
小时；晚饭之后（没有他人陪伴的时候，莉德夫人晚饭吃得早），随着冬季
寒冷的风，飘来朵朵乌云，阴沉沉的，雨下得很厉害，现在不可能再到户外
锻炼了。
? 对此，我很高兴。我一直不喜欢散长步，尤其是在寒冷的下午。黄昏时刻，
昏暗得很，手脚都冻僵了，保姆贝茜不停地责怪令人伤心，想到我低人一等，
不如伊利莎、约翰和乔治安,莉德，这时往家里走令我害怕。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,improvements are made when那天没法散步 is
substituted for the previous counterpart,and the inverted clause is
translated by following the natural sequence,However,there is still much
to be desired,For example,the second clause in the translation is still too
long and the parts in黄昏时刻，昏暗得很，手脚都冻僵了，保姆贝茜不停地
责怪令人伤心，想到我低人一等，不如伊利莎、约翰和乔治安,莉德，这时往
家里走令我害怕 are not naturally coherent,
? C) Translation 3,
? 那天没法散步了。灌木的叶子都落了。早晨，我们在灌木丛中已经迈步了整
整一小时；没人陪她，莉德夫人晚饭吃得早。晚饭之后，寒风阵阵，彤云密
布，阴阴沉沉，雨劈劈拍拍地下，不可能再到户外锻炼了。
? 我暗自庆幸。我一直不喜欢长时间散步，尤其是在寒冷的下午。夜色昏暗，
手脚僵硬，贝茜保姆不停地唠叨，令人伤心；更何况一想到伊利莎、约翰和
乔治安,莉德，或亭亭玉立，或相貌堂堂，我就自愧弗如，这时往家里走真感
到不是滋味。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,long clauses are cut short and four character
phrases are frequently used,for example,寒风阵阵,彤云密布,阴阴沉沉,劈
劈拍拍, The translation of the inverted part into夜色昏暗，手脚僵硬，贝茜
保姆不停地唠叨，令人伤心；更何况一想到伊利莎、约翰和乔治安,莉德，或
亭亭玉立，或相貌堂堂，我就自愧弗如，这时往家里走真感到不是滋味,in
particular,has brought what is originally implied to light,though
irrespective of the original wording and structure to some extent,
? 49 Mrs,Dashwood remained at Norland several months; not from
any disinclination to move when the sight of every well known spot
ceased to raise the violent emotion which it produced for a while;
for when her spirits began to revive,and her mind became capable
of some other exertion than that of heightening its affliction by
melancholy remembrances,she was impatient to be gone and
indefatigable in her inquiries for a suitable dwelling in the
neighborhood of Norland; for to remove far from that beloved spot
was impossible,But she could hear of no situation that at once
answered her notions of comfort and ease,and suited the prudence
of her eldest daughter,whose steadier judgment rejected several
houses as too large for their income,which her mother would have
approved,
? (From Jane Austen,Sense and Sensibility)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? Of the two sentences in the selection,the first can be regarded as a complex
compound sentence,composed of a main clause and three coordinate structures,of
which the first contains an adverbial clause of time with an attributive clause further
embedded; the second is composed of a main clause and an adverbial clause of time
composed of two coordinate clauses; and the third is simple in structure,The second
is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,with
another two attributive clauses further embedded,one within the other,Additionally,
in the first sentence,the three coordinate structures serve as the adverbial of the
main clause,And the first sentence is unusually long,whose backbone structure
could be something like this,Mrs Dashwood remained at Norland several months not
from any…,for when her spirits … and for to remove far …,
? 2,Paraphrase,
? The sentence could be paraphrase as follows,Mrs Dashwood remained at Norland
several months not because she had any disinclination…,when her spirits … and to
remove far …,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Stylistically speaking,the two sentences are quite long though the first is
much longer than the second,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The two sentences are all complex in that the first sentence consists of a
main clause,a prepositional phrase,an adverbial clause of reason and an
elliptic adverbial clause of reason,the first two of which have subordinate
clauses embedded,And as revealed in the grammatical analysis,the
second sentence involves multiple embeddings,In this sense,we say that
the two sentences are both structurally complicated though each in its own
way,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are frequently employed,for example,her spirits began to revive,
and her mind became capable of some other exertion than that of heightening its
affliction by melancholy remembrances; impatient to be gone and indefatigable in her
inquiries… ; for when…,for to remove… ; and answered her notions of comfort and
ease,and suited the prudence of her eldest daughter,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,she and her are repeatedly used to stand for
Mrs,Dashwood; her eldest daughter is used in connection with Mrs,Dashwood;
Norland is repeated; emotion,spirits,and melancholy remembrances are used in
connection with mind; dwelling,Norland,neighborhood and houses are semantically
related,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for
example,remain,disinclination,cease,violent,emotion,produce,exertion,capable,
heightening,affliction,melancholy,remembrance,impatient,indefatigable,inquiry,
and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 达施伍德夫人在诺兰呆了好几个月。当看到每个熟悉的点不能激起激烈的感情虽然有
一段时间曾经激起过的时候，再也不想移动了。当她的精神开始复活，当她的大脑已
经能够向别处用力，而不是以忧郁的记忆来关注它的痛苦，她对搬走不耐烦了，不再
不断地询问在诺兰附近有什么合适的地方可以居住了。因为从亲爱的地点搬到远处是
不可能的。她听到没有什么情况，这种情况曾经回答了她对舒服和安逸的看法，适合
了她大女儿周详的考虑。她的更坚毅的判断曾经几次拒绝了大到住不起的房子，对此，
她的母亲差一点同意了。
? Comments,
? This is basically a word-for-word translation though with some fine readjustments
made all over the translation,Consequently,some ideas are not made sufficiently
explicit,For example,why should Mrs,Dashwood remained at Norland several
months? In the original,the idea is explicitly expressed,but in the translation we
cannot find anything explicit for it,In addition,the following expressions are blunt in
Chinese sense,她的精神开始复活 ; 她的大脑已经能够向别处用力 ; 以忧郁的记忆来关
注它的痛苦 ; 亲爱的地点 ; 更坚毅的判断,and others,
? B) Translation 2,
? 达施伍德夫人在诺兰一连住了好几个月。曾经有一段时间，一看到那熟悉的
地点，就会激起激烈的情感，现在一切都已经过去了，此时她再也不想搬房
子了。当她的精神开始恢复，当她的大脑能够关注别的东西，不再集中于忧
郁而痛苦的回忆时，她懒得搬走了，不再不断地打听在诺兰附近可找到合适
的居所了。因为不可能从熟知的地点搬到生疏的远处。她听到没有什么环境
符合她对舒服和安逸的看法，适合她大女儿周详的考虑。她大女儿的更坚毅
的判断曾经几次拒绝了搬到大到住不起的房子里，她的母亲差一点同意搬到
那样的房子里。
? Comments,
? In view of Chinese expressions,the translation has become more coherent
except for perhaps the following points,First,the idea discussed in the
above comments remains insufficiently explicitly expressed; second,更坚毅
的判断 remains intact; the last two sentences on the whole,that is,她听到
没有什么环境符合她对舒服和安逸的看法，适合她大女儿周详的考虑。她大
女儿的更坚毅的判断曾经几次拒绝了搬到大到住不起的房子里，她的母亲差
一点同意搬到那样的房子里,could be rendered in a more authentic manner,
? C) Translation 3,
? 达施伍德夫人在诺兰一连住了好几个月，并不是未曾想过搬到别的地方去。
曾经有一段时间，一看到那些耳濡目染的东西，心里就非常难受，如今一切
都过去了，再也不想搬到别的房子里住了。她的精神开始恢复了，大脑也能
够关注别的东西了，不再专注于忧郁的痛苦回忆了，她懒得搬走了，也不再
不断地打听在诺兰附近可能找到合适的居所了，不可能从熟知的地点搬到人
地生疏的远处了。她听到没有什么地方，对她来说是舒服安逸的；没有什么
地方适合她大女儿那周详的考虑。她大女儿几次拒绝搬迁，她更坚毅地认为，
他们无力搬到大住所，虽然母亲曾经有此打算。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the idea discussed above is explicitly expressed
when并不是未曾想过搬到别的地方去 is inserted,clauses in the second
sentence are rearranged,and expressions in the last two sentences are
renewed,Consequently,the translation on the whole sounds more readable,
coherent and authentic,though occasionally somewhat irrespective of the
original,
? 50 Poor Joe‘s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he
did not visit the house,nor during that period did Miss Rebecca ever
mention his name,She was all respectful gratitude to Mrs,Sedley;
delighted beyond measure at the Bazaars; and in the whirl of
wonder at the theater,whither the good-natured lady took her,One
day,Amelia had a headache,and could not go upon some party of
pleasure to which the two young people were invited,nothing could
induce her friend to go without her,―What! You who have shown
the poor orphan what happiness and love are for the first time in
her life – quit you! Never!‖
? (From William Makepeace Thackeray,Vanity Fair)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences and a quotation,Of the three
sentences,the first can be regarded as a complex compound sentence,
composed of a main clause and two coordinate attributive clauses; the
second can be regarded as a complex sentence,composed of a main clause
and a further embedded adverbial clause of concession; the third could be
regarded as a compound complex sentence,composed of two coordinate
clauses,the first of which has an attributive clause embedded; and the
quotation consists of three interjectory sentences,the second of which has
an attributive clause embedded with an object clause further embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The third sentence begins with a nominal phrase,and the last interjectory
sentence in the quotation consists of a single adverb,Actually,the first
sentence could be rearranged like this,Poor Joe‘s panic lasted for two or
three days,during which he did not visit the house nor did Miss Rebecca
ever mention his name,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the three sentences,the third can be regarded as periodic in
structure while all the others,including those in the quotation are
loose in structure,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The three sentences are structurally complicated to some extent
and the second sentence in the quotation is also somewhat
complicated in structure,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The selection is structurally formal in that all the constituent
sentences are grammatically complete and free from colloquial
structures,although the sentences in the quotation bear spoken
language features,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures can be found,for example,
two or three; during which he did not visit the house,nor during
that period did Miss Rebecca ever mention his name; beyond
measure at the Bazaars; and in the whirl of wonder at the theater;
had a headache,and could not go upon… ; and happiness and
love,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,he is used to refer to Joe;
she is repeatedly used to refer to Miss Rebecca; headache is used
in connection with Amelia,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are used,for example,
period,mention,respectful,gratitude,delighted,measure,
theatre,pleasure,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 可怜的纠的惊恐持续了两三天。在此期间他没有参观房子，在此期间
婼贝卡小姐也没有提起他的名字。她对瑟德莉夫人既尊敬又感激。对
东方商业街她欣喜若狂，对剧院她奇想联翩，只要那位脾气好的夫人
带她去。有一天，爱米丽头痛，不能到某娱乐舞会上去，这两个年轻
人都收到了邀请。没有任何东西诱导她的朋友到那儿去而没有她一道。
,什么？你向那个孤儿在她的生命中第一次揭示了什么是幸福和爱，你 ——去你的！永远不！,
? Comments,
? By taking clause as a basic translation unit,we have produced a
translation without any problem with individual clauses but there
are some problems with textual coherence,For example,只要那位
脾气好的夫人带她去 and这两个年轻人都收到了邀请 should be
fronted in accordance with Chinese norms,
? B) Translation 2,
? 可怜的纠惊恐害怕了两三天。在此期间他没有看过房子，在此期间婼贝卡小
姐也没提起他的名字。对瑟德莉夫人，她既尊敬又感激。只要那位脾气好的
夫人带她去，她就对东方商业街欣喜若狂，对剧院她奇想联翩。有一天，两
个青年都收到了某娱乐晚会的邀请，而爱米丽头痛，不能去。没有任何东西
诱使她的朋友独自一人去了。, 什么？你在她的生命中第一次向那个孤儿揭
示了什么是幸福和爱，你 ——去你的！永远不！,
? Comments,
? In the present translation,all the above-mentioned weak points are
eliminated,and together with those unmentioned,However,in terms of
Chinese norms,there is still a large room for improvement,for example,两
个青年都收到了某娱乐晚会的邀请，而爱米丽头痛，不能去 could be
reorganized into 他们俩都收到了一家娱乐晚会的邀请，但爱米丽头痛去不成 ;
没有任何东西诱使她的朋友独自一人去了 could be reworded as 一个人去，
真是求之不得,and so on,
? C) Translation 3,
? 可怜的纠惊恐了两三天。在此期间他没有进过房门，婼贝卡小姐也没
提起过他的名字。对瑟德莉夫人，她既尊敬又感激。夫人性情善良，
只要夫人带她到东方商业街去，她就欣喜若狂；带她到剧院去，她就
奇想联翩。有一天，他们俩都收到了某乐舞会的邀请，可爱米丽头痛
去不成。她去不成，真是求之不得。, 什么？在她的生命中你第一次向那个孤儿揭示了幸福和爱，你 ——去你的！永远不要这样做！,
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the repeated 在此期间 is deleted; the new
rendering of the previous counterpart into 带她到东方商业街去，她
就欣喜若狂；带她到剧院去，她就奇想连翩 has produced some
parallel structures; 她去不成，真是求之不得 is now employed to
substitute for the previous counterpart,and so on,Consequently,
the present translation sounds more readable,coherent and
authentic,though occasionally somewhat irrespective of the original,
Exercises,
? 46 The village of Marlott lay amid the north-eastern undulations of the beautiful Vale of Blakemore or Blackmoor
aforesaid,an engirdled and secluded region,for the most part untrodden as yet by tourist or landscape-painter,
though within a four hours‘ journey from London,
? It is a vale whose acquaintance is best made by viewing it from the summits of the hills that surround it – except
perhaps during the droughts of summer,An unguided ramble into its recesses in bad weather is apt to engender
dissatisfaction with its narrow,tortuous,and miry ways,
? (From Thomas Hardy,Tess of the d’Urbervilles)
? 47 Thomas Gradgrind,sir,A man of realities,A man of facts and calculations,A man who proceeds upon the
principle that two and two are four,and nothing over,and who is not to be talked into allowing for anything over,
Thomas Gradgrind,sir – peremptorily Thomas – Thomas Gradgrind,With a rule and a pair of scales,and the
multiplication table always in his pocket,sir,ready to weigh and measure any parcel of human nature,and tell
you exactly what it comes to,It is a mere question of figures,a case of simple arithmetic,You might hope to get
some other nonsensical belief into the head of George Gradgrind,or Augustus Gradgrind,or John Gradgrind,or
Joseph Gradgrind (all suppositions,non-existent persons),but into the head of Thomas Gradgrind – no,sir!
? (From Charles Dickens,Hard Times)
? 48 The said Eliza,John and Georgiana were now clustered round their mamma in the drawing-room,she lay
reclined on a sofa by the fireside,and with her darlings about her (for the time neither quarreling nor crying)
looked perfectly happy,Me,she had dispensed from joining the group,saying,―She regretted to be under the
necessity of keeping me at a distance; but that until she heard from Bessie,and could discover by her own
observation that I was endeavoring in good earnest to acquire a more sociable and childlike disposition,a more
attractive and sprightly manner – something lighter,franker,more natural,as it were – she really must exclude
me from privileges intended only for contented,happy little children.‖
? (From Charlotte Bronte,Jane Eyre)
? 49 Bessie invited him to walk into the breakfast room and led the way out,In the interview which
followed between him and Mrs,Reed,I presume,from after occurrences,that the apothecary
ventured to recommend my being sent to school; and the recommendation was no doubt readily
enough adopted; for as Abbot said,in discussing the subject with Bessie,when both sat sewing in the nursery on night after I was in bed,and as they thought,asleep,―Missis was,she dared
say,glad enough to get rid of such a tiresome ill-conditioned child,who always looked as if she were watching everybody,and scheming plots underhand.‖ Abbot,I think,gave me credit for
being a sort of infantine Guy Fawkes,
? (From Charlotte Bronte,Jane Eyre)
? 50 Wonderful fact to reflect upon,that every human creature is constituted to be that profound
secret and mystery to every other,A solemn consideration,when I enter a great city by night,
that every one of those darkly clustered houses encloses its own secret; that every room in every
one of them encloses its own secret; that every beating heart in the hundreds of thousands of
breasts there,is,in some of its imaginings,a secret to the heart nearest it! Something of the
awfulness,even of Death itself,is referable to this,No more can I turn the leaves of this dear
book that I loved,and vainly hope in time to read it all,No more can I look into the depths of this
unfathomable water,wherein,as momentary lights glanced into it,I have had glimpses of buried
treasure and other things submerged,
? (From Charles Dickens,A Tale of Two Cities)
第三节 美国小说汉译（ 1）
? 51 In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me
some advice that I‘ve been turning over in my mind ever since,
? ―Whenever you feel like criticizing any one,‖ he told me,―just
remember that all the people in this world haven‘t had the
advantages that you‘ve had.‖
? He didn‘t say any more,but we‘ve always been unusually
communicative in a reserved way,and I understood that he meant
a great deal more than that,In consequence,I‘m inclined to reserve
all judgments,a habit that has opened up many curious natures to
me and also made me the victim of not a few veteran bores,The
abnormal mind is quick to detect and attach itself to this quality
when it appears in a normal person,and so it came about that in
college I was unjustly accused of being a politician,because I was
privy to the secret griefs of wild,unknown men,
? (From F,Scott Fitzgerald,The Great Gatsby)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three paragraphs,of which the first paragraph consists of a
single sentence,which is complex in structure,consisting of a main clause and a
nominal clause appositive to some advice,The second paragraph is composed of a
quotation together with the reporting clause,The quotation is a sentence,complex in
structure,consisting of an adverbial clause of concession and an imperative main
clause,which contains an object clause with an attributive clause further embedded,
The last paragraph consists of three sentences,of which the first is a compound
sentence,consisting of two coordinate clauses,of which the first is again compound
in structure,composed of two coordinate clauses and the second has an object
clause embedded,The second can be regarded as a complex sentence consists of a
clause and an attributive clause embedded in the nominal phrase a habit that …,
The last is a compound complex sentence,consisting of two coordinate clauses,the
first of which consists of a main clause and adverbial clause of time,and the second
of which consists of a main clause and an adverbial clause of reason,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The sentence in the first paragraph begins with a
prepositional phrase and the sentence in the quotation
begins with an adverbial clause,In the last paragraph,
the second sentence begins with a prepositional phrase
and the nominal phrase a habit together with the
embedded attributive clause is in apposition to what has
gone before; and in the last sentence,that is,in so it
came about that in college I was unjustly accused of
being a politician,it serves as the formal subject while
the clause serves as the real subject,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? It is a piece of first person narration,in which,however,
the first person is not necessarily equal to the author in
the world of reality,This piece of writing is ironic in tone
as is clearly demonstrated by the passage I‘m inclined to
reserve… because I was privy to the secret griefs of wild,
unknown men,The narrator conveys his idea not in a
straightforward way but in a roundabout way,from what
his father had told him to the formation of his habit and
then to his becoming the victim of that habit,and so on,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the five sentences,except for the first sentence in the last paragraph,all
the other four are periodic sentences,for the reason that the first sentence
in the first paragraph begins with a prepositional phrase; the sentence in
the quotation begins with an adverbial clause; the second sentence in the
last paragraph begins with a prepositional phrase and the last sentence in
the paragraph has formal subject to substitute for the real subject in the
adverbial clause of time,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Of all the five sentences,the first,the sentence in the quotation and the
fourth are complex in structure,each containing a main clause and a
subordinate clause; the third is a compound sentence while the fifth is a
compound complex sentence,In this sense,all the five sentences are
structurally complicated to some extent,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical completeness
and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for
example,younger and more vulnerable; has opened up many
curious natures to me and also made me the victim of not a few
veteran bores; detect and attach; and wild and unknown,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,I and my are repeatedly
used; vulnerable is used as semantic repetition of younger;
reserve is used as a partial repetition of reserved; he is used to
refer back to my father,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,can be found in the
selection,for example,vulnerable,criticizing,remember,
advantage,unusually,communicative,reserved,understand,
consequence,inclined,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 在我还比较年轻更容易受到攻击的岁月里，我父亲给了我一些忠告，这些忠告自那以
来一直在我的脑海里翻腾。
?, 无论什么时候你想要批评哪个人,” 他告诉我说,,要记住在这个世界上所有的人
都没有你所具有的优点。,
? 他没有说更多的，但我们一直用保守的形式不同平常地交际着，我理解他的意思比那
要多得多。结果，我倾向于保留一切判断，这是一种习惯，它为我打开了许许多多好
奇的本性，也使我成了许许多多老道的令人讨厌的人的牺牲品。非正常的头脑很快就
会发现这种品质，并对之锲而不舍，当它出现在正常人身上的时候。因此，这种事发
生了，在大学里，我被人们不公正地指摘为政客，因为我对那些野蛮的、鲜为人知的
人们的秘密的苦楚感兴趣。
? Comments,
? The present translation is only superficially executed,both lexically and structurally,
For example,the expressions such as 更容易受到攻击的岁月里 in the first sentence;
不同平常地交际着 and我理解他的意思比那要多得多 in the third; 我倾向于保留一切判
断 in the fourth; 打开了许许多多好奇的本性 in the fifth; and others,are not as
authentic as any Chinese would expect,In addition,当它出现在正常人身上的时候,
normally,should be fronted,
? B) Translation 2,
? 在我还比较年轻、不懂得如何保护自己的岁月里，父亲给过我一些忠告，这些忠告打
那以来一直在我的脑海里翻腾。
?, 当你想要批评某个人的时候,” 他对我说,,始终要记住在这个世界上所有的人都
没有你所具有的优点。,
? 他没有说更多的，但我们一直有保留地攀谈着，谈得很频繁。我懂得，他那话的意思
要比字面上的多得多。结果，我倾向于保留一切看法，成了习惯。这种习惯，使我看
到了我具有好多好奇的本性，也使我成了许多老道的闲言碎语的牺牲品。非正常的想
法，一旦出现在正常人的身上，很快就会发现这种品质，并对之锲而不舍。于是，发
生了这种事，在大学里，我被人们不公正地指摘为政客，因为我想探知那些野蛮的、
鲜为人知的人们的秘密的悲伤。
? Comments,
? The present translation has got rid of all the weak points discussed in the previous
comments,However,first,if we believe that in translating any literary work,the
product should also be literary,against the literary norms of the recipient culture,
Second,if the language is authentic against the standards of the recipient language,
so much the better,Then the above translation could be improved throughout,
? C) Translation 3,
? 当我还比较年轻、不谙世故的时候，父亲曾提醒过我，他的话一直在我的脑海里翻腾。
?, 当你想批评别人的时候,” 他对我说,,始终要牢记，你的强项必须是世人所望尘
莫及的。,
? 他没有告知所以。我们经常一起交谈，虽然总是意犹未尽。我深知，他那话意味深长。
受其影响，我有什么想法，总喜欢欲言又止，习以为常了。习惯养成之后，我发现自
己很有好奇心，也成了许多老道的闲言碎语的攻击对象。奇怪的想法，一旦出现在正
常人的脑海里，就会产生好奇，而且挥之不去。于是就有了这种事。在大学里，我被
人误认为是政客，因为我想探知那些野蛮的、鲜为人知的人们的深埋心底的凄苦。
? Comments,
? The present translation looks like a piece of rewriting,but if we go deep into the
original,we will find that every bit of the original idea could be identified in the
translation,though their superficial equivalents could no longer be located,In other
words,every word,every phrase,every clause,every sentence,and consequently the
translation as a whole,sound like typical Chinese writing,
? 52 About half way between West Egg and New York the motor road
hastily joins the railroad and runs beside it for a quarter of a mile,
so as to shrink away from a certain desolate area of land,This is a
valley of ashes — a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into
ridges and hills and grotesque gardens; where ashes take the forms
of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and,finally,with a
transcendent effort,of ash-gray men who move dimly and already
crumbling through the powdery air,Occasionally a line of gray cars
crawls along an invisible track,gives out a ghastly creak,and comes
to rest,and immediately the ash-gray men swarm up with leaden
spades and stir up an impenetrable cloud,which screens their
obscure operations from your sight,
? (From F,Scott Fitzgerald,The Great Gatsby)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the first is actually a
simple sentence; the second can be regarded as a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and two coordinate attributive clauses
embedded in the nominal phrase a fantastic farm,and in the second
adverbial clause,there is an attributive clause further embedded; and the
last is a compound complex sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses,
the second of which has an attributive clause further embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase,and the infinitive
phrase so as to shrink away from… can be interpreted as a device to
express a result with the meaning of consequently,it shrinks away from…,
In the second sentence,the noun phrase after the dash together with the
attributive clauses is in apposition to what has gone before,In the last
sentence,the two coordinate clauses each begin with an adverb,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The first is a periodic sentence,beginning with a prepositional phrase; the second is
also periodic if the part after the dash is regarded as a parenthetic structure; and the
third sentence is periodic in that it each of the coordinate clauses begins with an
adverb,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The three sentences are all structurally complicated to some extent,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All sentences are all grammatically formal for their grammatical completeness and
freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? There are some parallel structures,for example,West Egg and New York; joins the
railroad and runs beside it; a valley of ashes — a fantastic farm; where ashes grow
like…,where ashes take the form of… ; houses and chimneys and rising smoke; of
houses and chimneys and rising smoke and,finally,with a transcendent effort,of
ash-gray men… ; crawls along an invisible track,gives out a ghastly creak,and comes
to rest; and swarm up with leaden spades and stir up an impenetrable cloud,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,land,ridges,hills,gardens and farm
are semantically related; road is used in contrast with railroad; houses,
chimneys and rising smoke are semantically related; creak,come to rest
and cars are also semantically related; ashes and ash-gray are repeated;
gray is used as a partial repetition of ash-gray; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,can also be found,for example,
quarter,certain,desolate,fantastic,grotesque,transcendent,
occasionally,invisible,immediately and so on,
? In addition,the ironic tone here is more apparent in the description of
the valley,the dust smoke in various forms,the movement and the
stopping manner of the cars,the movement and the working manners of
the workers,etc,In understanding the passage,the reader is in bad
need of life experience and imagination,Whoever reads the text literally,
every bit of the text will present great difficulty,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 大约在西艾戈和纽约之间的半路上，汽车道靠近了火车道，在火车道的旁边延伸了四
分之一英里，结果从某个被抛弃的区域收缩得看不见了。这是一个灰烬峡谷 ——一个
令人惊喜的农场，那儿灰烬像小麦一样长进了山脊、山包和人景交融的花园；那儿灰
烬成了房屋、烟囱、升起的烟，最终，以超凡的努力，形成了灰蒙蒙的人。这些人朦
胧地移动着，已经在分崩离析以便穿过粉尘状的空气。偶尔灰色的小汽车形成一条线
沿着看不见得路基爬行着，怪叫了一声，停了下来。很快，一群灰蒙蒙的人菌集在一
起，带着沉重的铁锹，掀起一股这边看不见那边的烟云，这股烟云屏遮了你的眼睛，
看不见那些模糊的行动。
? Comments,
? People often say that literary translation is more difficult than others,From the above
translation,we have to confirm that there is some truth in it,In translating any
literary work,we usually do not encounter as much structural difficulty as we can in
translating a speech at or a piece of writing about an international conference,nor as
much as we can in translating an inauguration,However,the words,phrases,clauses,
sentences or the wording as a whole should be reorganized in accordance with the
norms of the recipient genre and language,and the culture behind them,Otherwise,
the translation would sound exotic,if still readable,
? B) Translation 2,
? 在西艾戈和纽约之间，汽车道挨近了火车道，向前延伸了四分之一英 里，就收缩到某个被抛弃的区域里了。这是一个灰烬峡谷 ——一个令
人惊喜的农场，那儿灰烬像小麦一样长进了山脊、小山与人和植物和
谐相处的园林；那儿灰烬变成了房屋、烟囱、升起的炊烟，最终，以
超凡之力，变成了灰蒙蒙的人。这些人朦胧地移动着，正在分解以便
穿过粉尘状的空气。偶尔灰色的小汽车一辆接一辆沿着看不见的路基
爬行，怪叫了一声，停了下来。很快，一群灰蒙蒙的人聚集到一起，
带着沉重的铁锹，掀起一股这边看不见那边的烟云，这股烟云屏遮了
你的眼睛，看不见那些模糊的行动。
? Comments,
? By following the original closely,though not as closely as we did in
the previous translation,we have produced a better version,
However,it does not sound typically literary or authentic in the
Chinese sense,
? C) Translation 3,
? 在西艾戈和纽约之间，汽车道紧挨着火车道，并行四分之一英里，便钻进了一个被遗
弃的区域，一个灰烬之谷，一片原本令人流连忘返的农村。可现在灰烬像小麦一样长
进了山脊，长进了小山，长进了人面桃花的园林；那儿尘土飞扬，腾空而起，像田舍，
似烟囱，有如袅袅炊烟，最终，以超凡脱俗之力，变成尘雕灰塑的人。这些灰人在朦
胧中蹒跚了一会，便肢解体裂，以便穿越布满粉尘的天空。偶尔，灰色的小汽车一辆
接一辆爬行，只见车辆不见路基，突然哀叫一声，停了下来。很快，一群灰蒙蒙的人，
扛着沉重的铁锹，聚拢过来，掀起一股厚厚的烟云，遮住视线，看不清他们在做什么。
? Comments,
? The present translation serves to express what the original author wants to say,
though in some places,irrespective of the original structure and wording,To the
Chinese ear,however,it sounds literary and authentic to a greater extent than the
previous translation,By the way,we are not actually in favor of deviation from the
original completely,but by deviating from the original to some extent,we can reveal
to our students the fact that translation with some deviation is not only acceptable
but also necessary,though compulsory,
? 53 But here is an artist,He desires to paint you the dreamiest,
shadiest,quietest,most enchanting bit of romantic landscape in all
the valley of the Saco,What is the chief element he employs? There
stand his trees,each with a hollow trunk,as if a hermit and a
crucifix were within; and here sleeps his meadow,and there sleep
his cattle; and up from yonder cottage goes a sleepy smoke,Deep
into distant woodlands winds a mazy way,reaching to overlapping
spurs of mountains bathed in their hillside blue,But though picture
lies thus tranced,and though this pine-tree shakes down its sighs
like leaves upon this shepherd‘s head,yet all were vain,unless the
shepherd‘s eye were fixed upon the magic stream before him,
? (From Herman Melville,Moby-Dick)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of six sentences,of which the first two are simple sentences;
the third is a complex interrogative sentence,composed of a main clause and an
attributive clause; the fourth is a compound complex sentence,composed of two
coordinate clauses,of which the first is also compound in structure,composed of
three coordinate clauses,of which the first has an adverbial clause of manner further
embedded besides a parenthetic structure embedded before it; the fifth is a simple
sentence; and the last is a complex compound sentence,consisting of two coordinate
adverbial clauses of concession,a main clause and an adverbial clause of condition,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with an adverb; the clauses in the fourth sentence each
begin with the adverb where or here,and up from yonder cottage goes a sleepy
smoke is in inverted order; the fifth sentence is in inverted order; and the last
sentence begins with two coordinate adverbial clauses besides but,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The first three are loose sentences while the last three are periodic
sentences for the reason that the fourth begins with an adverb and
has a parenthesis embedded,that is,each with a hollow trunk,and
the last clause is in inverted order; the fifth begins with an adjective
phrase,the last begins with two coordinate adverbial clauses,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the sentences are not structurally complicated except perhaps
the third,a complex sentence; the fourth,a compound complex
sentence; and the sixth,a complex sentence,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal in that they are all
grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,
dreamiest,shadiest,quietest,most enchanting; here sleeps his meadow,
and there sleep his cattle; there stand his trees,each with a hollow
trunk,… ; and here sleeps his meadow,and there sleep his cattle; up from
yonder cottage goes a sleepy smoke and deep into distant woodlands
winds a mazy way… ; and though picture lies thus tranced,and though this
pine-tree shakes down its sighs like leaves upon this shepherd‘s head,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,he and his are repeatedly used to
stand for the artist; here and there are repeatedly used,indicating that the
writing follows a spatial development; landscape,woodland,valley,
mountains,hillside,stream,cottage and smoke are semantically related in
the context; trees,trunk,pine-tree and so on are also semantically related
in the context,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words can sometimes be found,
for example,desire,enchanting,romantic,landscape,
hermit,employ,crucifix,overlapping,mountains,and
so on,In addition,the narration is in third person and
the narrator tells the story from the angle of an
onlooker engaged in an implied dialogue with you on
the other side,Examined independently,the passage
carries a tone not so series nor ironic either,On the
whole it sounds a bit exotic and odd,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 可是，这儿有一位艺术家。他希望为你画一幅最梦幻的、最阴影的、最安静
的、最迷人的罗曼蒂克式的包揽撒科山谷所有山水的画。他所利用的主要元
素是什么？那儿站立着许多树，每棵树干都是空心的，就好像里面有一位隐
士和一个小十字架；这儿躺着草坪，那儿睡着牛群；从远处的村庄，升起一
股昏昏欲睡的炊烟。通向远方的树林深处，蜿蜒着一条迷宫似的小道，抵达
突出出来而又相互重叠的山脊，浸泡在山边的一片蔚蓝之中。虽然画是那样
的空濛，那松树颤抖下了声声叹息，就像落在牧童头上的树叶一样，然而，
一切都是虚无的，除非牧童的眼睛静止在他前面的那魔术般的溪流上。
? Comments,
? Possibly,to some,to students,for example,the translation is reluctantly
acceptable,for every bit of ideas in the original could be found there,And it
does not sound as exotic as many others that we have offered our
comments on,However,we could change the wording and structure so that
it may sound more literary and authentic,
? B) Translation 2,
? 然而，这儿有一位画家。他希望为你画一幅最梦幻、最朦胧、最静谧、最富
诗意的包容撒科山谷所有山水的浪漫山水画。他所使用的主要元素是什么？
那儿有许多树，每棵树的树干都是空的，里面似乎有一位挂着小十字架的隐
士；这儿躺着草坪，那儿睡着牛群；远处的村庄，升起一股昏昏欲睡的炊烟。
一条迷宫小道，蜿蜒曲折，通向远处的树林深处，抵达突出而交错的山脊，
浸泡在山边的一片清翠之中。虽然画是那样的空濛，虽然那松树颤抖下了声
声叹息，就像落在牧羊人头上的树叶一样，然而，一切都是虚无的，除非牧
羊人的眼睛盯在他前面的那神奇的溪流上。
? Comments,
? The translation has improved on the previous here and there and
consequently the ideas the original author wants to express become more
explicit and the translation sounds more authentic in the Chinese sense,
However,improvements could further be made to enhance the readability,
? C) Translation 3,
? 可是，有位画家想将撒科山谷的山水画成一幅画，一幅一览无余的画，一幅最梦幻、
最朦胧、最静谧、最富诗意的浪漫山水画。他主要使用的是什么？你看，树木森森，
树干空空，里面仿佛隐藏着一位隐士，佩带十字架；草坪躺着，牛群睡着；远处的村
庄，炊烟袅袅，昏昏欲睡。一条小道，径迷途隐，曲折蜿蜒，通向远处的丛林深处，
穿过层叠的山脊，隐逸在山边的滴滴清翠之中。画虽是那样的空濛，松树虽颤抖下声
声叹息，就像落叶撒在牧童的头上一样，然而，万物空灵，只有牧童的眼睛盯着面前
那神奇的潺潺溪流。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made when long clauses are chopped into pieces,mainly in
phrase of three or four characters,intervened by some longer ones here and there,
And the first sentence in the translation is organized in a pure Chinese way,a literary
way,too,In this way,readability is much more enhanced,and it sounds perhaps
more literary and authentic,though in the process,the structures of the original is
broken up and reorganized again and again,a process,as is usually called with
regard to poetry translation,of dissembling and assembling,
? 54 Now,when I say that I am in the habit of going to sea whenever
I begin to grow hazy about the eyes,and begin to be over
conscious of my lungs,I do not mean to have it inferred that I ever
go to sea as a passenger,For to go as a passenger you must needs
have a purse,and a purse is but a rag unless you have something in
it,Besides,passengers get seasick — grow quarrelsome — don‘t
sleep of nights — do not enjoy themselves much,as a general
thing; — no,I never go as a passenger,nor,though I am
something of a salt,do I ever go to sea as a Commodore,or a
Captain,or a Cook,I abandon the glory and distinction of such
offices to those who like them,For my part,I abominate all
honorable respectable toils,trials,and tribulations of every kind
whatsoever,
? (From Herman Melville,Moby-Dick)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of five sentences,of which the first is a
complex sentence,consisting of an adverbial clause of time and a
main clause; the adverbial clause of time in turn is complex in
structure,composed of a main clause and an object clause with an
adverbial clause of time further embedded; and the main clause is
again complex in structure,composed of a main cause and an
object clause,The second is a compound sentence,consisting of
two coordinate clauses,The third is a compound complex sentence,
consisting of two coordinate clauses,the second of which in turn is
composed of two coordinate clauses,the second of which has an
adverbial clause of concession further embedded; the fourth is a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive
clause; and the fifth is a simple sentence,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with an adverb and an adverbial clause of
time with further embeddings,and in the main clause,it is the
formal object while that I ever go to sea as a passenger is the real
subject,In the second sentence,which begins with an elliptic
adverbial clause of reason,you must needs have a purse simply
means you must have a purse,and the but in and a purse is but a
rag… means only,In the third sentence,which begins with an
adverb,passengers get seasick — grow quarrelsome — don‘t sleep
of nights — do not enjoy themselves much,as a general thing; —…,
means passengers get seasick,grow quarrelsome,don‘t sleep of
nights,do not enjoy themselves much,as a general thing;…, In the
structure,nor,…,,do I ever go to sea as… is cut off by the
parenthesis though I am something of a salt,And the fifth sentence
begins with a prepositional phrase,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The first sentence is periodic in that it begins with an adverb together with
along adverbial clause of time; the second sentence is also periodic in that
it begins with an elliptic adverbial clause of reason; the third sentence
begins with an adverbial phrase,and in the sentence the adverbial clause
of concession can be regarded as a parenthesis; the fourth is a loose
sentence while the fifth is periodic for it begins with a prepositional phrase,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the sentences are not very complicated and in the selection,there are
some colloquial structures,for example,the frequently used dashes; nor in
the last but two lines looks like a parenthesis,and needs in the third line is
used between must and have,etc,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The selection on the whole presents more written features than spoken
ones,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,begin to
grow hazy about the eyes,and begin to be over conscious of my lungs; get
seasick — grow quarrelsome — don‘t sleep of nights — do not enjoy themselves
much,as a general thing; a Commodore,or a Captain,or a Cook; glory and
distinction; honorable and respectable; and toils,trials,and tribulations,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,I,sea,the sea and go to sea are repeatedly
used; my is repeated and used to stand for I; you,as an imaginary interlocutor,is
repeated and used in contrast with I; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Some formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for example,
conscious,infer,passenger,quarrelsome,general,commodore,captain,abandon,
distinction,abominate,honorable,respectable,tribulation,and others,In addition,
this piece of narration is in first person,which should not be,however,confused
with the author,Actually,the idea of the text is quite simple in that it can be
reduced into ―I am in the habit of going to sea‖,However,the simple idea is
expressed in a roundabout way,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 现在，当我说我习惯到大海去，每当我开始对眼睛变得越来越模糊时，每当我开始对
我的肺过多地注意时，我的意思不是让别人推导出我以旅客的身份到大海去。因为以
旅客的身份到大海去，你得有钱包。一只钱包只不过是个麻袋片，除非里面有点东西。
另外，旅客容易晕船 ——容易吵吵闹闹 ——夜里睡不着觉 ——自己也得不到享乐，作
为一种总体的东西； ——不，我决不以旅客的身份去。我虽然也有点身份，但我决不
以海军准将、上校或库克船长那样的身份去。我放弃这些官职的荣誉和地位，给那些
喜欢它们的人们。对我来说，我厌恶所有的荣誉的令人尊敬的劳累、考验和令人痛苦
的东西，不管是哪一类型的。
? Comments,
? Generally speaking,every idea in the original could be found in the translation,
However,it seems that the translation follows the original structure,and in some
cases,the vocabulary,a little too strictly,Consequently,it sounds somewhat exotic,
For example,in the original,每当我开始对眼睛变得越来越模糊时，每当我开始对我的
肺过多地注意时 is used to modify 我说我习惯到大海去 ; but in the translation,the
relation becomes ambiguous; 作为一种总体的东西 in the usual case of translation
should be fronted; and 厌恶所有的荣誉的令人尊敬的劳累、考验和令人痛苦的东西
presents difficulty for the reader in his understanding,
? B) Translation 2,
? 每当我对眼睛的认识越来越模糊的时候，每当我对我的肺过度注意的
时候，我就说我有到大海去的习惯。我这样说，意思不是说要以旅客
的身份到大海去。因为以旅客的身份去大海，得有钱包。而钱包里面
如果没有点东西，就是个麻袋片。另外，总体说来，旅客容易晕船 —
—容易吵吵闹闹 ——容易夜不成眠 ——难以得到享受； ——不，我决
不以旅客的身份去。我虽有点身份，但也决不以海军准将、上校或库
克船长那样的身份去。我放弃这些荣誉和地位，让给喜欢它们的人们。
在我看来，我厌恶所有的荣誉的令人尊敬的劳累、考验和令人痛苦的
东西，讨厌诸如此类的一切东西。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made when the two clauses in the first sentence
are fronted and some expressions are structurally changed,
However,the translation still sounds somewhat exotic,especially
the very last sentence,which actually remains intact,
? C) Translation 3,
? 每当我为双眼发愁、为两肺担忧的时候，就说我有去大海的习惯。这样说，并不意味
着要去做旅客。因为出海旅游，得有钱包。钱包里如果没有钱，就是个废物。还有，
一般说来，旅客容易晕船，容易焦躁不安，容易夜不能寐。总之，难以自享其乐。不，
我决不做旅客。我虽有点身份，但也决不以海军将领、校官或船长的身份去。我放弃
这些荣誉和地位，谁喜欢就给谁。在我看来，这些职位虽然荣耀，虽然备受青睐，但
也劳累，也考验人，也吃苦，我讨厌这些东西，讨厌所有的诸如此类的东西。
? Comments,
? With long clauses chopped short,ready expressions used as replacements,cohesive
devices duly inserted and other measures taken,the present translation,
consequently,sounds more literary and authentic,Analyzed in detail,we will find that
in the translation,we have used more parallel structures than in the original,For
example,为双眼发愁、为两肺担忧 ; 容易晕船，容易焦躁不安，容易夜不能寐 ; 海军将
领、校官或船长 ; 荣誉和地位 ; 虽然荣耀，虽然备受青睐 ; 也劳累，也考验人，也吃苦
and 讨厌这些东西，讨厌所有的诸如此类的东西, And almost all the parallel structures
are parallel in the number of characters used,In addition,in some cases,more
abstract terms are used in the translation,for example,废物 ; 海军将领 ; 校官 and船长,
? 55 I scarcely know where to begin,though I sometimes
facetiously place the cause of it all to Charley Furuseth‘s
credit,He kept a summer cottage in Mill Valley,under
the shadow of Mount Tamalpais,and never occupied it
except when he loafed through the winter months and
read Nietzsche and Schopenhauer to rest his brain,
When summer came on,he elected to sweat out a hot
and dusty existence in the city and to toil incessantly,
Had it not been my custom to run up to see him every
Saturday afternoon and to stop over till Monday morning,
this particular January Monday morning would not have
found me afloat on San Francisco Bay,
? (From Jack London,The Sea Wolf)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of four complex sentences,of which the first is a
complex sentence,consisting of a main clause and an adverbial clause of
concession,and the in main clause,there is an elliptic object clause,The
second is again a complex sentence,consisting of a main clause and an
adverbial clause of time,The third is also a complex sentence,consisting of
an adverbial clause of time and a main clause,And the last is once more a
complex sentence,consisting of an adverbial clause of condition and a main
clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The second sentence has under the shadow of Mount Tamalpais embedded
as a parenthesis; the third sentence begins with an adverbial clause; and
the last sentence,beginning with an adverbial clause,is in subjunctive
mood,and it is marked by the fact that in the adverbial clause of condition,
if is omitted and accordingly,the subject and the predicate verb phrase is
partially inverted,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the four sentences,the first is loose while the other three are
periodic for the reason that the second sentence has a parenthetic
structure embedded and the other two each begin with an
adverbial clause,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the sentences are not grammatically very complicated,for each
has only one or two subordinate clauses embedded,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? The two predicates in the main clause of the second sentence are
parallel to each other and the adverbial clause of time in the same
sentence also consists of two parallel predicates,In the third sentence,
the two infinitive phrases in the main clause are parallel to each other
and the same is true with the two infinitive phrases in the conditional
clause of the last sentence,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,I is repeatedly used; he is
repeatedly used to refer to Charley Furuseth; Monday morning is
repeated,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,some formal words,including one or two
nominalizations,are used,for example,facetiously,shadow,incessantly,
particular,custom,existence,and others,In addition,the narration is in
the first person,for the involvement of the reader onto the scene
described,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 我几乎不知道从什么地方开始，虽然我有时开玩笑地将这件事的一切原因都
归功于查理,弗卢瑟斯。他在米尔,韦利有一幢夏日住房，在塔玛尔佩斯山脚下
的阴凉地里。他从不住在那里，除非他在冬季里无所事事，阅读尼切和萧翉
豪尔以休息他的大脑。夏日来到了，他选择在城里过炎热、有灰尘的流汗日
子，不停地劳作。要不是我有习惯每个星期六下午到那儿去看他，在那儿一
直过到星期一上午，这个特别的元月星期一的上午就看不到我在旧金山海湾
漂流。
? Comments,
? The translation is executed by following the original clause by clause,
sentence by sentence,To some,it is reluctantly acceptable,though possible
to be read with some difficulty,For example,在塔玛尔佩斯山脚下的阴凉地
里 could either be fronted or reworded and the same is true with 阅读尼切和
萧翉豪尔以休息他的大脑, All these,together with others,point to the fact
that the translation could be structured and reworded,
? B) Translation 2,
? 我几乎不知道从什么地方开始，虽然有时开玩笑地将一切都归因于查理,弗卢
瑟斯。他在米尔,韦利有一幢消夏用的房子，建在塔玛尔佩斯山下的阴凉地里。
他从不到那里去住，只有当冬季里无所事事时，到那里阅读尼切和萧翉豪尔
以便让大脑休息一下。夏日来到了，他宁愿呆在炎热、肮脏的城市里流汗，
不停顿地劳作。要不是我习惯星期六下午到那儿去看他，一直呆到星期一上
午，这个特别的元月星期一的上午就见不到我在旧金山海湾漂流。
? Comments,
? Compared with the previous,minor changes could be found throughout
and some magnificent changes could be found occasionally,For example,
建在塔玛尔佩斯山下的阴凉地里 ; 到那里阅读尼切和萧翉豪尔以便让大脑休息
一下,and others are used to substitute for the previous translations,
However,the basic structures of the previous translation on the whole
remain almost intact,
? C) Translation 3,
? 我几乎不知从何入手，虽然有时开玩笑地说，一切都应归功于查理,弗
卢瑟斯。他在米尔,韦利有一幢避暑用房，建在塔玛尔佩斯山下的阴凉
地里。他从不住到那里，冬天到了，无所事事，他才到那里阅读尼切、
萧翉豪尔之类的闲书，以便养精蓄锐。夏天到了，城市里赤日炎炎，
灰尘扑面，他宁愿呆在那儿，流汗夹背，劳累终日。星期六下午我总
要去看他，过上一夜，第二天上午回来，要不是这样，今天，元月星
期一的上午，就见不到我在旧金山海湾漂流了。
? Comments,
? In making improvements on the previous translation,long
clauses are cut short,four character phrases are used here and
there,and other betterments are made throughout,Consequently,
the translation sounds more literary and authentic,and reads more
fluently,though changes irrespective of the original structures make
it look like a piece of rewriting to a great extent,
Exercises,
? 51 And after boasting this way of my tolerance,I come to the admission that it has a limit,Conduct may be
founded on the hard rock or the wet marshes,but after a certain point I don‘t t care what it‘s founded on,When
I came back from the East last autumn I felt that I wanted the world to be in uniform and at a sort of moral
attention forever,I wanted no more riotous excursions with privileged glimpses into the human heart,On Gatsby,
the man who gives his name to this book,was exempt from my reaction — Gatsby,who represented everything
for which I have an unaffected scorn,
? (From F,Scott Fitzgerald,The Great Gatsby)
? 52 I followed him over a low whatewahsed railroad fence,and we walked back a hundred yards along the road
under Doctor Eckleburg‘s persistent stare,The only building in sight was a small block of yellow brick sitting on
the edge of the waste land,a sort of compact Main Street ministering to it,and contiguous to absolutely nothing,
One of the three shops it contained was fro rent and another was an all-night restaurant,approached by a trail of
ashes; the third was a garage — Repairs,GEORGE B,WILSON,Cars bought and sold — and I followed Tom
inside,
? (From F,Scott Fitzgerald,The Great Gatsby)
? 53 I stuffed a shirt or two into my old carpet-bag,tucked it under my arm,and started for Cape Horn and the
Pacific,Quitting the good city of Manhatto,I duly arrived in New Bedford,It was on a Saturday night in December,
Much was I disappointed upon learning that the little packet for Nantucket had already sailed,and that no way of
reaching that place would offer,till the following Monday,
? As most young candidates for the pains and penalties of whaling stop at this same New Bedford,thence to
embark on their voyage,it may as well be related that I,for one,had no idea of so doing,For my mind was made
up to sail in no other than Nantucket craft,because there was a fine,boisterous something about everything
connected with that famous old island,which amazingly pleased me,
? (Herman Melville,Moby-Dick)
? 54 There now is your insular city of the Mangattoes,belted round by wharves as Indian isles by
coral reefs — commerce surrounds it with her surf,Right and left,the streets take you waterward,
Its extreme downtown is the battery,where that noble mole is washed by waves,and cooled by
breezes,which a few hours previous were out of sight of land,Look at the crowds of water-
gazers there,
? Circumambulate the city of a dreamy Sabbath afternoon,Go from Corlears Hook to Coenties Slip,
and from thence,by Whitehall,northward,What do you see? — Posted like silent sentinels all
around the town,stand thousands upon thousands of mortal men fixed in ocean reveries,Some
leaning against the spiles; some seated upon pier-heads; some looking over the bulwarks of ships
from China; some high aloft in the rigging,as if striving to get a still better seaward peep,
? (From Herman Melville,Moby-Dick)
? 55 Not but that I was afloat in a safe craft for the Martinez was a new ferry-steamer,making her
fourth or fifth trip on the run between Sausalito and San Francisco,The danger lay in the heavy fog which blanketed the bay,and of which,as a landsman,I had little apprehension,In fact,I
remember the placid exaltation with which I took up my position on the forward upper deck,
directly beneath the pilothouse,and allowed the mystery of the fog to lay hold of my imagination,
A fresh breeze was blowing,and for a time I am alone in the moist obscurity — yet not alone,for
I was dimly conscious of the presence of the pilot,and of what I took to be the captain,in the
glass house above my head,
? (From Jack London,The Sea Wolf)
第四节 美国小说汉译（ 2）
? 56 I remember thinking how comfortable it was,this division of
labor which made it unnecessary for me to study fogs,winds,tides,
and navigation,in order to visit my friend who lived across an arm
of the sea,It was good that men should be specialists,I mused,
The peculiar knowledge of the pilot and captain sufficed for many
thousands of people who knew no more of the sea and navigation
than I knew,On the other hand,instead of having to devote my
energy to the learning of a multitude of things,I concentrated it
upon a few particular things,such as,for instance,the analysis of
Poe‘s place in American literature — an essay of mine,by the way,
in the current Atlantic,
? (From Jack London,The Sea Wolf)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of four sentences,of which the first is a
complex sentence,consisting of a main clause,a clause serving as
the object of the gerund thinking and an attributive clause in the
middle of the sentence with another attributive clause further
embedded at the end of the sentence; the second is also a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and an object clause,which is
in turn composed of a main clause and a predicative clause; the
third is again a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and
an attributive clause with an adverbial clause of comparison further
embedded; and the last is a simple sentence,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the main clause of the first sentence,specifically in
the object of thinking,it is the formal subject and this
division of labor… the real subject; and in the object
clause of the second sentence,it is the formal subject
and that men should be specialists the real subject,
Therefore,the sentence could be rearranged like this,I
mused that it was good for men to be specialists,The
last sentence begins with two prepositional phrases
arranged one after the other and has for instance; such
as,for instance,the analysis of Poe‘s place in American
literature; by the way and so on embedded as
parentheses,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of four sentences,of which the last is the longest,the
second is the shortest,and the first is somewhat longer than the third,For this
reason,we can roughly say that long and short sentences are alternating,From
the viewpoint of periodic and loose sentences,and of parenthesis,we can say that
the two even-numbered sentences are typical periodic while the two odd-
numbered ones are loose,though not very typical,
? 2,Structural complication,
? In each of all the sentences except for the third,there is at least one parenthesis
and at most,in the case of the last sentence,there is more than one parenthesis,
All the sentences in the selection are complicated in structure,In the first sentence,
it serves as the formal subject in the subordinate clause,and this division of labor
as the real subject,In addition,in the sentence,there are three subordinate
clauses embedded at different levels,In the second sentence,it is the formal
subject while that men should be specialists is the real subject,and the whole
clause serves as the object of mused,In the third sentence,there is a subordinate
clause,The structure of the fourth sentence is also complicated,though in terms
of parenthesis not in terms of subordination,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,I,the sea and navigation
are repeatedly used,my and me are used to stand for I; fogs,
winds,tides,navigation,the sea,pilot and captain are
semantically related; Atlantic,American literature,essay and Poe
are also semantically related,and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,can be
found,for example,remember,comfortable,unnecessary,
navigation,specialist,peculiar,knowledge,captain,suffice,
multitude,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 我记得我想，那是多么舒适呀，这样的分工，使我没有必要去研究雾、风、
潮汐和航海，以便去看望我的朋友，他住在海湾的那边。人居然成了专家，
那是好事，我心里想。领航员和船长的特殊知识足够让千千万万的人渡海，
这些人对海和航海知道得不比我多。另一方面，没有必要将我的精力用于学
习许许多多的东西，我就集中精力于少数特殊的东西，例如分析普在美国文
学中的地位 ——我的一篇论文，另外，发表在最近一期, 大西洋, 上。
? Comments,
? By following the original rigidly,we have produced a word-for-word
translation,especially structurally,and occasionally lexically,For example,in
accordance with English grammar,I remember thinking… should be
translated as我记得我曾经想过 …… and in accordance with Chinese norms,
the first sentence in the original could be translated like this,我记得我曾经
这样想过，我的朋友住在港湾那边，为了去看他，因为有了分工，我就没有
必要去研究雾、风、潮汐和航海了。这种分工多么使人惬意呀！ Of course,
similar improvements could also be made on other points of the translation,
? B) Translation 2,
? 我记得我认为，有了分工，为了去看望住在港湾那边的朋友，我就没有必要
去研究雾、风、潮汐和航海，这是多么舒适的事呀。人各有专长，那是好事，
我心里想。领航员和船长具有专门知识，足以使千千万万的人漂洋过海，这
些人对海和航海知道得不比我多。另一方面，不必化费精力学习许许多多的
东西，我就集中精力研究少数特殊的东西，例如分析普在美国文学中的地
位 ——我的一篇论文，发表在最近一期的, 大西洋, 上。
? Comments,
? Improvements have been made on the previous translation,especially
structurally,For example,the parts in the first sentence are now rearranged
in the sequence that is up to the normal standards of Chinese,However,
there are still some weak points,For example,the translation of the last
sentence of the original is not coherent enough in the context,And I
remember thinking… is not properly translated yet,
? C) Translation 3,
? 我曾经认为，有了分工，为了去看望住在港湾那边的朋友，我就没有
必要亲自去研究雾、风、潮汐和航海，这有多么惬意呀！我心里想，
人各有专长，是好事。领航员和船长都很专业，能带领像我一样对大
海和航海知之不多的芸芸众生漂洋过海。还有，我用不着什么都学，
就能集中精力于少数特定的东西，例如研究普在美国文学中的地位。
顺便说一句，我还真的写了一篇论文，发表在最近一期的, 大西洋,
杂志上。
? Comments,
? The present translation has improved on all the above-mentioned
weak points,as can particularly demonstrated in the translation of
the last two sentences in the original and I remember thinking… at
the very beginning,and in other places as well,
? 57 When Caroline Meeber boarded the afternoon train for Chicago,
her total outfit consisted of a small trunk,a cheap imitation
alligator-skin satchel,a small lunch in a paper box,and a yellow
leather snap purse,containing her ticket,a scrap of paper with her
sister‘ address in Van Buren Street,and four dollars in money,It
was in August,1889,She was eighteen years of age,bright,timid,
and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth,Whatever touch of
regret at parting characterized her thoughts,it was certainly not for
advantages now being given up,A gush of tears at her mother‘s
farewell kiss,a touch in her throat when the cars clacked by the
flourmill where her father worked by the day,a pathetic sigh as the
familiar green environs of the village passed in review,and the
threads which bound her so lightly to girlhood and home were
irretrievably broken,
? (From Theodore Dreiser,Sister Carrie)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of five sentences,of which the first is a complex
sentence,the second and the third are both simple sentences and the four
is also a complex sentence while the last is a compound complex sentence,
Of the complex and compound complex sentences,the first consists of an
adverbial clause of time and a main clause; the fourth consists of an
adverbial clause of concession and a main clause; and the last consists of
four coordinate clauses,of which the first three are can be understood as
elliptic clause with there was omitted,In the second elliptic clause,there is
an adverbial clause of time with an attributive clause further embedded; in
the third elliptic clause,there is an adverbial clause of time embedded; and
in the last coordinate clause,there is an attributive clause embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first and the fourth sentences each begin with an adverbial clause,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of five sentences,of which the first three are
describing Caroline on the train,and the last two describing her
parting,In this sense,we can say that in the description,the
natural sequence is reversed,Of the first three sentences,the very
first is a periodic sentence,beginning with an adverbial clause of
time,And of the last two,the first is a periodic sentence,beginning
with an adverbial clause of concession,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Generally speaking,the structure for the selection is not
complicated or not very complicated except perhaps the very last
sentence,However,all the sentences are grammatically complete
except for the three coordinate clauses in the last sentence,
? 3,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,she is used and
her is repeatedly used to stand for Caroline Meeber;
on the train,her outfit with its components are
mentioned together with the time for departure and
her age at the time; in the description of the departure,
her thought,throat,tears and sigh are all described,
and so on,
? 4,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including
nominalizations,are used,for example,consist,
imitation,containing,ignorance,characterize,
advantage and so on,
? In the first sentence of the selection,there is a
catalogue of articles consisting of the outfit of the
heroine,The phrases used for the description of the
articles consist of 3,6,7,8,12 and 4 words,increasing
in length gradually but finally returning to 4 words in the
end,Correspondingly,the structural complication for the
sentences follows almost the same pattern,For in the
analysis of the last sentence,we may find the similar
phenomenon,These two catalogues are quite symbolic
of a life starting from simplicity to complication and
returning to simplicity again,though not to the original
point,and the symbolism will become increasingly
apparent as we read through the book,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 当凯萝莱茵登上下午去芝加哥的火车的时候，她的一切东西就是一个小箱子，一个廉
价的仿鳄鱼皮的手提包，一个小纸盒装着中餐，一个颜色发黄的皮夹，里面装着火车
票，一个小纸条，上面写着她姐姐在范,布伦街的地址，四美元纸币。那是 1889年 8月，
年龄 18岁，聪明，胆小，充满着年轻和无知的幻想。分别时有点懊悔，这是她的思想
特点，但那肯定不是由于优势正在被放弃。母亲吻别时她泪如泉涌，她喉头哽咽当火
车呼啸着从面粉厂旁边通过时，那天，她父亲在面粉厂里干活，她发出一声同情的叹
息当村庄周围的熟悉的绿色景色从眼前穿过时，那些将她和她的童年和家连接在一起
线无可挽回地断了。
? Comments,
? This is a word-for-word translation,However,the translation of the first three
sentences of the original is not problematic in terms of authenticity and readability
against Chinese norms,But the translation of the last two sentences of the original is
troublesome in the above-mentioned aspects,For the three nominal phrases in the
last sentence are not clearly marked in the translation and neither is the boundary
between the three phrases and the full clause clearly marked,
? B) Translation 2,
? 凯萝莱茵登上了下午去芝加哥的火车。这时，她所有的东西就是一个小箱子，
一只廉价的仿鳄鱼皮的手提包，一个装着中餐的小纸盒，一个发黄的皮夹，
里面装着火车票，一张写着她姐姐在范,布伦街上的地址的小纸条，四美元纸
币。那是 1889年 8月，她当时 18岁，聪明，胆小，充满着年轻和无知的幻想。
分别时思想上有点懊悔，但那肯定不是因为正在丢弃优势。母亲吻别时她泪
如泉涌；火车呼啸着从面粉厂旁边通过时，她喉头哽咽，那天，她父亲在面
粉厂里干活；当村庄周围的熟悉的绿色景色从眼前穿过时，她深情地长叹一
声；那些将她和她的童年与家乡连接在一起线无可挽回地断了。
? Comments,
? The present translation has improved on the previous as follows,First,the
first sentence in the original is chopped into two sentences; second,她当时
18岁 is substituted for年龄 18岁 ; 分别时思想上有点懊悔 is substituted for分别
时有点懊悔，这是她的思想特点 ; 火车呼啸着从面粉厂旁边通过时，她喉头哽
咽 is substituted for她喉头哽咽当火车呼啸着从面粉厂旁边通过时,and
others; third,semi-colons are used as boundary markers; and finally,the
last sentence is retranslated,
? C) Translation 3,
? 凯萝莱茵登上了下午去芝加哥的火车，此时，她的所有行装只有一只小箱子；一个廉价的仿鳄鱼皮
手提包；一个装着中餐的小纸盒；一个发黄的皮夹，里面装着火车票；一张小纸跳，上面写着她姐 姐在范,布伦街上的地址；四美元纸币。那是 1889年 8月,18岁，聪明胆小，年幼无知，充满幻想。
告别时流露出丝丝悔意，但那决不是因为离亲别友。母亲深深一吻，她泪如泉涌；火车呼啸着从面
粉厂旁边通过，喉头哽咽，那时她父亲正在面粉厂干活；村庄周围绿树成荫，这熟悉的景色从眼前
一闪而过，她对那可怜的农民、可爱的农村长叹一声；千头万绪将她和她的童年、她的家乡连接在 一起，现在断了，无法重新连接起来了。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,to substitute for the previous counterparts,employed are the new
typical Chinese expressions as follows,18岁，聪明胆小，年幼无知，充满幻想 ; 告别时流露出丝丝
悔意，但那决不是因为离亲别友, In addition,in the following,wordings are renewed,母亲深深一
吻，她泪如泉涌；火车呼啸着从面粉厂旁边通过，喉头哽咽，那时她父亲正在面粉厂干活；村庄周
围绿树成荫，这熟悉的景色从眼前一跃而过，她对那可爱的农民、可怜的农村长叹一声；千头万绪
将她和她的童年、她的家乡连接在一起，现在断了，无法再接起来了, And at the very beginning,semi-colons are also applied and some phrases are reworded,…… 此时，她的所有行装只有一只
小箱子；一个廉价的仿鳄鱼皮手提包；一个装着中餐的小纸盒；一个发黄的皮夹，里面装着火车票； 一张小纸跳，上面写着她姐姐在范,布伦街上的地址；四美元纸币 Consequently,the translation
sounds more readable,coherent and authentic though irrespective of the original occasionally,
? 58 Minnie‘s flat,as the one-floor resident apartments were then
being called,was a part of West Van Buren Street inhabited by
families of laborers and clerks,men who had come,and were still
coming,with the rush of population pouring in at the rate of 50,000
a year,It was on the third floor,the front windows looking down
into the street,where,at night,the lights of grocery stores were
shining and children were playing,To Carrie,the sound of the little
bells upon the horse-cars,as they tinkled in and out of hearing,was
as pleasing as it was novel,She gaze into the lighted street when
Minnie brought her into the front room,and wondered at the
sounds,the movement,the murmur of the vast city which stretched
for miles and miles in every direction,
? (From Theodore Dreiser,Sister Carrie)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of four sentences,of which the first is a
complex sentence,consisting of a main clause and an attributive
clause at the end of the sentence,but with an adverbial clause of
reason located between the subject and the predicate of the main
clause,The second is a complex sentence,consists of a main clause
and an absolute nominal construction with an attributive clause at
the end of the sentence,The third is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an adverbial clause of reason with
an adverbial clause of time embedded between the subject and the
predicate of the main clause,The last is again a complex sentence,
consisting of a main clause with two predicates,in the first of which,
there is an adverbial clause of time; and in the second of which,
there is an attributive clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first sentence,the adverbial clause of reason is
embedded as a parenthesis; in the second sentence,
there is an absolute nominal construction with at night
embedded as a parenthesis; and in the third sentence,
which begins with a prepositional phrase,the adverbial
clause of time is embedded as a parenthesis,and so the
sound of the … was as pleasing as it was novel is cut off
by the parenthesis as they tinkled in and out of hearing,
In the last sentence,she gazed into… and wondered at
the sounds,… is cut off by when Minnie brought her into
the front room,and so the adverbial clause can be
regarded as an implicit parenthesis,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the four sentences,only the last is a loose sentence while the other three are all
periodic sentences,though for different reasons,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The first sentence has a parenthetic structure located between the subject and the
predicate of the main clause; the second has a parenthetic structure located after the
conjunction where; the third begins with a prepositional phrase and had a parenthetic
structure located between the subject and the predicate of the sentence,Of four
sentences,the first is the longest and the last is the second longest,with the two in
the middle shorter than them,showing that the selection is varying in length in terms
of sentence,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are complicated to some extent,but not very complicated,However,
all the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical completeness and
freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,there are some parallel structures,for example,
laborers and clerks; had come,and were still coming; the lights of
grocery stores were shining and children were playing; in and out;
and gaze into the lighted street…,and wondered at the sounds,the
movement,the murmur of the vast city…,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,Minnie is repeated; she and
her are repeatedly used to stand for Carrie; flat,floor and
apartment are semantically related; floor and street are repeated;
and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,can be
found,for example,resident,apartment,inhabit,population,
pleasing,novel,movement,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 米尼的平房，因为只有一层楼的居民住房当时都是那么叫的，是西范,布伦街的一部分，
是体力劳动者和店员家庭居住的，人们已经来了和还正在来，人口暴涨，以每年 5万人
的速度往里涌。房子在三楼上，前面的窗户对着街，街上夜里杂货店的灯光闪耀，孩
子们在玩耍。对凯莉来说，马车上的小铃铛的响声，这些铃铛叮叮当当地来了，叮叮
当当地走了，由于是新东西，而让人愉悦。她凝视着灯火通明的街道当米尼将她带进
前房的时候，她好奇地听着声音、看着来来往往，听着这个大城市的悄悄话语，这个
大城市向每个方向延伸好几英里。
? Comments,
? In translating such a selection,attention should be particularly paid to parenthetic
and subordinate structures,for in their translation,some fronting might inevitably be
involved,Otherwise,the translation might sound exotic,In the actual translating,
however,parenthetic and subordinate structures are not executed in accordance with
Chinese norms,For example,因为只有一层楼的居民住房当时都是那么叫的,a
parenthetic structure in the original,and 当米尼将她带进前房的时候,a subordinate
clause in the original,should be fronted in accordance with the Chinese norms,In
addition,孩子们在耍 and看着来来往往 are not meaningfully complete,though
nowadays,such expressions could be occasionally witnessed,
? B) Translation 2,
? 当时一家人住在居民楼的某一层的居室称为平房，米尼的平房是西范,布伦街
的一部分，是体力劳动者和店员家庭居住的，有些人已经来了，有些人还正
在来，以每年 5万人的速度往里涌，使人口激增。房子在三楼上，前窗对着街
道，夜里街上杂货店的灯光闪耀，孩子们在玩耍。马车上的小铃铛，叮叮当
当地来了，叮叮当当地走了，这些铃声，对凯莉来说，由于是新东西，而让
人愉悦。当米尼将她领进前房的时候，她凝视着灯火通明的街道，好奇地听
着声音、看着来往行人，听着这个大城市的悄悄话语，这个大城市向每个方
向都延伸好几英里。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the above-mentioned weak points are eliminated,
However,readjustments could be further made so that the translation could
sound more like Chinese,For example,such translation as马车上的小铃铛，
叮叮当当地来了，叮叮当当地走了 may lead us to thinking that it is the bells
that come and go,
? C) Translation 3,
? 当时住在楼层上的居室称为平房，米尼的平房就在西范,布伦街，是劳
工和店员住宅区，已经住了好多人，有些人还正在往这里来，每年涌 进 5万人，人口急剧增加。房子在三楼上，前窗对着街道，入夜，杂
货店灯光闪烁，孩子们在街上玩耍。马车来来往往，小铃铛叮叮当当，
这些铃声，对凯莉来说，是新东西，让她愉悦。她跟着米尼走进前房，
凝视着灯火通明的街道，好奇地听着城市的喧嚣，听着城市的悄悄话
语，看着街道上熙熙攘攘的人流。大城市很大，四通八达，哪条街都 有好几英里。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,all parts sound more like Chinese now,
though in some cases,irrespective of the original structures,For
example,in the last but one sentence of the translation,the
adverbial clause of the original has disappeared,Instead,a series of
actions are now arranged one after another,
? 59 In addition to this forest of family trees,Mr,Sillerton Jackson
carried between his narrow hollow temples,and under his soft
thatch of silver hair,a register of most of the scandals and
mysteries that had smouldered under the unruffled surface of New
York society within the last fifty years,So far indeed did his
information extend,and so acutely retentive was his memory,that
he was supposed to be the only man who could have told you who
Julius Beaufort,the banker,really was,and what had become of
handsome Bob Spicer,old Mrs,Manson Mingott‘s father,who had
disappeared so mysteriously (with a large sum of trust money) less
than a year after his marriage,on the very day that a beautiful
Spanish dancer who had been delighting thronged audiences in the
old Opera-house on the Battery had taken ship for Cuba,
? (From Edith Wharton,The Age of Innocence)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the first is a complex sentence,
consisting of a main clause and an attributive clause,The second is also a complex
sentence,consisting of a main clause,composed of two coordinate clauses,and an
adverbial clause of result,In the adverbial clause of result,there is an attributive
clause,in which there are two coordinate object clauses,and in the second object
clause,there is an attributive clause,in which there is still another attributive clause,
which in turn contains still another attributive clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase and the predicate verb and its
object of the main clause of the sentence are cut off by two coordinate prepositional
phrases,beginning with between and under respectively,of which the second looks
like a parenthesis,And the subject and the predicate verb phrase of the second
sentence are partially inverted and the sentence is structured in the pattern
of … so … that…, Also in the second sentence,the banker and old Mrs,Manson
Mingott‘s father are parentheses with still another parenthesis embedded in the
brackets,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the selection,the two sentences are both periodic,though in different ways,The
first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase and the second sentence has its
main clause in inverted order in addition to the parentheses,two between commas
and the other in the brackets,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The two sentences are grammatically complicated,with the second more complicated
than the first,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The two sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical completeness and
freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures could be found,for example,between his narrow
hollow temples,and under his soft thatch of silver hair; scandals and mysteries; so
far indeed did his information extend,and so acutely retentive was his memory; and
who Julius Beaufort,the banker,really was,and what had become of handsome Bob
Spicer,old Mrs,Manson Mingott‘s father,…,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,he is repeated
and his is repeatedly used to stand for Mr,Sillerton
Jackson; his in the late part of the last sentence is
used to refer to Bob Spicer; the details after the fourth
line are all about Mr,Jackson‘s information and
memory,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words and nominalizations are
used,for example,addition,scandal,mystery,
smoulder,unruffled,surface,information,extend,
retentive,memory,suppose,disappear,mysteriously,
marriage,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 除了这个长满家庭树的森林之外,希勒尔顿,杰克逊先生在他的两个狭长而空空的太阳
穴之间，在他的由银发搭盖的软软的草屋下面，装载着记录薄，记载着五十年来为表
面上平静的好无涟漪的纽约社会所掩盖的多数丑闻和秘而不宣之事。他的信息是如此
的宽广，他的记忆力是如此的旺盛，以致于人们认为，他是唯一的能告诉你这些信息
的人。大银行家莒里阿斯,彼尤福特是谁，是什么缘故使得潇洒英俊的波布,斯巴瑟尔、
可怜的曼森,闵戈特夫人的父亲，结婚还不到一年就无缘无故地（带着一大笔公司的钱）
消失了。消失的那天，一位漂亮的西班牙舞女在位于巴特利的大剧院里吸引了大批大
批的观众，然后乘船到古巴去了。
? Comments,
? In the above translation,the translator has deliberately strictly followed the original
both lexically and structurally,though with some fine structural readjustments made,
especially as the translating goes into the second sentence,Consequently,
expressions difficult to understand or rather,wrongly translated can be found here
and there,for example,长满家庭树的森林 ; 由银发搭盖的软软的草屋 ; 装载着记录薄,
and others,although readjustments are made when 五十年来为表面上平静的好无涟
漪的纽约社会所掩盖的 is fronted; 这些信息的 is added; 消失的那天 is repeated,and so
on,
? B) Translation 2,
? 除了许多家谱之外，在希勒尔顿,杰克逊先生两个狭长的太阳穴之间，在他那蓬乱的银
发之下，有一个记忆箱，里面装着近五十年来为平淡无奇的纽约社会所遮盖的大多数
丑闻和秘不可宣之事。他的信息来源无比宽广，他的记忆力如此惊人，以致于人们认
为，他是唯一能告诉你这些信息的人。例如，银行家莒里阿斯,彼尤福特是个什么样的
人，可怜的曼森,闵戈特夫人的父亲、英俊潇洒的波布,斯巴瑟尔，为什么结婚还不到一
年就带着一大笔公司的钱奇迹般地消失了。那天，一位漂亮的西班牙舞女在位于巴特
利的大剧院里演出，观众蜂拥而至，演出一结束，她就乘船到古巴去了。
? Comments,
? The present translation has improved on the previous with regard to the weak points
mentioned in the above comments in addition to the points unmentioned,For
example,the translation of the second original sentence now takes the form like
this:…… 他是唯一能告诉你这些信息的人。例如，银行家莒里阿斯,彼尤福特是个什么
样的人，可怜的曼森,闵戈特夫人的父亲、英俊潇洒的波布,斯巴瑟尔，为什么结婚还不
到一年就带着一大笔公司的钱奇迹般地消失了。那天，一位漂亮的西班牙舞女在位于
巴特利的大剧院里演出，观众蜂拥而至，演出一结束，她就乘船到古巴去了, However,
the presence of 家谱 in the context still looks incongruous,
? C) Translation 3,
? 希勒尔顿,杰克逊先生两个太阳穴间的面颊狭长、干瘪，一头银发，松软蓬乱。但人不
可貌相。他除了能说清各个家族的来龙去脉之外，他那两个太阳穴之间、在银发之下
的脑海里装着近五十年来的秘闻轶事。这些秘闻轶事深埋在平淡无奇的纽约的红尘琐
事之间，鲜为人知。他消息灵通，记忆过人，人们都认为，他是唯一能发布下面这类
消息的人。例如，银行家莒里阿斯,彼尤福特的身世如何、为人怎样，可怜的曼森,闵戈
特夫人的父亲、英俊潇洒的波布,斯巴瑟尔，为什么结婚还不到一年就携带公司巨款消
失得不知所之了。那天，一位漂亮的西班牙舞女曾在位于巴特利的大剧院里演出，观
众蜂拥而至，演出一结束，她就乘船奔古巴去了。二者有无关联？
? Comments,
? To some extent,the present translation can be considered as a kind of rewriting,for
the information contained in the prepositional phrase at the very beginning is pushed
further back and the information of the first sentence of the original is reorganized
drastically,In addition,人不可貌相 ; 鲜为人知 ; 二者有无关联,and others are
seemingly unjustifiable insertions,However,it is undeniable that such expressions as
this forest of family trees,a register,mysteriously and so on,are duly made explicit
in the translation,and the wording of the translation on the whole sounds more
authentic to the Chinese ear,
? 60 ―Tom!‖
? No answer,
? ―Tom!‖
? No answer,
? ―What‘s gone with that boy,I wonder? You,TOM!‖
? The old lady pulled her spectacles down and looked over them
about the room; then she put them up and looked out under them,
She seldom or never looked through them for so small a thing as a
boy; they were her state pair,the pride of her heart,and were built
for ―style,‖ not service — she could have seen through a pair of
stove lids just as well,She looked perplexed for a moment,and then
said,not fiercely,but still loud enough for the furniture to hear,
? (From Mark Twain,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? Sentence structure,
? Grammatically,the selection is not complicated,
and consequently,presents no difficulty for
understanding,For the direct speeches and the
reporting clauses are structurally simple,The
narration consists of three sentences,of which
the last is actually a simple sentence although
the first two both assume coordinate structures,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The three vocatives,used one after another,must be louder,one than
another,with the third being the loudest,showing that the old lady must
be looking for the boy anxiously,The old lady at the center of the scene is
described by using loose and simple or coordinate sentences,though in
some cases,clauses are joined by semi-colons,symbolizing,as described,
that the old lady is superficially something,but underlyingly,she may not
be as what she seems to be,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The sentences in the direct speeches consist of three vocatives and one
sentence,which is colloquial in style but it is grammatically complete,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The sentences in the narration are grammatically complete and free from
colloquial structures
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures could be found,for example,the old
lady pulled her spectacles down and looked over them
about the room; and then she put them up and looked
out under them; seldom or never; her state pair and
the pride of her heart; for ―style,‖ not service and not
fiercely,but still loud enough,Tom,no answer,she,
and looked are repeated; them is repeated and they is
used to stand for spectacles,and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,
are seldom used,except for spectacle,service,
perplexed,moment and furniture,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? ―汤姆！,
? 没有回答。
?, 汤姆！,
? 没有回答。
?, 这孩子出了什么事？我想。你,汤姆 ！,
? 那位老妇人拉下眼镜，从眼镜上方在房子里到处看；然后她又将眼镜推上去，从眼镜
底下看。她很少甚至从来不透过眼镜看像孩子那么小的一个东西；这是她的齐整的一
对，是她的心的骄傲，而且建成是为了, 风格, 的,不是为了服务的 ——透过一对炉
子的盖子来看东西，对她来说也是一样的。有一段时间，她看上去迷惑不解，然后说，
不是特别的刺耳，但也达到能使家具听得见。
? Comments,
? It seems that the above selection is simple enough without any structure complexity
or verbal formality,However,whoever comes to such wording as这是她的齐整的一对，
是她的心的骄傲，而且建成是为了, 风格, 的,不是为了服务的 ——透过一对炉子的
盖子来看东西，对她来说也是一样的,he will certainly feel puzzled,and the puzzle
shows that there must be some misunderstanding of the original or some wording
that has missed the point,
? B) Translation 2,
? ―汤姆！,
? 没人理。
?, 汤姆！,
? 没人睬。
?, 我看，这孩子怕是出了什么事？你,汤姆 ！,
? 那位老妇人拉下眼镜，眼睛从眼镜上方到处搜索；然后又将眼镜推上去，眼睛从眼镜
底下找。她很少甚至从来不透过眼镜看像孩子那么小的东西；眼镜是她在场面上的伙
伴，是她内心的骄傲，是, 摆谱, 的,不是实用的 ——刚才，透过一对炉盖来看，也
是一样的。她迷惑了一会，又说起来了，不是特别的刺耳，但也能使家具听见。
? Comments,
? The present translation has improved on the previous when眼镜是她在场面的上伙伴，
是她内心的骄傲，是, 摆谱, 的,不是实用的 ——刚才，透过一对炉盖来看，也是一
样的。她迷惑了一会,…… is substituted for the previous counterpart,and on the
whole the present translation is much more readable,However,such expressions as
没人理 and没人睬 suggest that the boy must be in the room,But with the selection
standing here alone without any contextual clue,we may not be sure whether the
boy is in or not,
? C) Translation 3,
? ―汤姆！,
? 没人应。
?, 汤姆！,
? 还是没人应。
?, 我看，这孩子怕是出了事了？喊你呢,汤姆 ！,
? 老妇人朝下拉了拉眼镜，两只眼睛从眼镜的上方搜索房间；然后又将眼镜朝上推了推，
两只眼睛从眼镜的下方搜索房间。她很少甚至从来不透过眼镜寻找像孩子那么无足轻
重的东西；眼镜是她在场面上用的，有了它就感到有身份。那是, 摆谱, 用的,不是
找东西用的 ——刚才，如果透过炉盖来寻找，也是一样的。她弄不清楚是怎么回事，
于是又喊起来了，声音不是特别刺耳，但也能使死木头听到。
? Comments,
? The present translation has improved on the previous at a great many points,For
example,没人应 or 还是没人应 is substituted for没人理 or没人睬；将眼镜朝下拉了拉 ;
将眼镜朝上推了推 ; 两只眼睛从眼镜上方搜索 ; 两只眼睛从眼镜下方搜索 ; 感到有身份 ;
她弄不清是怎么回事，于是又喊起来了 and others are now used as substitutes for the
previous counterparts,Consequently,the translation sounds more authentic and
readable,
Exercises,
? 56 A red-faced man,slamming the cabin door behind him and stumping out on the deck,
interrupted my reflections,though I made a mental note of the topic for use in a projected essay
which I had thought of calling ―The Necessity for Freedom,A Plea for the Artist.‖ The red-faced
man shot a glance up at the pilothouse,gazed around at the fog,stumped across the deck and
back (he evidently had artificial legs),and stood still by my side,legs wide apart,and with an
expression of keen enjoyment on his face,I was not wrong when I decided that his days had
been spent on the sea,
? (From Jack London,The Sea Wolf)
? 57 To be sure there was always the next station,where one might descend and return,There
was great city,bound more closely by these very trains which came up daily,Columbia City was
not so very far away,even once she was in Chicago,What,pray,is a few hours — a few hundred
miles? She looked at the little slip bearing her sister‘s address and wondered,She gazed at the
green landscape,now passing in swift review,until her swifter thoughts replaced its impression
with vague conjectures of what Chicago might be,
? (From Jack London,The Sea Wolf)
? 58 Mrs,Henson,after the first greetings were over,gave Carrie the baby and proceeded to get
supper,Her husband asked a few questions and sat down to read the evening paper,He was a
silent man,American born,of a Swede father,and now employed as a cleaner of refrigerator cars at the stockyards,To him the presence or absence of his wife‘s sister was a matter of indifference,
Her personal appearance did not affect him one way or the other,His one observation to the
point was concerning the chances of work in Chicago,
? (From Jack London,The Sea Wolf)
? 59 It was Madame Nilsson‘s first appearance that winter,and what the daily press had already
learned to describe as ―an exceptionally brilliant audience‖ had gathered to hear her,transported
through the slippery,snowy streets in private broughams,in spacious family landau,or in the
humbler but more convenient ―Brown coupé.‖ To come to the Opera in a Brown coupé was almost as honorable a way of arriving as in one‘s own carriage; and departure by the same
means had the immense advantage of enabling one (with a playful allusion to democratic
principles) to scramble into the first Brown conveyance in line,instead of waiting till the cold-and-gin congested nose of one‘s own coachman gleamed under the portico of the Academy,
? (From Edith Wharton,The Age of Innocence)
? 60 Tom did play hooky,and he had a very good time,He got back home barely in season to help
Jim,the small colored boy,saw next day‘s wood and split the kindlings before supper — at lease
he was here in time to tell his adventures to Jim while Jim did three-fourths of the work,Tom‘s
younger brother (or rather,half brother),Sid,was already through with his part of the work
(picking up chips),for he was a quiet boy and had no adventurous,troublesome ways,
? While Tom was eating his supper,and stealing sugar as opportunity offered,Aunt Polly asked him
questions that were full of guile,and very deep — for she wanted to trap him into damaging
revealments,Like many other simple-hearted souls,it was her pet vanity to believe she was
endowed with a talent for dark and mysterious diplomacy,and she loved to contemplate her most
transparent devices as marvels of low cunning,
? (From Mark Twain,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)
第五章 美国文学史汉译
第一节
? 61 The first American literature was
neither American nor really literature,It
was not American because it was the work
mainly of immigrants from England,It was
not literature as we know it — in the form
of poetry,essays,or fiction — but rather
an interesting mixture of travel accounts
and religious writings,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the first is a
simple sentence while the two others are complex sentences,The
second sentence is composed of a main clause and an adverbial
clause of reason while the third sentence is composed of a main
clause and an attributive clause,
? 2,Notes,
? The part before but in the last sentence could be understood as
something like this,It was not literature,in the way we know that
literature is often in the form of poetry,essays,or fiction,
Additionally,the part between the two dashes serves as a
parenthesis,functionally to provide information for the clarity of
what literature usually is,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The first two are loose sentence and the last is periodic
in that the part between the two dashes serves as a
parenthesis,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The selection is not very complicated structurally though
the last sentence is longer than the other two and
sentence patterns vary one from another,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are grammatically complete and free
from any colloquial structures,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,literature
and American are repeated; travel accounts and
religious writings are semantically related,and
so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? The selection is quite formal in the employment
of such formal words,including nominalizations,
as literature,immigrant,mixture,account,
religious,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 最初的美国文学既不是美国的，也不是真正的文学。它不
是美国文学是因为它主要是从英格兰来的移民的作品。它
不是文学是因为正如我们知道的 —不是以诗歌、散文或小
说的形式出现的 —而是些颇有情趣的旅行记载和宗教作品。
? Comments,
? This is basically a word for word translation,though
minor adaptations could be found occasionally,The
translation is acceptable,readable and even authentic to
the Chinese ear,But this does not necessarily mean that
improvements cannot be made on it,
? B) Translation 2,
? 最初的美国文学既不是美国的，也不是真正的文学。不是
美国的，是因为它主要是英格兰移民的作品；不是文学，
是因为我们知道的文学的形式多为诗歌、散文或小说，而
这些作品都是些颇有情趣的旅行记和宗教作品。
? Comments,
? Compared with the previous,intra-and inter-sentential
rearrangements are made,clauses are cut short and
coherence is enhanced,Consequently,readability and
authenticity are improved
? C) Translation 3,
? 最初，美国文学既不属于美国，也不是文学。作品大多出
自从英格兰来的移民的笔端，不是我们所熟知的诗歌、散
文或小说，而是些饶有情趣的旅行记和宗教作品。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,such expressions as it was not
American because,it was not literature as,together with
the dashes,have disappeared with ideas greatly
contracted,To some,such a translation may not be
legitimate but to others it may be quite acceptable,
? 62 The earliest colonial travel accounts are records of the perils and
frustrations that challenged the courage of America‘s first settlers,William
Bradford’s History of Plimmoth Plantation describes the cold greetings
which the passengers on the ship Mayflower received when they landed on
the coast of America in 1620,
? Being thus arrived in a good harbor,and brought safe to land,they fell
upon their knees and
? Blessed the God of Heaven who had brought them over the vast and
furious ocean,and delivered them from the perils and miseries thereof,
again to set their feet on the firm and stable earth,their proper element,.,
? But here I cannot stand half amazed at this poor people‘s present
condition; and so I think will the reader too,when he well considers the
same,Being thus passed the vast ocean,… they had no friends to welcome
them nor inns to entertain or refresh their weatherbeaten bodies; nor
houses or much less towns to repair to,to seek for succour,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of a narrative paragraph and a quotation,The
narrative paragraph consists of two sentences,of which the first is a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,
The second is also a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an
attributive clause,in which there is an adverbial clause of time embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The quotation consists of two paragraphs,of which the first paragraph is
composed of a single complex sentence,which is composed of a main
clause and an attributive clause,The second paragraph consists of two
sentences,of which the first is complex sentence,composed of a main
clause,consisting of two coordinate clauses,and an adverbial clause of
time; and the second is a simple sentence,
? 3,Notes,
? In the first paragraph of the quotation,the sentence begins with a
participle phrase being thus arrived …,which means having thus arrived,
and at end of the paragraph,their proper element means the proper
element of the immigrants,referring to the earth or soil,
? 4,Paraphrase,
? The first sentence in the second paragraph of the quotation begins with
a conjunction and an adverb,and the last sentence in the paragraph
begins with a participle phrase,and the whole sentence can be
restructured,and paraphrased to some extent,in the following manner,
having thus passed the vast ocean,…… they had no friends to welcome
them,nor inns to entertain them or to refresh their weatherbeaten
bodies; nor did they have houses or much less towns to repair to or to
seek for succour,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the narrative text,the two sentences are loose in structure,In the quotation,the
three sentences are periodic in that the first sentence begins with a participle phrase;
the second begins with a conjunction and an adverb; and the third also begins with a
participle phrase,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The structures are complicated to some extent,for there is only one simple sentence
but with confusing coordinate structures,
? 3,Structural formality,
? In the selection,all the sentences are grammatically complete and free from
colloquial structures,indicating that they are formal in structure,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are frequently used,for example,perils and frustrations; being
thus arrived in a good harbor,and brought safe to land; brought them over the vast
and furious ocean,and delivered them… ; perils and miseries; firm and stable; no
friends to welcome them nor inns to entertain… ; entertain or refresh; nor houses or
much less towns; and to repair to,to seek for succour,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,the pronoun they
is repeatedly used to refer to America‘s first settlers or
the passengers; the phrase the passengers is also used
to refer to America‘s first settlers; the pronoun I is
repeatedly used to refer to William Bradford; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,
are popularly used,for example,colonial,account,
record,peril,frustration,challenge,courage,settle,
plantation,describe,passenger,receive,arrive,deliver,
and so on,In addition,the structure and vocabulary of
the quotation sound a little archaic,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 最早的殖民者旅行记是灾难和沮丧的记录，这些灾难和沮丧挑战了首批美洲移民的勇
气。, 威廉,布雷福德的普利茅斯种植园的历史, 描写了 五月花 船上的乘客所受到的冷
遇，当他们于 1620年登上美洲海岸的时候,
? 就这样到达了一个良好的港口，被安全地带到了陆地，他们跪下了，天帝保佑他们，
带领他们穿过辽阔愤怒的海洋，将他们从灾难和痛苦那里带出来，又踏上了坚实稳固
的土地，他们的合适的元素 ……
? 但是在这儿，我站在那儿，看到那些可怜的人们眼前的状况，惊呆了。因此我想，读
者也会这样想，当他也这样认为时。就这样穿过了辽阔的海洋,…… 没有朋友迎接他
们，也没有旅店招待他们，使他们饱经风霜的身体恢复疲劳；没有房屋，更没有城市
供他们休息，来解决困难。
? Comments,
? Generally speaking,the translation follows the original strictly,though with some
local readjustments made here and there,For example,in second clause of the first
sentence,这些灾难和沮丧 is repeated; not in the second line of the second paragraph
of the quotation is duly shifted in the translation,and others,However,the
readability and authenticity could be further enhanced,
? B) Translation 2,
? 最早的殖民旅行记记录了挑战首批美国移民勇气的灾难与挫折。, 威廉,布拉
德福特的普利茅斯种植园的历史, 描绘了他们乘坐 五月之花 号海轮于 1620年
到达美洲海岸时所遇到的冷遇,
? 于是他们到达了一个良好的港口，安全地登上了海岸，匍匐在地，感谢
上帝带领他们跨过一望无垠的狂怒的大海，带领他们逃离了危险与悲苦，再
次踏上坚实而沉稳的大地，踏上了适宜于他们的环境 ……
? 这儿的人一贫如洗，环境极为艰苦，站在这儿，我感到十分惊讶。我想，读
者如想到眼前的境况，也会惊叹不已。他们如此艰难的跨越了辽阔的海洋,…… 既没有朋友迎接他们，也没有旅馆招待他们，饱经风霜，疲敝不堪，
没有任何东西能使他们逐困解乏；没有房子，更没有城市供他们落脚，没有
人可以求助。
? Comments,
? Compared with the previous,this translation has contracted the first two
clauses into a single sentence and rearranged the next sentence so that is
sounds more authentic,Similarly,the quotation is reorganized and it now
sounds more coherent,
? C) Translation 3,
? 首批移民的旅行记记录了移民来到美洲所遇到的灾难、所经历的沮丧、所经受的挑战。
,威廉,布雷福德的普利茅斯种植园的历史, 描绘了他们乘坐 五月之花 号海轮于 1620年
抵达美洲海岸时所受到的种种冷遇,
? 就这样受尽了折磨，终于抵达了盼望已久的港口，安全地登陆了。他们匍匐在地，感
谢上苍保佑他们穿越了波涛汹涌的辽阔海洋，将他们从死亡和灾难中拯救出来，使他
们踏实地踏上了坚固的土地，他们的适宜之所 ……
? 我站在这儿，看着眼前这群可怜的人，不禁瞠目结舌。我想，当读者看到这儿也会有
同感。他们就这样穿越了汹涌澎湃的辽阔海洋,…… 没有亲朋好友来迎接，没有店铺
来招待，饱经风霜的躯体无法恢复疲劳，没有房屋供他们休息，没有城市供他们游逛，
供他们采购生活必需品，供他们消愁解闷。
? Comments,
? Apparently,the first sentence is reorganized and so is the quotation,especially the
last part of it,And the reorganization is executed to such a drastic extent that the
parts concerned have deviated from the original to some extent to cater for the
Chinese norms,Consequently,the translation sounds like a piece of rewriting in
terms of readability,coherence and authenticity,although the ideas in the original
could be easily identified,
? 63 If the American wilderness did not provide a hearty welcome for
the colonists,it nevertheless offered wealth of natural resources,
―He is a bad fisher [who] cannot kill in one day with his hooke and
line,one,two,or three hundred Cods‖ is a claim made by Captain
John Smith in A Description of New England (1616),―A sup of
New England‘s air is better than a whole draft of old England‘s ale‖
is a testimonial given by Francis Higginson in his New-England’s
Plantation (1630),Higginson adds,
? Besides,I have one of my children that was formerly most
lamentably handled with sore breaking out of both his hands and
feet of the king‘s evil,but since he came hither he is very well over
[what] he was,and there is hope of perfect recovery shortly,even
by the very wholesomeness of the air,
? Poor Higginson did not fare as well as his son; he died the same
year the New-England’s Plantation was published,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two narrative paragraphs and a quotation,of
which the first narrative paragraph consists of a sentence and two inter-
textual quotations with their narrative clauses,and a reporting clause for
the extra-textual quotation,In the first narrative paragraph,the sentence is
complex in structure for it consists of an adverbial clause of condition and a
main clause,The first inter-textual quotation together with the narrative
text can be regarded as a complex sentence,consisting of a main clause
and a nominal clause serving as the subject of the sentence,which in turn
contains an attributive clause,The second inter-textual quotation together
with the narrative text can also be regarded as a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and a nominal clause serving as the subject,
The second narrative paragraph consists of a compound sentence,
composed of two coordinate clauses,loosely connected,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first narrative paragraph,the sentence begins with an adverbial
clause; in the narrative part of the first inter-textual quotation,there is a
parenthesis embedded in the brackets and so is a parenthesis embedded
in the narrative part of the second inter-textual quotation; and the
quotation begins with an adverb,
? 3,Paraphrase,
? In the selection,the first inter- textual quotation together with the
narrative text can be paraphrased like this,In A Description of New
England (1616),Captain John Smith claims that the man is a bad fisher
if he cannot get in one day with hook and line one,two or three hundred
cods,And the sentence that follows can be understood in the same
manner,In addition,the quotation may be paraphrased in the following
manner,Besides,I have a child,who suffered from the king‘s evil,When
he moved,both of his hands and feet would give great pains,But since
he came here,he does not feel any pain at all,And it is hoped that he will
recover completely thanks to the wholesome fresh air,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the present selection,there are two narrative texts and an extra-textual quotation,
and in the first narrative text,there are two inter-textual quotations,In this sense,
we can say that the selection is characterized by quotations,In the first narrative text,
the first sentence is periodic for it begins with a conditional clause,and the second
and the third both begin with quotations,which are actually clauses with or without
further subordination,And in this sense,they can both be regarded as periodic
sentences,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The structure of the extra-textual quotation is rather complicated with subordinate
and coordinate structures included,although the structure of the second narrative
text is not as such,In this sense,we can say that the selection is structurally
complicated,though not very complicated throughout,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences in the selection are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are not popularly used though there exist some
occasional cases,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? All the wordings,including those in the extra-textual quotation,are
used around the contrast between the American wilderness and the
wealth of natural resources,In terms of lexical cohesive device,
examples could be found as follows,it in the first sentence is used
to refer to the American wilderness; his in fifth line is used to refer
to Francis Higginson; Higginson is repeated; I and my in the
quotation are also used to refer to Higginson; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,can be found,for example,
wilderness,welcome,colonist,nevertheless,offer,wealth,natural,
resources,description,testimonial,lamentably,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 如果说美洲的荒芜没有给殖民者提供衷心的欢迎的话，它却提供了丰富的自然资源。
,如果在一天之内用钓钩和钓丝钓不到一百、二百或三百条鳕鱼，他就是一个坏钓
者,” 这是约翰,史密斯船长在, 新英格兰的描写, （ 1616）中所作的声言。, 吸一口
新英格兰的空气，比整整一股老英格兰的酒还要好, 是弗朗西斯,西根森在他的, 新英
格兰种植园, （ 1630）中所提供的证明。西根森还说,
? 另外，我的孩子中有一个，由于淋巴结核，从前两只手和两只脚都不能动，一动就疼
痛难忍。从他来到这儿之后，过去的毛病没有了，借助这么好的空气，甚至还有希望
全愈。
? 可怜的西根森没有他的儿子那么好，他死于, 新英格兰种植园, 出版的同一年。
? Comments,
? Apparently,the translation follows the original strictly,though not rigidly,for他就是一
个坏钓者 is duly pushed back,and借助这么好的空气 is duly fronted,In addition,minor
changes have also been made,To some extent,the translation is acceptable now,
However,坏钓者 is too straightforward a term; 声言 is not an appropriate term for the
context; 没有他的儿子那么好 is not an expression that is sufficiently explicit,
? B) Translation 2,
? 如果说美洲大陆的荒原没有亲切地欢迎这些殖民者的话，却提供了丰富的自然资源。
约翰,史密斯船长在, 新英格兰概述, （ 1616）中声称：, 有了钓钩与钓丝，一天之内，
钓不到一二百尾鳕鱼，就不为善钓。, 弗朗斯西,赫金森在, 新英格兰的种植园,
（ 1630）中说,,吸一口新英格兰的空气比喝老英格兰的一股强劲的香酒更为惬意,,
这话是很好的左证。赫金森还说,
? 此外，我有一个孩子，双手、双脚原来都患有淋巴结核，一动就痛得难忍，非常凄
惨。
? 自从来到这里以后，由于空气新鲜，就完全换了一个人，不久还有希望痊愈。
? 可怜的赫金森不像他的儿子那么有福，在, 新英格兰的种植园, 出版的那年就去世
了。
? Comments,
? Compared with the previous,what Smith says and the extra-textual quotation are
drastically reorganized,They both sound more authentic in the sense of the target
language and culture,but all the original ideas are still there,though in the new
clothes now,
? C) Translation 3,
? 美洲的荒凉虽没有给这些殖民者以温馨的接待，却为他们提供了丰富的自然资源。约
翰,史密斯船长在, 新英格兰素描, （ 1616）中说：, 有了钓钩与钓丝，一天之内，钓
不到一二百尾鳕鱼，就不为善钓。, 弗朗斯西,赫金森在, 新英格兰的种植园, （ 1630）
中说,,吸一口新英格兰的空气比喝老英格兰的陈年老酒更为惬意,,这话与史密斯
说的异曲同工。他还说,
? 我有个孩子，双手和双脚都患有淋巴结核，在老英格兰时，一动就疼痛难忍，非常
凄苦。
? 来到新英格兰，一呼吸空气新鲜，就像完全换了一个人，不久还有希望痊愈。
? 可怜的赫金森不像他的儿子那样福寿绵长,,新英格兰的种植园, 出版那年就去世了。
? Comments,
? Apparently,minor changes are made with regard to Higginson‘s words in and out of
the quotation,and in the last sentence of the translation,Minor though the changes
are,they have injected authenticity and readability into the translation,
? 64 Other writers echoed the descriptions and
exaggerations of Smith and Higginson,Their purpose
was to attract dissatisfied inhabitants of the Old World
across the ocean to the New,As a result,their travel
accounts became a kind of literature to which many
groups responded by making the hazardous crossing to
America,The earliest settlers included Dutch,Swedes,
Germans,French,Spaniards,Italians,and Portuguese,
Of the immigrants who came to America in the first
three quarters of the seventeenth century,however,the
overwhelming majority was English,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of five sentences,of which only the third and
the last are complex sentences and all the others are simple ones,
The third sentence consists of a main clause and an attributive
clause and the last consists of an attributive clause,embedded in
the prepositional phrase,and a main clause,Therefore,generally
speaking,the selection is not grammatically complicated,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The third sentence begins with a prepositional phrase; and the last
sentence begins with a prepositional phrase and had a parenthesis
embedded,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the five sentences,the third and the last are periodic while the other
three are loose,and the two periodic sentences begin with prepositional
phrases,and the last sentence has a short parenthesis embedded,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The sentences are not structurally complicated for there are only two
complex ones,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical completeness
and freedom from colloquial structures,In the selection,parallel structures
can be found,for example,descriptions and exaggerations; Smith and
Higginson; and Dutch,Swedes,Germans,French,Spaniards,Italians,and
Portuguese,
4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,Smith and
Higginson are among writers,for which their is used to
stand; the Old World is used in contrast with America;
Dutch,Swedes,Germans,French,Spaniards,Italians,
Portuguese and English are used as varieties of
immigrants; and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are popularly
used,for example,description,exaggeration,purpose,
attract,dissatisfied,inhabitant,ocean,result,travel,
account,literature,respond,hazardous,and many
others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 别的作家重复着史密斯和赫金森的描述与夸张。他们的目的是吸引那
些在欧洲生活得不够惬意的人漂洋过海来到新大陆。结果，他们的游
记就成了一种文学。对此，许多小组积极响应，克服艰难险阻远渡重
洋来到美洲。早期来美洲定居的还有荷兰人、瑞典人、德国人、法国
人、西班牙人、意大利人和葡萄牙人。然而，在十七世纪头七十五年 里来到美洲的移民中，绝大多数是英国人。
? Comments,
? The translation follows the original strictly and consequently,some
expressions do not sound authentic,for example,重复着 …… 描述与
夸张 ; 许多小组,and others,In addition,some sentences are longer
than necessary,However,generally speaking,the translation is
acceptable,especially the second,the third,and the last two
sentences,
? B) Translation 2,
? 其他作家也像史密斯和西金森那样描述，那样夸张，目的
是吸引那些在欧洲生活得不够惬意的人漂洋过海来到新大
陆。结果，他们的游记就成了文学。对此，许多团体积极
响应，克服艰难险阻远渡重洋来到美洲。早期来美洲定居
的还有荷兰人、瑞典人、德国人、法国人、西班牙人、意
大利人和葡萄牙人。然而，在十七世纪头七十五年里来到
美洲的移民中，压倒多数的是英国人。
? Comments,
? The above-mentioned weak points are changed and 压倒
多数 is used to substitute for the previous,Consequently,
the translation is more readable,coherent and authentic,
and in the final analysis,more acceptable,
? C) Translation 3,
? 其他作家与史密斯和希金森相呼应，像他们那样描写，像他们那样夸
张，以便将远在大洋彼岸的那些不满旧世界的人吸引到新大陆来。这
样一来，他们的旅行记就成了一种文学，人们群起响应，战胜艰难险
阻，漂洋过海，来到美洲。最早到美洲定居的还有荷兰人、瑞典人、
德国人、法国人、西班牙人、意大利人和葡萄牙人。然而，在 1601－
1675年间来美洲定居的人中，英国人占压倒多数。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made when 相呼应 is inserted,群起响应 is used,
long sentences are cut short,and so on,In addition,parallel
structures are used,for example,像他们那样描写，像他们那样夸张 ;
漂洋过海，来到美洲 and cause-and-effect relations are more
explicitly presented,for example,和 …… 相呼应 ;以便 …… 将 …… 吸引
到新大陆来,and so on,Consequently,the translation sounds more
readable and authentic,
? 65 The English immigrants who settled on
America‘s northern seacoast,appropriately
called New England,came in order to practice
their religion freely,They were either
Englishmen who wanted to reform the Church of
England or people who wanted to have an
entirely new church,These two groups
combined,especially in what became
Massachusetts,came to be known as ―Puritans,‖
so named after those who wished to ―purify‖ the
Church of England,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences,all of which are complex
in structure,The first sentence consists of a main clause with an
attributive clause embedded in the subject of the main clause; the
second sentence consists of a main clause with two attributive
clauses embedded in the coordinate predicative; the third is also a
complex sentence,with two attributive clauses embedded one in
the parenthetic structure in the middle and the other embedded at
the end of the sentence,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first and the third sentences each have a parenthetic structure
embedded and the part as the end of the third sentence can also be
regarded as parenthetic,Therefore,the selection is somewhat more
grammatically complicated than the previous,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the three sentences,the first and the last are periodic in that in
the subject part of the first sentence,there is an attributive clause
followed by a parenthesis,and in the last,there are two
parentheses positioned before and after the predicate part,The
second sentence,though loose in structure,has a coordinate
predicative,each of coordinate phrases with an attributive clause
embedded,
? 2,Structural formality,
? The selection is structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 3,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,there is only one parallel structure in the second
sentence,whose two parts are connected by either… or…,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,America,New England and
Massachusetts are semantically related with English immigrants;
religion,the Church of England,reform,puritan and purify are
also semantically related,and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,are
popularly employed such as immigrant,settle,appropriately,
religion,church,entirely,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 定居在美洲北部沿海一带的英国移民，恰如其分地将那儿称为新英格
兰，他们来到美洲以便实践宗教自由。他们要么希望改革英格兰的教
会，要么希望创建全新的教堂。这两股教民合在一起，特别是在后来
成为马萨诸塞州的地方，就称之为, 清教徒, 。这样命名，是仿效那
些希望, 纯洁, 英格兰教会的人的。
? Comments,
? The translation strictly follows the original,especially structurally,
However,the English immigrants who settled on America‘s northern
seacoast is translated into定居在美洲北部沿海一带的英国移民 ; 要么
and 要么 are duly fronted and these two groups combined is
properly translated,All these changes are made in accordance with
the Chinese norms,But the translation can still be improved on,
? B) Translation 2,
? 英国移民定居在美洲北部沿海一带，恰如其分地将那儿称
为新英格兰，他们来到美洲旨在追求宗教自由。一部分人
希望改革英格兰教会，另一部分人希望创建新教。两股教
民合在一起，特别是在马萨诸塞州，后来被称为, 清教
徒, 。如此命名，是尊崇那些希望, 纯洁, 英格兰教会的
人的意愿的。
? Comments,
? The present translation has improved on the previous
mainly by using 一部分人希望 and另一部分人希望,with
other minor changes made,However,some meanings
are not yet clearly expressed,For example,appropriately
called New England,so named after and so on,
? C) Translation 3,
? 英国移民定居在美洲北海岸一带，大都来自英格兰，就将定居地称为
新英格兰。他们来到美洲旨在追求宗教自由。这些人，有的希望改革
英格兰教会，有的希望另起炉灶，创建新教。于是就将他们不加区分
地称为, 清教徒,,特别是在现在的马萨诸塞州。如此称之，是因为
他们希望对英格兰教会, 洗心革面, 。
? Comments,
? The use of such expressions as大都来自英格兰 ; 这些人，有的希
望改革英格兰教会，有的希望另起炉灶，创建新教 ; 不加区分地称为
,清教徒, ; 如此称之，是因为他们希望对英格兰教会, 洗心革
面, has improved the previous translation in terms of meaning
clarity,authenticity and readability,
Exercises,
? 61 The Puritans followed many of the ideas of the Swiss reformer John Calvin,
Through the Calvinist influence the Puritans emphasized the then common belief that
human beings were basically evil and could do nothing about it; and that many of
them,though not all,would surely be condemned to hell,
? 62 Over the years the Puritans built a way of life that was in harmony with their
somber religion,one that stressed hard work,thrift,piety,and sobriety,These were
the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing,including
the sermons,books,and letters of such noted Puritan clergymen as John Cotton and
Cotton Mather,During his life Cotton Mather wrote more than 450 works,an
impressive output of religious writings that demonstrates that he was an example,as
well as an advocate,of the Puritan ideal of hard work,
? 63 During the last half of the seventeenth century the Atlantic coast was settled both
north and south,Colonies — still largely English — were established,Among the
colonists could be found poets and essayists,but no novelists,The absence of
novelists is quite understandable,the novel form had not even developed fully in
England; the Puritan members of the colonies believed that fiction ought not to be
read because it was,by definition,not true,
? 64 The American poets who emerged in the seventeenth century adapted the style of
established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange,new
environment,Anne Bradstreet was one such poet,
? 65 Born and educated in England,Anne Bradstreet both admired and imitated several
English poets,The influence of these English poets did not diminish when Mrs,
Bradstreet,at age eighteen,came to America in 1630,The environment in which she
wrote,however,did not remain constant; a developed nation was exchanged for a
relative wilderness,That this exchange brought its hardships is evident in these lines
from Bradstreet‘s ―Some Verses on the Burning of Our House‖,
? When by the ruins oft I past
? My sorrowing eyes aside did cast,
? And here and there the places spy
? Where oft I sat and long did lie;
? Here stood that trunk,and there that chest,
? There lay that store I counted best,
? My pleasant things in ashes lie,
? And them behold no more shall I,
第二节
? 66 Mrs,Bradstreet lessens this despair by
asserting that earthly possessions are no more
than ―dunghill mists‖ when compared to the
―richly furnished‖ house of Heaven,In her
rejection of worldly riches,Anne Bradstreet
shared a common outlook with her New England
neighbors,Her ability to capture the colonial
experience in poetry established her place as
one of America‘s most notable early writers,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three sentences,of which the
first is a complex sentence,consisting of a main
clause and an object clause embedded after the gerund
asserting followed by an elliptic adverbial clause of time,
The second is a simple sentence and the third is again
a simple sentence,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The second sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the three sentences,the first and the last are loose while the
second is periodic for it begins with a prepositional phrase,
However,in the first sentence,there is a subordinate clause and in
the last sentence,there is an infinitive phrase embedded,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the sentences are complicated in structure to some extent and
varying in sentence pattern,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,earthly
possessions and dunghills are used in contrast with
richly furnished house of Heaven and worldly riches;
New England is used in contrast with America; Anne
Bradstreet is used as a repetition for Mrs,Bradstreet,
for whom her is repeatedly used to stand,and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,
are popularly used,for example,despair,asserting,
possession,compared,furnished,rejection,capture,
colonial,experience,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 布拉德丝锥特夫人的说法减轻了这种沮丧。她说，这些尘世上的占有
之物只不过是, 粪堆上的薄雾,,当与这种, 装饰得富丽堂皇的, 天堂房舍相比的时候。在她反对世间的富有时，安,布拉德丝锥特同她的
新英格兰邻居们享有共同的观点。她的在诗歌中获取殖民经验的能力
建立了她作为美国最著名的早期作家之一的地位。
? Comments,
? By rigidly following the original,we have produced a word-for-word
translation,problematic in that some parts should be fronted and
meanings of others should be explicated,当与这种, 装饰得富丽堂
皇的, 天堂房舍相比的时候 and 获取殖民经验的能力 are cases in
point respectively,
? B) Translation 2,
? 布拉德丝锥特夫人认为，尘世间的所有与, 富丽堂皇, 的天堂房舍相
比，只不过是, 粪堆薄雾,,她这样说是一种宽慰。她反对凡夫俗子
式的富有，与她的新英格兰邻居们有着同样的常人所具有的世界观。
她的将殖民经历注入诗歌的能力，使她在美国早期最著名的诗人中占
有一席之地。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the above-mentioned weak points are
eliminated,In addition,in the translation,by asserting and lessening
this despair are combined and pushed back to the end of the
sentence,In addition,一种宽慰 ; 凡夫俗子式的富有 ; 邻居们 ; 世界观 ;
将殖民经历注入诗歌的能力 ; 占有一席之地 are all typical Chinese
expressions,Consequently,the ideas in the original are better
explicated and the translation sounds more readable,coherent and
authentic,
? C) Translation 3,
? 布拉德丝锥特夫人认为，与, 富丽堂皇, 的天堂房舍相比，尘世间的
财富只不过是, 粪堆雾土,,这样说使生活在艰苦的新环境的苦楚中的她感到宽慰。安,布拉德丝锥特与来到新英格兰的其他移民所见略同，
反对凡夫俗子式的富有。她用诗歌刻画殖民经历，奠定了她在早期美
国著名诗人中的显赫地位。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,it is apparent that original ideas are
further reorganized,though irrespective of the original structures,
For example,这样说使生活在艰苦的新环境的苦楚中的她感到宽慰 is
more explicit than the previous; 安,布拉德丝锥特与来到新英格兰的
其他移民所见略同，反对凡夫俗子式的富有 is a retranslation,and so
on,In a large sense,the translation sounds like a rewriting,
? 67 Michael Wigglesworth,another important colonial poet,achieved wide popularity among his contemporaries
with his gloomy poem entitled ―The Day of Doom.‖ First published in 1662,―The Day of Doom‖ is a description of
the day of judgment,It tells of the day when God will decide the fate of man,Most people will be sent to Hell; a
few lucky ones will be chosen to go to Heaven,According to Wigglesworth,the start of this final day will be
signaled by a bright light at midnight which will wake all the sinners,
? They rush from beds with giddy heads,
? and to their windows run,
? Viewing this light which shone more bright
? than doth the noonday sun,
? Many people will try in vain to escape their final judgment,
?
? Some hide themselves in caves and delve,
? in places underground,
? Some rashly leap into the deep,
? to escape by being drowned,
? Some to the rocks (O senseless blocks!)
? and woody mountains run,
? That there they might this fearful sight,
? and dreaded presence shun,
? Wigglesworth concludes that escape will be impossible,Inevitably,man must and will accept his fate on ―The
Day of Doom.‖
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three narrative paragraphs and two quotations of lines of
poetry,The first narrative paragraph consists of five sentences,the second consists
of one sentence and the last consists of tow sentences,The first quotation consists of
four lines and the second quotation consists of eight lines,In the first narrative
paragraph,the first two are simple sentences; the third is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an attributive clause; the fourth is a compound
sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses and the last is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,The narrative text in the middle
is composed of a simple sentence; the narrative at the end consists of two sentences,
of which the second is a simple sentence while the first is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first narrative text,the first sentence has a parenthesis embedded; the second
sentence begins with a past participle phrase; and the last sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase,In the last narrative text,the second sentence begins with an
adverb,
? 3,Paraphrase,
? The lines of poetry as quoted above are 12 in all,In the poem,each
of the odd lines consists of eight syllables or four feet while each of
the even lines consists of six syllables or three feet,The poem
rhymes on even lines,with the pattern of abcb,defe,gbhb,The
first four lines can be rearranged like this,Viewing this light which
shines brighter than noonday sun does,they rush from beds with
giddy heads and run to their windows,The eight lines can be
rearranged like this,They hide themselves and delve into
underground places,some rashly leap into the deep and escape by
being drowned; some run to the rocks (O senseless blocks!) and
woody mountains,there they might shun this fearful sight and
dreaded presence,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The narration in the selection consists of eight sentences,of which the first,
second,fifth and eighth are periodic sentences while all the others are loose,
However,the periodic sentences vary one from another while the loose
sentences each assume a different pattern,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The first sentence contains a parenthetic structure; the second sentence
begins with an adverb plus a past participle phrase; the fifth sentence
begins with a prepositional phrase and it is in passive voice; and the eighth
begins with an adverb,Among the five loose sentences,the third contains a
subordinate clause,the fourth assumes a coordinate structure,the sixth
contains a subordinate clause and the seventh is rather straightforward,In
this sense,we say that the selection varies from one sentence pattern to
another,If we take the sentence length into consideration,similar
conclusion could be arrived at,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,4,Lexical
cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,Wigglesworyth is a partial
repetition of Michael Wigglesworth; poet and poem are cognates;
The Day of Doom is repeated; the day of judgment is a synonym
of the day of doom; hell and heaven are in contrast,and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are popularly used,for
example,important,colonial,achieve,popularity,contemporary;
publish,description,judgment,signal,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 迈克尔,维格尔斯华斯，另一位重要的殖民诗人，在他的同时代的人中获得了广泛的欢迎，用他那阴郁的诗歌，题目
是, 注定的日子, 。第一次发表于 1662年,,注定的日子, 是描写审判的那天的。它说出了那一天，上帝将决定人
的命运。多数人将被送入地狱，少数运气好的将被选择去天堂。根据维格尔斯华斯，这最后一天的开始将在半夜里由一股亮光发出信号，这股亮光将唤醒所有的有罪恶的人,
? 他们从床上带着昏沉沉的头脑匆匆地跑出,
? 朝他们的窗户跑去,
? 观看这盏灯它此时更加明亮,
? 比中午的太阳。
? 许多人将无用地尝试逃避他们的最后的宣判,
? 有些人将自己藏在洞里和钻进,
? 地下的有些地方；
? 有些人匆忙地跳进深处,
? 被溺死以便躲藏；
? 有些人朝岩石（哦，无意义的岩堆！）
? 长树木的山峰跑去,
? 结果在那儿他们会将这种可怕的情景,
? 怕人的环境关闭。
? 维格尔华斯得出结论说，那种逃避是不可能的。最终，人必须也将会接受他的命运，在, 最后的日子, 。
? Comments,
? By intentionally following the original rigidly,we have
produced a literal translation,largely in the literal sense
of the words and especially in terms of original
structures,For example,in the first narrative text,用他
那阴郁的诗歌 should be fronted while第一次发表于 1662
年 should be pushed further back in accordance with
Chinese norms,When it comes to the translation of the
poem,it is the production of a word-for-word process,
Consequently,the result does not sound like a poem,
Furthermore,some expressions are beyond normal
understanding,for example,those in the last two lines,
? B) Translation 2,
? 另一位重要的殖民诗人迈克尔,维格尔斯华斯以他的阴郁的诗作, 末日, 获得了同时代的人的广泛欢
迎。, 末日, 首次发表于 1662年，描写了末日审判的那天，叙说上帝将决定人类命运的日子。绝大
多数人将被送进地狱，只选择几个幸运儿进入天堂。根据维格尔斯华斯，末日开始的信号是半夜里 的一盏明亮的灯，这盏灯会唤醒所有作恶多端的人,
? 他们头脑昏昏从床上匆匆爬起,
? 匆忙朝他们的窗户跑去,
? 观看这盏巨大而无比明亮的灯,
? 此时比中午的太阳更加光明。
? 许多人尝试着逃避末日宣判，虽然徒劳无功,
? 有些人隐匿于洞穴之中,
? 钻到地下去藏身；
? 有些人轻率地跳进深处,
? 结果被水淹死；
? 有些人逃向石丛（哦，毫无疑义的拦路之石！）
? 逃进深山老林。
? 在那儿可能看不到那亮光,
? 看不到那可怕而恐惧的情景。
? 维格尔华斯得最后说，逃避是不可能的。最终，在, 末日, 那天人必须也将会接受他的命运。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,all the weak points in the
narrative texts are eliminated,but sound coherence is
not yet obtained between sentences,for example,描写
了末日审判的那天，叙说上帝将决定人类命运的日子 is
not coherently connected and so is绝大多数人将被送进
地狱，只选择几个幸运儿进入天堂 which follows it,As for
the poem,readjustments are made so that it now
sounds somewhat like a poem,However,lines are of
miscellaneous lengths,and the poem on the whole does
not follow the rhyming pattern of the original nor does it
have a rhyming pattern of its own,
? C) Translation 3,
? 另一位重要的殖民诗人迈克尔,维格尔斯华斯以他的阴郁的诗作, 末日, 获得了赞誉。, 末日, 首次发表于 1662年，
描写末日审判的情景，那是上帝决定人类命运的日子。届时，多数人将被送进地狱，几个幸运儿才给进入天堂。维
格尔斯华斯说，届时半夜里将亮起一盏明灯，那就是末日开始的信号，它会唤醒所有作恶多端的人,
? 头昏昏一跃而起,
? 急匆匆跑向窗户,
? 观看那耀眼的灯,
? 更亮于烈日当午。
? 虽是徒劳无功，许多人却设法逃避末日宣判,
? 有些人藏到山洞,
? 有些人钻入地底；
? 有些人跳进深水,
? 为躲避反被溺死；
? 有些人奔向岩石,
? 石堆阻塞在那里！
? 有的人跑进深山,
? 有的人躲入老林,
? 但愿能看不见那,
? 恐怖吓人的情景。
? 维格尔华斯得最后指出，在劫难逃。, 末日, 到来之时，人最终要接受的命运的宣判。
? Comments,
? The present translation of the narrative
texts sounds more coherent when 届时 is
inserted and other parts are readjusted,
The greatest improvements are,however,
made on the translation of the poem when
lines are of same length and a rhyming
pattern is imposed on the due syllables,
? 68 In the colonies south of Wigglesworth‘s
New England less gloomy poets and
essayists wrote,But the southern colonies
did not have the printing facilities found in
New England,and no poet elsewhere
achieved the popularity of Michael
Wigglesworth,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two sentences,of which the
first is a simple sentence while the second is a
compound sentence,composed of two coordinate
clauses,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase
while the second begins with but,Generally speaking,
the grammar of this selection is not complicated and it
warrants no further analysis whatsoever,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the two sentences,the first is a periodic sentence for
it begins with a prepositional phrase and can be
regarded as a loose sentence though it begins with but,
? 2,Structural formality,
? They are formal in structure for they are grammatically
complete and free from colloquial structures,
? 3,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are not popularly used except for
such a local one as poets and essayists,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,New England is
repeated; Michael Wigglesworth is a repetition of
Wiglesworth; southern colonies is a repetition of
colonies south of New England; and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? The selection is also formal for the employment of
formal words and nominalizations such as colony,
facility,achieve,popularity,etc,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 在维格尔斯华斯的新英格兰南边的几块殖民地中，有几位
不太阴郁的诗人和散文作家写作过。但是在南部殖民地没
有在新英格兰看见的那些印刷设施，但别的地方没有诗人
获得了迈克尔,维格尔斯华斯那样的受欢迎。
? Comments,
? This is another good case in point of a literal translation,
close to the original but distant from Chinese norms,For
example,在维格尔斯华斯的新英格兰南边的几块殖民地
中 could be translated into 维格尔斯华斯在新英格兰，在
其南边的几块殖民地中；但是在南部殖民地没有在新英格
兰看见的那些印刷设施 could be translated into 新英格兰
有印刷设施，南方的殖民地却没有,and so on,
? B) Translation 2,
? 在维格尔斯华斯的新英格兰以南的殖民地，有一些诗人和
散文家在写作，他们的作品不那么阴郁。但是南方殖民地
没有新英格兰所拥有的那些印刷设备，因此，别的地方没
有哪一位诗人有迈克尔,维格尔斯华斯的诗那样广为流传。
? Comments,
? The present translation has improved on the previous to
some extent by adding a little authenticity to the version,
but not solved all the problems,For example,the
contrast is not explicitly expressed,
? C) Translation 3,
? 有些诗人和散文家，不那么忧郁。维格尔斯华斯在英格兰创作，他们
在南方殖民地写诗作文。但是新英格兰拥有印刷设备，南方殖民地却 没有。因此，没有哪一位诗人有迈克尔,维格尔斯华斯那样驰名。
? Comments,
? By rearranging ideas contained in the original white aiming at
explicit expression of the contrast,we have produced a very explicit
and authentic version by contrasting the environment of
Wigglesworth‘s with that for those writing in colonies south of New
England,leading to the conclusion that accounts for Wigglesworth‘s
popularity,For this reason,the translation sounds not only more
readable and authentic but also more coherent,
? 69 Twentieth century literary scholars have discovered the
manuscripts of the contemporary of Wigglesworh named Edward
Taylor who produced what is perhaps the finest seventeenth
century American verse,Writing much of his poetry as a mental
exercise — or ―Meditation‖ — to prepare him for this duties as a
minister,Taylor filled his works with vivid imagery,Here,for
example,are Taylor‘s descriptions of the unworthy heart of man,
? A sty of filth,a trough of washing swill,
? A dunghill pit,a puddle of mere slime,
? A nest of vipers,hive of hornet‘s stings,
? A bag of poison,civet box of sins,
? Taylor never published any of his poetry,In fact,the first of
Edward Taylor‘s colonial poetry did not reach print until the third
decade of the twentieth century,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two narrative texts and a quotation of four lines of poetry,
The first narrative text consists of three sentences and the second consists of two,In
the first narrative text,the first sentence is complex in structure,composed of a
main clause and an attributive clause,which in turn contains an object clause,The
second is actually a simple sentence and the third is also a simple sentence,In the
second narrative text,the two sentences are both simple in structure,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first narrative text,the second sentence begins with a present participle
phrase followed by a parenthesis and an infinitive phrase and the third sentence is in
inverted order with a parenthesis embedded after here; and in the second narrative
text,the second sentence begins with a prepositional phrase,
? The four poetic lines,each composed of two noun phrases and eight noun phrases in
all,are in the form of iambic pentameter,but without any end rhyme to be spotted
out,In fact,it is composed of eight images,two in each line,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The narrative texts of the selection consist of five sentences in all,
of which the first is a loose sentence but it contains two subordinate
clauses,one embedded within the other; the second is a periodic
sentence beginning with a present participle phrase,with a
parenthesis within,followed by an infinitive phrase; the third is also
a periodic sentence with a parenthesis embedded after here; the
fourth is a typical loose sentence while the fifth is a periodic
sentence beginning with a prepositional phrase,
? 2,Structural formality,
? Similar to the variation in sentence structure is the variation in
sentence length,
? 3,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples can be identified,for instance,twentieth century is
repeated twice; Taylor is used twice to substitute for Edward
Taylor; poetry,American verse and works are semantically related;
literary scholars include contemporary,Wigglesworth and Edward
Taylor; mental exercise is a synonym for meditation; and publish,
print and manuscripts are semantically related,
? 4,Lexical formality,
? In the narrative texts,there are many formal words,including
nominalizations,for example,century,literary,scholar,discovery,
manuscript,contemporary,verse,poetry,mental,exercise,
meditation,minister and others,The four lines of the poetry,as
mentioned above,are full of images,but are not grammatical
sentences,not analyzable in terms of subordination or
coordination nor paraphrasable into a corresponding prose,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 二十世纪的文人学士发现了维格尔斯华斯同时代的诗人爱德华,泰拉尔的手稿,他写出
了或许是十七世纪美国最优美的诗篇。他写诗多为脑力锻炼或, 沉思冥想,,旨在锻
炼自己承担大臣的职责。泰拉尔的作品善用意象，栩栩如生。下面是泰拉尔对微不足
道的人心的描写,
? 一个肮脏的猪栏，一槽洗刷的泔水,
? 一个臭熏熏的粪池，一坑粘乎乎的粘液,
? 一窝毒蛇，一蜂房大黄峰的毒刺,
? 一口袋有毒的东西，一盒喷喷香的罪恶。
?
? 泰拉尔没有发表过他的诗作，实际上，泰拉尔的首批殖民诗歌直到二十世纪三十年代
才付梓问世。
? Comments,
? In translating both the narrative texts and the quotation,we have followed the
original rigidly and consequently produced a literal translation in its literal sense,For
this reason,the translated version of the narrative texts contains long,loosely
connected clauses and sentences,and the quotation does not sound like a Chinese
poem,
? B) Translation 2,
? 二十世纪的文人学士发现了爱德华,泰拉尔的手稿，他与维格尔斯华斯是同时代的诗人，
写出了或许是十七世纪美国最优美的诗篇。他主要以写诗锻炼脑力或, 进行苦思冥
想,,旨在帮助自己履行神父职责。泰拉尔的作品善用意象，栩栩如生。下面是泰拉
尔对不足称道的人心的描写,
? 猪栏脏脏，泔水槽槽,
? 粪池臭臭，潮地粘粘,
? 毒蛇多多，黄峰大大,
? 毒药袋袋，罪恶盒盒。
? 泰拉尔的诗作没有发表过，实际上，到二十世纪三十年代才开始出版泰拉尔的殖民
诗歌。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,clauses in the narrative texts have been shortened and
wordings are changed if necessary,In addition,the quoted poem is rewritten,
especially with the deletion of the numerals,the addition of the syllabically
compounded adjectives and terms of measurement unit,and the unification of the
line length,Consequently,the poem now sounds like an ancient Chinese verse with
images in the original retained,
? C) Translation 3,
? 二十世纪的文人学士发现了爱德华,泰拉尔的诗稿，他与维格尔斯华斯是同时代人，他
的作品在十七世纪的美国诗坛或许是最优美的。他以写诗锻炼大脑,,进行苦思冥
想,,帮助自己履行神父职责。泰拉尔善用意象，栩栩如生。下面是泰拉尔对不足称
道的人心的刻画,
? 猪栏肮脏泔水污,
? 粪池臭臭泥土粘,
? 镜蛇更添黄蜂蛰,
? 罪如毒药香盒眠。
? 泰拉尔的诗作曾长期尘封，到二十世纪三十年代他的首批殖民诗才开始付梓。
? Comments,
? The translation of the narrative texts is reworded,And important of all is that the
quoted poem is retranslated into a Chinese poem somewhat like a regular Chinese
cut verse in that it consists of four lines of regular length,the two lines in the first
couplet are parallel,the rhyme falls on the last syllable of the even line with the
rhyming syllable carrying an even tone,etc,However,the tones for every syllable are
not selected in accordance with the appropriate rhythmic pattern for a Chinese cut
verse,
? 70 Taylor,like many of the early colonial
writers,was an immigrant whose writing
was influenced by his early experiences in
England,As the decades passed new
generations of American-born writers
became important,Boston,Massachusetts,
was the birthplace of one such American-
born writer,His name was Benjamin
Franklin,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The paragraph consists of four sentences,of which the
first is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause
and an attributive clause; the second is also a complex
sentence,composed of an adverbial clause of time and
a main clause; and the last two are simple sentences,
? 2,Additional complication,
? Between the subject and the predicate verb in the first
sentence,there is a prepositional phrase; and the
second sentence begins with an adverbial clause,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The selection consists of two periodic sentences,the first two
sentences,of which the first has a prepositional phrase embedded
between the subject and the predicate while the second begins
with an adverbial clause of time,and the second sentence is much
longer than the first,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The first two sentences in the selection present some structure
complication,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for they are grammatically
complete and free from colloquial structures,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,American-born is
repeated; writer in either singular or plural form is
repeated twice; American-born is used in contrast with
England and semantically related with immigrant; and
decades and new generations are also used in
connection,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,can be
frequently found,for example,colonial,immigrant,
influence,experience,decade,generation,important,
and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 泰拉尔，和早期殖民作家中的许多人一样，是个移民，他的写作受到
他在英格兰的早期经验的影响。几十年过去了，出生在美国的新的几
代作家成了重要的。马萨诸塞州的波士顿是一位这样的出生在美国的
作家的出生地。他的名字是本杰明,富兰克林。
? Comments,
? The present translation does not sound authentic,for it follows the
original rigidly in terms of both structure and vocabulary,For
example,if 他的写作受到他在英格兰的早期经验的影响 can be
regarded as an awkward translation; 出生在美国的新的几代作家成
了重要的 is much worse than that; and马萨诸塞州的波士顿是一位这
样的出生在美国的作家的出生地 cannot be regarded as a sound
translation either,
? B) Translation 2,
? 像许多早期殖民作家那样，泰拉尔也是个移民，他的诗作
受到早期英格兰生活的影响。几十年过去了，几代土生土
长的美国新作家登上了舞台。在马萨诸塞的波士顿出生了
一位这样的作家，名叫本杰明,富兰克林。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,all the above-mentioned weak
points are improved on and consequently,it has become
an acceptable translation now for the improved
readability,coherence and authenticity,
? C) Translation 3,
? 像许多早期殖民作家那样，泰拉尔也是个移民，他的诗作受到移民前
英国生活经历的影响。几十年过去了，几代人在美国出生了，这些新 作家登上了文学舞台，本杰明,富兰克林就是其中的一位，他出生于马
萨诸塞的波士顿。
? Comments,
? For better coherence,the present translation has altered the
previous to a large extent,especially in the last part,Now it begins
with a parallel structure几十年过去了，几代人在美国出生了,
followed by这些新作家登上了文学舞台，本杰明,富兰克林就是其中
的一位，他出生于马萨诸塞的波士顿,forming an expression pattern
that develops from general to specific,with the focus located at the
end of the selection,
Exercises,
? 66 Benjamin Franklin was a brilliant,industrious and versatile man,Starting as a poor
boy in a family of seventeen children,he became famous on both sides of the
Atlantic as statesman,scientist and author,Despite his fame,however,he always
remained a man of industry and simple tastes,
? 67 Franklin‘s writing range from informal sermons on thrift to urbane essays,He
wrote gracefully as well as clearly,with a wit which often gave an edge to his words,
though the style he formed came from imitating two noted English essayists,Addison
and Steele,he made it into his own,His most famous work is his Autobiography,
? 68 Franklin‘s Autobiography is many things,First of all it is an inspiring account of a
poor boy‘s rise to a high position,Franklin tells his story modestly,omitting some of
the honors he received and including mention of some of his misdeeds,his errors as
he called them,He is not afraid to show himself as being much less than perfect,and
he is resigned to the fact that his misdeeds will often receive a punishment of one
sort or another,Viewing himself with objectivity,Franklin offers his life story as a
lesson to others,It is a positive lesson that teaches the reader to live a useful life,In
fact,the Autobiography is a how-to-do-it book,a book on the art of self-
improvement,
? 69 The practical world of Benjamin Franklin stands in sharp contrast
to the fantasy world created by Washington Irving,Named after
George Washington,the first president of the United States,Irving
provided a young nation with humorous,fictional accounts of the
colonial past,Many of Irving‘s other writings take the reader to
foreign lands,especially to Spain at the time of the Moors,But his
tales of colonial America remain his most enduring contributions to
America and world literature,
? 70 The Dutch culture in colonial New York was of particular interest
to Irving,He published a more serious history of the New York of
colonial times which shows his sly humor and general good nature,
This same geographic area provides the background for Irving‘s
best known work,the short story ―Rip Van Winkle.‖
第三节
? 71 Throughout the world many people think of
Americans as being outgoing,materialistic and
optimistic,outgoing,because they join clubs,
take part in movements,talk with their
neighbors across the hall or over the back fence;
materialistic,because they are eager for new
automobiles and bigger television sets;
optimistic,because they believe that they have
the power to do good things in a good world,
because they seem to say ―yes‖ to life instead of
―no‖,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of a single sentence,The part before the colon can be
regarded as a simple clause; and the part after the colon consists of three adjective
phrases appositive to the three adjective phrases immediately before the colon,
However,each adjective phrase is followed by an adverbial clause of reason,The first
two adverbial clauses are simple in structure and the third is composed of two
adverbial clauses of reason,both introduced by because,the first of which is
composed of a main clause and an object clause while the second is simple in
structure,In the part after the colon,outgoing,because… ; materialistic; because…,
optimistic,because… are elliptical expressions,which can be understood as … many
people think of Americans as being outgoing because…,… as being materialistic
because… and … as being optimistic because…, And at the end of the
selection,… say ―yes‖ to life instead of ―no‖,not complicated in grammar,though,can
be understood as … take an optimistic attitude to life instead of taking a pessimistic
attitude to life,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The sentence begins with a prepositional phrase,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The sentence in the selection is a periodic one,for it begins with a prepositional
phrase,The sentence is unusually long,running almost five lines,
? 2,Structural complication,
? As revealed in the grammatical analysis,the structure is complicated,
? 3,Parallel structure,
? The colon can serve as a demarcation to cut the sentence into two parts,This
selection is preeminently characterized in style by ellipsis,parallelism and repetition,
Specifically speaking,before outgoing in the second line,before materialistic in the
third and before optimistic in the fourth,the subject and predicate they are regarded
are omitted,Outgoing,materialistic and optimistic are parallel; parallel are also
outgoing,because… ; materialistic,because… ; optimistic,because … and the two
subordinate adverbial clauses of reason in the last two lines; however,all the parallel
structures vary to some extent to avoid tedious repetition; the key words outgoing,
materialistic and optimistic; and the conjunction because are repeatedly used,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? The parallel structures are a structural cohesive device;
the elliptic structures and repetitions are lexical
cohesive devices,In addition,the expression many
people throughout the world is used in contrast with
Americans,which is repeatedly referred to by they and
once by their in the text,and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Many formal words,including nominalizations,are
used throughout the selection,for example,
throughout,materialistic,optimistic,movement,
neighbor,automobile,television and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 整个世界上，许多人都认为美国人是外向型的、务实的、乐观的。外
向型的，因为他们加入俱乐部、参加运动、和走廊那边的人或隔着篱
笆和邻居们攀谈；务实的，因为他们急于得到新的汽车、更大的电视
机；乐观的，因为他们相信他们有能力在一个良好的世界上做好事，
因为他们看上去对生活说, 是, 不说, 不, 。
? Comments,
? Following the original rigidly,especially in terms of sequence,the
translation is readable,coherent and,to some extent,authentic,In
addition,the parallel structure is retained,But this does not mean
that there is no room for improvement,not to speak of the room for
other possible translations,
? B) Translation 2,
? 世界各地，许多人都认为美国人是外向的、务实的、乐观的。说他们
是外向的是因为美国人加入俱乐部、参加运动、隔着走廊或篱笆和邻
居们攀谈；说他们是务实的是因为他们急于要买新汽车、要买大电视
机；说他们是乐观的是因为他们相信，在一个秩序井然的世界上他们
能干许多有益的事，对生活，他们似乎总说, 是,,总不说, 不, 。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,improvements are made,First,for
rhythmic reason,外向型的 is now changed into外向的,and 他们加入
俱乐部、参加运动、和走廊那边的人或隔着篱笆和邻居们攀谈 is
turned into美国人加入俱乐部、参加运动、隔着走廊或篱笆和邻居们
攀谈 ; second,the last part is altered to a large extent,在一个秩序
井然的世界上他们能干许多有益的事，对生活，他们似乎总说, 是,,总不说, 不,,
? C) Translation 3,
? 世界上许多人都认为，美国人是外向的、务实的、乐观的。
他们喜欢加入俱乐部、喜欢参加政治运动、喜欢隔着走廊
或篱笆与邻里们攀谈；他们喜欢换新车、喜欢换大电视；
他们有信心在这个美好的世界上有所作为，他们对生活始
终持肯定态度，从不持否定态度。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the greatest change lies that
the explicit 外向的，是因为 ; 务实的，是因为 ; 乐观的，
是因为 are deleted and the ideas are now made implicit
between the lines,In addition,in the last part of the
selection,saying ―yes‖ and saying ―no‖ are liberally
translated,so to speak,
? 72 There is some truth in this general impression,though less with
the passing of each year,But American literature at its best has
rarely been the product of such Americans,Even in the 18th century,
with its prevalent belief in the perfectibility of man through the
perfecting of his institutions,there were skeptics; and the 19th
century contained its great and pessimistic sayers of ―No! in thunder‖
(as Melville described himself),as well as the great affirmers,like
Emerson and Whitman,By the end of the 19th century the
complacent,optimistic tone of the popular poets and novelists had
been challenged by Mark Twain,Crane and James,to name only the
best known; and the enduring writing of the first quarter of the 20th
century is,more often than not,critical of the quality of American
society,Its tone is satirical; the stereotyped American is made a
figure of fun or an object of pathos; the American dream is shown
to be illusory,The occasional yea-sayer like Sandburg stands out
almost as an anachronism,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of six sentences,of which the first can be regarded
as a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an elliptic adverbial
clause of concession; the second is a simple sentence; the third is a
compound sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses; the fourth is also
a compound sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses; the fifth is
again a compound sentence,composed of three coordinate clauses; and
the sixth is a simple sentence,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The third sentence begins with a prepositional phrase followed by another
and it has a parenthetic structure embedded in the brackets and another
parenthesis at the end of the sentence,The fourth sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase and has two parentheses one embedded before the
semi-colon and the other embedded in the second coordinate clause,
? 3,Notes,
? Generally speaking,the selection is not grammatically
complicated,However,there are still some points that may call
our attention,A case in point is the use of such deictic items as
this general impression,such Americans,etc,which should be
understood by referring to the selection that has gone before,
Hence this general impression can be understood as the
impression that Americans are outgoing,materialistic and
optimistic,and such Americans can be understood as the
outgoing,materialistic and optimistic Americans,especially the
optimistic Americans as demonstrated later,The expression … its
great and pessimistic sayers of ―No! in thunder‖ (as Melville
described himself),as well as the great affirmers,…,can be
reduced to A as well as B,which in turn can be understood as not
only B but also A,and affirmers can be understood as optimistic
sayers,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the six sentences,the first two are loose in structure if but at the beginning of the
second sentence is negligible,the second two are periodic in structure and the last
two are again loose in structure,The third sentence begins with an adverb and a
prepositional phrase followed by another prepositional phrase,and there are two
parenthetic structures,one in the brackets and the other between the two commas
near the end of the sentence,The fourth sentence begins with a prepositional phrase
and has two parentheses embedded in it,one before the semi-colon and the other
between the two commas near the end of the sentence,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The selection develops from structural simplicity to complexity and to simplicity again,
But generally speaking,the selection is not structurally complicated,
? 3,Structural formality,
? The selection is structurally formal for all the sentences are grammatically complete
and free from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are popularly used,for example,Emerson and Whitman;
complacent,optimistic; poets and novelists; Mark Twain,Crane and James; its
tone is satirical,the stereotyped American is made a figure of fun or an object of
pathos,the American dream is shown to be illusory; and a figure of fun or an
object of pathos,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,American is repeated; 18th century,19th
century and 20th century are used in succession; American literature and such
writers as Emerson,Whitman,Mark Twain,Crane,James and Sadburg are
semantically connected,A peculiar characteristic for the selection is the repeated
use of yes,no,affirmer and yea,which are related in meaning in terms of
antonymy and synonymy,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,are popularly used,for
example,general,impression,literature,product,prevalent,perfectibility,
perfecting,institution,skeptic,century,contain,pessimistic,affirmer,complacent,
optimistic,popular,poet,novelist,challenge,enduring,society,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 在这个总体印象中，有某些真实的成分，虽然随着一年一年地过去，真实的
成分越来越少。但是美国最精华的文学很少是这些美国人的产品。甚至在十
八世纪，人们普遍相信通过完美人的习俗，人就具有完美性。当时也有怀疑
者。十九世纪包含着伟大的、悲观论者,,不！雷鸣般地说, （就像麦尔维
耳描写他自己那样），也有伟大的肯定主义者如爱默生和惠特曼。到了十九
世纪末，大众诗人的那种惬意的、乐观的语调受到了马克,吐温、克雷恩和詹
姆斯的挑战，仅举几个非常著名的为例。二十世纪头二十五年的经久不衰的
文学作品通常是批判美国社会质量的，其语气是挖苦的。典型的美国人成了
取笑的人物或同情的对象，美国的梦被说成是梦幻。偶尔有肯定论者如桑德
伯格也几乎成了不合时宜的人。
? Comments,
? Some adaptations have already been made in the translation,For example,
经久不衰的文学作品 and 不合时宜的人 are used to translate the enduring
writing and an anachronism,However,怀疑者,产品 and others do not
sound congruous in the context or authentic to the Chinese reader,
? B) Translation 2,
? 总体上说，上述说法也有合理的成分，虽然随着时间的推移，合理成分越来
越少。但是，美国的文学精华却很少出自这些人的笔端。甚至在十八世纪，
人们普遍相信只要完美人的习俗，人就有可能完美。即使在这时，也有人对
此持怀疑态度。十九世纪既有伟大的肯定主义者如爱默生和惠特曼，也有伟
大的悲观论者,,不！雷鸣般地说, （就像麦尔维耳描写他自己的那样）。
到了十九世纪末，大众诗人的那种惬意的、乐观的语气受到了著名的文学家
如马克,吐温、克雷恩、詹姆斯等人的挑战。二十世纪头二十五年的经久不衰
的文学作品通常都是批判美国社会质量的，是语带讥讽的。典型的美国人成
了讥笑或同情的对象，美国梦被说成是幻想。偶有持肯定态度诸如桑德伯格，
也几乎是不合时宜的。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made in terms of readability,coherence and authenticity
when the first sentence is changed into总体上说，上述说法也有合理的成分，
虽然随着时间的推移，合理成分越来越少 ; when美国最精华的文学很少是这
些美国人的产品 is altered into美国的文学精华却很少出自这些人的笔端 ;
when即使在这时 is substituted for当时,and so on,
? C) Translation 3,
? 上述说法，总体上看有其合理成分，虽然随着斗转星移，合理的成分日渐见少。然而，
美国文学精粹却很少流淌于这些人的笔端。十八世纪人们普遍相信，只要完美人的习
俗，人就有可能完美。即使在那时，也有人质疑。十九世纪既有伟大的乐观主义者如
爱默生和惠特曼，也有著名的悲观主义者，他们, 大吼一声,‘ 不！ ’”,麦尔维耳
就是这样描写自己的。十九世纪末，大众诗人的那种惬意的、乐观的基调受到了诸如
马克,吐温、克雷恩、詹姆斯等文学巨匠的挑战。二十世纪头二十五年的文学作品，通
常以批判美国的社会质量为主题，以讥讽为基调。普通美国人成了讥笑或同情的对象。
偶有乐观主义者如桑德伯格，几乎成了不合时宜的非主流作家。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made here and there,Now the first sentence has become上述说法，
总体上看有其合理成分，虽然随着斗转星移，合理的成分日渐见少 ; 流淌 is used in the
second sentence; the fourth sentence is reorganized into十九世纪既有伟大的乐观主
义者如爱默生和惠特曼，也有著名的悲观主义者，他们, 大吼一声,‘ 不！ ’”,麦
尔维耳就是这样描写自己的 ; 文学巨匠 is used and非主流作家 is inserted,Consequently,
the translation sounds much more coherent,authentic and like Chinese writing,
? 73 Of the writers in this volume,Theodore Dreiser was perhaps the first
important new American voice of the 20th century,His naturalism and his
choice of subject often echo his predecessor,Stephen Crane,but his style
and methods are very different,There is none of the poetic symbolism,
none of the probing of psychological depths and neuroses,Perhaps because
of his childhood of bitter poverty in an immigrant family which suffered all
the deprivations brought about by lack of education,skill and status,
Dreiser was more concerned with society‘s effect on a person than with
man apart from his environment,Though the surface details which abound
in his works are,of course,out of date ——people‘s clothes,their speech,
their jobs——his treatment of the social forces which produce the murders
and prostitutes,as well as the business successes,is as modern as ghetto
literature,Dreiser was one of the first important writers to come from the
lower levels of society,rather than from a long middle-class tradition,and
in this he was the precursor of much that is goof in contemporary American
writing,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of six sentences,of which the first is a simple
sentence; the second is a compound sentence,composed of two
coordinate clauses; the third is again a simple sentence; the fourth
is a complex sentence,composed of an attributive clause embedded
in the prepositional phrase at the beginning and a main clause with
an elliptic adverbial clause of comparison embedded; the fifth is
again a complex sentence,composed of an adverbial clause of
concession with an attributive clause embedded and a main clause
again with an attributive clause embedded; and the last is a
compound complex sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses,
and in the first,there is an elliptic adverbial clause of comparison;
and in the second,there is an attributive clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase; the second sentence has a parenthesis
embedded; the third sentence is in inverted
order; the fourth sentence begins with a long
prepositional phrase; the fifth sentence begins
with an adverbial clause of concession with
three parentheses embedded,two in the
adverbial clause and one in the main clause; and
the last sentence has a parenthesis embedded,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the six sentences,all the sentences are periodic sentences for
the reason that the first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase;
the second has a parenthesis,Stephen Crane,embedded; the third
is in inverted order; the fourth begins with an adverb and a
prepositional phrase; the fifth has three parenthetic structures
embedded,one being between the tow dashes,one being of course
and the other being as well as… ; and the last has the parenthesis
rather than from a long… embedded,
? 2,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,In terms of
length,the first three are rather short while the last three are fairly
long,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures can be found,for example,his
naturalism and his choice of subject; his style and methods; none of the
poetic symbolism,none of the probing of psychological depths and
neuroses; psychological depths and neuroses; education,skill and status;
more… with society‘s effect on a person than with man apart from his
environment; people‘s clothes,their speech,their jobs; the murders and
prostitutes,as well as the business successes; and from the lower levels
of society,rather than from a long middle-class tradition,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,Theodore Dreiser or Dreiser and
Stephen Crane lie among the writers in this volume; his is repeatedly
used to refer to Dreiser,which is also repeated; style,methods,
psychological depths and neuroses,naturalism,symbolism and so on are
related to literature or American literature; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including
nominalizations,can be frequently found,for
example,volume,important,naturalism,subject,
predecessor,style,method,different,poetic,
symbolism,psychological,neuroses,immigrant,
deprivation,education,status,concerned,
society,effect,person,environment,surface,
treatment,murder,prostitute,business,success,
modern,literature and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 本卷所论的作家中，西奥多,德莱塞或许是二十世纪最重要的美国的新声音。他的自然
主义，他对主题的选择常常反映他的前任斯蒂芬,克雷恩，但是他的文体和方法是很不
同的。没有诗歌的象征主义，没有探寻心理的深度和神经问题。可能由于他童年在移
民家庭，极度贫困，由于缺少教育、技艺和地位，使他失去了一切。德莱塞更多地关
注社会对人的作用，而不关注脱离环境的人。虽然表面的细节，这些细节充斥他的作
品，当然是过时了。人的衣饰，他们的话语，他们的工作。他对社会力量的处理，这
些社会力量产生凶杀犯和卖淫女，他对企业成就的处理，和黑人文学一样现代。德莱
塞是来自社会下层的第一位重要作家，而不是来自中产阶级传统。在这方面，他是经
常徜徉在当代美国作品中的一位先驱。
? Comments,
? By following the original strictly,though with some local adaptations made here and
there,we have produced a translation,which is sound in terms of independent clause
or even sentence,However,on the whole,more coherence could be obtained and
authenticity could be improved,For example,虽然表面的细节，这些细节充斥他的作
品，当然是过时了 ; 人的衣饰，他们的话语，他们的工作 could be rearranged; the
internal components of他对社会力量的处理，这些社会力量产生凶杀犯和卖淫女，他
对企业成就的处理，和黑人文学一样现代 could be made more coherent,
? B) Translation 2,
? 本卷所包含的作家中，西奥多,德莱塞或许是二十世纪最重要的美国新声。他的自然主
义，他所选择的主题常常与在他之前的斯蒂芬,克雷恩雷同，但文体和方法却大相径庭。
没有诗歌象征主义的踪影，没有深入探寻心理和神经问题。可能由于他出生于移民家
庭，童年生活极度贫困。缺少教育、技艺和地位使他失去了一切。德莱塞更多地关注
社会对人的作用，而不关注脱离环境的人。他的作品充斥着表面细节，这些细节当然
是过时了，如人们的衣饰、话语、工作。虽然如此，他对产生凶杀和卖淫等社会现象
的处理，他对企业成就的处理，和黑人的文学一样现代。德莱塞来自社会下层，并非
来自中产阶级家庭，但却是这类人物中的第一位重要作家。从这个意义上说，他是经
常徜徉在当代美国作品一位先驱。
? Comments,
? Local changes have been made in the present translation,For example,他的作品充斥
着表面细节，这些细节当然是过时了，如人们的衣饰、话语、工作。虽然如此，他对
产生凶杀和卖淫等社会现象的处理，他对企业成就的处理，和黑人的文学一样现代 is
now used as the substitute for the previous counterpart,The sentence德莱塞来自社
会下层，并非来自中产阶级家庭，但却是这类人物中的第一位重要作家 and从这个意义
上说 differ significantly from the previous counterparts,However,in terms of
authenticity,there is still much to be desired,
? C) Translation 3,
? 本卷介绍二十世纪的作家，他们当中，西奥多,德莱塞或许是最重要的新声。他崇尚自
然主义，这一点以及在选择主题上常常与此前的斯蒂芬,克雷恩毫无二致，然文体和方
法却大相径庭。他的作品中不见诗歌象征主义的踪影，也不深入探寻心理和神经问题。
可能由于他出生于移民家庭，童年生活极度贫困，没有受过教育，没有技术，没有社
会地位，一切机遇都和他擦肩而过。因此，德莱塞主要关注社会对人的作用，不描写
脱离环境的人。人们的生活细节充斥着他的作品，如衣饰、话语和工作，这些当然是
过时了。虽然如此，他对产生凶杀和卖淫等社会现象的描写，他对企业成就的刻画，
和黑人的文学一样入时。德莱塞是第一位重要作家，来自社会下层，并非来自中产阶
级家庭，这成就了他，使他成了经常徜徉在当代美国文坛的一位先驱。
? Comments,
? Changes can be witnessed here and there in the present translation,of which the
most evident are perhaps the use of毫无二致 ; the insertion of 因此 ; the new wording
of他对产生凶杀和卖淫等社会现象的描写，他对企业成就的刻画，和黑人的文学一样入
时 and 这成就了他，使他成了经常徜徉在当代美国文坛的一位先驱, Consequently,the
translation has now become more readable,more authentic,and especially,more
coherent,
? 74 In his novels,Dreiser tried to treat human beings scientifically,rather
than intuitively with the poetic insight so much prized by writers of the 19th
century,He was that life is hard and found,in social Darwinism and in the
theory of Zola and the naturalists,the explanation that man is the product
of social processes and forces and of an inevitable kind of social evolution,
However inadequate such an answer to life may be,his books struck a
chord of response in many puzzled Americans who recognized that a gulf
existed between the dream that America promised on the one hand,and
the reality of graft,hypocrisy and callousness that was apparent,on the
other,Dreiser‘s tone is always serious,never satirical or comic,It is fitting,
then,that his best works are based on his own experiences or those of his
immediate family,like Sister Carrie,or are fictional re-creations of actual
happenings,like his well-known novel An American Tragedy,In
retrospect,Dreiser‘s work is significant,in spite of some obvious faults,for
its stubborn honesty and realism-treats which were to appear again in the
American Writers who succeeded him on the literary scene,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of six sentences,of which the first can be regarded
as a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an elliptic adverbial
clause of comparison; the second is a complex sentence,composed of a
main clause,a clause serving as predicative near the beginning of the
sentence and an appositive clause at the end of the sentence; the third is a
complex sentence,composed of an adverbial clause of concession and a
main clause,which in turn contains an attributive clause,which in turn
contains an object clause,where two attributive clauses are embedded
after the dream and callousness respectively; the fourth is a simple
sentence; the fifth can be regarded as a complex sentence composed of a
main clause and a subject clause,and it has it as the formal subject and
that his best works… as the real subject; and the last is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and a prepositional phrase,in which
there is an attributive clause embedded,which in turn has another
attributive clause embedded at the end of the sentence,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase; the second sentence has the
prepositional phrase in social Darwinism and in
the theory of Zola and the naturalists embedded
as a parenthesis; the third sentence begins with
an inverted adverbial clause of concession; the
fifth sentence has then and two prepositional
phrases embedded as parentheses; and the last
sentence begins with a prepositional phrase and
has a parenthesis embedded,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the six sentences,all the sentences are periodic in structure except for the fourth
because the first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase; the second sentence
has a parenthetic structure embedded,that is,in social Darwinism and in the theory
of Zola and the naturalists; the third sentence begins with an adverbial clause of
concession; the fifth sentence is in an inverted order and has such parentheses
embedded as then,like Sister Carrie and like his well-known novel An American
Tragedy; and the last sentence begins with a prepositional phrase,
? 2,Structural complication,
? If we divide the selection into two parts,each containing three sentences,then in the
first part,sentences run from long to the longer and then to the longest; in the
second part,they run from short to the longest and to the longer,Of all the
sentences,the two in the middle,that is,the fourth and the fifth are the most
complicated in structure,as revealed by the grammatical analysis and the stylistic
analysis above,Therefore,generally speaking,the selection is not structurally
complicated although some of the sentences are,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are formal in structure,for they are all grammatically complete
and free from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? The selection is characterized by parallel structures prevalently used throughout,
The following are but the selected examples,in social Darwinism and in the theory
of Zola and the naturalists; of social processes and forces and of an inevitable kind
of social evolution; the dream that America promised on the one hand,and the
reality of graft,hypocrisy and callousness that was apparent,on the other,with
graft,hypocrisy and callousness parallel to each other; are based on his own
experiences or those of his immediate family,like Sister Carrie,or are fictional
re-creations of actual happenings,like his well-known novel An American
Tragedy,with are based on his own experiences or those of his immediate family
parallel to are fictional recreations of actual happenings; his own experiences is
parallel to those of his immediate family; the two prepositional phrases introduced
by like are parallel; and others,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,he,him and his (repeated
several times) are used to refer to Dreiser,which is repeated;
Darwinism,the theory of Zola and the naturalists are semantically
related; Americans,America and American writers are also
semantically related; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for
example,novel,scientifically,intuitively,poetic,insight,prize,
century,naturalist,theory,explanation,product,social,process,
inevitable,evolution,inadequate,response,recognize,promise,
reality,hypocrisy,callousness,apparent,satirical,and many
others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 在他的小说中，德莱塞努力做到科学地处理人而不是以诗人的洞察力凭直觉去处理人，而这样做十
九世纪的作家们是十分推崇的。他是这样的，生活是艰难的，他发现，在社会达尔文主义中、在左
拉理论和自然主义者中，这样的解释，人是社会过程和社会力量的产物，最终是一种社会进化的产
物。对生活的这种答案不管如何不充分，他的书叩响了许多迷茫的美国人心中的回应心弦。这些迷
茫的美国人看到，一方面美国许诺了美好的梦，另一方面美国的现实明显存在着贿赂、虚伪和厚颜
无耻，二者之间存在着巨大的差距。德莱塞的基调始终是严肃的，从不挖苦讥笑。这样一来，他的
最佳著作都基于他自己的经历或者他家庭亲人的经历，如, 嘉莉妹妹,,或者是真实事件的小说再
创造，如他的著名小说, 一个美国人的悲剧,,这样是很合适的。在反思中，德莱塞的著作是伟大
的，虽然有某些明显的缺点，因为他的著作有固执的诚实，有现实主义的特点，这些在继他之后而 出现在文学舞台上的美国作家中反复出现。
? Comments,
? Generally speaking,some clauses and sentences are translated well enough,For example,他的书
叩响了许多迷茫的美国人心中的回应心弦 is well worded; 一方面 and另一方面 are duly fronted and
二者之间存在着巨大的差距 is duly pushed back; 这样是很合适的 is also duly pushed back,and so on,However,the sentence他是这样的，生活是艰难的，他发现，在社会达尔文主义中、在左拉理
论和自然主义者中，这样的解释，人是社会过程和社会力量的产物，最终是一种社会进化的产物 presents some difficulty for understanding and the sentence这样一来，他的最佳著作都基于他自
己的经历或者他家庭亲人的经历，如, 嘉莉妹妹,,或者是真实事件的小说再创造，如他的著名小说, 一个美国人的悲剧,,这样是很合适的 does not sound coherent or authentic enough,
? B) Translation 2,
? 德莱塞在小说中努力做到科学地处理人而不是以诗人的洞察力凭直觉去处理人，而这
样做是十九世纪的作家们所十分推崇的。他认为生活是艰难的，在社会达尔文主义、
左拉理论和自然主义中他发现了这样的解释，人是社会过程和社会力量的产物，最终
是一种社会进化的产物。这样来阐释生活虽然不够充分，但他的小说叩响了许多迷茫
的美国人的心弦，引起了共鸣。这些迷茫的美国人看到，一方面美国许诺了美好的未
来，另一方面美国的社会现实明显存在着贿赂、虚伪和厚颜无耻，二者之间存在着巨
大的差距。德莱塞的基调始终是严肃的，从不挖苦讥笑。他的最佳著作都基于他自己
的经历或者他家人的经历，如, 嘉莉妹妹, ；或者是真实事件的重新创造，如他的著
名小说, 一个美国人的悲剧,,这是很自然的。通过思考，德莱塞的著作是伟大的，
虽然有某些明显的缺点，因为他的著作诚实到了固执的地步，有现实主义的特点，这
些在继他之后出现在文学舞台上的美国作家的作品中反复出现。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,all the above-mentioned weak points are eliminated and
the translation sounds more like Chinese writing,However,there still remains a lot of
room for improvement,though locally,For example,the idea of处理人 is vague
enough and这是很自然的 could be placed in a better position,
? C) Translation 3,
? 十九世纪的作家们十分推崇以诗人的洞察力凭借直觉去临摹人，德莱塞则试图在小说中用科学眼光
来审视人。在他看来生活是艰难的。他信奉社会达尔文主义、左拉理论和自然主义理论，用这些理
论来解释社会，结果发现，人是社会过程和社会力量的产物，归根结底，是社会进化的产物。这样
来阐释生活虽然捉襟见肘，但他的小说叩响了许多迷茫的美国人的心弦，引起了共鸣。这些迷茫的
美国人看到，美国虽然许诺了美好的未来，社会上却明显存在着贿赂、虚伪和厚颜无耻，梦想与现
实之间存在着巨大的差距。德莱塞的基调始终是严肃的，从不挖苦讥讽。于是，很自然，他的最佳
著作都以他自己的经历或者他家人的经历为基础，如, 嘉莉妹妹, ；或者对真实事件加以虚构，如
他的著名小说, 一个美国人的悲剧, 。凭心而论，德莱塞的小说蕴含丰富，虽然明显存在瑕疵，因
为这些小说诚实到了固执的地步，富有现实主义的笔触，这些都得到了继他之后出现在文学舞台上 的美国作家们的垂青，在他们的作品中反复出现。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the first sentence is rearranged; 他信奉社会达尔文主义、左拉理论和自
然主义理论，用这些理论来解释社会，结果发现，人是社会过程和社会力量的产物，归根结底，是
社会进化的产物 has now become the new version for the translation of the corresponding previous parts; 梦想与现实 is pushed back and combined with存在着巨大的差距 ; 捉襟见肘 is now
employed; 很自然 is now used and put in its proper position; 凭心而论 is substituted for the
previous translation,and so on,Consequently,the translation now sounds more readable,
coherent and authentic,though somewhat irrespective of the original structure,
? 75 In their opposing ways,the two most important poets of the first decades of the 20th century,
Edward Arlington Robinson and Carl Sandburg,also sought to explore the quality of American life
and to report on it with Dreiser‘s kind of Truthfulness,Now,as from the beginning,American
poets tended to divide sharply into two groups,traditionalists and innovators,Robinson and
Sandburg in the 20th century represent these two poles as strikingly as did Poe and Whitman in
the 19th century,Though less read now than Robert Frost,who first published during this period
but whose major influence belongs to a later time,Robinson has the same New England background and equals some of Frost‘s best qualities as a poet and reporter on the world,
Robinson‘s tone is,however,characteristically ironic and somewhat aloof and detached,even
when he evinces an undercurrent of compassion,In his best-known poems,such as ―Richard Cory‖
and ―Miniver Cheevy‖,Robinson uses conventional meter and rhyme to paint wry,condensed,
often startling vignettes,which illustrate men‘s individualized responses to a life that he,like
Dreiser,saw as hard,Elsewhere,as in ― Mr,Flood‘s Party,‖ Robinson comes closer to the dramatic
narrative form that Frost perfected,for example,in ―The Death of the Hired Man‖,Robinson also
made use of traditional themes,such as the Arthurian legends,but all of his poems are
conventional and traditional,whether in the tradition of Wordsworth‘s ―The Leech Gatherer,‖ or of Tennyson‘s ―Idylls of the King.‖ What is typical of the 20th century in Robinson is the tone of
pessimism,the undercurrent of disillusionment with his heritage and his present,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of 9 sentences,of which the first two are simple
sentences,the third is a complex sentence,consisting of a main clause and
an adverbial clause of comparison; the fourth is also a complex sentence,
composed of an elliptic adverbial clause of concession,in which there are
two coordinate attributive clauses embedded,and a main clause; the fifth is
again a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an adverbial
clause of time; the sixth is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause
and an attributive clause,in which there is still another attributive clause
embedded; the seventh is again a complex sentence,composed of a main
clause and an attributive clause; the eighth is a compound sentence,
composed of two coordinate clauses,in the second of which there is
embedded an elliptic adverbial clause of concession; and the last is again a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and a subject clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase and has a parenthetic structure
embedded at the end of the subject,and the parenthesis is grammatically appositive
to the word poets in the first line,The second sentence begins with an adverb and as
from the beginning,which actually can be regarded as an elliptic adverbial clause of
time,The fourth sentence begins with an elliptic adverbial clause of concession,
composed of a conjunction plus a past participle phrase,followed by an elliptic clause
comparison,composed of a conjunction and a proper name,In addition,the proper
name is followed by two coordinate attributive clauses,The fifth sentence has a
parenthesis,however,embedded,The sixth sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase followed by a parenthesis,and it has another parenthetic prepositional phrase
embedded near the end of the sentence,The seventh sentence begins with an
adverb followed by a parenthesis,consisting of a conjunction and a prepositional
phrase,and the main clause has a parenthetic structure,for example,embedded,
The eighth sentence has such parentheses embedded as such as the Arthurian
legends and whether in the tradition of Wordsworth‘s ―The Leech Gatherer,‖ or of
Tennyson‘s ―Idylls of the King.‖ And the last sentence begins with a subject clause,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Except for the third sentence,all the others in the selection are periodic in structure
because the first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase and has a parenthesis
embedded; the second sentence begins with an adverb and an elliptic adverbial
clause; the fourth sentence begins with an elliptic adverbial clause,followed by
another elliptic adverbial clause and two coordinate attributive clauses; the fifth
sentence has the parenthetic however embedded; the sixth sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase followed by a parenthetic structure and it has another
parenthetic structure embedded near the end of the sentence; the seventh sentence
begins with an adverb followed by a parenthetic structure and it has another
parenthetic phrase for example embedded; the eighth sentence has two parenthetic
structures embedded; and the last begins with a subject clause,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Most of the sentences are structurally complicated,for of all the 9 sentences,there
are six complex,one compound and two simple sentences; and of the 9 sentences,8
are periodic sentences,with additional structure complications,and only 1 loose
sentence among the 9,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal in that they are all
grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for
example,Edward Arlington Robinson and Carl Sandburg; to
explore the quality of American life and to report on it;
traditionalists and innovators; Robinson and Sandburg; Poe and
Whitman; Robinson and Sandburg in the 20th century represent
these two poles as strikingly as did Poe and Whitman in the 19th
century; who first published during this period but whose major
influence belongs to a later time; has the same New England
background and equals some of Frost‘s best qualities… ; poet and
reporter; aloof and detached; ―Richard Cory‖ and ―Miniver Cheevy‖,
and many others,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,Edward Arlington Robinson
and Carl Sandburg is repeated by the short form of Robinson and
Sandburg; poets is partially repeated by poems with names of
poets mentioned such as Robinson,Sandburg,Poe,Whitman,
Frost,Wordsworth and Tennyson; two poles is used as a partial
repetition of two groups; Dreiser is repeated; names of poems
are used here and there; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,can be
frequently identified,for example,important,decade,explore,
quality,report,tend,divide,traditionalist,innovator,represent,
century,strikingly,publish,period,background,disillusionment,
undercurrent,heritage,pessimism,dramatic,narrative,and many
others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 在他们的相互对立的方法中，二十世纪头二三十年的两位最重要的诗人爱德华,阿灵顿,罗宾逊和卡尔,桑德伯格也寻
求探索美国生活的质量，用德莱塞式的真实予以报告。现在，就像开始时那样，美国诗人倾向于分为泾渭分明的两
大阵营：传统主义者与创新主义者。罗宾逊和桑德伯格在二十世纪鲜明地代表这两极就像在十九世纪普和惠特曼鲜明地代表两极一样。虽然现在不像罗伯特,弗罗斯特那样拥有众多的读者，罗伯特,弗罗斯特于这个阶段开始发表诗
作，但他的主要影响属于后一个时期。罗宾逊也有同样的英格兰背景，也有一些弗罗斯特那样的作为诗人和报道世
界的记者的优秀品质。但是，罗宾逊的基调特征是讽刺的，有些高调和漠不关心，即使在他表达某种潜在的同情心
的时候。在他的最著名的诗中，例如, 里查德,科里, 和, 米尼韦尔,奇威, 中，罗宾逊使用传统的音步与韵脚，描
绘了怪异的、浓缩的、通常是惊人的肖像。这些肖像显示了人对生活的个性反应。这种生活，他像德莱塞一样认为
是艰难的。在其他地方，如在, 弗拉德先生的宴会, 中，罗宾逊近似于弗罗斯特所钟爱的例如在, 雇工之死, 中的
那种戏剧般的叙事形式。罗宾逊也使用传统主题如阿瑟王传奇，但是他的所有的诗作都是世俗的、传统的，像华兹
华斯的, 螞蟥收集者, 或坦尼森的, 国王的田园生活, 一样。罗宾逊诗作中典型的二十世纪的东西是他的悲观主义
的基调，他的对传统和现实不存幻想的潜意识。
? Comments,
? Examined from the viewpoint of individual clauses and sentences,there is not much to be desired,though there
is a lot of room for improvement,Examined as a whole,however,the selection is not coherent enough,For
example,the first sentence could be rearranged like this:二十世纪头几十年有两位最重要的诗人：爱德华,阿灵顿,
罗宾逊和卡尔,桑德伯格。他们的写作方法迥异，但都探索美国生活的质量，用德莱塞式的真实予以报告, For
authenticity and readability,there is perhaps much more to be desired,For example,the meaning of螞蟥收集者 is
vague enough,and those long sentences could be shopped short,
? B) Translation 2,
? 虽然用迥然不同的方法，二十世纪头二三十年的两位最重要的诗人爱德华,阿灵顿,罗宾逊和卡尔,桑
德伯格也寻求探索美国生活的质量，并用德莱塞式的真实予以报道。从一开始，美国诗人就倾向于
分为泾渭分明的两大阵营：传统派与革新派。在十九世纪普和惠特曼分别代表了两派，二十世纪罗 宾逊和桑德伯格也分别代表两派。罗伯特,弗罗斯特于十九世纪开始发表诗作，但他的主要影响属于
二十世纪。现在虽然不像罗伯特,弗罗斯特那样广为阅读，罗宾逊和弗罗斯特一样，也有英格兰背景，
也有以诗作报道世界事件的优秀品质。但是，罗宾逊的基调特征是讽刺的，有些孤傲不群，不食人 间烟火，即使是在他表达某种潜在的同情心的时候也是这样。在他的最著名的诗作例如, 里查德,科
里, 和, 米尼韦尔,奇威, 中，罗宾逊使用传统的音步与韵脚，描绘了怪异的、浓缩的、通常是惊人
的肖像。这些肖像显示了人对生活的个性化反应。这种生活，他像德莱塞一样认为是艰难的。在其 他地方，如在, 弗拉德先生的宴会, 中，罗宾逊使用戏剧叙事体，这种诗体为弗罗斯特所钟爱，在
,雇工之死, 中就曾使用过。罗宾逊也使用传统主题如阿瑟王传奇，但是他的所有诗作都是世俗的、
传统的，像华兹华斯的, 吸血鬼, 或坦尼森的, 国王的恬静, 一样。罗宾逊诗作中典型的二十世纪
的东西是他的悲观主义的基调，是他的对传统和现实不存幻想的潜意识。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made especially concerned with the above-mentioned points,For example,the
first sentence is now retranslated,and the fourth sentence is rearranged,吸血鬼 and国王的恬静
are used as substitutes for the previous counterparts,In addition,现在虽然不像罗伯特,弗罗斯特
那样广为阅读 is pushed further back,All the above measures contribute to the improvement on
the previous in terms of readability,coherence and authenticity,
? C) Translation 3,
? 二十世纪头二三十年出了两位最重要的诗人：爱德华,阿灵顿,罗宾逊和卡尔,桑德伯格。他们写作方
式迥然不同的，但都力图探讨美国生活的质量，用德莱塞式的真实予以报道。一开始，美国诗人就
倾向于分为两大派别：传统派与革新派。两派大相径庭，十九世纪的代表人物是普和惠特曼，二十 世纪的代表人物是罗宾逊和桑德伯格。罗伯特,弗罗斯特十九世纪开始发表诗作，主要影响在二十世
纪。罗宾逊和弗罗斯特一样，也有英格兰背景，也有以诗报道世界事件的优秀品质。但是，罗宾逊
的基调是讽刺的，有些孤傲不群，超凡脱俗，甚至在表露同情之心的时也是如此。在最著名的诗作 例如, 里查德,科里, 和, 米尼韦尔,奇威, 中，罗宾逊使用传统音步与韵律，描绘了怪异的、典型
的、通常是令人叹为观止的人物。这些人物展示出人对生活的个性化反应。这种生活，他也和德莱
塞一样认为是艰难的。在其他地方，如在, 弗拉德先生的宴会, 中，罗宾逊使用戏剧叙事体，这种诗体为弗罗斯特所钟爱，在, 雇工之死, 中曾经使用过。罗宾逊也利用传统主题做诗如阿瑟王传奇，
但是他的所有的诗作都是世俗的、传统的，具有华兹华斯的, 吸血鬼, 和坦尼森的, 国王的恬静,
那样的传统。罗宾逊诗作中典型的二十世纪的东西是他的悲观主义的基调，是他的对传统和现实不
存幻想的潜意识。
? Comments,
? Improvements are further made when long sentences are further shopped and retranslated,
new expressions are used to substitute for the old and proper conjunctions are inserted,together
with other measures taken,Consequently,the translation sounds more readable,coherent and
authentic,though occasionally irrespective of the original but not to the unacceptable extent,
Exercises,
? 71 The two most influential satirists of the 20‘s were Sinclair Lewis,the novelist,and H,L,Mencken,the journalist
and essayist,Together they completely altered the ordinary literate American‘s view of himself,The great
interlocking series of Lewis‘s novels,with their recurring character-types and settings,and their panoramic view
of the American Western Heartland,ignores the war as if it had never taken place,Lewis uses Europe,where he
lived for long periods,as no more than a casual tourist spot in one of his novels,Like Dreiser and Sandburg,
Lewis was a Middle Westerner from a small town in Minnesota,which is the setting for his most famous novel and
first great success,Main Street; but unlike those poor sons of immigrants,―Red‖ Lewis was thoroughly middle-
class,The son of a doctor,he went to Yale University,served as secretary to Upton Sinclair (a writer famous for
The Jungle,an expose of the meatpacking industry in Chicago,and other socialist-inspired novels),spent as a
journalist in Europe,and was married to a famous foreign correspondent and commentator,Dorothy Thompson,
His work soon became successful; the names of some of his characters,such as Babbitt,entered the language as
type-names,like those of Dickens,Americans took their view of themselves from the often exaggerated portraits
he drew,
? 72 Despite their heightening of satirical effect,Lewis‘s novels were realistic in highly original ways,He had a keen
comic sense and a true ear for everyday speech; he was a great mimic and actor,a great story-teller and
conversationalist; and these qualities are everywhere evidenced in his novels,especially his earliest (and best),
What he had to say in Main Street and Babbitt and Dodsworth about the pretensions of small-town society,
the thinness of its culture,the pathos and pettiness of the lives lived by its businessmen and their wives,
Americans saw,with a shock of recognition,to be true,At the same time,none of this way of life was a tragic
matter,In a vein of exuberant comedy,Lewis invited his readers to laugh,not at themselves,but at his
characters,whose unawareness of their own absurdity he exposed,Novels like these are not necessarily among
the greatest in literature,but they may be enormously influential on their times,They render palatable the
unpleasant truths which lie just beneath the surface of life,This underlying seriousness was what won Lewis the
Nobel Prize,and made him the first American novelist to be so honored,
? 73 The influence of H,L,Mencken was,during this early period of the 20th century,
even greater than that of Lewis,For twenty years his magazine,The American
Mercury,was read by everyone with intellectual pretensions,Writers imitated and
envied the wit of Mencken‘s pungent,biting editorials and essays on the latest antics
of what he called the ―booboisie‖,Never a literary ma in the academic sense,
Mencken (like Dreiser,the son of immigrant Germans) spent all his long and
productive life in Baltimore as a newspaperman and editor,He was not a part of the
literary circles of Chicago or New York,or a member of the expatriate literary colony
in Paris,He was a close friend of no major writer except Dreiser,yet he influenced
not only the ordinary educated man who read his magazine,newspaper articles and
collected essays – quite properly called Prejudice – but also the serious writers,Like
all satirists,he cared deeply about what he made fun of in his exaggerated,trenchant,
often abusive language,He cared about his city,his fellow ―boobs‖,his German beer,
and his intellectual life,His completely personal style,his gift for invective,his
linguistic inventiveness,all reflect in stimulating ways the deep and scholarly
preoccupation with language which is demonstrated in his monumental The
American Language,a study which is still an intriguing source of data and insights,
The vigor and vitality of Mencken‘s mind are as evident in all he wrote as his bias
toward excellence and his hatred of cant and sham,
? 74 The last two novelists to be considered here are F,Scott Fitzgerald,who epitomized the ―Roaring Twenties,‖
and John Steinbeck,the best of the social-protest novelists of the 30s,the decade of the Great Depression,
Neither felt detached from his society,as Lewis and Mencken had; each took ―his‖ decade far too seriously for
satire,and felt too much a part of it to take a detached view,Fitzgerald,like Lewis a product of Minnesota,went
to Princeton,where he was surrounded by people richer,more sophisticated and superficially cleverer that he
was,A feeling of inferiority always plagued him,though at 23 he was already a great popular success and money-
maker with his first novel,This Side of Paradise,He was the handsome young husband of Zelda,the girl of his
dreams,and he was famous and rich when the other expatriate writers in Paris were still,like Hemingway,
hungry and unknown,
? 75 Even very early,Fitzgerald recognized the sad and frightening side of his merry,dancing,gambling,liberated
life,as such a title as The Beautiful and Damned shows,His novel grew significantly deeper and more tragic
as his money troubles increased,as his wife‘s madness became more destructive,and as he felt himself heading
toward the crack-up which ended his life in Hollywood before he was 45,One of his best novels is The Great
Gasby,the story of a man who wants to be rich,well-liked and happy,but who fails for reasons which
Fitzgerald‘s art and compassionate understanding succeed in making his readers accept as tragic,A later
Fitzgerald novel is Tender is the Night,the story of marital complications among the rich and ―fortunate‖
expatriates in France,which is even sadder and more obviously autobiographical,Fitzgerald,the lucky young
writer who symbolized the gay 20s,declined in spirit like his country when the stock market crashed in 1929,
when the grim 30s began to move into the Great Depression,and when Hitler‘s rise to power signaled the
approach of World War II,Fitzgerald‘s novels are full of pathos,played by bright individuals against bright
backdrops; when the scene changed and his world collapsed,his talent flickered and went out,
第四节
? 76 At the opposite pole of poetic vision and technique is Carl
Sandburg,a breaker of conventions akin to Whitman,His
background was,in important ways,like Dreiser‘s,He,too,came of
immigrant stock; he,too,grew up in difficult circumstances,though
in a much happier and more productive home,Instead of finding in
social Darwinism an explanation of what was wrong with society,he
saw it in the defects of political institutions,and his own socialism
made him hopeful,It also led him to see greatness in the ordinary
man and in that man‘s capacity to create a society in which
inequalities would be erased,in which each man‘s potential would
be realized,and in which the chasm between American dream and
reality would be bridged,In Sandburg‘s poems one hears echoes of
19th-centuray idealism——echoes of Emerson as well as Whitman,
One also hears,in 20th-century dress,the 18th century‘s faith in
political and social change as roads to an improved quality of life,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of seven sentences,of which the first two are
actually simple sentences; the third is a compound sentence,
consisting of two coordinate clauses,the second of which,however,
has an elliptic adverbial clause of concession embedded; the fourth
is a compound complex sentence,composed of a prepositional
phrase,with an object clause embedded,and a clause,composed
of two coordinate clauses; the fifth is a complex compound
sentence,composed of a main clause and three coordinate
attributive clauses modifying a society; and the last two are simple
sentences,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase
and is in inverted order; the second sentence has a
parenthetic structure embedded,that is,in important
ways; the third sentence has two toos each embedded
parenthetically in one of the coordinate clauses; the
fourth sentences begins with a prepositional phrase with
an object clause embedded; the sixth begins with a
prepositional phrase and has a parenthetic structure
embedded after the dash; the seventh sentence has a
parenthetic structure embedded,that is,in 20th-century
dress,and other sentences do not have additional
complications,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the seven sentences,the fifth is loose in structure while all the others are periodic
sentences,for the first sentence is in the inverted order with the prepositional phrase
placed at the beginning; the second sentence has a parenthetic structure embedded;
the third sentence has two parentheses embedded; the fourth sentence begins with
a prepositional phrase; the sixth sentence begins with a prepositional phrase and has
a parenthetic structure embedded; and the last sentence has a parenthetic structure
embedded,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Based on the grammatical analysis and the stylistic analysis above,conclusion could
be drawn that the selection is,generally speaking,structurally complicated,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures,
Therefore,all are structurally formal,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,
for example,poetic vision and technique; he,too,came
of immigrant stock; he,too,grew up in difficult
circumstances; much happier and more productive; in
the ordinary man and in that man‘s capacity to create a
society… ; in which inequalities would be erased,in
which each man‘s potential would be realized,and in
which the chasm between American dream and reality
would be bridged; echoes of 19th-centuray idealism—
—echoes of Emerson as well as Whitman; 20th-century
dress and the 18th century‘s faith; and political and
social,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,he and his are repeatedly used
to refer to Carl Sandburg,and Whitman,Emerson and Dreiser are
mentioned in contrast or in comparison with Sandburg; socialism is
used in contrast with Darwinism; social,society,socialism,political
institutions and so on are used as semantically related; ordinary
man is repeated by man; inequality is used as a social defect; and
so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for
example,opposite,poetic,vision,technique,convention,
background,important,immigrant,difficult,circumstances,
productive,explanation,society,political,institutions,socialism,
ordinary,capacity,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 处于诗力和诗艺的另一极的是卡尔,桑德伯格，是发端于惠特曼的传统的打破
者。他的背景，在重要方面，像德莱塞一样。他也来自移民家庭，也在困难
的环境中长大，虽然他的家庭更为幸福也更为高产。社会有什么问题，对此，
他不在社会达尔文主义那里寻求答案，而是看到社会问题存在于社会制度的
弊端之中，而他自己的社会主义使他充满希望。社会主义也使他看到普通人
身上的伟大，看到人有能力创造一个社会，在这个社会中，各种不平将会夷
平，每个人的潜力将会实现，美国的梦想和现实之间的鸿沟将会填平。在桑
德伯格的诗篇中，人们可以听到回响着十九世纪的理想主义 —回响着惠特曼
和爱默生的理想主义。人们也听到，穿着二十世纪衣服的十八世纪信念，这
种信念认为，政治与社会变革是通向改善了的社会质量的途径。
? Comments,
? Generally speaking,the translation on the whole is not sufficiently readable,
coherent and authentic,A case in point is that some expressions are not
typically authentic in the Chinese sense,For example,另一极 ; 发端于惠特曼
的传统的打破者 ; 他的背景，在重要方面,and others could be retranslated
like this,另一派 ; 打破了惠特曼所创立的传统 ; 他的许多重要背景,etc,
? B) Translation 2,
? 卡尔,桑德伯格在诗歌的洞察力和诗歌艺术上代表了另一派，他打破了发端于
惠特曼的诗歌传统。他的背景在许多重要方面与德莱塞颇为近似，也来自移
民家庭，也在不同的环境中长大，但他的家庭更为幸福，家庭收入也更为可
观。对社会问题，他不从社会达尔文主义那里寻求答案，而是认为社会问题
存在于社会制度的弊端之中，而他自己的社会主义使他充满希望。社会主义
也使他看到普通人身上的伟大，看到人有能力创造一个社会，在这个社会中，
各种不平将会夷平，每个人的潜力将得以实现，美国的梦想和现实之间的鸿
沟也将填平。在桑德伯格的诗篇中，人们可以听到十九世纪理想主义的回
声 —听到惠特曼和爱默生的声音。人们也听到，穿着二十世纪衣饰的十八世
纪信念，这种信念认为，政治与社会变革是通向改善了的社会质量的途径。
? Comments,
? Generally speaking,the present translation has improved on the previous at
many points,and of course,all the above-mentioned weak points are
eliminated,However,some ideas could be coherently and authentically
expressed better or at least in different ways,
? C) Translation 3,
? 在诗歌的洞察力和艺术方面，卡尔,桑德伯格另辟蹊径，打破了源于惠特曼的诗歌传统。
在背景方面，他与德莱塞有许多重要的相似之处，也来自移民家庭，也受到各种环境
的哺育，但他的家庭更为幸福，收入更为可观。他不用社会达尔文主义观察社会问题，
而是认为社会问题是社会制度的各种弊端造成的。他信仰社会主义，这使他充满希望，
也使他看到普通人身上的伟大，看到人有能力创造一个各种不平将会夷平、人的潜力
将得以实现、美国的梦想和现实之间的鸿沟将会填平的社会。在桑德伯格的诗篇中，
人们可以听到十九世纪理想主义的回声 —听到惠特曼和爱默生的声音。在这些诗篇中，
人们也听到，披着二十世纪外衣的十八世纪信念，坚信政治与社会变革是完善社会质
量的途径。
? Comments,
? If we could not say that the present translation is better than the previous,we can at
least say that it is a different translation,For example,在诗歌的洞察力和艺术方面，
卡尔,桑德伯格另辟蹊径，打破了源于惠特曼的诗歌传统 ; 在背景方面，他与德莱塞有
许多重要的相似之处 ; 也受到各种环境的哺育 ; 不用社会达尔文主义观察社会问题；社
会问题是社会制度的各种弊端造成的 ; 他信仰社会主义，这使他充满希望，也使他看到 ;
坚信政治与社会变革是完善社会质量的途径,and others,are all new translations; and
在这些诗篇中, With all the measures taken,parallel structures are made more explicit;
readability,coherence and authenticity are further improved,
? 77 In his poetry Sandburg ―chants,‖ to use Whitman‘s word,a
hymn to America and its people——not to the stereotype,but to the
ideal,Sandburg‘s form is the free verse that Whitman employed,
with its lines of irregular length,its looser speech rhythms,and the
absence of end rhyme,At its best it has the same grand cadences
and front rhymes in his shorter poems,Sandburg even tends to use
Whitman‘s movement from short to gradually swelling long lines
followed by a return to shorter lines,to produce poems like the lip
of a wave,He also uses Whitman‘s scheme of lists and catalogues,
as well as Whitman‘s praise of the low and seemingly trivial,Thus,
in the first quarter of the 20th century,Sandburg,like Whitman
before him,stood for innovation and rejection of conventional forms,
During this period,he wrote some of his greatest poems,paeans of
praise to Chicago which match,in style and fervor,those of
Whitman about Manhattan,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of seven sentences,of which the first is a
simple sentence; the second is a complex sentence,composed of a
main clause and an attributive clause modifying the free verse; the
next three are again simple sentences; and the last is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,As
for the additional complication,the first sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase and has two parentheses embedded,one after
the predicate verb and the other after the dash; the third sentence
begins with a prepositional phrase; the sixth sentence begins with
an adverb and a prepositional phrase,and has a parenthesis
embedded after the subject; and the last sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase and has a parenthesis embedded in the
attributive clause after the predicate verb,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the seven sentences,the first,the third,the sixth and the seventh are
periodic sentences while the other three are loose,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Generally speaking,the selection is not structurally very complicated,The
first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase,and has two parentheses
embedded; the third sentence also begins with a prepositional phrase; the
six sentence begins with an adverb followed by a prepositional phrase and
has a parenthesis embedded; and the last sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase and has a parenthesis embedded,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical completeness
and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? The selection is characterized by the frequent use of parallelism,for example,to
America and its people is itself a parallel structure and is in turn parallel to not to
the stereotype,but to the ideal; its lines of irregular length,its looser speech
rhythms,and the absence of end rhyme contains three parallel phrases,Other
parallel structures are,lists and catalogues; the low and seemingly trivial;
innovation and rejection; style and fervor,and so on,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,Sandburg is repeated; Whitman is repeatedly
used in comparison with Sandburg; he and his are repeatedly used to refer to
Sandburg; chant,hymn,free verse,lines,rhythm,end rhyme,poetry,poem,
scheme and others are used in connection; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,can be frequently found,for example,
poetry,people,stereotype,ideal,verse,irregular,absence,rhyme,rhythm,grand,
cadence,tend,movement,gradually,follow,return,produce,and others,Based
on the analysis,we can conclude that the selection is formal and not very
complicated in structure,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 在他的诗篇中，桑德伯格对美国和美国人民，用惠特曼的话说,,唱, 着赞
歌 ——不是对典型的，而是对理想的。桑德伯格的形式是惠特曼使用过的无
韵诗，诗行长短不齐，节奏类似话语，比较松散，没有尾韵。最多，他在他
的短诗中同样使用高雅的节律和前韵。桑德伯格甚至倾向于使用惠特曼的布
局，从短行逐步到非常长的诗行再回到短行，就像波浪的起伏一样。他也像
惠特曼那样开列清单和目录，像惠特曼那样赞美地位低的和看上去不重要的。
因此，在二十世纪头二十五年，桑德伯格，像在他之前的惠特曼那样，赞成
革新，扬弃传统的诗歌形式。在此期间，他写出了一些伟大的诗作，赞美芝
加哥的歌，这些歌可以和惠特曼赞美曼哈顿的在风格和热忱上相媲美。
? Comments,
? In translating,we follow the original almost rigidly,though with some
readjustments made at the lexical level and with occasional transposition
technique employed,To adjust the translation to Chinese norms,more
transpositions should be employed,especially respecting the translation of
the first few sentences,
? B) Translation 2,
? 用惠特曼的话来说，桑德伯格在诗中, 吟唱, 美国和美国人民，不是吟唱普通人，而
是吟唱理想的人。桑德伯格用惠特曼使用过的自由诗体写诗，诗行长短不齐，使用较
松散的口语节奏，不用尾韵。其最大优点是使用高雅的节律和前韵。桑德伯格甚至仿
效惠特曼的做法，以短行开头，逐步加长，一直加到非常之长，然后又以几个短行结
尾，就象波浪的浪尖一样。他也仿效惠特曼，以清单和目录安排结构，赞美卑下的人
和看上去无足轻重的事。就这样，桑德伯格像在他之前的惠特曼一样，在二十世纪的
头二十五年里，力举创新，反对传统格式。在此期间，他创作了许多伟大诗篇，赞美
芝加哥，在风格和诗力上堪与惠特曼赞美曼哈顿的诗篇相媲美。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,transposition,deletion,omission,repetition and other
translation techniques are employed,For example,in the first line,用惠特曼的话来说
and桑德伯格像在他之前的惠特曼一样 are transpositioned; 吟唱 is repeatedly used; at
its best and also in he also uses Whitman‘s scheme… are amplified in the translation;
and there are other such examples to be cited,Consequently,the translation sounds
more readable,coherent and authentic,
? C) Translation 3,
? 用惠特曼的话说，桑德伯格用诗歌的, 浅弹低唱, 来吟颂美国和美国人民，但所赞美
的不是普通人，而是理想的人。像惠特曼一样，他也用自由诗体创作，诗行长短不齐，
节奏仿效口语，不押尾韵。但高雅的节律和前韵使之臻于佳境。他甚至像惠特曼那样，
先写几行短诗，逐步加长，中间奇峰突起，然后以短行收尾，酷似洪波鼓涌。他仿效
惠特曼，以罗列为内容结构，赞美地位卑下的人，赞美不显眼的事。就这样，像在他
之前的惠特曼那样，桑德伯格在二十世纪头二十五年里，在诗歌创作中，扬弃传统，
另辟蹊径。在此期间，他创作了许多不朽诗篇，用诗歌赞美芝加哥，这些诗作，在风
格上，在感染力上，堪与惠特曼的曼哈顿赞歌相媲美。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,domestication techniques are employed,For example,浅
弹低唱 ; 臻于佳境 ; 奇峰突起 ; 洪波鼓涌 ; 扬弃传统,另辟蹊径 and others are typical
Chinese expressions,In the translation,other techniques such as implication and
explication are also used,For example,gradually swelling long lines,forms in
rejection of conventional forms and others are implicated; 仿效口语 and others are
results of explication,Consequently,the translation sounds more like Chinese in an all
round way,
? 78 More than Robinson‘s,Sandburg‘s poetry contains themes
common to the period; but as one would expect in a time of
disillusionment with its pricking of the bubbles of comfortable
complacency,the prose of the period far outweighed the poetry in
influence,Muck-raking and debunking more easily fall into prose;
they are more prosaic,Interestingly enough,however,the most
enduring writing published between 1900 and 1920 was poetry,not
only Sandburg‘s and Robinson‘s (and Frost‘s),but poems such as T,
S,Eliot‘s ―The Waste-Land‖ and ―Prufrock,‖ and to a lesser degree
Ezra Pound‘s,which influenced a whole age‘s way of looking at itself,
Eliot was proof positive that people and society were in a sad,bad
way,and in his tone of satire and exaggeration,as in his
expatriation,he anticipated those who created the great literature
we associate with the post-World War I era,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of four sentences,of which the first is a
compound complex sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses
with an adverbial clause embedded in the second coordinate clause;
the second is also a compound sentence,composed of two loosely
connected coordinate clauses; the third is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an attributive clause embedded at
the end of the sentence; and the last is a compound complex
sentence,composed of two complex clauses; and in the first clause,
there is an object clause embedded after positive; and in the
second clause,there is an attributive clause embedded after those,
in which there is an attributive clause embedded after literature,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first coordinate clause of the first sentence begins with an adverbial
phrase and the second coordinate clause begins with an adverbial clause;
the third sentence begins with an adverbial phrase followed by another and
to a lesser degree and what is in the brackets can be regarded as
parentheses,though not marked by punctuation; and in the last sentence,
as in his expatriation,assumes a parenthetic structure,Furthermore,not
only Sandburg‘s…,but poems such as… are grammatically in apposition to
poetry before them,Semantically,the above quoted might be understood in
the following manner,including not only Sandburg‘s… but also poems such
as…,
? 3,Notes,
? The backbone structure of the last sentence goes like this,Eliot was proof
positive that… and he anticipated those…,and the second coordinate
clause begins with a prepositional phrase followed by parenthesis and the
object of the second clause can be paraphrased like this,we associate
those who created the great literature with the post-World War I era,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the four sentences,the second is a loose sentence and all the other
three are periodic based on the following grounds,The two coordinate
clauses in the first sentence begin either with an adverbial phrase or an
adverbial clause; the third sentence begins with an adverbial phrase
followed by another and has two parentheses embedded; and the last
sentence has a parenthesis embedded,
? 2,Structural complication,
? On the whole,the selection is structurally complicated,Of the four
sentences,the second is the shortest and the other three are almost of the
same length,though the third sentence is a little longer,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal in that they are all grammatically
complete and free from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? Parallel structures are frequently used,for example,muck-raking and debunking;
1900 and 1920; Sandburg‘s and Robinson‘s; Robinson‘s (and Frost‘s); not only
Sandburg‘s and Robinson‘s (and Frost‘s),but poems such as T,S,Eliot‘s ―The
Waste-Land‖ and ―Prufrock,‖ and to a lesser degree Ezra Pound‘s; ―The Waste-
Land‖ and ―Prufrock,‖; people and society; satire and exaggeration; in his tone of
satire and exaggeration,as in his expatriation,and others,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,Robinson‘s and Sandburg‘s are repeated;
Frost‘s,T,S,Eliot‘s and Ezra Pound‘s are used in comparison with Sandburg‘s;
poetry and poem are repeatedly used; prose is used in contrast with poetry,and
so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,can be frequently found,for example,
poetry,theme,common,period,expect,disillusionment,comfortable,
complacency,prose,outweigh,influence,debunking,prosaic,interestingly,
enough,enduring,publish,poem,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 比罗宾逊更为严重的是，桑德伯格的诗作包含着当时流行的主题。正如人们可以期待
的那样，在没有幻想的时代，悠闲自得的泡沫刺破了，当时的散文比诗歌更具有影响
力。揭露腐败和披露真相更容易进入散文，它们更具有散文性。然而，有趣的是，在
1900到 1920年间发表的最耐久的作品是诗歌，不仅是桑德伯格的、罗宾逊的（还有弗
罗斯特的），还有如 T,S.爱略特的, 荒原, 和, 普鲁弗洛克, 和程度差一点的艾兹拉,
庞德的，他的诗本身影响了整个时代的思维方式。爱略特非常肯定，人和社会都很悲
伤，都很坏。他以挖苦的口气、以夸张的方式，就和以被驱逐国外的方式一样，预测
那些创造了伟大文学的人们，我们将他们和第一次世界大战之后的时代联系起来。
? Comments,
? The translation follows the original strictly,though with local readjustments made
here and there,For example,at the very beginning,是 is added; 揭露腐败 and披露真
相 are examples of explication,However,比罗宾逊更为严重的是 is difficult to
understand; 揭露腐败和披露真相更容易进入散文，它们更具有散文性 is not a very
coherent wording both internally and externally; 被驱逐国外的方式一样 might be a
wrong translation,The meaning of 程度差一点 is not explicit enough,and there are
other weak points,
? B) Translation 2,
? 桑德伯格的诗歌较罗宾逊的有过之而无不及，他的诗作中含有当时流行的主题。但正
如人们所预料的那样，在那些悠然自得的气泡被刺破了的时代里，散文比诗歌更有分
量。揭露腐败和披露真相更具有散文性，更容易进入散文。然而有趣的是,1900到
1920年间发表的最经久不衰的作品是诗歌，不仅包括桑德伯格的、罗宾逊的（还有弗
罗斯特的），也包括 T,S.艾略特的如, 荒原, 和, 普鲁弗洛克,, 还有艾兹拉,庞德的，
他的诗歌影响了一整个时代的人看待他的诗篇的方式。艾略特肯定地认为，当时的人
和社会都很悲伤，都很坏。以讽刺挖苦的口吻、以夸张的笔触，就像以沦落他乡的方
式一样，他预测，创造伟大文学作品的将是那些和第一次世界大战之后的岁月密不可
分的作家。
? Comments,
? In this translation,桑德伯格的诗歌较罗宾逊的有过之而无不及 is an example of
amplification; 在那些悠然自得的气泡被刺破了的时代里 is an example of condensing,
In other places,new wordings are employed,for example,散文比诗歌更有分量 ; 以讽
刺挖苦的口吻、以夸张的笔触 ; 以沦落他乡的方式,and others,However,some weak
points remain there intact and new weak points are created,for example,他预测，创
造伟大文学作品的将是那些和第一次世界大战之后的岁月密不可分的作家 is not an
explicit translation,
? C) Translation 3,
? 桑德伯格较罗宾逊更胜一筹，以当时流行的主题创作诗歌。但是，当自鸣得意的气泡吹破了、人们
将幻想丢掉了的时候，散文比诗歌更具有影响力。因为揭露腐败、披露真相是散文的本分，更容易
诉诸散文家的笔端。然而有趣的是，二十世纪头二十年发表的最能经得住历史考验的作品是诗歌,是桑德伯格的诗歌，罗宾逊的诗歌，也包括弗罗斯特的。还有 T,S.艾略特的诗歌如, 荒原, 和, 普
鲁弗洛克,,艾兹拉,庞德的也较有影响力。但他主要影响了当时人们对诗歌的认识。艾略特振振有
词地说，当时，人和社会都很悲伤，都很坏。他以讥讽的口吻、夸张的笔触写诗，就像抒发他的漂
泊异乡的愁苦一样。他的诗作为创造伟大文学的人们开了先河，我们据此认为，这些都是第一次世 界大战之后的作家。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,桑德伯格较罗宾逊更胜一筹 and以当时流行的主题创作诗歌 are
coherently combined; 当自鸣得意的气泡吹破、人们将幻想丢掉了的时候，散文比诗歌更具有影响
力 is the result of a domestication process with better wordings; 因为揭露腐败、披露真相是散文
的本分，更容易诉诸散文家的笔端 is not only a more authentic expression but more coherent,And
similar improvements are made in what follows,for example,就像抒发他的漂泊异乡的愁苦一样and他的诗作为创造伟大文学的人们开了先河，我们据此认为，这些都是第一次世界大战之后的作
家 are retranslated,Consequently,the present translation on the whole is more readable,coherent
and authentic,
? 79 The important fact of the second decade of the century was,of course,World War I,which,as
we look back,seems to have been a kind of watershed-innocence on one side,attention to grim
reality on the other,Actually,as earlier literature clearly demonstrates,the best American writers
had crossed from one side to the other decades earlier,Like the stereotype of the optimistic,
materialistic,hail-fellow-well-met American,the innocent,romantic dreamer was never found in
the ranks of our great writers,Nevertheless,the war,which eventually engaged 4,000,000
Americans,changed the outlook of all Americans in very significant ways,It took away some of
their provincialism; it intensified the pessimism and disenchantment with what was peculiarly American; and it led to widespread expatriation,Most of what are considered the masterpieces of
American writing in the 20th century were written in Europe,or out of a writer‘s experience as an
expatriate,What the Lost Generation of Gertrude Stein (herself an expatriate) had lost,to a
degree true only of Henry James in an earlier time,was its sense of being a part of American
society,Sinclair Lewis,John Dos Passos,Ernest Hemingway,E.E,Cunnings,William Carlos
Williams,and Scott Fitzgerald-like Eliot and Pound-all spent long periods of their lives in Europe,
Since none of the best writers was closer to combat than a training camp or the ambulance corps,
it was not the war itself,but long exposure to European culture,which intensified the old current
of criticism of American life,Of the writers we are considering as typical of the end of the first
quarter of the 20th century,only Steinbeck and Mencken did not share this experience of
expatriation,a fact Mencken even felt obliged to defend,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of ten sentences,of which the first is complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an attributive clause with an adverbial clause
embedded; the second is also a complex sentence,composed of an adverbial clause
of reason and a main clause; the third is actually a simple sentence; the fourth is
again a complex sentence,composed of an attributive clause and a main clause; the
fifth is a compound sentence,consisting of three coordinate clauses,in the second of
which,there is a nominal clause embedded serving as the object of a preposition; the
sixth is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and a nominal clause serving
as the object of a preposition; the seventh is a complex sentence,composed of a
main clause and a subject clause; the eighth is actually a simple sentence; the ninth
is a complex sentence,composed of an adverbial clause of reason and a main clause
in the form of an emphatic sentence; and the last is again a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an appositive phrase with an attributive clause
embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence has two parentheses embedded,that is,of course
and as we look back; and the two coordinate nominal phrases at the
end of the sentence are loosely connected,The second sentence
begins with an adverb followed by an adverbial clause and the third
sentence begins with a prepositional phrase,The fourth sentence
begins with adverb and the attributive clause in the subject is
structurally in the form of a parenthesis,The clause serving as the
object of the preposition in the sixth sentence is traditionally
regarded as parenthetic while the seventh sentence begins with a
subject clause and has two parentheses embedded,one in the
brackets and the other between the two commas,The eighth
sentence begins with an adverbial clause and the nominal phrase
after it was… is in the form of not… but…, The last sentence
begins with a prepositional phrase with an unmarked parenthesis in,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the ten sentences,the first four,the sixth and seventh,and the
last two are periodic sentences,and the fifth and the eighth are
loose sentences,The first sentence has a parenthesis embedded;
the second sentence begins with an adverb phrase and an adverbial
clause; the third begins with a prepositional phrase; the fourth
begins with an adverb phrase and has an unmarked parenthesis
embedded; The sixth sentence has a traditional parenthesis
embedded; the seventh sentence begins with a subject clause and
has two parentheses embedded; and the last two each begin with a
prepositional phrase,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Based on the grammatical analysis and the stylistic analysis above,
we can conclude that the selection is structurally rather complicated,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for
example,watershed-innocence on one side and attention to grim
reality on the other; optimistic,materialistic and hail-fellow-well-
met; innocent and romantic; engaged 4,000,000 Americans and
changed the outlook of all Americans in very significant ways;
pessimism and disenchantment; Sinclair Lewis,John Dos Passos,
Ernest Hemingway,E.E,Cunnings,William Carlos Williams,and
Scott Fitzgerald; Eliot and Pound; a training camp or the
ambulance corps; and Steinbeck and Mencken,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,the second decade of the century is
related to World War I; literature and writers are related; other decades
are related to the second decade; American,as repeatedly used,and
Americans are used of the similar meaning; innocent is a partial
repetition of innocence; provincialism,pessimism,disenchantment,
expatriation,masterpieces,writing,and so on are related to literature;
expatriate is a partial repetition of expatriation,which is repeated; names
of American literary men are listed; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for
example,important,decade,century,reality,literature,demonstrate,
innocence,watershed,attention,stereotype,optimistic,materialistic,
romantic,innocent,eventually,engage,significantly,provincialism,
intensify,pessimism,disenchantment,peculiarly,expatriation,consider,
masterpiece,experience,expatriate,generation,ambulance,and many
others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 二十世纪二十年代的重大事实当然是第一次世界大战。第一次世界大战，我们现在回过头来看，一
方面，似乎是某种分水岭式的幼稚；另一方面，它吸引注意力去嘲笑社会现实。实际上，正如早期
的文学清楚地表明的那样，美国最优秀的作家在此之前已经从这边跨越到别的年代去了。就像乐观
的、务实的、见到同伴就说很高兴见到你的典型的美国人一样，幼稚的、浪漫的梦想家，在我们的
伟大作家队伍中从来没有发现过。然而，那场战争逐步将四百万美国人卷入了，以重要的方式改变
了所有的美国人的世界观。战争夺去了他们的某些乡土主义，加强了它们的悲观主义和对典型的美
国东西的不乐观的情绪，导致了范围广泛的走出国门。绝大多数被认为是二十世纪最杰出的作品都 是在欧洲写作的，是有国外生活经历的作家的手笔。珏褚德,斯坦恩的失去的一代所失去的，在一定
程度上早一点的仅有亨利,詹姆斯，是作为美国社会成员的感觉。森克莱尔,路易斯、约翰,朵斯,巴索
斯、艾尔尼斯特,海明威,E,E,卡宁斯、威廉,卡罗斯,威廉斯和斯科特,费兹杰拉德，像艾略特和庞
德一样，都花了大量时间生活在欧洲。由于最佳的作家都没有贴近战斗，而只是贴近过训练营和救
护队，不是第一次世界大战本身，而是长期暴露于欧洲文化，加强了对美国生活进行批判的老式潮
流。在我们认为是典型的二十世纪头二十五年行将结束期间的作家中，只有斯坦贝克和门肯没有享
受过国外生活经历，这一事实，门肯甚至感到有义务予以保护。
? Comments,
? In the translation,such expressions as似乎是某种分水岭式的幼稚 ; 吸引注意力去嘲笑社会现实 ; 范
围广泛的走出国门 and others are not clearly translated with authentic expressions,In addition,
inter-clausal and inter-sentential coherence could be improved; the parts in珏褚德,斯坦恩的失去
的一代所失去的，在一定程度上早一点的仅有亨利,詹姆斯，是作为美国社会成员的感觉 could be
more properly positioned; such wordings as都花了大量时间生活在欧洲 ; 没有贴近战斗 ; 长期暴露
于欧洲文化,and others could be improved,
? B) Translation 2,
? 二十世纪二十年代的重大事件当然是第一次世界大战。这场战争，我们现在回过头来看，一方面，似乎是摆脱无知
的转折点；另一方面，将注意力转移到嘲笑社会现实上去了。实际上，正如此前的文学清楚地表明的那样，美国最
优秀的作家此前已经从这个年代跨越到别的年代去了。就像乐观的、务实的、见到同伴就说见到你很高兴的典型的
美国人一样，幼稚浪漫的梦想家，在我们伟大作家的队伍中从来就未曾有过。然而，那场战争逐步将四百万美国人
卷入了，大大地改变了所有的美国人的世界观。战争使他们放弃某些乡土主义，加剧了他们的悲观主义，对典型的
美国东西不再乐观，他们大批离乡背土，走出国门。绝大多数被认为是二十世纪最杰出的作品都是在欧洲写作的，
是有国外生活经历的作家的手笔。珏褚德,斯坦恩的失去的一代所失去的，是作为美国社会成员的感觉，在一定程度
上，在早一点的作家中，仅亨利,詹姆斯有这种感觉。像艾略特和庞德一样，森克莱尔,路易斯、约翰,朵斯,巴索斯、
艾尔尼斯特,海明威,E,E,卡宁斯、威廉,卡罗斯,威廉斯和斯科特,费兹杰拉德，都在欧洲生活了很长时间。最优秀
的作家都没有参加过战斗，而只是参加过训练营和救护队。因此，他们再次掀起对美国生活的批判，不是由于第一
次世界大战，而是由于长期接触欧洲文化。在我们认为是典型的二十世纪头二十五年行将结束期间的作家中，只有
斯坦贝克和门肯没有国外生活经历，这一事实，门肯甚至感到必须予以辩解。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,all the above-mentioned weak points are eliminated and coherence is imposed on not
only in terms of clause but also in terms of sentence,For example,such cohesive expressions as 这场战争；一方
面 ……,另一方面 …… ；然而,and others are added; authentic Chinese expressions are used,for example,似乎
是摆脱无知的转折点 ; 将注意力转移到嘲笑社会现实上去了 ; 战争使他们放弃某些乡土主义，加剧了他们的悲观主义，
对典型的美国东西不再乐观，他们大批离乡背土，走出国门 ; 最优秀的作家都没有参加过战斗，而只是参加过训练
营和救护队 and others,However,when it comes to the authentic Chinese,there is still much to be desired,
? C) Translation 3,
? 发生在二十世纪二十年代的重大事件，当然是第一次世界大战。这场战争，现在回过头来看，似乎
是个转折点。一方面，大家开始抛弃天真浪漫；另一方面，开始对社会现实冷嘲热讽。实际上，此
前的文学已经清楚地表明，美国最优秀的作家已经跳出了时代的局限。过去典型的美国人乐观、务
实、见到同伴就打招呼。但作家中很少有这样的人。同样，我们伟大的文学家从来就不与天真浪漫
的梦想家为伍。然而，那场战争将四百万美国人卷入其间，彻底改变了所有美国人的世界观。战争
使他们放弃乡土主义，加剧了他们的悲观情绪，对典型的美国东西不再喜闻乐见。他们成批地离乡
背土，客串欧洲。二十世纪最杰出的作品中，绝大多数都是在旅欧期间写成的，都出自有欧洲生活 经历的作家之手。珏褚德,斯坦恩笔下的失落的一代，他们所失去的，是他们作为美国人的那种情感。
在一定程度上，早一点的作家中，这种情感，仅亨利,詹姆斯有过。像艾略特和庞德一样,S.路易斯、
J.巴索斯,E.海明威,E,E,卡宁斯,W.威廉斯和 S.费兹杰拉德，都曾长期旅居欧洲。这些优秀作家
都没有参加过战斗，只参加过训练营和救护队。因此，他们再次掀起对美国生活的批判，不是因为
第一次世界大战，而是因为长期接触欧洲文化。在典型的二十世纪头二十五年末期问鼎的作家中，
只有斯坦贝克和门肯没有在欧洲生活过，这一事实，门肯甚至感到不容侵犯。
? Comments,
? This version is actually a retranslation of the original,and in many aspects,it is a result of
adapting the original to the Chinese norms,For example,这场战争，现在回过头来看，似乎是个
转折点。一方面，大家开始抛弃天真浪漫；另一方面，开始对社会现实冷嘲热讽 ; 美国最优秀的作
家已经跳出了时代的局限 ; 我们伟大的文学家从来就不与天真浪漫的梦想家为伍 ; 他们成批地离乡
背土，客串欧洲；珏褚德,斯坦恩笔下的失落的一代，他们所失去的，是他们作为美国人的那种情感,
and others are not only free translations but also recreations,to a large extent,However,they all
contribute greatly to the readability,coherence and authenticity of the translation,
? 80 The millions of Americans who had fought in ―the war to make
the world safe for democracy‖(as President Wilson called it and as
many Americans justified it),together with the millions more whose
lives had been much affected by it at home,helped to produce a
society in the 20s which was new in many ways,Called the ―roaring
twenties,‖ it was a time in which women were finally enfranchised
and ―emancipated,‖ and revolutions in dress,manners,and morals
took place,Prohibition came (the ―Noble Experiment‖ which made
alcohol illegal),leading to notorious public graft,corruption and
lawbreaking; there was more widespread affluence and conspicuous
consumption than ever before in American society; and more
emphasis on fun and less on duty became a part of the daily scene,
It was a time of exaggeration,experiment and change—a time
which invited satirical treatment and was permissive enough to
accept it,even to embrace it,
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of four sentences,of which the first is complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive clause embedded
in the subject of the main clause,followed by another embedded in the
parenthetic prepositional phrase before the predicate,and there is a
parenthetic clause embedded in the brackets composed of two coordinate
adverbial clauses of manner,placed before the second attributive clause,
The second is also a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and two
coordinate attributive clauses with a preposition before them,The third is a
compound sentence,composed of three coordinate clauses,in the first of
which there is an appositive nominal phrase with an attributive clause
embedded,and the phrase and the clause are in the brackets,The last is a
simple sentence with a nominal appositive phrase after the dash,in which
there is an attributive clause embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence has two parentheses embedded,one
in the brackets and the other immediately after the
second bracket between the two commas; the second
sentence begins with a past participle phrase; the third
sentence has a parenthesis embedded in the brackets in
the first coordinate clause and it includes a present
participle phrase at the end; and the fourth sentence
contains an appositive phrase with an attributive clause
embedded,as discussed in the analysis before,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? Of the four sentences,the first three are periodic and the last could be periodic if the
part after the dash is regarded as parenthetic,
? 2,Structural complication,
? From all the above analysis,it could be safely said that the selection is structurally
complicated,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures,
Therefore,they are all structurally formal,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,enfranchised
and ―emancipated; dress,manners,and morals; women were finally enfranchised
and ―emancipated,‖ and revolutions in dress,manners,and morals took place; public
graft,corruption and lawbreaking; widespread affluence and conspicuous
consumption; more emphasis on fun and less on duty; exaggeration,experiment and
change; and to accept it,even to embrace it,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,the term Americans is
repeated; President Wilson is used in connection with many
Americans; a time is used to refer to roaring twenties; enfranchised
and emancipated are used in connection with democracy; Noble
Experiment is used to refer to prohibition; consumption is used in
connection with alcohol; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for
example,million,democracy,president,justify,affect,produce,
society,enfranchise,emancipate,revolution,manner,moral,
prohibition,experiment,illegal,notorious,public,corruption,
affluence,conspicuous,consumption,emphasis,exaggeration,and
others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 千千万万的美国人参加了, 为使世界民主安全的战争, （正如威尔逊总统所
说的，为许多美国人所证明了的），更多的人呆在家里而生活受到了战争的
影响，这两种人帮助在二十年代产生了一种社会，这种社会在许多方面都是
新的。之所以称为, 崛起的二十年代,,是因为它是这样的岁月，在此期间，
妇女终于有了选举权，终于, 解放, 了，衣饰、举止和道德革命发生了。禁
令来了（, 高尚的试验,,使酒成为非法的），结果导致了臭名昭著的公众
贿赂、腐败和违法；美国社会财富较以前更为普遍，消费较以前更为透明；
更加强调开心，更少强调职责，成了日常景象。那是一个夸张的、试验的、
变革的年代 ——是一个邀请讽刺处理的年代，是一个悲观到足以接收甚至拥
抱讽刺处理的年代。
? Comments,
? In the translation,minor changes have been made when such phrases as
这两种人 is inserted,之所以 …… 是因为 is used,and so on,However,帮
助 …… 产生了一种社会 ; 它是这样的岁月，在此期间 …… ; 禁令来了 ; 邀请讽
刺处理 ; 接收甚至拥抱讽刺处理 and so on are not readily acceptable in the
Chinese culture,
? B) Translation 2,
? 千千万万的美国人参加了, 为使世界民主安全的战争, （这是威尔逊总统说
的，是许多美国人的行动证明了的），更多的人呆在家里，但生活受到了战
争的影响。这两种人在二十年代催生了一种社会，这种社会在许多方面都是
新的。之所以称为, 崛起的二十年代,,是因为在此期间，妇女终于有了选
举权，终于, 解放, 了，衣饰、举止和道德都发生了革命。禁酒令出台了
（一种视饮酒成为非法的, 高尚试验, ），结果导致了臭名昭著的公开贿赂、
腐败和违法；美国社会财富较以前更为普及，消费较以前更为显著；更加强
调开心，更少强调职责，成了日常景象。那是一个夸张的、试验的、变革的
年代 ——是一个催生讽刺文学的年代，是一个悲观到足以接受甚至拥抱讽刺
文学的年代。
? Comments,
? Improvements have been made on the following points,First,the
translation of what lies in the brackets is rearranged; second,催生 is
substituted for产生 ; 它是这样的岁月 is deleted; 禁酒令出台了（一种视饮酒
成为非法的, 高尚试验, ） is used to replace the previous counterpart,and
so on,Consequently,the translation is now more readable,coherent and
authentic in the Chinese sense,
? C) Translation 3,
? 威尔逊总统将第一次世界大战称为, 保卫世界民主的战争,,千千万万的美国人参加
了，许多美国人用行动来保卫世界民主，更多的人呆在家里，但他们的生活深受影响，
这些人在二十年代催生了一种面貌为之一新的社会。二十年代之所以称为, 崛起的年
代,,是因为在此期间，妇女终于有了选举权，终于, 解放, 了，衣饰、举止和道德
都发生了变革。禁酒令 ——一种使饮酒成为非法的, 高尚试验, ——出台了，导致了
臭名昭著的公开贿赂、腐败和违法；美国的社会财富较以前更为普及，消费较以前更
为彰显；重视娱乐、懈怠职守，成了日常景象。那是一个夸张的、试验的、变革的年
代 ——是一个催生讽刺文学的年代，是一个悲观到足以接受甚至拥抱讽刺文学的年代。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made in the following manner,first,the first few clauses are
reorganized with what was in the brackets becoming part of the normal text,and 用
行动来保卫的 and呆在家里的 becoming immediate neighbors; second,二十年代 in the
second sentence of the translation is duly fronted with what was in the brackets now
becoming part of the normal text but with two dashes used as markers,With all
these measures taken,now the translation has become more coherent,authentic and
readable,
Exercises,
? 76 John Steinbeck,on the other hand,reflected the 30s as perfectly as Fitzgerald had
the 20s,Born in Salinas,California,he loved the West,and the countryside,He wrote
of the outcast and the bum,the ordinary working man and the biological scientist,all
of whose lives he had shared,He loved all these as Fitzgerald had loved the East,
Europe,the city,the rich and the parasites who were later to be called ―the beautiful
people‖,Steinbeck wrote touching tales of the love of a boy for a pony (The Red
Pony),of a migratory worker for his half-witted protégé (Of Mice and Men),of
outcasts of all sorts for each other (Tortilla Flats and Cannery Row),He wrote
scientific works like The Sea of Cortez,which treats the marine biology of a bay in
Lower California; anti-Nazi novels and plays like The Moon is Down; and a final
book on the United States called Travels with Charley,But his most important
work is The Grapes of Wrath,which helped win him the Nobel Prize with its
dramatic re-creating of the terrible westward trek of thousands of Midwestern
farmers dispossessed from their Dust Bowl farms by fearful drought and the Great
Depression,The endurance and fortitude of the migrants,whose only resources were
their will to live and their interdependence,are movingly shown; Ma Joad and her
brood are unforgettable,The Grapes of Wrath is proof that a thesis-novel,born
out of anger and a passion for justice,can transcend propaganda to become
literature,
? 77 Although important events often reflect themselves quickly in literature of a
country,the effect of World War I on American writing was delayed,The war
promptly produced some mediocre prose and poetry,but distinguished work – mainly
in the form of novels – appeared only some years later,The best came from Ernest
Hemingway,He had already written some very good short stories and one first-class
novel,The Sun Also Rises,but he did not publish a novel full involved with the war
till 1929,It proved worth waiting for,
? 78 A Farewell to Arms,the moving story of the love affair of a wounded American
lieutenant and an English nurse,is outstanding among literary works related to World
War I,Hemingway had served with an ambulance group in France and then
transferred to the Italian infantry,where he stayed till the close of the war,In this
novel,his two characters pass an idyllic Italian summer together,She becomes
pregnant,and they go to Switzerland where she has her baby,But both she and the
baby die,and the American is left desolate,The war plays a principal part in the book,
The American has taken part to combat and in the disastrous withdrawal of the
Italian army after an overwhelming defeat,Because of his aversion to cruelties of
World War I,Hemingway made a cult of the courage necessary to survive such an
ordeal,
? 79 The onset of the Great Depression,on the other hand,was rapidly
mirrored in American literature,especially in novels,and during the ten
years after the Depression started,much writing dealt with it,One of the
best of these novels was John Steinbeck‘s The Grapes of Wrath,But the
arrival of the Depression little affected Hemingway‘s attitudes,During the
1930s,he continued to publish novels and short stories,They dealt with a
variety of subjects but customarily revealed his high view of courage,The
brave did not always survive in his fiction but they lived their lives to the
fullest,It was not till the late 1930s that reference to the Depression crept
into Hemingway‘s writing and,even then,its influence was indirect,It did
not come in the form of an attack on poverty or joblessness but in a new
interest in collective political action,He believed in a great alliance of
liberals to fight the battles of both peace and war,When the Spanish civil
war began in 1936,he traveled to Spain to report on it and write about it,
When it was over,he published a notable novel,For Whom the Bell Tolls,
It is a war novel containing the message that all liberals must help one
another,must act collectively,if good is to endure,but it is also a love story
of great appeal,
? 80 In spite of the significance of war for him,Hemingway never projected a
mindless combativeness,He knew the suffering that war could bring,a
suffering invariably compounded by the tragedies it inflicted on civilian life,
Nowhere does he show this better than in the short story,―In Another
Country,‖ included in this book,
? William Faulkner,too,knew the dislocations as well as the injuries that war
could cause,During World War I,he trained with the British Royal Air Force
in Canada but the war ended before he could go overseas,Nevertheless,on
returning to Mississippi,where his family had long lived,he recognized that
the wounds of war were not only physical,He felt a sense of alienation
from his Southern surroundings,which he showed in a novel called
Soldier’s Pay,published in 1926,and in a far better one,Sartoris,
published three years later,In the latter work,the hero comes back home
after the war but cannot settle down,he is tied to his Mississippi town,yet
he is now cut off from it,Death is the only solution for his problem,It
comes when he recklessly flies an airplane of unusual design,which crashes,
第六章 国外翻译理论著作选段
汉译
第一节
? 81 In their work over the past twenty years,Susan Bassenett and André
Lefevere have consistently built bridges within the field of translation
studies and developed interdisciplinary connections to fields of study
outside the discipline,In 1990,they were the first to suggest that
translation studies take the ?cultural turn‘ and look toward work of cultural
studies scholars,In their new book Constructing Cultures,they present a
strong case for moving the field of cultural studies closer to translation
studies,New strategies gleaned from translation histories,such as we see
in Lefevere‘s discussion of Aeneid translations or Bassanett‘s discussion of
Inferno translations that follow,not only give translators more insight into
the actual practice of translation,but they also give cultural studies critics
new insight into cultural manipulation by those in power,Following Bassnett
and Lefevere,translators have increasingly become more empowered and
less self-effacing,a development that has allowed theorists to better view
the process of mediating between cultures and /or of introducing different
words,forms,cultural nuances,and meaning into their own respective
cultures,
? (Bassnett and Lefever,2000,ix)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of five sentences,of which the first is in fact a simple sentence;
the second is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an object clause;
the third is again a simple sentence; the fourth is a compound sentence,composed
of two coordinate clauses,but the subject of the first coordinate clause has an
attributive clause embedded; and the last is a simple sentence,followed by an
appositive nominal phrase,in which there is an attributive clause embedded,For this
reason,the fourth can be regarded as a compound complex sentence and the last
can be regarded as a complex sentence,Of the five sentences,the last two are fairly
long and the first three are rather short,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first three sentences each begin with a prepositional phrase; in the fourth
sentence,the part after the first comma assumes a parenthetic structure; and the
last sentence begins with a present participle phrase and it has a long appositive
phrase at its end with an attributive clause embedded,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,All the five sentences are periodic in structure either for the beginning
with prepositional or participle phrases or for the embedding of a parenthesis,
? 2,Structural formality,All the sentences are structurally formal in that the
sentences are grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures,
? 3,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,Susan Bassenett
and André Lefevere; built bridges within the field of translation studies and developed
interdisciplinary connections to fields of study outside the discipline; take the ?cultural
turn‘ and look toward work of cultural studies scholars; Lefevere‘s discussion of
Aeneid translations or Bassanett‘s discussion of Inferno translations; not only give
translators more insight into the actual practice of translation,but they also give
cultural studies critics new insight into cultural manipulation; more empowered and
less self-effacing; of mediating between cultures and /or of introducing different
words,forms,cultural nuances,and meaning into their own respective cultures; and
words,forms,cultural nuances,and meaning,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,Susan Bassenett and André
Lefevere is repeated either singularly or in combination; the
pronoun they is repeatedly used to refer to Susan Bassenett and
André Lefevere; cultural turn and cultural studies are used in
connection,with the latter repeated used; the field,
interdisciplinary,field of study,disciple and translation studies are
used either as synonyms or in contrast; translation and
translators are repeated used in a related manner,and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for
example,consistently,translation,develop,interdisciplinary,
cultural,scholar,constructing,present,strategy,history,
translator,practice,critics,insight,manipulation,increasingly,
empower,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 在过去 20年的著述中，苏珊,巴斯内特和安德烈,勒菲弗尔坚持不懈地在翻译研究领域内架设桥梁，
建立起通向翻译学科之外的其他研究领域的联系。 1990年，他们率先提出翻译研究应该实现, 文化
转向,,审视文化研究学者们的著述。在他们的新作, 文化建构, 一书中，他们用有力的事例说明，
文化研究领域正在向翻译研究靠拢。我们从后面勒菲弗尔关于翻译, 阿雷得, 的或巴斯内特关于翻
译, 尹佛诺, 的讨论中会看到，新的翻译策略，从翻译历史中汲取营养，不仅为译者提供了洞察实
际翻译操作的新视野，也为文化研究批评家们提供了审视掌权者进行文化操纵的新观点。接受巴斯
内特和勒菲弗尔的观点，翻译家们越来越具有驾驭能力，越来越不遮遮掩掩。这种发展趋势，使理
论家们能更好地看清文化的中介过程，同时或者更清楚了将不同的词语、形式、文化的细微差异和 意义引入他们自己的文化的过程。
? Comments,
? The present translation has two preeminent characteristics,First,it follows the original strictly,
and consequently,some expressions are too long and clumsy,for example,我们从后面勒菲弗尔
关于翻译, 阿雷得, 的或巴斯内特关于翻译, 尹佛诺, 的讨论中会看到，新的翻译策略，从翻译历
史中汲取营养，不仅为译者提供了洞察实际翻译操作的新视野，也为文化研究批评家们提供了审视 掌权者进行文化操纵的新观点 and这种发展趋势，使理论家们能更好地看清文化的中介过程，同时
或者更清楚了将不同的词语、形式、文化的细微差异和意义引入他们自己的文化的过程, Secondly,
the translations of Aeneid and Inferno into,阿雷得, and, 尹佛诺, are against translation
conventions,
? B) Translation 2,
? 在过去 20年的著述中，苏珊,巴斯内特和安德烈,勒菲弗尔坚持不懈地在翻译研究领域内
进行沟通，构建和翻译研究领域外的各领域的联系。 1990年，他们率先建议，翻译研
究应实现, 文化转向,,从文化研究学者们那里汲取营养。在他们的新著, 文化建构,
一书中，他们以有力的证据说明了文化研究正在向翻译研究靠拢。后面勒菲弗尔对
,埃涅依特, 的各种译本所作的讨论，或巴斯内特对, 地狱篇, 的各种译本所作的讨
论可以看出，新的战略从翻译历史汲取营养，不仅为译者审视实际翻译过程提供了更
敏锐的洞察力，而且为文化研究批评家们审视当权者如何进行文化操纵提供了新的视
角。追随巴斯内特和勒菲弗尔，译者们越来越崭露头角，较少低隐姓埋名。这一发展
趋势，是理论家们更好地观照文化的中介过程，更好地观照将不同的词语、形式、文
化差异和意义引入他们自己的文化之中的过程。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,all the weak points are eliminated,However,the meaning
of the first sentence is not made explicit,and 后面勒菲弗尔对, 埃涅依特, 的各种译
本所作的讨论，或巴斯内特对, 地狱篇, 的各种译本所作的讨论可以看出，新的战略
从翻译历史汲取营养，不仅为译者审视实际翻译过程提供了更敏锐的洞察力，而且为
文化研究批评家们审视当权者如何进行文化操纵提供了新的视角 is still a clumsy
translation,
? C) Translation 3,
? 在过去的 20年中，苏珊,巴斯内特和安德烈,勒菲弗尔不断著书立说，努力在翻译研究领域内部进行
沟通，架设通向翻译研究领域之外的桥梁。 1990年，他们率先提出，翻译研究应, 转向文化,,从
文化研究学者那里汲取营养。在其新著, 文化建构, 中，他们以有力的证据说明了文化研究正在向翻译研究靠拢。本书的后面，勒菲弗尔将对, 埃涅依特, 1的各种译本进行讨论，巴斯内特将对
,地狱篇, 2的各种译本进行讨论。从中可以看出，新的研究策略从翻译历史中汲取营养，不仅使
译者能更洞察翻译的实际过程，而且为文化研究批评家研究当权者进行文化操纵提供了新的视角。
以巴斯内特和勒菲弗尔的观点武装自己，译者的主人翁意识日益增强，隐姓埋名的做法日渐减少。
这一发展趋势，使理论家更清晰地认识作为文化中介的翻译过程，更好地认识将不同的词语、形式,文化差异和意义引入自家文化的过程。
? 1 古罗马诗人维吉尔用拉丁文写的一部史诗，分为十二册，叙述特洛伊陷落以后的情况。埃涅依特
是约定俗成的译名。
? 2 但丁所作的, 神曲, 的第一部，传统上译为, 地狱篇, 。
? Comments,
? Compared with the previous translation,the present translation has included two great changes,
First,在过去的 20年中，苏珊,巴斯内特和安德烈,勒菲弗尔不断著书立说，努力在翻译研究领域内部
进行沟通，架设通向翻译研究领域之外的桥梁 and本书的后面，勒菲弗尔将对, 埃涅依特, 1的各种
译本进行讨论，巴斯内特将对, 地狱篇, 2的各种译本进行讨论。从中可以看出，新的研究策略从
翻译历史中汲取营养，不仅使译者能更洞察翻译的实际过程，而且为文化研究批评家研究当权者进 行文化操纵提供了新的视角 are substituted for the corresponding parts in the previous translation,
Secondly,two notes are added for the convenience of the reader,
? 82 We also need to learn more about the texts that constitute the cultural capital of
other civilizations,and we need to learn about them in ways that try to overcome,or
bypass the kiss of death bestowed by acculturation through analogy,Haikus are not
epigrams,Chinese novels have their own rules,both the textual and conceptual grids
of other civilizations should not be reduced to those of the West,
? We need to find out how to translate the cultural capital of other civilizations in a way
that preserves at least part of their own nature,without producing translations that
are so low on the entertainment factor that they appeal only to those who read for
professional reasons,Perhaps this is another area in which different forms of
rewriting need to cooperate,we could imagine the translated text,translated by a
long introduction which sets out to show how the original text works on its own
terms,within its own grid,rather than to tell readers only what it is ?like‘ or even
?most like‘ in their own cultures,This kind of attempt is mot likely to bring us up
against the limits of translation,a necessary confrontation,for without such a
challenge,how else are we ever to overcome such limits and move on?
? (Bassnett and Lefever 2000,11)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two paragraphs,of which the first paragraph is composed of
two sentences while the second paragraph is composed of three sentences,In the
first paragraph,the first is a compound sentence,composed of two coordinate
clauses,each with an attributive clause embedded,In this sense,the sentence can
be regarded as a compound complex one,The second is also a compound sentence,
composed of three coordinate clauses,In the second paragraph,the first is a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an elliptic object clause,which in
turn has an attributive clause embedded; and at the end of the sentence,there is a
prepositional phrase,in which there is an attributive clause embedded,which is in the
so… that… pattern with the that clause serving as adverbial of result,The second is
a compound sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses,connected by a colon; in
the first coordinate clause,there is another clause embedded serving as the
prepositional object; the second coordinate clause is composed of a clause and a past
participle phrase,which has an attributive clause embedded,and in the attributive
clause,there are two coordinate infinitive phrases connected by rather than,and
each infinitive phrase has an object clause embedded,The third is a compound
sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses connected by for,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The two sentences in the first paragraph do not
present any additional complication,In the
second paragraph,however,the first sentence
has a long prepositional phrase positioned at the
end of the sentence; the second sentence
begins with an adverb; the third sentence has a
parenthetic structure embedded after the first
comma,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the first paragraph,the two sentences are loose in structure; in the
second paragraph,the first sentence is loose in structure if the
prepositional phrase at the end of the sentence is not regarded as
parenthetic; the second sentence begins with an adverb and can be
regarded as periodic; the third sentence has a parenthetic structure
embedded and is periodic in structure,
? 2,Structural formality,
? All the five sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 3,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,
overcome,or bypass; Haikus are not epigrams,Chinese novels have their
own rules; textual and conceptual; on its own terms,within its own grid; to
show…,rather then to tell… ; and ?like‘ or even ?most like‘,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,we,cultural capital,
translated,own,like and limits are repeated; the pronoun them is
used to refer to other civilizations; cultural,acculturation and
culture are used as cognates; textual is used as a partial
repetition of text; and there are others,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used in
the text,for example,constitute,cultural,capital,civilization,
learn,overcome,bypass,bestow,acculturation,analogy,epigram,
novel,textual,conceptual,reduce,translate,preserve,nature,
producing,translation,entertainment,appeal,professional,and
many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 我们还必须学会更多地了解构成异文明的文化资本的文本，我们要学会了解这些文明试图征服或逃
脱类比产生的文化蚕食带来的劫难的方式。哈库斯不是短诗，中文小说有自己的规则，异文明的文 本与概念网络不应该简化成西方的文本与概念网络。
? 我们必须发现如何将异文明的文化资本翻译成至少能部分地保留它们自己的本色，而不翻译成令人
索然无味只有专业人士才去阅读的低劣译作。也许，这是各种形式的改写需要彼此合作的另一个领
域：我们可以想象，翻译过的文本，带上一个很长的引言，以揭示原文文本在自己的网络系统中是
如何别具一格的，而不是告诉读者，在他们自己的文化里，原文, 像, 个什么样子的或, 酷似, 什
么样子的。这种尝试最有可能使我们去反对翻译的极限，这是我们必须面对的，因为，如果没有这 样的挑战，我们将如何超越极限勇往直前呢？
? Comments,
? Through translation,we have produced basically a readable,coherent and authentic text except
for a mistake that Haiku is a form of Japanese poetry and Haikus is the plural form of Haiku,
However,some sentences are too long,and the coherence between sentences is not sound
enough,For example,我们还必须学会更多地了解构成异文明的文化资本的文本，我们要学会了解
这些文明试图征服或逃脱类比产生的文化蚕食带来的劫难的方式 ; 我们必须发现如何将异文明的文
化资本翻译成至少能部分地保留它们自己的本色，而不翻译成令人索然无味只有专业人士才去阅读
的低劣译作 ; and也许，这是各种形式的改写需要彼此合作的另一个领域：我们可以想象，翻译过的
文本，带上一个很长的引言，以揭示原文文本在自己的网络系统中是如何别具一格的，而不是告诉
读者，在他们自己的文化里，原文, 像, 个什么样子的或, 酷似, 什么样子的 are too long for the Chinese reader and the parts before and after the colon in the above translation are not coherent
enough,
? B) Translation 2,
? 我们还得学会了解构成他域文明的文化资本文本，了解这些文本是如何战胜或逃避
通过类比实现文化同化所带来的劫难的。俳句不是隽语，中国小说有自己的规则，他
域文明的文本网格和概念网格不应简化成西方的文本网格与概念网格。
? 我们还得找到翻译他域文明的文化资本的方法，译文至少部分地保留他域文明的原貌，
而不至于生成兴味索然、人们为了求知才去阅读的译文。这或许已经进入了另一个领
域，在这个领域中，不同的改写形式得相互合作：我们能够设想出一种译文文本，翻
译时有一个很长的导言，以说明原文文本是如何以自身的条件、在自己的网格之内运
作的，而不是以自己的文化为参照来告诉读者，原文, 像, 什么样的，甚至, 酷似,
什么样的。这种尝试最有可能使我们挑战翻译的极限，因为，如果没有这种挑战，我
们又怎能跨越这种极限而勇往直前呢？
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the mistake is put right now,Moreover,the first sentence
of the original is translated shorter by omitting the repeated part我们还得学会 ; in the
translation of the second paragraph of the original such translation techniques as
insertion of a phrase or two for better coherence,making implied meaning more
explicit and so on are employed,For example,在这个领域中 and 翻译时有 are inserted;
为参照 ; 这种尝试 ; and跨越这种极限 are more explicit expressions,
? C) Translation 3,
? 文本是构成他文化的文化资本的有机成分，我们还得学会更多地了解文本。通过类比夷平文化差异，这是死亡之吻 1。
我们还得了解这些文本是如何战胜或逃避这一劫难的。俳句 2不是隽语，中文小说有自己的规则，他文明的文本网络
和概念网络不应简化成西方的文本网络与概念网络。
? 我们还得找到翻译他文明的文化资本的方法，用这种方法翻译至少部分地保留他文明的原貌，而不至于生成索然无
味、只有求知才去阅读的译文。这或许不是翻译，而是各种改写形式的相得益彰。我们不难想象出一种译文文本，
带有一个很长的导言，以说明原文文本是如何以自身的条件、在自己的网络之内运作的，而不是比照自己的文化以
告诉读者，原文, 像, 什么样的，甚至, 酷似, 什么样的。这种尝试最有可能使我们挑战翻译极限，因为，如果没
有这种挑战，我们又怎能战胜超越极限而勇往直前呢？
? 1 源于, 圣经,,指犹太人以接吻为暗号出卖耶稣。结果耶稣被钉死在十字架上。
? 2 也称为十七音诗，日本诗体之一，一般以三句五、七、五共十七音组成一首短诗，多用隐喻和比较。
? Comments,
? The present translation is different from the previous in two aspects,First,liberal translation,so to speak,is more
frequently employed,for example,文本是构成他文化的文化资本的有机成分，我们还得学会更多地了解文本 and通
过类比夷平文化差异，这是死亡之吻 1。我们还得了解这些文本是如何战胜或逃避这一劫难的 are used to translate
the first sentence in the original and the translation is executed irrespective of the original structure,at least,我
们还得找到翻译他文明的文化资本的方法，用这种方法翻译至少部分地保留他文明的原貌，而不至于生成索然无味、
只有求知才去阅读的译文 and这或许不是翻译，而是各种改写形式的相得益彰 are translated also irrespective of the
original structure,and even of the original meaning,Secondly,two notes are added for readers‘ sake,
? 83 In what follows I shall not discuss the activity of translating,the actual process that leads to
the production of translated texts in the field delimited by the language pair Chinese and English,
Rather,I shall consider what I would like to call ?translational practice‘ both in the Chinese and
Western traditions,By translational practice I mean a practice that integrates the actual activity of
translating into itself,It precedes that activity in that it gives certain guidelines,whether these
are followed by particular translators or not,that are themselves the product of thinking about
the process of translation within a culture,Translational practice also follows the process of
translating,since it plays a part in the reception of translated texts in the culture,or cultures for which they are intended,
? In short,translational practice is one of the strategies a culture devises for dealing with what we have learned to call ?the Other‘,The development of a translational strategy therefore also
provides good indications of the kind of society one is dealing with,The fact that China,for
instance,developed translational strategies only three times in its history,with the translation of
the Buddhist scriptures from roughly the second to the seventh centuries AD,with the translation of the Christian scriptures starting in the sixteenth century AD,and with the translation of much
Western thought and literature starting in the nineteenth century AD,says something about the
image of the Other dominant in Chinese civilization,namely that the Other was not considered
very important,Nor is China,as was sometimes erroneously believed,alone in that respect,A
much more extreme example is provided by Classical Greece,which showed no interest in the
Other,did not develop any thinking about translation and hardly translated anything at all,
? (Bassnett and Lefevere,2000,13)
1) Analysis of the original,
A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two paragraphs,of which the first is composed of
five sentences,The first is a complex sentence,consists of a prepositional
phrase with an object clause embedded,a main clause and an appositive
nominal phrase with an attributive clause embedded; the second is a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an object clause; The
third is again a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an
attributive clause; The fourth is also a complex sentence,composed of a
main clause and a prepositional phrase with an object clause embedded,
which in turn has an attributive clause embedded at the end and between
the precedent and the conjunction of the attributive clause there is an
adverbial clause in the form of a parenthesis and in the pattern of
whether… or not; and the last is again a complex sentence,composed of a
main clause and an adverbial clause of reason,which in turn has an
attributive clause embedded beginning with the preposition for,
? The second paragraph also consists of five sentences,of which the
first is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and a
nominal clause serving as the object of the preposition with; the
second is also a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and
an attributive clause; the third is again a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an appositive clause that
immediately follows the fact at the very beginning of the sentence,
and at the end of the sentence,there is another nominal clause
appositive to the word image; the fourth is composed of a clause
and a parenthetic adverbial clause of reason,and in this sense,the
sentence can be regarded as complex in structure; and the last is
still a complex sentence composed of a main clause and an
attributive clause,From the above analysis,we can say that all the
sentences in the selection are complex in structure without an
exception,although their complexities are realized in different ways,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first paragraph,the first sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase; the second sentence begins with an adverb; the third
sentence again begins with prepositional phrase; the fourth
sentence has a parenthetic clause embedded in the form of
whether… or not; and the last sentence does not present any
additional complication,In the second paragraph,the first sentence
begins with a prepositional phrase; the second sentence has an
unmarked parenthetic phrase therefore embedded; in the third
sentence,there are two parenthetic structures,one is for instance
located between China and developed,and the other is in the form
of the three coordinate with… phrases; the fourth sentence also has
a parenthetic structure embedded after China and before alone; and
the last sentence does not present any additional complication,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the first paragraph,the first four sentences are periodic in
structure either for the beginning with a prepositional or an
adverbial phrase or for the embedding of a parenthetic structure,In
the second paragraph,the first four sentences are also periodic in
structure for the same reason,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The ten sentences in the selection are all structurally complicated to
some extent,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are grammatically complete and free from
colloquial structures,and therefore they are all structurally formal,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,
for example,Chinese and English; Chinese and Western;
whether these are followed by particular translators or
not; culture,or cultures; with the translation of the
Buddhist scriptures from roughly the second to the
seventh centuries AD,with the translation of the
Christian scriptures starting in the sixteenth century AD,
and with the translation of much Western thought and
literature starting in the nineteenth century AD; and
showed no interest in the Other,did not develop any
thinking about translation and hardly translated anything
at all,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,I,translating,actual,activity,
Chinese,translational practice,process,culture and so on are
repeated; product is used as a partial repetition of production;
reception is used in contrast with production; translation,
translated,translating,translational and translator are used as
cognates; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are also frequently used,
for example,discuss,activity,translating,actual,process,
production,translated,delimited,language,consider,translational,
practice,tradition,integrate,precede,guideline,follow,particular,
translator,product,translation,culture,reception,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 下面，我将不讨论翻译活动，不讨论在受到互译语言英语与汉语所限制的领域里产生译文文本的实
际翻译过程。相反，我将考虑我倾向于称之为中国和西方传统都称之为翻译实践的东西。我说的翻
译的实践，是将具体的翻译活动囊括其中的实践。它是翻译活动的前提，为翻译活动提供指导，虽
然具体的译者不一定遵照执行。这些翻译指导本身是在一定的文化中对翻译过程进行思考的结果。 翻译的实践也跟踪翻译过程，因为它在译文被译入文化接受的过程中起作用。
? 总之，翻译的实践是一种文化设计出的用于我们已经学会了称之为, 异质, 的东西打交道的策略之
一。因此，翻译的策略的研发清楚地表明我们是在跟哪一种社会打交道。例如，中国在其历史进程
中，仅有三次研发出翻译的策略，大约在公元二世纪到七世纪佛经翻译时期，公元六世纪开始的基
督教圣经翻译时期，公元十九世纪开始的大量翻译西方思想和文学的时期。这一事实说明了异质在
中华文明中富有影响的形象，也就是说，当时并不认为异质非常重要。在这方面，中国并不是绝无
仅有的，但过去曾一度错误的地认为，中国是绝无仅有的。古希腊为我们提供了一个更加典型的例 子，它对异质不感兴趣，没有什么关于翻译的思考，也基本上没有翻译什么东西。
? Comments,
? The difficulty that lies in the translation of the present selection is that in English,the difference
between translation and translating is apparent enough,However,in Chinese,it is difficult for us
to express such inflectional and derivational differences by using the corresponding terms,
Another difficulty lies in the translation of such terms as translational practice,the Other,and so
on,In the present translation,we use 翻译活动 for activity of translating; 翻译的实践 for
translational practice; and 异质 for the Other,
? B) Translation 2,
? 后面我将不讨论翻译活动，不讨论生成译文文本的实际过程，讨论将限于在英汉互译的范围之内。
或者说，我将考虑中西传统中的我称之为, 翻译的实践, 的东西。我所说的翻译的实践，是将翻译
过程的具体活动结合期间的一种实践。这种实践先于翻译指导原则。翻译指导原则不管有关译者是
否遵从，都是在一定的文化范围之内对翻译过程进行思考的产物。翻译的实践也滞后于翻译过程,因为它在译入文化接受译文文本时发挥作用。
? 总之，翻译的实践是一种策略，是一种文化借以与我们学会了称之为, 他文化, 打交道的策略。
因此，一种翻译的策略的产生，也为人们与那种社会打交道提供了指南。例如，中国在历史上仅三
次研发出翻译的策略，大约于公元二世纪到七世纪佛经翻译时期、于公元十六世纪开始的基督教经
典翻译时期、于公元十九世纪开始的大量翻译西方思想与文学的时期。这一事实说明在中国文明中
占统治地位的他文化的形象。换言之，在中国人看来，他文化并不十分重要。人们曾错误地认为，
在这个问题上，中国是绝无仅有，其实不然。古希腊的例子更为典型，它对他文化毫无兴趣，对翻 译没有进行过多少思考，基本上没有翻译什么作品。
? Comments,
? In producing the present translation,sentences in the previous translation are reorganized,for
example,后面我将不讨论翻译活动，不讨论生成译文文本的实际过程，讨论将限于在英汉互译的范
围之内 ; 相反，我将考虑我倾向于称之为中国和西方传统都称之为翻译实践的东西；这种实践先于
翻译指导原则。翻译指导原则不管有关译者是否遵从，都是在一定的文化范围之内对翻译过程进行
思考的产物。翻译的实践也滞后于翻译过程，因为它在译入文化接受译文文本时发挥作用, In
addition,他文化 is used to substitute for异质,taking into consideration that the book from which the selection is chosen is about constructing cultures,
? C) Translation 3,
? 后面我不再讨论翻译行动，不再在英汉互译范围内讨论生成译文文本的实际过程。或者说，我将
在中西传统框架内，思考我称之为, 翻译的实践, 的东西。我说的翻译的实践，是将具体翻译行为
结合期间的一种实践。一方面，翻译的实践先于翻译行为，因为要从翻译行为抽象出翻译指导原则。
而翻译指导原则不管有关译者是否遵从，都是在一定文化范围内对翻译过程进行思考的产物。另一 方面，翻译的实践又后于翻译过程，因为它在译入文化接受译文文本时发挥作用。
? 简而言之，翻译的实践是一种谋略，是一种文化借以与, 他文化, 打交道的谋略。因此，一种翻译
的谋略的产生，也为人们与有关社会打交道提供了指南。例如，中国历史上仅研发三次翻译的谋略，
分别在大约从二世纪到七世纪佛经翻译时期、十六世纪开始的基督教经典翻译时期和十九世纪开始
的大量翻译西方思想与西方文学时期。这说明他文化的形象在漫长的中国文明中只有过三度显赫。
换言之，中国人认为，他文化并非举足轻重。人们曾错误地认为，在这个问题上，中国是绝无仅有。
其实不然，古希腊更为典型。古希腊对他文化毫无兴致，没有思考过翻译问题，也没有翻译过什么 作品。
? Comments,
? In producing the present translation,changes are constantly made,For example,谋略 is
substituted for策略 ; 简而言之 is substituted for总之 ; 一方面,另一方面,漫长的 and只有过三度 are
inserted for the clarity of ideas,In addition,such sentences as follows are results of
reorganization,后面我不再讨论翻译行动，不再在英汉互译范围内讨论生成译文文本的实际过程 ;
或者说，我将在中西传统框架内，思考我称之为, 翻译的实践, 的东西 ; 换言之，中国人认为，他
文化并非举足轻重 ; 人们曾错误地认为，在这个问题上，中国是绝无仅有 ; 其实不然，古希腊更为
典型。古希腊对他文化毫无兴致，没有思考过翻译问题，也没有翻译过什么作品,
? 84 The object of the majority of translations that are produced in our day and age is
the communication of information,be it about computers,cars,infusion pumps,and
the like,The object of other translations – and they are a minority now,though they
may not always have been – is the circulation of cultural capital,The difference
between information and the cultural capital,in the sense in which the latter term
has been introduced by Pierre Bourdieu,could be succinctly formulated as follows,
information is what you need to function on the professional level,whereas cultural
capital is what you need to be seen to belong to the ?right circles‘ in the society in
which you live,
? The object of a third type of translations could be said to be situated on the level of
entertainment,novels are translated,movies dubbed or subtitled,whereas the object
of a fourth type of translations could be said to try to persuade the reader to adopt
some course of action,as opposed to another,This rough distinction between four
types of translation is predicated on the existence of,roughly,four types of texts,It
is much too rudimentary,of course,not least because many texts that convey
information or try to persuade also try to do so in a somewhat entertaining manner,
whereas many texts that are primarily produced to provide entertainment can also be
said to provide information and,at times,to succeed in persuading,
? (Bassnett and Lefevere,2000,41)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two paragraphs,each of which is composed of three
sentences,In the first paragraph,the first is a complex sentence,composed of a
main clause and an adverbial clause of concession,and the subject of the main
clause has an attributive clause embedded; the second sentence composed of a
clause,in the subject of which there is a parenthetic complex clause embedded,
composed of a main clause and an adverbial clause of concession,and so the
sentence can be regarded as a complex sentence; and the third is a compound
complex sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses connected by the colon; the
first coordinate clause is complex in structure,consisting of a main clause and an
attributive clause immediately with a prepositional phrase located in between,which
has an attributive clause embedded beginning with the preposition in; and the
second coordinate clause is compound in structure,composed of two coordinate
clauses connected by whereas; and in each of the two,the predicative is itself a
nominal clause although the second predicative clause has an attributive clause
embedded beginning with the preposition in,
? In the second paragraph,the first is a compound sentence,composed of two
coordinate clauses,the first of which is a compound clause,composed of four clauses
with the last three in coordination with the first on one hand and with each other on
the other; and the second coordinate clause of the sentence has an elliptic attributive
clause embedded at the very end,The second is actually a simple sentence while the
third is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an adverbial clause of
reason,which is composed of two coordinate clauses connected by whereas,and in
either subject of the two clauses,there is an attributive clause embedded,In terms
of additional structural complication,in the first paragraph,the adverbial clause of
concession in the first sentence is in an inverted order and the predicate verb is in
the form of an infinitive,and the inversion and the use of infinitive are both
motivated by the omission of the conjunction whether,The second sentence,as
mentioned before,contains a parenthetic complex clause between the two dashes;
and the prepositional phrase together with the object clause is in the structure of
parenthesis,In the second sentence of the second paragraph,there is a short
parenthetic structure; and in the third sentence,there are two short parenthetic
structures,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the first paragraph,the first is a loose sentence; the second is a
periodic sentence for the embedding of the parenthetic complex
clause; the third is also a periodic sentence for the embedding the
parenthetic prepositional phrase together with the embedded clause,
In the second paragraph,the first is a loose sentence and the other
two are periodic sentences for the embedding of parenthetic
structures,short as they are,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The selection is complicated in sentence structure for of the six
sentences,only one of them is simple in structure and all the others
are either complex or compound or complex compound or
compound complex sentences,However,even that simple sentence
has a short parenthetic structure embedded,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are grammatically complete and free from colloquial
structure,In other words,they are all formal in structure,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,day
and age; computers,cars,infusion pumps,and the like; information and
the cultural capital; information is what you need to function on the
professional level,whereas cultural capital is what you need to be seen to
belong to the ?right circles‘ in the society in which you live; translated,
movies dubbed or subtitled; the object of a third type of translations…,
whereas the object of a fourth type of translations… ; and many texts that
convey information or try to persuade…,whereas many texts that are
primarily produced to provide entertainment…, In addition,in the
selection,the preposition of is used to express a verb-and-object relation
by such nominal phrase as the communication of information; and the
circulation of cultural capital,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,the object of the majority of translations,the
object of other translations,the object of a third type of translations and the object
of a fourth type of translations are used in series; the classification of translations
into four categories is based on the existence of four types of texts; computers,cars,
infusion pumps,and the like are concerned with the communication of information;
such key terms as object,translations,type,information and cultural capital are
repeatedly used; the ?right circles‘ in society is used in contrast with the professional
level; in the clause novels are translated,movies dubbed or subtitled,it is implied
that dubbing and subtitling are two categories of translation; persuading is used in
contrast with entertaining,and in contrast with the communication of information and
the circulation of cultural capital,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,are ubiquitously used,for
example,object,majority,translations,produce,communication,information,
computer,infusion,minority,circulation,cultural,capital,difference,introduce,
succinctly,formulate,follow,function,professional,circle,society,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 我们今天与当代生产的译文，大多数旨在交流信息，无论有关计算机的、汽车的、过滤泵还是别的，
都是如此。另一个翻译目的是交流文化资本，这种译文现在是少数，虽然历史上可能并不是常常如 此。信息和文化资本（皮耶尔,朵迪欧意义上的文化资本）之间的区别，可以简要地表述如下：信息
是你在专业层面上所需要的东西，而文化资本是你所需要的、可以看成是属于你所生活的社会中的 特定界别的东西。
? 第三种译文的目的可以说存在于娱乐层面上的：翻译的小说，配音或配有字幕的电影，而第四种译
文的目的可以说是旨在劝说读者去采取某项行动，而不采取其他行动。这四种翻译的粗略区别是由
于大致上存在四种译文而做出的。当然，这种区分非常肤浅，因为至少许多传递信息或旨在劝说的
译作也以某种方式寓信息或劝说与娱乐于其中而进行的，而许多旨在提供娱乐的译作也可以说是提 供信息的，有时还成功地实现了劝说。
? Comments,
? By following the original strictly,we have produced a translation somewhat readable,coherent
and authentic,One of the special techniques used is that the parenthetic structure concerned
with the introduction of cultural capital is not placed in brackets,but it is still parenthetic in nature,
However,some sentences in the translation are too long,for example,而文化资本是你所需要的、
可以看成是属于你所生活的社会中的特定界别的东西 and 因为至少许多传递信息或旨在劝说的译作
也以某种方式寓信息或劝说与娱乐于其中而进行的,
? B) Translation 2,
? 现今的大多数翻译，旨在交流信息，关于计算机、汽车、输油泵的等等，应有尽有。
另一些翻译旨在传输文化资本。这类翻译过去可能占据多数，现在已不占多数。文化
资本这个术语是皮埃尔,博迪欧引入的。信息和文化资本之间的差别可简述如下。信息
是职业层面所需要的，而通过文化资本可以判别你属于你所生活的社会的哪个, 适当
的团体, 。
? 第三种翻译可以说处于娱乐层面：小说翻译、电影配音或配置字幕；而第四种翻译可
以说力图让读者采取某项行动而放弃别的行动。将翻译粗略地分成四类，是因为现行
的文本可以粗略地分成四类。这种划分当然过于粗略，不仅因为许多旨在传输信息或
劝说他人的文本也以某种娱乐的方式交流信息或进行劝说，许多主要旨在提供娱乐的
文本也可以说提供了信息，有时也起到劝说作用。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the first sentence in the previous translation is reorganized;
传输 is now used in collocation with文化资本 ; 信息是职业层面所需要的，而通过文化
资本可以判别你属于你所生活的社会的哪个, 适当的团体, and不仅因为许多旨在传输
信息或劝说他人的文本也以某种娱乐的方式交流信息或进行劝说 are retranslations; the
parenthetic structure in the original has now become part of the text,and so on,
? C) Translation 3,
? 现在，压倒多数的译文，都旨在交流信息，有关于计算机的、汽车的、输油泵的等等。
另一类译文旨在传输文化资本。这类翻译现已在数量上不占优势，虽然可能也曾有过
辉煌。术语文化资本是皮埃尔,博迪欧首先使用的。信息和文化资本之间的差别简而言
之就是，信息处于专业层面，文化资本用于人际层面，用以判别你属于社会的哪个
,团体, 。
? 第三种译文可以说处于娱乐层面：小说翻译、电影配音或配置字幕都属于此类；而第
四种翻译可以说处于诱导层面，通过劝说让读者采取某一行动而放弃别的行动。将文
译粗略地分成四类，是因为可以将现行文本粗略地分成四类。这种划分当然过于粗略，
不仅因为许多旨在传输信息或诱导的文本在传输信息与进行诱导时，也寓娱乐于其中，
许多主要旨在娱乐的文本也提供信息，有时也起到诱导作用。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,authentic Chinese terms are frequently used,for example,
现在 ; 压倒多数 ; 数量上已不占优势 ; 也曾有过辉煌 ; 人际层面 ; 用以判别 ; 寓娱乐于其
中,and so on,In addition,都属于此类 is an addition for authenticity and coherence,
Consequently,the translation,with improved readability,coherence and authenticity,
sounds more like Chinese writing,
? 85 For two thousand years translation theory (some call it ―traditional,‖
others now dismiss it as ―prescientific‖) was concerned only with
outstanding works of art,For the last forty years ―translation science,‖ or
translatology,has been trying to establish itself as a new discipline focusing
on an undefined and idealized ―common core‖ of general language,but with
concepts that in effect apply only to technical terminology,Literary
language was excluded as being ―deviant,‖ inaccessible to scientific analysis,
? This study is an attempt to bridge the gap,It is not (as the reader
familiar with recent developments in translation theory might possibly infer
from the title) a study on literary translation; it is rather an attempt to
present recently developed concepts and methods,both from translation
theory and linguistics,in such a way that they could be usefully employed
in the theory,practice and analysis of literary translation,
? (Mary Snell-Hornby,2001,1)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two paragraphs,of which the first is composed of
three sentences while the second is composed of two sentences,In the first
paragraph,the first is actually a simple sentence,but in the brackets there
is embedded a compound sentence composed of two coordinate clauses,
The second is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause with a
prepositional phrase after but,in which there is an attributive clause
embedded,The last is again a simple sentence,In the second paragraph,
the first is again a simple sentence while the second is a compound
sentence composed of two coordinate clauses,In the first clause,there is
an adverbial clause of reason embedded in the brackets; and in the second
clause,there is an attributive clause embedded,It is in this sense,we say
that the first sentence in the first paragraph can be regarded as a complex
sentence while the second sentence in the second paragraph can be
regarded as compound complex sentence,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first paragraph,the first sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase and has a parenthetic structure
embedded in the brackets; the second sentence also
begins with a prepositional phrase and has a parenthesis
embedded,that is,or translatology; the third sentence
ends in an adjective phrase modifying literary language
at the very beginning,In the second paragraph,the
second sentence has two parenthetic structures,one
embedded in the brackets and the other embedded
between methods and in such a way,However,other
sentences in the selection are free from additional
structural complication,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the first paragraph,the first two sentences are periodic and the last is loose if the
adjective phrase at the end of the sentence is not regarded as a parenthetic structure,
The second sentence in the second paragraph is apparently a periodic sentence,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the sentences,except the first in the second paragraph,are structurally
complicated to some extent,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the five sentences in the selection are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,some call it
―traditional,‖ others now dismiss it as ―prescientific‖; for two thousand years…,for
the last fory years… ; ―translation science,‖ or translatology; undefined and idealized;
―deviant,‖ and inaccessible; concepts and methods; translation theory and linguistics;
and theory,practice and analysis of literary translation,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,for two thousand years is
used in contrast with for the last forty years; translatology is used
as synonym for translation science; discipline is used as a
synonym for translation theory,which is repeated; literary
language is used in contrast with general language; literary
translation is repeated and used in connection with literary
language,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for
example,translation,theory,translational,dismiss,prescientific,
concerned,outstanding,science,translatology,establish,
discipline,focusing,undefined,idealized,general,language,
concept,effect,apply,technical,terminology,literary,exclude,
deviant,inaccessible,scientific,analysis and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 两千年来，翻译理论（有些人称之为, 传统的,,还有些人将它排斥为, 前科学的, ）
只关注杰出的艺术著作。在最近四十年,,翻译的科学, 或翻译学一直力图将自己建
成为一门新的学科，集中于普通语言的没有定义的与理想化了的, 共核, 。但许多观
念实际上仅应用于技术术语。文学语言被排斥在外，由于它是, 偏离的,,难以通达
科学分析。
? 这种研究是跨越空缺的一种尝试。它不是（正如熟悉翻译理论最新发展的读者从题目
可能推导出来的那样）研究文学翻译的，而是尝试提供最近出现的许多概念和方法，
既来自翻译理论也来自语言学，以这种方式，这些概念和方法能有用地应用于文学翻
译的理论、实践和分析。
? Comments,
? The present translation has included some concise and precise sentences,for
example,两千年来，翻译理论（有些人称之为, 传统的,,还有些人将它排斥为, 前
科学的, ）只关注杰出的艺术著作 ; 在最近四十年,,翻译的科学, 或翻译学一直力图
将自己建成为一门新的学科，集中于普通语言的没有定义的与理想化了的, 共核, ;
and 它不是（正如熟悉翻译理论最新发展的读者从题目可能推导出来的那样）研究文
学翻译的，而是尝试提供最近出现的许多概念和方法, However,other sentences are
clumsy,for example,文学语言被排斥在外，由于它是, 偏离的,,难以通达科学分析 ;
and以这种方式，这些概念和方法能有用地应用于文学翻译的理论、实践和分析,
? B) Translation 2,
? 两千年来，翻译理论（有些人称之为, 传统的,,有些人斥之为, 前科学
的, ）只关注杰出的艺术著作。最近四十年中,,翻译的科学, 或翻译学一
直力图将自己建成一门新的学科，集中研究普通语言的没有定义的与理想化
了的, 共核,,但许多概念实际上仅应用于技术术语。文学语言被视为, 偏
离, 普通语言，难以进行科学分析而排斥在外。
? 本研究是填平沟壑的一种尝试。它不是（正如熟悉翻译理论最新发展的读者
从书名就可以推知的那样）研究文学翻译的，而是尝试提供最近出现的许多
概念和方法，它们既来自翻译理论也来自语言学，提供的方式是，使这些概
念和方法能有用地应用于文学翻译的理论、实践和分析。
? Comments,
? Compared with the previous translation,the present one has included such
changes as the following,有些人称之为, 传统的,,有些人斥之为, 前科学
的 ; 文学语言被视为, 偏离, 普通语言 ; 提供的方式是,and so on,
? C) Translation 3,
? 两千多年来，翻译理论，或曰, 传统理论,,或曰, 前科学理论,,仅关注
超凡脱俗的艺术著作。最近四十年里,,翻译科学, 或翻译学一直力图将自
己建成一门新兴学科，集中研究普通语言的没有定义的理想, 共核,,但许
多概念实际上仅具有技术术语意义，文学语言被视为, 偏离, 共核、难以进
行科学分析而排斥在外。
? 熟悉翻译理论最新进展的读者一看书名便知，本研究虽试图弥补这一缺憾，
并不打算研究文学翻译，仅试图将来自翻译理论和语言学的许多概念和方法
提供给读者，使之裨益于文学翻译的理论、实践和分析。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the greatest change lies in the deletion of the
brackets and the inclusion of the parenthetic structures into the body of the
translated text,In addition,或曰 ……,或曰 …… ; 超凡脱俗 ; 没有定义的理想
共核 ; 仅具有技术术语意义 ; 偏离共核 ; and so on are substituted for the
previous parts concerned,Furthermore,熟悉翻译理论最新进展的读者一看
书名便知 is reorganized and fronted,
Exercises,
? 81 This study began to show that translation proper,the interpretation of verbal
signs in one language by means of verbal signs in another,is a special heightened
case of the process of communication and reception in any act of human speech,The
fundamental epistemological and linguistic problems implicit in interlingual translation
are fundamental just because they are already implicit in all interlingual discourse,
What Jakobson calls ?rewording‘ – an interpretation of verbal signs in the same
language – in fact raises issues of the same order as translation proper,This book
has argued,therefore,that a ?theory of translation‘ (in the ?inexact‘,non-formalized
sense in which I have sought to define this concept) is necessarily a theory or,rather,
historical- psychological model,part deductive,part intuitive,of the operations of
language itself,An ?understanding of understanding‘,a hermeneutic,will include both,
It is,consequently,no accident that the methodical investigation of the nature of
semantic processes begins with Kant‘s call for a rational hermeneutic and with
Schleirmacher‘s study of the linguistic structures and tranalstionability of the Hebrew,
Aramaic,and Greek scriptures,To study the status of meaning is to study the
substance and limits of translation,
? (George Steiner,2001,436)
? 82 Language differ in the way they perceive and partition reality,This situation creates serious problems for the
translator and all those who work with languages in contact,Rarely,if ever,do we find anything more than a
superficial correspondence between the various categories and divisions which different languages impose on the
thought patterns of their speakers,As we saw in Chapter 2,any strict interpretation of the Sapir/Whorf
hypothesis would imply that the gap between views of the world held by different linguistic communities is almost
unbridgeable,This in effect would exclude the possibility of successful translation,
? There would be little point in denying the validity of some of the observations made by those who work within
this hypothesis,It would,however,be futile to deny the possibility of translating,Cross-cultural communication
through language takes place all the time and is generally successful,As observed particularly by those who work
in Bible translation (e.g,Nida,1964; Nida and Taber,1969),where the emphasis is naturally on successful
cultural encounter,there is sufficient shared experience even between users of languages which are culturally
remote from each other to make translatability a tenable proposition,This position is also supported by research
on language universals (see,e.g,Greenberg,1968),
? A semiotic approach to text,context and translation supports the ?common ground‘ view,Lotman et al,(1975,57)
define culture as ? the functional correlation of different sign systems‘,These different sign systems operate both
within and between cultures,and semiotics deals with the processing and exchange of information both within
and across cultural boundaries,Translating can now be envisaged as the process which transforms one semiotic
entity into another,under certain equivalence conditions to do with semiotic codes,pragmatic action and general
communicative requirements,
? (Basil Hatim & Ian Mason,2001,104-105)
? 83 Translating is a complex and fascinating task,In fact,I,A,Richards (1953) has claimed that it
is probably the most complex type of event in the history of the cosmos,And yet,translating is so
natural and easy that children seem to have no difficulty in interpreting for their immigrant
parents,These children normally do very well until they have gone to school and have learned
about nouns,verbs,and adverbs,Then they often seem tongue-tied because they try to match
the words and grammar rather than the content,
? Because of experience in learning a foreign language in school,most persons assume that
literalness in translating means faithfulness to the text,even though close,literal renderings are
often seriously misleading,In English,for example,the repetition of a word usually implies
emphasis,but not in Bahasa Indonesia,where repetition only signals plurality,In the Quechua
dialect of Bolivia the suffix -runa marks the preceding noun as plural,but in conversation
Quechua speakers use the suffix only at the beginning of a section and do not constantly repeat it,
as is the case with the plural suffix in Spanish,Accordingly,a literal translation which represents every plural –s in Spanish by the Quechua suffix –runa is regarded by Quechua speakers as being
not only strange but even an insult to the intelligence of hearers,
? Because of the many discrepancies between meanings and structures of different languages,
some persons have insisted that translating is impossible,and yet more and more translating is
done and done well,Those who insist that translating is impossible are usually concerned with
some of the more marginal features of figurative language and complex poetic structures,The
use of figurative language is universal,but the precise figures of speech in one language rarely match those in another,
? (Eugene A,Nida,2001,3)
? 84 In his article ?On Linguistic Aspects of Translation‘,Roman Jakobson distinguishes three types of translation,
? (1) Intralingual translation,or rewording (an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same
language),
? Interlingual translation or translation proper (an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language),
? Intersemiotic translation or transmutation (an interpretation of verbal signs by means of nonverbal sign systems),
? Having established these three types,of which (2) translation proper describes the process of transfer from SL to
TL,Jakobson goes on immediately to point to the central problem in all types,that while messages may serve as
adequate interpretations of code units or messages,there is ordinarily no full equivalence,and Jakobson shows
how intralingual translation often has to resort to a combination of code units in order to fully interpret the
meaning of a single unit,Hence a dictionary of so-called synonyms may give perfect as a synonym for ideal or
vehicle as a synonym for conveyance but in neither case can there be said to be complete equivalence,since
each unit contains within itself a set of non-translatable associations and connotations,
? Because complete equivalence (in the sense of synonymy or sameness) cannot take place in any of his categories,
Jakobson declares that all poetic art is therefore technically untranslatable,
? Only creative transposition is possible,either intralingual transposition – from one poetic shape into another,or
interlingual transposition – from one language into another,or finally intersemiotic transposition – from one
system of signs into another,e.g,from verbal art into music,dance,cinema or painting,
? (Susan Bassenett,2004,22-23)
? 85 Research in terminology serves both theoretical and practical goals,The methodology is
basically one of detailed conceptual analysis,but it also involves bibliographical fieldwork and
corpus processing,you first need to know the basics of terminology theory and its origins in the
growing need for international standardization during the past century,This means e.g,
understanding the difference between general language and domain-restricted language (e.g,Melby 1995),and knowing how to define a ?term‘,You also need to master the methodological
and technical skills required,learning how to formulate a valid definition; learning how to
represent various kinds of conceptual systems based on different kinds of relationships between concepts (e.g,hierarchical concept diagrams of various kinds); and learning how to use the
computer programs such as Trados MultiTerm that have been developed specifically for
terminological work,
? In the area of theory,cognitive and philosophical questions come to mind,what is a concept?
What do terms represent? How do non-linguistic signs relate to linguistic signs? How can
synonymy be accommodated in current models? How can current models be more dynamic? How do terms evolve? How do terms cross language boundaries? What is the relationship between
terminology and knowledge engineering? What types of relation can be established between
concepts beyond abstract (genus-species) and part-whole relation and how are these realized
cross-linguistically? What can prototype theory tell us about the classification of terms and
concepts?
? (Jenny Williams & Andrew Chesterman,2004,20)
第二节
? 86 The relationship of language to discourse and ideology is one of the more promising
developments which linguistic stylistics has recently begun to address,While the social
implications of semiotic structures such as genre and text are no doubt obvious,these are seen in
more meaningful socio-textual terms only when considered within discursive practice,Discourse
or the attitudinally determined mode of expression (e.g,feminist discourse,racist discourse) is
thus particularly privileged as a carrier of ideological meanings,As Martin (1985) points out,when
ideology is challenged,discourse becomes implicated in a number of ways,which discourse a
group is able to use and which discourse a group chooses to use,where,when and how,are all matters of immense ideological significance,
? In this chapter,the aim is to examine the role of language in the expression of ideology and to
discuss a number of micro-level of aspects of this kind of semiotic analysis,Semiotics is a
dimension of context which subsumes the assumptions,presuppositions and conventions
surrounding a given utterance and ultimately represents them as signs in constant interaction,For
example,in a speech on immigration into Britain,it was interesting to observe how a politician,obviously operating within the dictates of a particular kind of discourse,constantly referred to
?immigrants and their children‘ as immigrants and their offspring,The utterance offspring has
thus become a sign (a semiotic entity) in that it no longer simply means ?children‘ but has in
addition taken on discourse values such as ?legalistic‘ or even ?de-humanizing‘ (Sykes 1985),
? (Basil Hatim,2001,174)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two paragraphs,each of which is composed of four
sentences,In the first paragraph,the first is a complex sentence,composed of a
main clause and an attributive clause embedded in the predicative; the second is
again a complex sentence,composed of adverbial clause of contrast and a main
clause,in which there is an elliptic adverbial clause of time embedded; the third is
actually a simple sentence while the fourth is also a complex sentence,composed of
an adverbial clause of manner and a main clause,which in turn is composed of an
adverbial clause of time and a secondary main clause,composed of two coordinate
clauses connected by a colon; and the subject of the coordinate clause after the
colon is composed of two coordinate clauses and three elliptic coordinate clauses,In
the second paragraph,the first is again a simple sentence; the second is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive clause; the third is again a
complex sentence composed of a main clause and an object clause; and the last is
also a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an object clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first paragraph,the first two sentences are rather
straightforward in structure without further complication while the
last two each have a parenthetic structure put in brackets,In the
second paragraph,the first sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase and the predicative is composed of two coordinate infinitive
phrases; the predicate of the attributive clause in the second
sentence is composed of two verb phrases,and in the clause,
surrounding means concerned with; the third sentence begins again
with a prepositional phrase followed by another and in it was
interesting to observe…,it is the formal subject while to observe…
is the real subject,and in the object clause,between a politician
and constantly referred to…,there is a parenthetic structure
realized as a present participle phrase,In the last sentence,there
are embedded two parenthetic structures marked by the brackets
and one unmarked parenthetic structure,that is,in addition,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the first paragraph,the first is a loose sentence; the second is a periodic sentence
for the beginning with an adverbial clause; the third is again a periodic sentence for
the embedding of a parenthetic structure in the brackets; the last is again a periodic
sentence for the beginning with an adverbial clause,the beginning of the main clause
with an adverbial clause and the embedding of a parenthetic structure in brackets,In
the second paragraph,the first is a periodic sentence for the beginning with a
prepositional phrase; the second is a loose sentence; the third is again a periodic
sentence for the beginning of a prepositional phrase followed by another,the use of
the formal subject to keep the real subject further back and the inclusion of a
parenthetic structure in the object clause; and the last is also a periodic sentence for
the inclusion of two parenthetic structures in the brackets,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Generally speaking,the selection is complicated in structure,for of the eight
sentences,only two are simple in structure but they are both periodic sentences;
again of the eight sentences,only two are loose in structure,but they are both
complex sentences,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are grammatically complete and free from colloquial
structures,and therefore,the selection is formal in structure,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection parallel structures are frequently used,for example,
discourse and ideology; genre and text; feminist discourse,racist
discourse; which discourse a group is able to use and which discourse a
group chooses to use,where,when and how; to examine the role of
language in the expression of ideology and to discuss a number of micro-
level of aspects of this kind of semiotic analysis; assumptions,
presuppositions and conventions; subsumes the assumptions,
presuppositions and conventions surrounding a given utterance and
ultimately represents them as signs in constant interaction; immigrants
and their children; immigrants and their offspring; no longer simply
means ?children‘ but has in addition taken on discourse values such as
?legalistic‘ or even ?de-humanizing‘; and legalistic or even de-humanizing,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples found be found as follows,such key terms as discourse,
ideology,semiotics and so on are repeatedly used; semiotic and
ideological are used as partial repetitions of semiotics and
ideology respectively; socio- is used as a partial repetition of
social; manner,way and mode are used as synonyms; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for
example,relationship,language,discourse,ideology,promising,
development,linguistic,stylistics,recently,address,social,
implication,semiotic,structure,genre,obvious,socio-textual,
consider,discursive,practice,attitudinally,determined,mode,
expression,feminist,racist,particularly,privileged,ideological,
challenge,implicated,matter,immense,significance,and many
others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 语言与话语和思想的关系，是一个更富有希望的发展趋势，是近年语言文体学家们开始谈论的话题。
体裁和语篇之类的符号结构的社会涵义无疑是非常明显的，但只有将它们放在杂乱无章的社会实践
中来考察，才能更清楚它们的社会语篇意义。话语或由态度决定的表达方式如女权主义者话语、种 族主义者话语，由于能承载思想意义因而特别受到青睐。正如马丁（ 1985）所指出的，当思想受到
挑战，话语就有了多方面的涵义：哪种话语哪一群人能够用，哪种话语哪一群人经常选用，什么地 方，什么时候，用什么方式，都是些具有巨大思想意义的因素。
? 本章的目的是考察语言在表达思想中的作用，讨论这种符号分析的微观层面上的各个方面的一系列
问题。符号学是语境的一维，包含有关某一语句的认可、预设、约定俗成，并最终代表它们作为符
号在不停地进行交互作用。例如，在一次移民英国的发言中，我们有趣地看到某个英国政治家，很
明显，在某一特定的话语的指令下运作，经常将, 移民及其子女, 称为, 移民及其后代, 。那个语
词后代不再只具有子女的意义，除此之外，它获得了, 法律的, 甚至, 非人类的, 之类的话语值（萨克斯 1985），因而成了一个符号（一个符号实体）。
? Comments,
? The present translation is somewhat readable,coherent and authentic,and therefore,acceptable,
However,there do exist some problems,For example,in语言与话语和思想的关系，是一个更富有
希望的发展趋势，是近年语言文体学家们开始谈论的话题,the parts are not sufficiently compatible
with each other; 哪种话语哪一群人能够用 and哪种话语哪一群人经常选用 sound clumsy; 本章的目
的是考察语言在表达思想中的作用，讨论这种符号分析的微观层面上的各个方面的一系列问题 does
not convey clear ideas to the reader,and so on; and the translation of ideology into思想 is challengeable,
? B) Translation 2,
? 语言与话语和意识形态的关系是近来语言文体学开始谈论的话题，是众多的喜人进展中的一大进展。
符号结构如体裁和文本中的社会蕴含是明确无误的，但只有在杂乱无章的实践中予以思考，才能对
社会蕴含用更富意义的社会语篇术语进行考察。因此，话语或由态度决定的表达方式（例如女权主 义话语、种族主义话语）是意识形态意义的专用载体。正如马丁（ 1985）所指出的，如果对意识形
态加以考察，话语就具有多重蕴含意义。哪种话语哪些人会用，哪种话语哪些人常用，何时、何地,如何选用，所有这些都具有巨大的意识形态意义。
? 本章旨在考察语言在表述意识形态中的作用，旨在讨论符号学分析中这类问题的众多的微观层面。
符号学是语境理论的一维，包含与某一实际话语有关的假设、预设和常规蕴含，最终作为代表这些
意义的符号不停地进行互动。例如，在一次有关向英国移民的讲话中，有趣地看到，一位警官明显
是在某一特定话语的各项规则范围内说话的，他常常将, 移民和孩子们, 说成是, 移民和幼仔, 。
因此，幼仔这一说法就成了一种符号（一种符号学实在），因为它不再仅指, 孩子,,而且负载了话语价值，如, 限于关涉法律时使用的, 甚至, 非人化的, 意义（萨克斯 1985）。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the first sentence and the last sentence are changed drastically,In
addition,女权主义话语、种族主义话语 ; 哪种话语哪些人会用 and哪种话语哪些人常用 are newly
worded,and minor changes can be found ubiquitously,More important is that ideology and its
cognate are translated into意识形态 and 意识形态的,
? C) Translation 3,
? 近来，语言文体学开始谈论语言与话语和意识形态的关系，成为前景可观的一大发展趋势。符号学结构如体裁和
文本具有社会蕴含意义，无疑人所共知。但社会蕴含意义只有在杂乱无章的实践中予以考察，只有用更富意义的社
会语篇术语来观照，才能显露出来。因此，话语或表示态度的表达形式，如女权主义者话语、种族主义者话语，是意识形态意义的特定载体。正如马丁（ 1985）指出的，如果诉诸于意识形态，就会发现话语具有多重蕴含意义。例
如，什么人能够使用什么话语，什么人习惯使用什么话语，什么时候使用、什么地方使用、如何使用，所有这些课
题就都具有巨大的意识形态意义。
? 本章旨在考察语言在表述意识形态中的作用，旨在讨论符号学框架内涉及语言表述意识形态的众多的微观层面。
符号学是语境理论的一个层面，包含与讲话有关的假设、预设和常规蕴含，最终作为代表这些意义的符号不停地用
于交际。例如，在一次涉及移民英国的讲话中，见到了这样的情况，饶有兴味。出入境管理处的一位警官常常将
,移民和孩子们, 说成是, 移民和幼仔, 。显然，他这样说是符合移民话语规则的。因此，幼仔就成了一种符号或
一种符号体，因为它不仅指, 孩子,,而且负载了话语价值，如, 这是移民用语, 甚至, 不将孩子当人看待, 的意
义（萨克斯,1985）。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,语言文体学开始谈论语言与话语和意识形态的关系，成为前景可观的一大发展趋势；但
社会蕴含意义只有在杂乱无章的实践中予以考察，只有用更富意义的社会语篇术语来观照，才能显露出来 ; 话语或
表示态度的表达形式，如女权主义者话语、种族主义者话语，是意识形态意义的特定载体 ; 如果诉诸于意识形态，
就会发现话语具有多重蕴含意义 ; 在一次涉及移民英国的讲话中，见到了这样的情况，饶有兴味 ; 出入境管理处的一
位警官常常将, 移民和孩子们, 说成是, 移民和幼仔, ; 显然，他这样说是符合移民话语规则的,and others are
substituted for the corresponding previous sentences with new wordings,In addition,the brackets are eliminated
and the parenthetic structures concerned are included into the main body of the text,
? 87 In terms of Skopostheorie,the viability of the brief depends on the circumstances
of the target culture,not on the source culture,Since we have defined translation as
a translational action involving a source text,the source is usually part of the brief,In
terms of action theory,however,the agents (sender,receiver,initiator,translator)
play the most important parts and it is problematic to speak of ?the course text‘
unless we really only mean source-language words or sentence structures,The
meaning or function of a text is not something inherent in the linguistic signs; it
cannot simply be extracted by anyone who knows the code,A text is made
meaningful by its receiver and for its receiver,Different receivers (or even the same
receiver at different times) find different meanings in the same linguistic material
offered by the text,We might even say that a ?text‘ is as many texts as there are
receivers (cf,Nord 1992b:91),
? This dynamic concept of text meaning and function is common enough in modern
theories of literary reception,Vermeer sums it up by saying that any text is just an
?offer of information‘ (cf,Vermeer 1982) from which each receiver selects the items
they find interesting and important,Applying this concept to translation,we could say
that a target text is an offer of information formulated by a translator in a target
culture and language about an offer of information formulated by someone else in
the source culture and language (cf,Reise and Vermeer 1984,67ff),
? (Christiane Nord,2001,31-32)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two paragraphs,of which the first is composed of seven
sentences while the second is composed of three sentences,In the first paragraph,
the first is a simple sentence; the second is a complex sentence,composed of an
adverbial clause of reason and a main clause; the third is a compound sentence,
composed of two coordinate clauses,of which the second has an adverbial clause of
condition embedded,and it is in this sense that the sentence can be regarded as
compound complex in structure,The fourth is again a compound sentence,
composed of two coordinate clauses loosely connected by a semi-colon,and in the
second clause,there is an attributive clause embedded,Therefore,the sentence can
be regarded as compound complex in structure,The fifth and the sixth are both
simple sentences while the seventh is a complex sentence composed of a main clause
and an object clause,in which there is an adverbial clause of comparison embedded,
In the second paragraph,the first is a simple sentence; the second is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and an object clause embedded in the
prepositional phrase by saying …,and in the object clause,there is an attributive
clause embedded beginning with the preposition from,in which there is another
attributive clause further embedded,The third is a complex sentence,composed of a
main clause and an object clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first paragraph,the first sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase; the third sentence also begins with
a prepositional phrase,but together with the adverb
however,and there is a parenthetic structure embedded
in the brackets; the sixth sentence also has a parenthetic
structure embedded in the brackets and so dose the last
sentence,In the second paragraph,the second sentence
has a parenthetic structure embedded in the brackets
while the last sentence begins with a present participle
phrase and has a parenthetic structure embedded in the
brackets,But all the other sentences in the selection are
free from additional complication,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the first paragraph,the first three and the last two are periodic
sentences in that the first three sentences all begin with either a
prepositional phrase (or together with an adverb) or an adverbial clause,
and additionally,the third sentence has a parenthesis embedded in the
brackets; the last two sentences each have a parenthesis embedded in the
brackets,And the two sentences in the middle of the selection are both
loose in structure,In the second paragraph,the first is a loose sentence
while the other two are periodic in structure for the reason that the two
sentences each have a parenthesis embedded in brackets,and additionally,
the last sentence begins with a present participle phrase,
? 2,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for they are all grammatically
complete and free from colloquial structures,
? 3,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,
for example,on the circumstances of the target culture,
not on the source culture; sender,receiver,initiator,
translator; words or sentence structures; meaning or
function; by its receiver and for its receiver; as many
texts as there are receivers; interesting and important;
and an offer of information formulated by a translator
in a target culture and language about an offer of
information formulated by someone else in the source
culture and language,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,target culture is used in
contrast with source culture; sender,receiver,initiator,translator
are used as co-hyponyms of the agents; brief,translation,source,
important,theory (or theories),receiver (or receivers) and so on
are repeatedly used; translational is used as a partial repetition
for translation; and so on,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,are
ubiquitously used,for example,Skopostheorie,viability,depend,
circumstances,target,culture,define,translation,trnaslational,
action,involving,usually,theory,agents,sender,receiver,
initiator,translator,important,problematic,structure,function,
inherent,linguistic,sign,extract,code,meaningful,different,
material,offer,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 用斯戈波理论的话说，指令的可行性决定于目的文化的环境，而不决定于源文化。由于我们将翻译
定义为涉及源语文本的迻译行为，通常源语文本身就是指令的一部分。就行为理论而言，行为执行
者（发送人、接受人、发起人、译者）起着最重要的作用。因此，说, 源语文本, 是有问题的除非
我们的意思是指源语的词语或句子结构。文本的意义或功能不是语言符号本来就有的，不能简单地
为知道这个代码系统的任何人所提取。本文的意义是接收者赋予的，是为接收者而存在的。不同的
接收者（甚至处于不同时间的同一个接收者）会在文本提供的同一种语言材料中获得不同的意义。 我们甚至可以说，一个, 文本, 有多少接收者就有多少不同的副本 (参考诺德 1992b:91)。
? 关于文本意义与功能的这种动态概念在现代文学接受理论中极其普遍。弗米尔对之进行了总结，说 任何文本只是一种, 信息提供物, （参考弗米尔 1982），每个接收者从中选取他们认为有趣而重要
的项目。将这种概念应用到翻译上，我们可以说，目的语文本是译者在目的文化和目的语言中围绕 着别人在源文化和源语言中建构的信息提供物而建构的信息提供物（参考赖斯和弗米尔 1984:67ff）。
? Comments,
? By following the original closely,we have produced a translation characterized by bracketing
parenthetic structures as they were in the original and by the use of such clumsy terms as 源文化 ;
源语文本 ; and 源, In addition,some sentences in the translation are too long,for example,说
,源语文本, 是有问题的除非我们的意思是指源语的词语或句子结构 ; 不能简单地为知道这个代码
系统的任何人所提取 ; and目的语文本是译者在目的文化和目的语言中围绕着别人在源文化和源语言
中建构的信息提供物而建构的信息提供物,
? B) Translation 2,
? 斯戈波理论认为，指令的独立性依存于目的文化的环境，不依存于来源文化。我们一旦将翻译定
义为涉及来源文本的翻译行动，那么，来源文本通常就成为指令的一部分。行动理论认为，参与者
包括发送者、接受者、发起者和译者起最重要作用。如此看来，谈论来源文本是有问题的，除非真
的指来源语言的词语或者句子结构。文本的意义或功能不是语言符号中固有的，不是知道代码的人
都能从中提取的。文本的意义以读者为对象也取决于读者。不同的读者，甚至同一读者在不同的时
候里从文本所提供的相同的语言材料中能提取不同的意义。甚至可以说，一个文本有多少人阅读,就有多少个副本。
? 文本的意义和功能的动态概念在现代文学接受理论中十分常见，弗米尔对之进行了总结，他说，任 何文本只不过是, 信息供给, （参考弗米尔 1982），接受者可以从中选用感兴趣的重要选项。将这
个概念应用于翻译，可以说，目的文本是译者利用目的文化与语言构成信息供给，这种信息是关于 别人利用来源文化和语言构成的信息供给的。
? Comments,
? In present translation,来源文化 ; 来源文本 ; and来源,are used,compatible with 目的文化 and
other similar terms,In addition,如此看来，谈论来源文本是有问题的，除非真的指来源语言的词语
或者句子结构 ; 不是知道代码的人都能从中提取的 ; and目的文本是译者利用目的文化与语言构成信
息供给，这种信息是关于别人利用来源文化和语言构成的信息供给的 are new translations,
However,the greatest change lies in the deletion of brackets and the inclusion of the parenthetic
structures concerned into the main body of the text,
? C) Translation 3,
? 按照斯戈波理论，指令是否独立不是来源文化决定的，而是目的文化的环境决定的。一旦将翻译
视为为涉及来源文本的翻译行动，来源文本就成为指令的一部分。按照行动理论，发送者、接受者、
发起者和译者等参与者的作用举足轻重。一般不提来源文本，除非是在讨论来源语言的词语或者句
子结构。文本的意义或功能不是语言符号中固有的，不是知道代码就可以提取的。文本的意义取决
于接受者，为接受者服务。同一种文本，相同的语言材料，接受者不同，理解起来，会见仁见智；
同一个接受者所处时间不同，也会作不同的理解。甚至可以说，同一种文本，有多少人接受者，就 有多少个副本。
? 文本的意义和功能是动态的，这个概念在现代文学接受理论中十分常见，对此，弗米尔进行过总结。 他说，任何文本只不过是, 信息源, （参考弗米尔 1982），接受者如感兴趣，如认为重要，就可从
中选用。对翻译而言，可以说，目的文本是译者利用目的文化与语言构成的信息源，这种信息源来 源于别人利用来源文化和语言构成的信息源。
? Comments,
? In present translation,指令是否独立不是来源文化决定的，而是目的文化的环境决定的 ; 发送者、
接受者、发起者和译者等参与者的作用举足轻重 ; 一般不提来源文本，除非是在讨论来源语言的词
语或者句子结构；不是知道代码就可以提取的；同一种文本，相同的语言材料，不接受者不同，理
解起来，会见仁见智；同一个接受者所处的时间不同，也会作不同的理解,and others are
substituted for the corresponding previous parts with new structures and wordings,
? 88 According to Sperber and Wilson (1986a),the crucial mental faculty that
enables human beings to communicate with one another is the ability to
draw inferences from people‘s behavior,Looked at from the communicator‘s
end,his task is to produce a stimulus – verbal or otherwise – from which
the audience can infer what he ?means‘,or,in the terms of relevance theory,
what his informative intention is,
? Thus in the case of non-verbal communication,seeing that a colleague is
looking for a seat in a fairly full seminar room,I might wave and point to a
seat next to me; these movements would be the stimulus,and my
informative intention would be that my colleague will infer from the
stimulus I produced that there is a free seat next to me where he could sit
down,
? The same is true of verbal stimuli; thus if someone asked me,?Can you
tell me where the bus to Maidenhead leaves from?‘,I might reply,?Sorry,I
am a stranger here myself‘,with the intention that the inquirer would infer
from my answer that I am unable to supply the information he is looking for,
? (Ernst August Gutt,2004,24-25)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of three paragraphs,of which the first is composed of two sentences and
the second and the third each are composed of a single sentence,In the first paragraph,the two
sentences are both complex in structure in that the first sentence is composed of a main clause in
whose subject there is an attributive clause embedded; and the second sentence is composed of
a main clause and an attributive clause beginning with the preposition from,in which there are two coordinate object clauses further embedded,In the second paragraph,the sentence is
composed of two coordinate clauses loosely connected by a semi-colon; in the first coordinate
clause,there is an object clause embedded; and the second coordinate clause in turn is
composed of two coordinate clauses,in the second of which the predicative is a nominal clause
composed of a prepositional phrase and another object clause,and in the prepositional phrase,
there is an attributive clause embedded while in the object clause,there is an adverbial clause of
place embedded,In the third paragraph,the sentence is composed of two coordinate clauses
loosely connected by a semi-colon,of which the second clause is composed of an adverbial
clause of condition and a main clause followed by a prepositional phrase,In the conditional
clause,there is an object clause with another object clause further embedded; in the main clause,
there is an object clause embedded; and in the prepositional phrase,there is a nominal clause
embedded in apposition to the noun intention,and the nominal clause is composed of a main
clause and an object clause,where there is an attributive clause further embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first paragraph,the first sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase and has a parenthetic structure embedded in the brackets;
and the second sentence begins with a past participle phrase,and
has a parenthetic structure embedded between the two dashes and
another embedded between the two commas,The sentence in the
second paragraph begins with an adverb and a prepositional phrase
immediately followed by a present participle phrase,The sentence
in the third paragraph has a conditional clause embedded,which
serves as the beginning of the second coordinate clause and in the
sentence,there are two quotations forming an adjacency pair in the
form of question and answer,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the first paragraph,the two sentences are periodic in structure for the
beginning either with a prepositional phrase,together with the embedding
of a parenthesis,or with a past participle phrase,together with two
parentheses,The sentence in the second paragraph is periodic in structure
for its complex beginning composed of an adverb,a prepositional phrase
and a present participle phrase,In the third paragraph,the first coordinate
clause is loose in structure while the second one begins with an adverb plus
an adverbial clause of condition,thus periodic in structure,
? 2,Structural complication,
? From the grammatical analysis and the present analysis above,we can say
that the selection is very complicated in sentence structure,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences in the selection are structurally formal in that they are all
grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are scarcely used,for example,verbal
or otherwise and what he ?means‘,or… what his informative intention is
the only one that we have discovered,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? In terms of lexical cohesive device,examples could be found as follows,
one another is used in relation to human beings,which is itself repeated;
people and human beings are interchangeable noun phrases;
communicate,communicator and communication are used as cognates;
verbal or otherwise are used as antonyms; verbal,intention,and others
are repeated,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently
used,for example,according,crucial,mental,faculty,enable,
communicate,ability,inference,communicator,behavior,produce,
stimulus,verbal,otherwise,audience,infer,relevance,theory,
informative,intention,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 根据斯勃勃和维尔森（ 1986a）的说法，使人类能够互相交流的关键的心灵能力就是从别人的行为
举止中进行推导的能力。从交际者的角度看，他的任务是产生刺激物，言语的或非言语的，听者能 够从这个刺激物中推导出他的意图，或者用关联理论的术语来说，能够推导出他的信息意图。
? 因此，在非言语交际中，看到一位同事在一间挤满了人的教室里寻找座位，我可能向他招招手，又
指指旁边的座位，这些手势就是刺激物，我的信息意图是，我的同事从我所产生的刺激物会推导出
我的旁边有一个他可以坐在那儿的空座位。
? 言语刺激物也是这样。因此如果有人问我,,你能告诉我到郿顿黑德的车子从何地出发吗？, 我可
能会回答,,抱歉，我对这个地方很陌生,,意图是，问路的人从我的回答中可以推导出，我难以提供他正在寻求的信息。
? Comments,
? By following the original strictly in terms of both vocabulary and structure,we have generated a
readable,coherent and authentic translation,However,the translation is not free from problems,
For example,although the reader can infer what 交际者 means by contrasting it with听者,the meaning of the term is not explicit or precise enough,In the translation,言语的或非言语的 is used
as a parenthesis,But taking into consideration that parenthetic structures are not used as
frequently in Chinese as in English,this way of translation the phrase could be improved on,教室
is a suitable term when examined in isolation,But when examined in connection with seminar,it
may present a problem,By the way,the translation of Maidenhead into 郿顿黑德 is perhaps not
an appropriate choice,
? B) Translation 2,
? 斯勃勃和维尔森（ 1986a）认为，心智能使人类相互交流，关键在于能从人的言行中推
测意义。从说话人的角度看，他旨在产生刺激，言语的或非言语的，受话人能从中推
测出他, 说话的意义,,或者用关联理论的术语来说，能推测出他的 信息意图 。
? 因此，进行非言语交际时，看到同事在听众满座的屋子里找座位听讲座，我可能指着
旁边的座位朝他招招手。这些手势就是刺激，我的信息意图是，我的同事会从我给予
的刺激中推测出他可以坐到我旁边的一个空位子上。
? 言语刺激也是这样。因此，如果有人问我,,你能告诉我到梅顿希德的公交车从什么
地方发车？, 我可能回答说,,很抱歉，我不是本地人,,我的意图是，问话人从我
的回答中可以推测出我难以提供他所需要的信息。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,except perhaps ―说话的意义,,which,taking into
consideration of what is implied in言语的或非言语的,should be replaced by
something better,all the other above -mentioned problems are solved,In addition,
言行 is used to substitute for 行为举止 ; 看到同事在听众满座的屋子里找座位听讲座，
我可能指着旁边的座位朝他招招手 and这些手势就是刺激，我的信息意图是，我的同事
会从我给予的刺激中推测出他可以坐到我旁边的一个空位子上 are substituted for the
previous translations,and so on,
? C) Translation 3,
? 斯勃勃和维尔森（ 1986a）认为，大脑能使人相互交流，关键在于能从人的言行中推测意义。对
发送信号的人而言，他的工作是发出言语或非言语信号，使受话人从中推测出他, 意旨, 。在用关联理论看来，就是推测出他的 信息意图 。
? 因此，在非言语交际场合，看到同事来参加讨论，会议室已经坐满了，他在寻找座位，我会指着
身旁的座位朝他招手。我的手势就是信号，其信息意图是，那位同事会从我的信号中推测出，我身
旁有个空位，他可以坐到那儿。
? 言语信号也是这样。因此，如有人问我,,请问，到梅顿希德的公交车从何处出发？, 我可能回
答说,,很抱歉，我不是本地人,,其交际意图是，问话人从我的回答中可以推测出我无法提供他需要的信息。
? Comments,
? Compared with the previous translation,in the present translation,the following improvements
have been made,first,in因此，在非言语交际场合，看到同事来参加讨论，会议室已经坐满了，他
在寻找座位，我会指着身旁的座位朝他招手,the long sentence is the previous translation is chopped into shorter clauses for better readability; and 会议室 is used in connection with参加讨论 ;
second,言语或非言语 is now used as a modifier; 对发送信号的人而言，在关联理论看来，意旨 and
others are now used as substitutes for the previous counterparts; third,请问，到梅顿希德的公交
车从何处出发？ and很抱歉，我不是本地人 are used to increase the authenticity of the translation,
Moreover,信号 is used to translate stimulus,possibly a problematic translation,
? 89 The previous section was designed to provide the reader with a basis for understanding some
of Derrida‘s most important points regarding language and meaning,particularly as they pertain
to translation,Hopefully,that discussion will also serve as a basis for reading this section,which
addresses language and translation,Chapter 4 takes up the concepts of decision,intention,and
communication,each of which has played a significant role in recent thinking about translation,
Through close examination of these concepts and their implications,I attempt to show how their
deconstruction opens onto a much expanded significance for translation,
? Chapter 5 provides extensive,minutely detailed examples of Derrida‘s translators at work,The
purpose of this chapter is not to demonstrate what a deconstructive translation process is,As will
quickly become apparent,Derrida‘s translators adopt a variety of methods that are not always
compatible with each other,These examples provide forceful proof that deconstruction is not a
method,As will also become apparent,however,these translators are consistent in way they
think about language,the problem and the process of translation,and the implications of their own performances as they manoeuvre in paradoxical non-space between the ?critical‘ and the
deconstructive,In the course of discussing these translators,I will take up topics,such as
Derrida‘s work with ?restricted‘ and ?general‘ economy,that are of particular importance to
translation theory,
? (Kathleen Davis,2004,48)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two paragraphs,of which the first in turn consists of four
sentences while the second consists of six sentences,In the first paragraph,all the
sentences are complex in structure,The first sentence is composed of a main clause
and an adverbial clause of time; the second sentence is composed of a main clause
and an attributive clause; the third is again composed of a main clause and an
attributive clause; and the fourth sentence is composed of a main clause and an
object clause,In the second paragraph,the first is actually a simple sentence while
all the others are complex in structure,Specifically speaking,the second sentence is
composed of a main clause and an object clause; the third sentence is composed of
an adverbial clause of reason and a main clause; the fourth sentence is composed of
a main clause and an attributive clause; the fifth sentence is composed of an
adverbial clause of reason and a main clause,in which there is an attributive clause
embedded with an adverbial clause of time further embedded; the last sentence is
composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first paragraph,the second sentence
begins with an adverb and the fourth sentence
begins with a prepositional phrase; in the
second paragraph,the third sentence begins
with an adverbial clause; the fifth also begins
with an adverbial clause and the last begins with
a prepositional phrase,However,all the other
sentences do not present such complication and
all the sentences in the selection do not contain
any parenthetic structure,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the first paragraph,the second and the fourth sentences are periodic in structure; in the
second paragraph,the third,the fifth and the sixth sentences are periodic in structure; and all the
periodic sentences in the selection are periodic for the beginning either with a prepositional
phrase or with an adverbial clause without exception,In the selection,all the other sentences are
loose in structure,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Except for the first sentence in the second paragraph,they are all complicated for their
subordinate or periodic structure or both,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences in the selection are grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures,
Therefore,they are all structurally formal,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,language and meaning;
language and translation; decision,intention,and communication; these concepts and their implications; extensive,minutely detailed; as will quickly become apparent…,and as will also
become apparent… ; language,the problem and the process of translation,and the implications
of their own performances; the ?critical‘ and the deconstructive; and ?restricted‘ and ?general‘,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,the previous section,Chapter 4 and
Chapter 5 are used in an ordered series; Derrida‘s,language,translation,
examples,deconstruction,deconstructive,and others are repeated; in
Line 2 of the first paragraph,they is used to refer to Derrida‘s most
important points; reading is used as a partial repetition of the reader; still
in the first paragraph,the repeated their is used to refer to these
concepts; deconstructive is repeatedly used as a partial repetition for
deconstruction,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently
used,for example,previous,section,designed,provide,understanding,
important,regarding,language,particularly,pertain,translation,
hopefully,discussion,serve,address,concept,decision,intention,
communication,significant,recent,examination,implication,attempt,
deconstruction,expanded,significance,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 前面部分的目的在于为读者理解德里达有关语言和意义的某些重点打下一个基础，特别是涉及翻译
的那些重点。希望，上面的讨论也能作为阅读本节的基础。本节是讨论语言和翻译的。第四章讨论
了决策、意图和交际等概念，这些概念在近来的关于翻译的思考中有重要作用。深入地探讨这些概 念及其涵义，我将试图展示对这些概念的解构以揭示出对翻译的更加广阔的意义。
? 第五章提供了德里达关于译者的功能的广泛而详尽的例子。本章的目的不是展示解构翻译的过程。
很快就会明白，德里达的译者采用了许多翻译方法，彼此之间并不始终协调。这些例子提供的有力
证据表明，解构不是一种方法。同样，很快就会明白，这些译者在, 临界, 与, 解构, 的悖论式的
非空间之间试探，始终坚持他们对语言的看法，对翻译的问题与过程的看法，对他们自己的翻译实
践的涵义的看法。在讨论这些译者的过程中，我将讨论对翻译理论极具重要性的话题，如德里达关 于, 有限简约, 与, 通用简约, 方面的著作。
? Comments,
? By following the original closely,we have produced a translation with acceptable readability,
coherence and authenticity,However,前面的部分 and 本节 are wrong translations since the book
from which the present selection is chosen falls into two sections each composed of three
chapters,Therefore,the above-mentioned terms should be understood in that light,In addition,
临界 is apparently not compatible nor contrastive with解构 ; and the meanings for有限简约 and通用
简约 are vague enough,Of course,some of the sentences could also be reorganized,for example,
深入地探讨这些概念及其涵义，我将试图展示对这些概念的解构以揭示出对翻译的更加广阔的意义 ;
这些译者在, 临界, 与, 解构, 的悖论式的非空间之间试探，始终坚持他们对语言的看法，对翻译
的问题与过程的看法，对他们自己的翻译实践的涵义的看法 ; and在讨论这些译者的过程中，我将讨论对翻译理论极具重要性的话题，如德里达关于, 有限简约, 与, 通用简约, 方面的著作,
? B) Translation 2,
? 前一篇旨在为读者理解德里达关于语言和意义的重要观点、尤其是理解与翻译有关的
重要观点提供一个基础。本篇讨论语言和翻译，我希望，上面的讨论也能为阅读本篇
提供一个基础。第四章讨论决策、意图和交际等概念，这些概念在近来有关翻译的思
考中举足轻重。通过仔细考察这些概念和它们的蕴涵意义，我将试图展示这些概念的
解构如何为翻译揭示出更加辽阔的前景。
? 第五章提供德里达的译者们如何翻译的例子，范围广泛、内容详尽。本章的目的不在
于揭示解构翻译的过程。很快就会明白，德里达的译者们采用了多种做样的译法，这
些译法并不总是互不抵触的。可这些例子有力地证明，解构不是一种翻译方法。但是，
我们很快会明白，当他们在, 批判, 和, 解构, 之间的悖论式的非空间中摸索时，这
些译者对语言、对翻译的问题和过程、对他们自己的翻译实践的蕴涵意义不断进行思
考，其思考的方式是始终如一的。在讨论这些译者的过程中，我会议论对翻译理论极
富意义的话题，如用, 有限, 经济原则和, 通用, 经济原则讨论德里达的著作。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the above-mentioned weak points are eliminated,However,
用, 有限, 经济原则和, 通用, 经济原则讨论德里达的著作 implies that restricted
economy and general economy are raised by the present author,This is not true,
since the two terms are both put forward by no one else but Derrida himself,
? C) Translation 3,
? 上篇简要地介绍了德里达的某些重要观点，尤其是那些与翻译密切相关的观点，旨在为读者理解
这些观点打下基础。本篇讨论语言和翻译，我希望，上篇的讨论也能为阅读本篇打下基础。第四章
讨论决策、意图和交际等概念，这些概念在近期的翻译理论研究中举足轻重。我将仔细考察这些概 念和它们的涵义，旨在展示解构这些概念就能为翻译揭示出广阔意义。
? 第五章提供信奉德里达理论的译者们如何翻译的例子，范围广泛、内容详尽。目的不在于揭示解
构翻译的过程。读者很快就会看到，信奉德里达理论的译者们使用的翻译方法是多种多样的，不总
是互不抵触的。这些例子有力地说明，解构不是翻译方法。但是，读者很快也会看到，当他们在
,批判, 和, 解构, 之间的悖论式的狭缝中探索时，这些译者对语言、对翻译的问题和过程、对他
们自己的翻译实践的涵义不断进行思考，思考的方式是始终如一的。在讨论这些译者的过程中，我
将讨论对翻译理论具有特殊意义的话题，如讨论德里达的著作连同他提出的, 有限, 经济和, 通用,经济等概念。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the last problem is solved,In addition,wordings are changed in such
cases as the following so that the ideas are more clearly expressed,(1) 上篇简要地介绍了德里达
的某些重要观点，尤其是那些与翻译密切相关的观点，旨在为读者理解这些观点打下基础 ; (2) 第四
章讨论决策、意图和交际等概念，这些概念在近期的翻译理论研究中举足轻重 ; (3) 我将仔细考察这
些概念和它们的涵义，旨在展示解构这些概念就能为翻译揭示出广阔意义； (4) 这些例子有力地说
明，解构不是翻译方法 ; (5) 当他们在, 批判, 和, 解构, 之间的悖论式的狭缝中探索时，这些译者
对语言、对翻译的问题和过程、对他们自己的翻译实践的涵义不断进行思考，思考的方式是始终如
一的 ; and (6) 在讨论这些译者的过程中，我将讨论对翻译理论具有特殊意义的话题，如讨论德里达的著作连同他提出的, 有限, 经济和, 通用, 经济等概念,
? 90 Feminist re-translations of parts of the Bible have attracted a certain amount of critical
attention,both within and beyond the Christian church,other rewritings of literary texts have had
much less exposure to criticism,It is rare to find studies that juxtapose and compare a number of
translations of one particular text in order to understand the ideological and contextual influences
that have made the difference,Recent work by Antoine Berman (1995) is a rare exception,The
issue of gender has also motivated a number of such studies,two of which shall serve as
examples of the importance of gender awareness in contemporary translation criticism,
? These studies take two women poets as their subjects,Sappho and Louise Labe,Sappho,a Greek
lyric poet whose work was performed to the accompaniment of a stringed instrument,lived and
wrote during the ?archaic period‘ of Greek civilization,some time during the seventh or sixth
centuries B,C,Louise Labe,the well-educated daughter of a rope maker,lived and wrote in Lyon,France in the first half of the sixteenth century,While Sappho‘s work consists almost exclusively
of fragments with only 700 lines remaining out of an opus of some 500 songs,Louise Labe‘s
sonnets,published in 1555,are still widely available,Feminists‘ interest in these poets is no
coincidence; though their texts lie about 2000 years apart,both Sappho and Labe speak in strong,
individual voices that clearly belong to women; they produce bold expressions of love,sexual
arousal,friendship and anger,from a woman‘s point of view,They can thus be read as part of
the lineage of women writers and poets,
? (Luise von Flotow,2004,57-58)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection consists of two paragraphs,of which the first in turn consists of four
sentences while the second paragraph consists of six sentences,In the first
paragraph,the first is a compound sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses
connected by a colon; the second is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause
and an attributive clause,which has another attributive clause further embedded; the
third is actually a simple sentence while the fourth is again a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,In the second paragraph,the
first is actually a simple sentence; the second can be regarded as a complex sentence,
composed of a clause and an appositive nominal phrase with an attributive clause
embedded; the third is again a simple sentence; the fourth is again a complex
sentence,composed of an adverbial clause of comparison and a main clause; the
fifth sentence is composed of three coordinate clauses loosely connected by semi-
colons,the second of which contains an adverbial clause of concession,and in this
sense,the sentence can be regarded as compound complex in structure; and the fix
is again a simple sentence,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first paragraph,the first sentence contains a parenthetic
structure before the colon; in the second sentence,it is the formal
subject while to find studies that… is the real subject; and the third
sentence has a parenthetic structure embedded in brackets,In the
second paragraph,in the second sentence,the appositive nominal
phrase together with the attributive clause serves as a parenthesis;
in the third sentence,there is also an appositive nominal phrase
serving as a parenthesis; and the main clause of the fourth
sentence contains a past participle phrase serving as a parenthesis,
All the other sentences do not present such structural complication
except that the second coordinate clause of the fifth sentence
begins with an adverbial clause,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the first paragraph,the first three sentences can be regarded as periodic
in structure in that the first sentence has a parenthetic structure embedded
before the colon; the formal subject in the second sentence keeps the real
subject further back and the third sentence contains a short parenthesis,In
the second paragraph,the sentences from the second to the fourth are
periodic in structure in that the second and the third sentences each have a
parenthetic structure embedded between the subject and the predicate; the
fourth sentence begins with an adverbial clause,In addition,the fifth
sentence has the second coordinate clause in periodic structure beginning
with an adverbial clause,But all the other sentences are loose in structure,
? 2,Structural complication,
? Most of the sentences in the selection are complicated in structure for the
subordination or periodicity,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are formal in structure in that they are all
grammatically complete and free from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for
example,within and beyond; juxtapose and compare; ideological
and contextual; Sappho and Louise Labe; Sappho,a Greek lyric
poet whose work was performed to the accompaniment of a
stringed instrument,lived and wrote during the ?archaic period‘ of
Greek civilization…,and Louise Labe,the well-educated daughter
of a rope maker,lived and wrote in Lyon,France in the first half
of the sixteenth century; strong,individual; love,sexual arousal,
friendship and anger; and writers and poets,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Instances can easily be found,for example,the Christian Church is used in
connection with the Bible; criticism is used as a partial repetition for critical;
translation is used as a partial repetition for retranslation; criticism,
translation,text (in singular or plural form),Sappho (used singularly or in
combination with Labe),Labe (used singularly or in combination with
Sappho) and so on are repeatedly used,and there are other such examples,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? In the selection,formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently
used,for example,feminist,re-translation,attract,certain,amount,critical,
attention,Christian,church,rewriting,literary,exposure,criticism,
juxtapose,compare,translation,particular,understand,ideological,
contextual,influence,difference,exception,gender,motivate,example,
importance,awareness,contemporary,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 女权运动者们重新翻译的, 圣经, 的部分章节，在基督教内外招致了批评。对别的文学文本的改写没有遭到如此强
烈的批评。很难看到有研究将某个特定的文本的各种不同的译文放在一起进行比较，以弄清不同的思想与语境的影
响。安托尼,波曼的近期著作是个例外。性别问题也引发了许多类似的研究，其中两项将作为当代翻译批评中注意性
别的重要例子。
? 这些研究以两位女士为研究对象：萨佛和路易斯,拉蓓。萨佛是希腊抒情诗人，她的诗作曾在弦乐的伴奏下演唱，她
在希腊文明的古代时期生活与创作，大约在公元前七世纪或六世纪。路易斯,拉蓓是一位绳索生产者的女儿，受过良
好教育，于十六世纪前半页在法国里昂生活与创作。萨佛的作品几乎都是支离破碎的，有 700行残存在一本有 500首
左右的歌剧集里，而路易斯,拉蓓的十四行诗于 1555年出版，现在仍俯拾即是。女权主义者们对这两位诗人感兴趣不
是偶然的，虽然她们的诗作相距 2000年左右。萨佛和拉蓓都用强有力的富有个性的声音吟唱，很明显，这种声音是
属于女性的。她们站在妇女的立场上，大胆地表达爱情、性感、友谊和愤怒。因此，她们的诗作可以作为女作家、
女诗人的传统的一部分来阅读。
? Comments,
? By following the original strictly,we have produced a translation with the following problems,(1) 招致批评 and遭
到如此强力的批评 are not appropriate expressions to use in such a context,for the two verbs do not necessarily
carry derogatory implications; (2) the idea in很难看到有研究将某个特定的文本的各种不同的译文放在一起进行比
较，以弄清不同的思想与语境的影响 is not clearly presented; (3) the translation of萨佛和路易斯,拉蓓。萨佛是希腊
抒情诗人，她的诗作曾在弦乐的伴奏下演唱，她在希腊文明的古代时期生活与创作，大约在公元前七世纪或六世纪。
路易斯,拉蓓是一位绳索生产者的女儿，受过良好教育，于十六世纪前半页在法国里昂生活与创作 is problematic in
that first,there are conventional translations for the two names; second,rope-making at the time was a skill or
technique; (4) 现在仍俯拾即是 is not a suitable expression to translate widely available here,
? B) Translation 2,
? 女权主义者重新翻译了, 圣经, 的某些章节，引起了基督教内外批评家们的广泛关注。
重新翻译别的文学作品，没有引起批评界如此广泛的关注。但很少看到，有将某一特
定作品的多种翻译摆在一起进行比较，以便弄懂其内容和结构上的本质区别的。安特
万,波曼（ 1995）的最近之作是绝无仅有。性别问题也引起了研究者的广泛兴趣，下面
将提供两个重要的研究实例，从中可以看出当代翻译批评界对这个问题的关注。
? 这两项研究，以两位女诗人作为它们的话题：萨福和路易斯,拉贝。萨福是希腊抒情诗
人，她的作品曾在弦乐伴奏下吟唱。她的生活和创作年代是在希腊文明的, 原古时
期,,大约在公元前第七或第六世纪。路易斯,拉贝是制绳工的女儿，受过良好教育，
于十六世纪前半叶生活与创作于法国里昂。萨福的著作，总共约 500首曲子，残缺不全，
只有 700行存留于世。路易斯,拉贝的十四行诗发表于 1555年，现今仍广为流传。女权
主义者们对这两位诗人感兴趣不是偶然的。虽然她们的诗作相隔两千年左右，萨福和
拉贝都以明显属于女性的强有力的、富有个性的声音吟唱。站在妇女的立场上，她们
都大胆地表述爱情、性感、友谊和愤怒。因此，二人的作品作为女作家和女诗人的传
世之作的一部分而受到青睐。
? Comments,
? Improvements are made on the above-mentioned points,However,some expressions
are still awkward,for example,最近之作 ; 在弦乐伴奏下吟唱 ; 制绳工的女儿 ; 大胆地表
述,and the like,In addition,some sentences are somewhat too long,
? C) Translation 3,
? 女权主义者重译了, 圣经, 的某些章节，在基督教内外引起了广泛批评，而重译别的文学作品，
从未引起过如此多的批评。将某一作品的多种译文摆在一起进行比较，以便弄清内容和结构上的本 质区别，这样的研究实属罕见。安特万,波曼的新作（ 1995）是绝无仅有。性别也成了比较研究的
热门话题，下面将提供两个重要的研究范例，以说明当代翻译批评对这个问题的重视。
? 这两项研究，以两位女诗人为课题：萨福和路易斯,拉贝。萨福是希腊抒情诗人，作品曾付诸管弦。
她生活、创作于希腊文明的, 原古时期,,大约在公元前七世纪或六世纪。路易斯,拉贝是制绳艺人
的女儿，受过良好教育，于十六世纪前半叶生活、创作于法国里昂。萨福的作品总共约 500首歌词，
残缺不全，只有 700行残存于世。路易斯,拉贝的作品为十四行诗，发表于 1555年，现今仍不绝于市。
女权主义者们对这两位诗人倾注心血不是偶然的。萨福和拉贝的诗作虽相隔两千年左右，但显然都
以女性的声音吟唱，强劲有力，富于个性。她们都站在妇女的立场上，大胆地吟颂爱情、性感、友 情和愤懑。因此，作为女作家、女诗人的传世之作，二人的作品都倍受青睐。
? Comments,
? In producing the present translation,following measures were taken,(1) neutral expressions
are used in some cases,for example,引起了广泛批评 ; 从未引起过如此多的批评 ; and contrarily,
attitudinal terms are used in other cases,for example,热门话题 ; 制绳艺人 ; 吟唱 ; 吟颂 ; 青睐 ; (2)
expressions with more precise meanings are used,for example,本质区别 ; 比较研究 ; 作品曾付诸
管弦 ; 共约 500首歌词 ; 不绝于市 ; 倾注心血 ; (3) three和 s are deleted and the special punctuation
for marking pause is used in their stead the more rapid rhythm; (4) in some cases,subjects are fronted for authenticity in the Chinese sense,
Exercises,
? 86 However,Translation Studies as a discipline is in many ways still in a state of flux,Translation
can be seen as a point of intersection between many different academic subjects; it is an area in
which many other disciplines have legitimately expressed an interest,and conversely one which
has provided its own experts with insights which can profitably be shared elsewhere,There is for
example a considerable exchange of knowledge,insights and methodologies between Translation
Studies and fields as diverse as literary studies,philosophy,anthropology and linguistics; indeed,
such is the level of intellectual cross-fertilization that some writers have suggested that the field
should be known as an interdiscipline (see Snell-Hornby,1991,1994),Similarly,there are a number of equally legitimate reasons which scholars have had for pursuing an interest in
Translation Studies,For example,some are motivated by highly practical concerns,such as the
need to provide future translators or interpreters with training which is of the highest possible
quality,the desire to raise the professional profile of translators and interpreters,or the wish to
develop increasingly powerful machine translation systems; others,on the other hand,simply
seek to provide ever more accurate and comprehensive explanations for certain phenomena in
the world about us,without being primarily concerned with the possible practical applications
which may accrue,Thus goals and objectives can vary considerably within the discipline,Of
course,Translation Studies has been enriched by dint of possessing such a multi-faceted nature,
However,at the same time this very nature has meant that there is still considerable lack of
agreement on the irreducible minimum of concepts which should form the foundation on which to
build; added to this is the fact that Translation Studies is a relatively new discipline which is in many ways still ―finding its feet‖,
? (Mark Shuttleworth &Moira Cowie,2004,v-vi)
? 87 This book deals with those in the middle,the men and women who do not write
literature,but rewrite it,It does so because they are,at present,responsible for the
general reception and survival of works of literature among non-professional readers,
who constitute the great majority of readers in our global culture,to at least the
same,if not greater extent than the writers themselves,
? What is usually referred to as ―the intrinsic value‖ of a work of literature plays much
less of a part in this than is usually assumed,As is well known,the poetry of John
Donne remained relatively unknown and unread from a few decades after his death
until his rediscovery by T,S,Eliot and other modernists,Yet it is safe to assume tat
the ―intrinsic value‖ of his poems must have been the same all along,
? Similarly,many ―forgotten‖ feminist classics originally published in the twenties,
thirties,and forties of our century have been republished in the late seventies and
eighties,The actual content of the novels was,presumably,no less feminist then
than it is now,since we are dealing with exactly the same texts,The reason why the
republished feminist classics are not forgotten all over again lies not in the intrinsic
value of the texts themselves,or even the (possible) lack of thereof,but in the fact
that they are now being published against the background of an impressive array of
feminist criticism,which advertises,incorporates,and supports them,
? (André Lefevere,2004,1-2)
? 88 A Natural Equivalent
? The best translation does not sound like a translation,Quite naturally one cannot and
should not make the Bible sound as if it happened in the next town ten years ago,for
the historical context of the Scriptures is important,and one cannot remake the
Pharisees and Sadducees into present-day religious parties,nor does one want to,for
one respects too much the historical setting of the incarnation,In other words,a
good translation of the Bible must not be a ―cultural translation.‖ Rather,it should
exhibit in its grammatical and stylistic forms any trace of awkwardness of
strangeness,That is to say,it should studiously avoid ―translationese‖ – formal
fidelity,with resulting unfaithfulness to the content and the impact of the message,
? The Closest Equivalent
? A conscientious translator will want the closest natural equivalent,It has been argued,
for example,that in present-day English a natural equivalent of ―demon-possessed‖
would be ―mentally distressed.‖ This might be regarded by some as a natural
equivalent,but it is certainly not the ―closest equivalent.‖ Moreover,―mentally
distressed‖ is a cultural reinterpretation which does not take seriously the cultural
outlook of the people of Biblical times,(More will be said later (p.134) about the
differences between a linguistic and a natural translation.)
? (Eugen A,Nida & Charles R,Taber,2004,12-13)
? 89 Translation theory goes hand in hand with translation methodology at every stage,so that it
acts as a body of reference both for the translation process procedure and for translation criticism,
Since translation theory is applied to a variety of texts,and is not basically concerned with
comparing language systems,its theorizing function consists of identifying a general or particular
problem (say) how to translate oikeuskansleri,eduskunta,nimismies (Finnish),enumerating the
various options,relating them to the LT text and reader,proposing a solution and then discussing
the generality of the problem for future use,It is an applied and interrelated discipline,even if it
is far from being wholly applied linguistics,Certain theoretical problems,such as what constitutes translation equivalence,variance or invariance,the ideal unit of translation,or even the process
of translation accompanied by diagrams and logical symbols,appear to me now to be not very
profitable unless they are related to one language function informing a group of text-types,As I
see it,any talk of a single translation theory,or of one semantic theory for that matter,is a waste
of time,Translation theory is eclectic; it draws its material from many sources,Like meaning or
translation,it embraces a whole network of relations,At the same time,translation theory,
precisely because it is bound up with methodology (a plan either for translation practice or for
translation criticism runs through the entire preceding paper),goes into areas beyond any
linguistics,the decision on the quality of a SL text; the arguments in favor of or against various procedures for translating institutional or cultural terms; the translator‘s use of punctuation;
question marks,colons,inverted commas and italics; the criteria for misprints; the gray area
between evidence and intuition and taste; and particularly,the training in a sense of priority,of what is important and unimportant in the sense and sounds of a text – I doubt whether this has
anything much to do with linguistics,
? (Peter Newmark,2001,37)
? 90 First,the translator must understand to perfection the meaning and the subject matter of the author he
translates,If he understands this he will never be obscure in his translation and if the author he translates is in
no way obscene,he will be able to make him easily and perfectly intelligible,
? The second point required in translation is that the translator should know the language of the author he
translates to perfection and that he should have achieved the same excellence in the language he wants to
translate into,In that way he will neither violate nor denigrate the splendor of one language or the other,You
must understand that every language has its own characteristics,and therefore its diction,its patterns of speech,
its subtleties,and its power must be translated accordingly,…,
? The third point is that when you translate you should not enter into slavery to the point of rendering word for
word,Whoever translates in this way does so because his mind is poor and deficient,If he possesses the qualities
mentioned above (and a good translator must possess them) he will work with sentences and not care about the
order of the words,and he will see to it that the author‘s intention is expressed while miraculously preserving the
characteristics of both languages,…
? The forth rule I want to offer here must be observed with greater diligence in languages that have not yet
become established in the field of art than in others,I would call the following languages not yet established in
the field of art,French,Italian,Spanish,German,English,and other vulgar tongues,If you translate a Latin book
into one of these languages (even into French),you should not usurp words which are too close to Latin or have
been little used in the past,Be satisfied with common usage and do not foolishly introduce novelties spawned by
curiosity which can only be called reprehensible,…
? (André Lefevere,2004,27-28)
第三节
? 91 Because of the many discrepancies between meanings and structures of
different languages,some persons have insisted that translating is
impossible,and yet more and more translating is done and done well,
Those who insist that translating is impossible are usually concerned with
some of the more marginal features of figurative language and complex
poetic structures,The use of figurative language is universal,but the
precise figures of speech in one language rarely match those in another,
? It is true that in some languages one cannot say ―My God‖,because native
speakers insist that no one can ―possess‖ God,but a person can speak
about ―the God I worship‖ or ―the God to whom I belong.‖ Translating is
simply doing the impossible well,regardless of the objections of such
famous authors as Goethe,Schleiermacher,and Ortega y Gasset,who
insisted that translating is impossible and yet did not hesitate to have their
own writing translated (Guttinger 1963),
? (Eugen A,Nida,2001,2-3)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection is composed of two paragraphs,of which the first is
composed of three sentences while the second is composed of two
sentences,In the first paragraph,the first is a compound sentence,
composed of two coordinate clauses; the second sentence is complex in
structure,composed of a main clause and an attributive clause embedded
in the subject,and the attributive clause in turn has an object clause further
embedded; and the third is a compound sentence,composed of two
coordinate clauses,In the second paragraph,the first is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and a subject clause which is in turn
composed of two coordinate clauses connected by but,and the first
coordinate clause is composed of a main clause and an adverbial clause of
reason while in the second coordinate clause,there are two coordinate
nominal phrases each with an attributive clause further embedded,The
second is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an adjective
phrase,which in turn has an attributive clause embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first paragraph,the first sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase; and the subject and the predicate
is separated far apart by the attributive clause with the
embedded object clause; in the second paragraph,the
first sentence has it serve as the formal subject and the
nominal clause as the real subject; and the second
sentence ends,as mentioned in the analysis before,with
an adjective phrase which takes an attributive clause
whose predicate is composed of two coordinate finite
verb phrases,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the first paragraph,the first sentence is periodic in structure; the subject
of the second sentence is complex in structure and keeps the major
information of the sentence for some length; the third is a loose sentence
pure and simple,In the second paragraph,the first is a periodic sentence
for the substitution of the formal subject for the real subject while the
second sentence,taking a long trailing,is loose in structure,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the five sentences are structurally complicated as revealed in the
grammatical analysis,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are grammatically complete and free from colloquial
structures,and therefore,they are all formal in structure,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,meanings
and structures; more and more; done and done; some persons have insisted that
translating is impossible,and who insist that translating is impossible; marginal
features of figurative language and complex poetic structures; in one language,
and in another; ―the God I worship‖ or ―the God to whom I belong‖; Goethe,
Schleiermacher,and Ortega y Gasset; and insisted that translating is impossible
and yet did not hesitate to have their own writing translated,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,language is repeated many times either in
singular or plural form; translating,structures,figurative,one,God,impossible,
and others are repeatedly used; the structure translating is impossible is repeated
three times; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for example,
discrepancy,structure,different,language,person,insist,translating,impossible,
usually,concerned,marginal,feature,figurative,complex,poetic,universal,
precise,figures of speech,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 由于不同语言的意义和结构之间存在许多差异，有些人坚持认为，翻译是不可能的。
然而越来越多的翻译已经完成了，而且完成得很好。那些坚持认为翻译是不可能的人
通常关注的是形象语言和复杂的诗歌结构这些更边缘的特征中的某些东西。使用形象
语言是很普遍的，一种语言中的修辞格与另一种语言中的修辞格很少匹配。
? 的确，在有些语言中，人们不能说, 我的上帝,,因为操本族语的人坚持认为，没有
人能, 拥有, 上帝；但是能谈论, 我崇拜的上帝, 或, 我属于他的那个上帝, 。翻译
就是将不可能做的事做好，而不顾歌德、施莱艾尔马赫、奥尔特加－加塞特等著名作
家的反对。他们坚持认为翻译是不可能的，但都毫不犹豫地将自己的作品翻译成外文
（辜廷格尔,1963）。
? Comments,
? By following the original strictly,we have produced a translation with acceptable
readability,coherence and authenticity,To speak boldly,the translation is acceptable,
for it is what we usually see,However,if we are particular,problems could be found,
For example,some sentences in the translation are too long,A case in point is the
second sentence in the translation,In addition,some ideas are not made sufficiently
explicit,For example,what do we mean by 很少匹配?
? B) Translation 2,
? 语言不同，意义和结构差异甚多，因此，有人始终认为，翻译是不可能的。然而翻译
活动日渐增多，翻译作品日臻完善。认为翻译是不可能的人通常看到的是某些形象语
言和复杂的诗歌结构，然而这些是语言的边缘的特征。形象语言广为使用，语言的修
辞格彼此不同，难以对号入座。
? 的确，有些语言不说, 我的上帝,,因为那儿的人认为，没人, 拥有, 上帝；但可以
说, 我所崇拜的上帝, 或, 我所属于的上帝, 。翻译是明知做不好而去做，因而遭到
歌德、施莱艾尔马赫、奥尔特加－加塞特等著名作家的反对。然而，他们虽坚持认为
翻译是不可能的，却都毫不犹豫地将自己的作品翻译成外文（辜廷格尔,1963）。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,语言不同，意义和结构差异甚多,a cause-and-effect
structure,is substituted for the previous; and substituted for the previous is also翻译
活动日渐增多，翻译作品日臻完善,a structure composed of two parallel parts; 使用
形象语言是很普遍的，一种语言中的修辞格与另一种语言中的修辞格很少匹配 in the
previous translation has now been changed into形象语言广为使用，语言的修辞格彼
此不同，难以对号入座 in the present translation,not only with ideas made more
explicit but also with shorter but more rhythmically effective expressions used,Similar
alterations can be easily identified in the second paragraph of the present translation,
? C) Translation 3,
? 语言千差万别，意义和结构大相径庭。因此，有人一直认为，翻译难以为之。然译事
频仍，佳译迭出。视翻译为难为之举者，所见多为比喻用法、诗歌结构，用法典型、
结构复杂。殊不知这些都是语言的边缘特征。比喻用法无所不在，修辞格因语言而异，
以修辞格译修辞格，使之等量齐观，难矣。
? 的确，有些语言不说, 我的上帝,,因人们认为，无人能, 拥有, 上帝；但可以说
,我崇拜的上帝, 或, 我赖以生存的上帝, 。翻译是明知难为而为之，因而遭到歌德、
施莱艾尔马赫、奥尔特加－加塞特等著名作家的责难。然而，看法虽然如此，他们却
都乐意让自己的作品翻译成外文（辜廷格尔,1963）。
? Comments,
? Generally speaking,the present translation sounds prosaic in the Chinese sense,For
example,语言千差万别，意义和结构大相径庭,a structure not only bearing cause-
and-effect relation but also parallel one to the other,is now used to substitute for the
previous counterpart; 译事频仍，佳译迭出 is again a structure with parallel
components; and so are 比喻用法、诗歌结构，用法典型、结构复杂 and以修辞格译修
辞格，使之等量齐观, The more preeminent feature in the present translation lies in
the popular use of four character expressions and classic Chinese terms and
structures,
? 92 ―Invisibility‖ is a term I will use to describe the translator‘s situation and activity in
contemporary Anglo-American culture,It refers to two mutually determining
phenomena,one is an illusionistic effect of discourse,of the translator‘s own
manipulation of English; the other is the practice of reading and evaluating
translations that has long prevailed in the United Kingdom and the Unites States,
among other cultures,both English and foreign-language,A translated text,whether
prose or poetry,fiction or non-fiction,is judged acceptable by most publishers,
reviewers,and readers when it reads fluently,when the absence of any linguistic or
stylistic peculiarities makes it seem transparent,giving the appearance that it reflects
the foreign writer‘s personality or intention or the essential meaning of the foreign
text – the appearance,in other words,that translation is not in fact a translation,but
the ―original‖,The illusion of transparency is an effect of fluent discourse,of the
translator‘s effort to insure easy readability by adhering to current usage,maintaining
continuous syntax,fixing a precise meaning,What is so remarkable here is that this
illusory effect conceals the numerous conditions under which the translation is made,
starting with the translator‘s crucial intervention in the foreign text,The more fluent
the translation,the more invisible the translator,and,presumably,the more visible
the writer or meaning of the foreign text,
? ( Lawrence Venuti,2004:1-2)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection is composed of six sentences,of which the first is a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive
clause; the second is a compound complex sentence,composed of
two coordinate clauses connected by a colon,of which the second
coordinate clause in turn is composed of two coordinate clauses,
the second of which has an attributive clause further embedded;
the third is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and
two coordinate adverbial clause of time; the fourth is in fact a
simple sentence; the fifth is a complex sentence,composed of a
main clause whose subject and predicative each composed of a
nominal clause,and in the predicative nominal clause,there is an
object clause further embedded; and the last sentence takes an
elliptic structure of the comparative degree of adjectives,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the second sentence,there is a parenthesis,that is,
among other cultures; in the third sentence,there are
two parentheses,that is,whether prose or poetry,
fiction or non-fiction and in other words,and the part
after the dash is in apposition to the appearance…
before; the fifth sentence begins with a subject clause
while the last sentence is in the pattern of the more…,
the more…,and the more…,and it has presumably
embedded as a parenthesis,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The first is a loose sentence; having a short parenthetic structure embedded,the
second is a periodic sentence; the same is true with the third sentence although it
has two parenthetic structures embedded,one somewhat longer than the other; the
fourth is a loose sentence while the fifth sentence begins with a subject clause and
can be regarded as periodic in structure; and the last is periodic in structure for the
inverted order and the inclusion of a very short parenthetic structure,In terms of
length,the three sentences in the middle are longer than others,with the third
sentence being the longest and positioned in the center of the selection,However,
the selection is uniquely characterized for the popular use of loosely coordinated
structures,For example,in the second sentence,of discourse and of the translator‘s
own manipulation of English are loosely connected; when it reads fluently and when
the absence of any linguistic or stylistic peculiarities makes it seem transparent… are
also loosely connected,And there are other similar examples,
? 2,Structural complication,
? As revealed in the grammatical analysis,all the sentences are structurally complicated
though with local loose connections,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for they are all grammatically complete
and free from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,situation and
activity; one is…,the other is… ; of discourse,of the translator‘s own manipulation
of English; reading and evaluating; the United Kingdom and the Unites States;
English and foreign-language; prose or poetry; fiction or non-fiction; prose or
poetry,fiction or non-fiction; publishers,reviewers,and readers; linguistic or
stylistic; personality or intention; the foreign writer‘s personality or intention or the
essential meaning of the foreign text; of fluent discourse,of the translator‘s effort;
adhering to current usage,maintaining continuous syntax,fixing a precise
meaning; the more fluent the translation,the more invisible the translator; the
more invisible the translator,… the more visible the writer or meaning of the
foreign text; and the more fluent the translation,the more invisible the
translator,… the more visible the writer or meaning of the foreign text,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,visible is used as an antonym for invisible,
and they are together used in connection with invisibility; translator and
translation are repeatedly used with translated used as a partial repetition of
translation; publishers,reviewers and readers are used in connection with
translator or translators; the United Kingdom and the Unites States is used as a
partial repetition Anglo-American; foreign or foreign language is used in contrast
with English; reader,read and readability are used as cognates; appearance is
repeatedly used; stylistic is used in connection on the one hand and in contrast on
the other with linguistic; transparency and transparent are used as cognates; and
so are fluent and fluently; and there are others,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for example,
invisibility,describe,translator,situation,activity,contemporary,Anglo-American,
culture,mutually,determining,phenomena,illusionistic,effect,discourse,
manipulation,practice,evaluating,translation,prevail,foreign,language,prose,
poetry,fiction,judge,acceptable,publisher,reviewer,peculiarity,linguistic,
stylistic,transparent,transparency,appearance,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? ―隐身, 是一个我将用来描写译者在当今英美文化中的处境和活动的词语。它指的是两个相互依存
的现象：其一是话语的幻想效果和译者自己对英语的操控的幻觉效果；其二是在大英帝国和美利坚
合众国与其他文化中长期流行的阅读和评价英语和外语译作的实践。一种翻译文本，无论是散文还
是诗歌，是小说还是其他形式，当它文从字顺时，当它没有任何语言的或文体的个性特征使它看起
来似乎是透明的、看上去似乎反映出外国作者的个性或意图或外国文本的精华意义的时候，换言之，
看上去译文其实不是译文而是原文的时候，大多数出版商、评论家和读者就会认为是可以接受的。
这种透明的幻觉是话语流畅的结果，是译者尽力做到坚持使用流行用法，保持句法的连续性，确定
准确的意义从而确保了译文的可读性的结果。这儿，如此显赫的是，这种幻觉效果掩盖了翻译时所
处的无数条件，从译者对外语文本的关键性干预开始。译文越流畅，译者就越隐匿，而且可以认为,作者或外语文本的意义就越显现。
? Comments,
? Basically,the present translation is acceptable in terms of readability,coherence and authenticity,although the sentences are somewhat longer than necessary,However,in translation of such key
words as invisibility,invisible and visible,we have not stuck to 隐身 rigidly,In addition,in the translation process,some readjustments have already been made,For example,词语,a
translation for a term,is pushed to the end of the sentence; 其一 and其二 are used to translate
one and the other; 当 …… 时,就会认为 …… are used as a sentence pattern; and other similar
alterations are made throughout the selection,
? B) Translation 2,
? 我用, 隐蔽性, 来描写译者在当今英美文化中的处境和活动。隐蔽性指两个相互依存
的现象：其一是话语的幻想效果和译者操纵英语的幻觉效果；其二是英美包括其他文
化中长期流行的阅读和评价英语和外语译作的做法。一种翻译文本，无论是散文还是
诗歌，是小说还是其他形式，只要文从字顺时，只要没有任何语言的或文体的个性特
征，看上去就似乎是透明的、似乎反映了外国作者的个性或意图或外国文本的精华意
义，换言之，只要译文看上去不像译文而像原文，大多数出版商、评论家和读者就会
认可。这种透明的幻觉是话语流畅的结果，是译者尽力做到坚持使用流行用法、保持
句法的连续性、选用准确的意义从而确保了译文的可读性的结果。显而易见，这种幻
觉效果掩盖了产生译文时的种种情况，首先包括译者对外语文本进行的重大干预。译
文越流畅，译者就越隐蔽，而且可以说，作者或外语文本的意义就越彰显。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the first sentence is condensed to a shorter length by
using a different structure; in translation of the third sentence,只要 ……,就 …… is
repeatedly used to substitute for当 …… 时,就会认为 …… ; and the last two sentences
in the original are translated into显而易见，这种幻觉效果掩盖了产生译文时的种种情
况，首先包括译者对外语文本进行的重大干预。译文越流畅，译者就越隐蔽，而且可
以说，作者或外语文本的意义就越彰显,and so on,
? C) Translation 3,
? 我用, 隐蔽性, 来描述译者在当今英美文化中的处境和活动，指两种相互依存的现象：
一是话语的幻想效果，译者操纵英语的幻觉效果；二是阅读和评价英语和外语译文时
在英美包括其他文化中长期流行的做法。翻译文本，无论是散文还是诗歌，是小说还
是非小说，只要文从字顺，只要没有独特的语言特征或文体风格，就以为是原作的映
照，就以为反映了外语作者的个性或意图或外语文本的意义精髓。换言之，只要译文
看上去不像译文而像原文，出版商、评论家和读者就都能认可。这种映照幻觉是话语
流畅所致，是译者尽力使用惯常表述、连续句法、精确意义从而确保了译文可读性所
致。显而易见，这种幻觉掩盖了翻译时的情况，首先是译者对外语文本的适时干预。
译文越流畅，译者就越隐蔽，作者就越彰显，外语文本的意义就越彰显。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,critical alterations are made as follows,first,隐蔽性,隐蔽
and彰显 are used to translate invisibility,invisible and visible with隐蔽 and彰显 in
contrast; second,such four character expressions as 惯常表述、连续句法、精确意义
are used to enhance rhythmic effects and readability of the translation; and
presumably is left untranslated,together with other translation techniques used,
? 93 A typology of texts that is sensitive to the necessities of the translation
process and also includes all the varieties of text that are encountered is
accordingly a non-negotiable prerequisite for any objective approach to
translation criticism,The literature is replete with various attempts to
develop a typology based on principles of translation and translation
techniques,These attest to a recognition that translation methods should
not be determined solely by the particular target audience or special
purpose intended for the translation (as so often suggested),The influence
of both these factors will be discussed in the chapters on the limitations of
translation criticism,But first it is important to examine normal examples of
translation,where the purpose is to transfer the text of the original into a
second language without abridgment,expansion or any particular spin,
representing the source text with corresponding text in the target language,
In this type of normal situation it is the type of text which decides the
approach for the translator,the type of text is the primary factor influencing
the translator‘s choices of a proper translation method,
? (Katharina Reiss,2004,16-17)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection is composed of six sentences,of which the first is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,containing two finite verb
phrases,in the second of which there is another attributive clause further embedded;
the second is actually a simple sentence; the third is a complex sentence,composed
of a main clause and a nominal clause in apposition to a recognition,in which there is
a bracketed parenthetic elliptic adverbial clause; the fourth is again a simple sentence;
the fifth is complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an adverbial clause of
place; and the last is a compound complex,composed of two loosely coordinate
clauses,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The third sentence is ended with a parenthetic structure embedded in brackets; it in
the main clause of the fourth sentence,which begins with two adverbs,serves as a
formal subject substituting for the real subject of the infinitive phrase,and the
sentence ends with a present participle phrase; and the last sentence begins with a
prepositional phrase and the first coordinate clause is in the emphatic structure,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The complicated structure of the subject of the first sentence keeps the essential
information further back and hence the sentence can be regarded as periodic in
structure; the second sentence is loose in structure; the third sentence has a
parenthetic structure embedded in the brackets and can be considered as periodic in
structure,but the parenthetic structure is placed at the end of the sentence and does
not hinder the fluency very much; the fourth is again a loose sentence; the fifth
sentence begins with an adverb and a numeral,and can be regarded as periodic in
structure; and the last sentence is periodic in structure for it begins with a
prepositional phrase and the first coordinate clause of the main clause is in an
emphatic structure,In summary,some of the periodic sentences in the selection are
not typical in structure and in function though others are,And the two major parts of
the last sentence is loosely connected although it is a periodic sentence,But the first,
the fifth and the last sentences are structurally complicated,
? 2,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are formal in structure for they are all grammatically complete and
free from colloquial structures,
? 3,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,is sensitive to…, and also
includes… ; principles of translation and translation techniques; the particular target audience or
special purpose intended for the translation; abridgment,expansion or any particular spin; and it
is the type of text which decides…,the type of text is the primary factor influencing…,
? 4,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,type of text is repeatedly used and used in connection with
typology of texts and varieties of text; translation process,principles of translation,translation
techniques,translation methods or translation method,and others,are semantically related in the
context; typology,text or texts,translation,translation criticism,translator and so on are
repeated; abridgment and expansion are translation techniques; and there are other such
examples,
? 5,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for example,typology,sensitive,
necessity,translation,process,include,variety,encounter,accordingly,negotiable,prerequisite,
objective,approach,criticism,literature,replete,various,attempt,develop,principle,technique,
attest,recognition,method,determined,solely,particular,target,audience,special,purpose,
intend,suggest,influence,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 翻译过程所需要的、包含所遇到的所有文本种类的文本类型学因此是用客观方法进行
翻译批评的一个不容争议的前提。文献中充满了各种旨在研发出以翻译原则和翻译技
巧为基础的一种类型学的各种尝试。这证明了一种认识，（正如常常提议的那样）翻
译方法应该只能由特定的目的语读者或特殊的翻译目的来确定。这两种因素的影响，
在关于翻译批评的局限性的几章中将予以讨论。但首先，重要的是审视正常的译例。
翻译的目的是将原文文本转换成第二种语言的文本，不删、不减、不含糊不清，用目
的语言的相应文本来表达原语文本。在这种正常情况下，是文本类型决定译者的方法，
文本类型是影响译者选择合适的翻译方法的主要因素。
? Comments,
? The translation is somewhat readable,coherent and authentic,but the first sentence
is too long,the two embeddings in the subject are not coherent enough though
inherited from the original,and 因此 placed in the middle of the sentence sounds
awkward; the bracketed parenthesis in the second sentence could be included into
the main body of the text; the meaning of 这两种因素的影响 is not explicit in the
context; the last sentence in the original presents an idea of one added to the other,
which is not clearly expressed,and there are other problems,
? B) Translation 2,
? 如此看来，文本类型学与翻译过程的需要息息相关，包含所遇到的所有文本种类。这
样的文本类型学是用客观方法进行翻译批评的不容争议的前提。翻译研究文献中，大
家都跃跃欲试，希望研发出以翻译原则和翻译技巧为基础的文本类型学，说明大家都
了认识到，正如常常提议的那样，翻译方法应该只能由特定的目的语读者或特殊的翻
译目的来确定。目的语读者和翻译目的对翻译方法的影响，在关于翻译批评的局限性
的几章中将予以讨论。但首先，重要的是审视正常的译例。翻译的目的是将原文文本
转换成另一种语言的文本，不删、不减、不兜圈子，用目的语的相应文本来表达原语
文本。在这种正常情况下，是文本类型决定译者的方法，文本类型也是影响译者选择
合适的翻译方法的主要因素。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the first sentence is now cut into two sentences with the
first sentence composed of three parts,but the relation between the last two parts is
not coherently expressed; the second and the third sentences are now combined into
one with大家都跃跃欲试 substituting for 充满了 …… 各种尝试 ; the bracketed
parenthesis is now included into the main body of the text; 目的语读者和翻译目的对
翻译方法的影响,a more explicit expression,is now substituted for这两种因素的影响,
and so on,
? C) Translation 3,
? 如此看来，文本类型学涵盖常见的各种文本，与翻译过程息息相关，是用客观方法进
行翻译批评的不争的前提。从翻译研究文献可以看出，大家都跃跃欲试，希望在翻译
原则和翻译技巧的基础上研发出文本类型学。这说明大家认为，正如经常暗示的那样，
特定的目的语读者、特殊的翻译目的决定翻译方法，除此之外，别无其他。目的语读
者和翻译目的对翻译方法的影响，在后面讨论翻译批评局限性的几章中将予以讨论。
但首先，重要的是审视正常的译例。翻译的目的是将原文文本转换成另一语言的文本，
不删、不减、不拐弯抹角，用目的语的相应文本来取代原语文本。在这种情况下，文
本类型决定译者如何翻译，文本类型也是影响译者选择合适的翻译策略的主导因素。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the first sentence is composed of four coherently ordered
parts with minor changes made in the last three parts; in the second sentence,从翻
译研究文献可以看出 is substituted for翻译研究文献中 for coherent connection with
what follows; 特定的目的语读者、特殊的翻译目的决定翻译方法，除此之外，别无其
他 is now substituted for the previous counterpart; the key parts of the last sentence
is retranslated so that the two ideas presented from different sides are presented
with more clarity with the nuances between approach and method made distinct,
? 94 It is a curious fact of contemporary literary studies that very
different branches of literary theory have converged on the same
insight,every telling is a retelling,Deconstruction,as well as its
critical progenitors,has been at pains to point out that writers do
not simply create original texts; to a great extent any literary work
is dependent on texts that have gone before and,moreover,
literature is as much about literature as about life,There are not
only text and context,but a fabric of intertextuality that links texts
to other literary works,both textual predecessors and
contemporaries,Thus,a literary work,like a translation,depends on
previous texts,neither is an ―original semantic unity‖,both are
―derivative and heterogeneous.‖ Every writing is rewriting,
? (Maria Tymoczko,2004,41)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection is composed of five sentences,of which the first is a compound
complex sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses loosely connected by a colon,
the first of which is complex in structure,composed of a main clause and a subject
clause; the second is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an object
clause,which in turn is composed of three coordinate clauses,the second of which
has an attributive clause further embedded; the third is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause and an attributive clause; the fourth is a compound
sentence composed of three coordinate clauses,though loosely connected; and the
last is a simple sentence,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first sentence,it serves as the formal subject while the nominal clause serves
as the real subject; in the second sentence,there is a parenthetic structure
embedded immediately after deconstruction and the adverb moreover is embedded
near the end of the sentence also as a parenthetic structure; and the fourth sentence
begins with an adverb and has a prepositional phrase embedded as a parenthesis,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The first sentence can be regarded as periodic in structure for the substitution of the
formal subject for the real clausal subject; the second sentence is also periodic in
structure for the embedding of the parentheses; and the fourth sentence is also
periodic for it begins with an adverb and has a parenthetic structure embedded,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The first four sentences in the selection are complicated in structure,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the five sentences are formal in structure for they are all grammatically complete
and free from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are used,for example,every telling is a retelling,
every writing is rewriting; text and context; not only text and context,but a fabric of
intertextuality; textual predecessors and contemporaries; and derivative and
heterogeneous,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Expressions concerned with literature is repeatedly used such as
contemporary literary studies,different branches of literary theory,
literary work,literature,and literary works; text,and especially texts,are
frequently used; context is used in contrast with text; contemporary is
used in contrast with predecessor; text,textual,context and
intertextuality are used as cognates; writing,telling,retelling,writer,
create and so on are used in connection with literary; previous is used as
a partial synonym of predecessor; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for
example,curious,contemporary,literature,literary,different,branch,
theory,converge,insight,deconstruction,critical,progenitor,writer,
create,original,extent,dependent,context,fabric,intertextuality,textual,
predecessor,translation,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 文学理论的各种分支迥然不同，都聚集到相同的见解上：每一种说法都是在
复述，这在当今的文学研究中令人好奇。解构，和它的关键的理论先驱们，
不无痛苦地指出，作家们不仅仅创作优秀的文本，在很大程度上，任何文学
文本都依赖于此前的文本，更有甚者，文学不仅谈论生活，也谈论文学。不
仅有文本和语境，还有互文性网络，将文本和其他文学著作联系起来，和此
前的文本与当今的文本联系起来。因此，一部文学著作和一部译作一样依赖
于此前的文本：两者都不是, 独特的语义整体,,都是, 派生的、含有各种
成分的。, 任何创作都是再创作。
? Comments,
? The present translation is the result of the process of transferring the
original by following its wording and structure strictly,Consequently,some
sentences in the translation are problematic,For example,这在当今的文学
研究中令人好奇 at the end of the first sentence sounds awkward and
incongruous with what has gone before,especially in terms of structure;
the second sentence in the translation is too long,with too many
components,and 和它的关键的理论先驱们 remains intact as a parenthesis,
? B) Translation 2,
? 当今文学研究中，有一件事令人难思其解。文学理论，分支虽大相径庭，见
解却集中于一点：每一种说法都是复述。解构以及那些理论先驱们都不无痛
苦地指出，作家们不仅仅创作独特的文本，在很大程度上，任何文学文本都
依存于前人的文本；文学既描写生活，也叙说文学。不仅存在文本和语境，
还存在将文本和其他文学著作联系起来的互文网络，前人的与现在人的。因
此，一部文学著作和一部译作一样依存于前人的文本；两者都不是, 独特的
语义整体,,都是, 派生的、含有其他成分的。, 任何写作都是改写。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the first sentence is chopped into two,resulting
in a more coherent structure,In the second sentence of the translation,two
important measures are taken,first,the parenthesis is made into the main
body of the text; and second,a semi-colon is used,And the colon near the
end of the previous translation is now replaced by a semi-colon,In addition,
some minor changes are also made throughout the text,
? C) Translation 3,
? 当今文学研究中，有件事令人费解。文学理论，虽流派纷呈，却所见略同：
任何讲叙都是复述。解构及解构理论的鼻祖们一直不无痛苦地指出，作家不
是简单地创作自己的文本，在很大程度上，任何文学作品都仰仗前人的文本；
文学既描写生活，也讲叙文学。不仅有文本和语境，还有将文本和其他文学
著作，前人的和今人的，联系起来的互文结构。因此，一部文学著作和一部
译作一样仰仗前人的文本；两者都不是, 别无仅有的语义体,,都是, 派生
的、含有其他成分的。, 因此，任何创作都是再创作。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,great changes are made in terms of wording,
though the structure is affected as much,For example,有件事令人费解 ; 文
学理论，虽流派纷呈，却所见略同 ; 任何讲叙都是复述 ; 解构及解构理论的鼻
祖们 ; 作家们不是简单地创作自己的文本 ; 文学既描写生活，也讲叙文学 ; and
含有其他成分的 are substituted for the previous counterparts,Consequently,
the present translation is not only more readable but also more coherent
and authentic,
? 95 Until recently,physical barriers such as rivers,seas,and mountains constituted
cultural barriers due to the lack of physical contact,Today there are very few cultures
physically cut off from other cultures,Nevertheless,there are many cultures which
still regard their physical boundaries as cultural boundaries,One example of the
physical environment having a direct bearing on culture is mountains,such as the
Alps,This mountain chain has witnessed massive emigration and,as a result,a
migrant culture,
? The words of Leonardo Zanier (1995:17),poet from a mountain community in the
North-Eastern tip of the Alps (Carnia,Italy),clearly expresses the close relationship
that is felt between the enclosed valleys and the unfulfilled desire of the inhabitants
to be free from the environmental constraints,The extract below comes from a
collection of poems which dwell on the life of the Alpine emigrants who were obliged
to find work abroad,and is entitled Free… To Have to Leave,The English translation
follows the original Friulian dialect more closely than the Italian,which reduces the
metaphor tra un cil cussi strent (?between a sky so narrow‘) to the more prosaic in
vallie cosi strette (?in valleys so narrow‘),
? (David Katan,2004,45)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection is composed of two paragraphs,of which the first is
composed of five sentences while the second is composed of three
sentences,In the first paragraph,the first two are simple sentences;
the third is a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and
attributive clause; and the last two are also simple sentences,In
the second paragraph,the first is a complex sentence,composed of
a main clause and an attributive clause; the second is again a
complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive
clause,which in turn is composed of two finite verb phrases,in the
first of which,there is another attributive clause further embedded;
and the last is also a complex sentence,composed of a main clause
and an attributive clause,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first paragraph,the first sentence begins with a prepositional
phrase; the second and the third sentences each begin with an
adverb; the subject of the fourth sentence is composed of an
absolute nominal construction and the sentence ends with a
prepositional phrase; and the last sentence has a short parenthetic
structure embedded,In the second paragraph,the first sentence
contains a parenthetic nominal phrase and two bracketed
parenthetic structures; in addition,the predicate verb expresses
should be in plural form,In the second sentence,is entitled should
be understood in connection with a collection while dwell on should
be understood in connection with poems,showing that the usage is
extraordinary or rather odd indeed,The third sentence contains two
bracketed parentheses,By the way,as our analysis has shown,the
author is not a master of English grammar,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the first paragraph,all the sentences are periodic in structure,for the beginning
with a prepositional phrase,an adverb or an absolute structure or for the embedding
of a parenthesis; in the second paragraph,the first and the last sentences are
periodic in structure for the embedding of two or three parentheses,but the second
is a loose sentence,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the sentences in the selection are somewhat structurally complicated,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal in that they are all grammatically complete
and free from colloquial structures although there are a grammatical mistake and a
grammatical oddity in the second paragraph,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are used,for example,rivers,seas,and
mountains; physical boundaries,cultural boundaries; massive emigration and… a
migrant culture; the enclosed valleys and the unfulfilled desire of the inhabitants… ;
and so on,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples can be found as follows,rivers,seas and mountains are
concrete physical barriers; the term cultural barriers is used in
contrast with the term physical barriers; the term cultural
boundaries is use in contrast with physical boundaries; physical
boundaries and cultural boundaries are used as synonymous to
physical barriers and cultural barriers; cultural,culture and
cultures are not only repeated used but also used as cognates;
and there are other instances,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for
example,recently,physical,barrier,mountain,constitute,cultural,
contact,physically,nevertheless,regard,boundary,environment,
witness,massive emigration,migrant,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 直到最近，地理障碍如河流、海洋、山脉，由于缺少地理联系，构成了文化障碍。今天，很少有文
化地理上彼此隔开。然而，有许多文化，仍将地理边界看成是文化边界。地理环境对文化有直接影 响的一个例子是山脉如阿尔卑斯山。这一山脉曾见证了大量的移民，结果产生了移民文化。
? 列奥纳多,匝尼尔（ 1955:17）一个来自阿尔卑斯山东北角（意大利卡尼尔）的一个山区的诗人，清
楚地表达了被封闭的山谷和当地居民的想摆脱环境限制而没有实现的愿望之间的可以感觉得到的亲
密关系。下面的引文摘自一本描写被迫在国外寻找工作的阿尔卑斯山移居国外的移民生活的诗集,题目是, 自由 …… 不得不离开, 。其英语译文更接近弗里乌尔方言原文，不太接近意大利语原文，
它将比喻用法 tra un cil cussi strent（在如此狭小的天空之间）简化成更有散文意味的 vallie cosi strette（在如此狭小的山谷里）。
? Comments,
? Somewhat readable,coherent and authentic,the translation is actually a strict duplication of the
original,Consequently,the translation is not fluent enough if it is regarded as an independent
work,This is effected mainly by such awkward sentences as地理环境对文化有直接影响的一个例
子是山脉如阿尔卑斯山 ; 列奥纳多,匝尼尔（ 1955:17）一个来自阿尔卑斯山东北角（意大利卡尼尔）
的一个山区的诗人，清楚地表达了被封闭的山谷和当地居民想摆脱环境限制的而没有实现的愿望之
间的可以感觉得到的亲密关系 ; 下面的引文摘自一本描写被迫在国外寻找工作的阿尔卑斯山移居国外的移民生活的诗集，题目是, 自由 …… 不得不离开, (though with some changes made); and其
英语译文更接近弗里乌尔方言原文，不太接近意大利语原文，它将比喻用法 tra un cil cussi strent
（在如此狭小的天空之间）简化成更有散文意味的 vallie cosi strette（在如此狭小的山谷里）,
? B) Translation 2,
? 直到最近，由于缺乏接触，河流、海洋、山脉等地理障碍，构成了文化障碍。今天，由于地理上的
原因而彼此隔开，这样的文化已经不多了。然而，许多文化，仍将地理边界看成是文化边界。地理
环境对文化有直接影响的一个例子是阿尔卑斯山这样的山脉。它曾见证了大量移民，见证了由此造 成的移民文化。
? 诗人列奥纳多,匝尼尔（ 1955:17），来自阿尔卑斯上东北角（意大利卡尼尔）的一个山区，清楚地
表达了被封闭的山谷和当地居民愿望之间的紧密联系。当地居民想摆脱环境的局限，但由于重峦叠 嶂而难以实现。下面的引文摘自他的一本诗集，题目是, 摆脱局限 …… 离乡背井,,描写被迫在国
外寻找工作的阿尔卑斯山移居国外的移民的生活。原文用意大利弗里乌尔方言写成，英语译文更接 近弗里乌尔方言，将比喻用法 tra un cil cussi strent（在如此狭小的天空之间）翻译成了成更有散文
意味的 vallie cosi strette（在如此狭小的山谷里）。
? Comments,
? Taking into consideration what is commented on previously,changes are made by such
substitutions for the previous ones as这样的文化已经不多了 ; 地理环境对文化有直接影响的一个例
子是阿尔卑斯山这样的山脉 ; 见证了由此造成的移民文化 ; 诗人列奥纳多,匝尼尔（ 1955:17），来自
阿尔卑斯上东北角（意大利卡尼尔）的一个山区，清楚地表达了被封闭的山谷和当地居民愿望之间
的紧密关系。当地居民想摆脱环境的局限，但由于重峦叠嶂而难以实现 ; 下面的引文摘自他的一本诗集，题目是, 摆脱局限 …… 离乡背井,,描写被迫在国外寻找工作的阿尔卑斯山移居国外的移民
生活 ; 原文用弗里乌尔方言和意大利语写成，英语译文更接近前者 and so on,All the changes contribute to the readability,coherence and authenticity,and finally,to the fluency of the
translation,However,the changes are not made irrespective of the original to unrecognizable
extent,
? C) Translation 3,
? 不久之前，河流、海洋、山脉等地理障碍一直是文化障碍，为其所阻，各种文化不相往来。今天，由于地理上的原
因而彼此隔开，这样的文化已屈指可数了。然而，许多文化，仍将地理边界视为文化边界。地理环境对文化有直接
影响，阿尔卑斯山就是典型的例子。它见证了大量移民，见证了由此造成的移民文化。
? 诗人列奥纳多,匝尼尔（ 1955:17），来自阿尔卑斯上东北角（意大利卡尼尔）的一个山区，清楚地表达了层峦叠嶂
对山民实现理的重大影响。当地居民不满足于幽居山谷，但由于群山阻隔而难以如愿。下文引自他的一本诗集，题
目是, 越岭翻山竞自由,,描写被迫在国外寻找工作的阿尔卑斯山移民的生活。原文用意大利弗里乌尔方言写成，英语译文更接近弗里乌尔方言，离意大利语有一定距离，将富有诗意的 tra un cil cussi strent（天空狭小难回旋）翻
译成了成更有散文意味的 vallie cosi strette（在如此狭小的山谷里）。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,drastic changes have been made,For example,in the first sentence,不久之前 is
substituted for 直到最近；为其所阻，各种文化不相往来 is substituted for由于缺乏接触 and placed at the very end
of the sentence; and minor changes have also been made,In the second sentence,屈指可数 is substituted for 已
经不多 ; in the fourth sentence,地理环境对文化有直接影响，阿尔卑斯山就是典型的例子 is substituted for the
previous translation,In addition,the title of the collection of poems is now changed into,越岭翻山竞自由, with
the first sentence in the second paragraph changed into诗人列奥纳多,匝尼尔（ 1955:17），来自阿尔卑斯上东北
角（意大利卡尼尔）的一个山区，清楚地表达了层峦叠嶂对山民实现理的重大影响。当地居民不满足于幽句山谷，
但由于群山阻隔而难以如愿, And if careful enough,we can identify other examples,Somewhat irrespective of the
original structure but not irrespective of the meaning,all the changes are intended for the contributions to the
fluency of the translation with better readability,coherence and authenticity,
Exercises,
? 91 Another paradox of translating is reflected in the contention that translating is valid but paraphrase is wrong,
In fact,all translating involves differing degrees of paraphrase,since there is no way in which one can
successfully translate word for word and structure for structure,In Spanish me fui is literally ?I went myself‘ or ?I
got away quickly.‘ In English,as well as in most other European languages,one speaks of the ?heart‘ as being the
center of emotions,but in many languages in West Africa a person ?loves with the liver‘ and in some of the
indigenous languages of Central America people talk about ?loving with the stomach.‘ Since languages do not
differ essentially in what they can say,but in how they say it,paraphrase is inevitable,What is important is the
semantic legitimacy of the paraphrase,
? (Eugen A,Nida,2001,4)
? 92 The research for alternative to fluent translation leads to theories and practices that aim to signify the
foreignness of the foreign text,At the turn of the nineteenth century,foreignizing translation lacked cultural
capital in English,but it was very active in the formation of another national culture – German,In 1813,during
the Napoleonic wars,Friedrich Schleiermacher‘s lecture Ueber die verschiedenen Methoden des Uebersetzens
(―On the Different Methods of Translating‖) viewed translation as an important practice in the Prussian nationalist
movement,it could enrich the German language by developing an elite literature and thus enable German culture
to realize its historical destiny of global domination,And yet,surprisingly,Schleiermacher proposed this nationalist
agenda by theorizing translation as the locus of cultural difference,not the homogeneity that his ideological
configuration might imply,and that,in various,historically specific forms,has long prevailed in English-language
translation,British and American,Schleiermacher‘s translation theory rested on a Chauvinistic condescension
toward foreign cultures,a sense of their ultimate inferiority to German-language culture,but also on an
antichauvinistic respect for their differences,a sense that German-language culture is inferior and therefore must
attend to them if it is to develop,
? (Lawrence Venuti,2004,99)
? 93 The debate over classifying texts for translation has clearly demonstrated that both the translators and their
critics must have the same analytical base,And this is most likely to be found in the medium of the texts
themselves,language,Since texts require the medium of language for their expression (although mathematical
formulae may not require translation),each text must be examined to determine precisely what function of
language it represents,According to Karl Bühler (1990,p.28),language serves simultaneously to represent
(objectively),express (subjectively) and appeal (persuasively),Now these three functions are not equally
represented in every linguistic expression,In a single text (or portion of text) the depictive element may be
dominant,in another the expressive element,and in yet another the attempt to persuade hearers or readers,Of
course the whole of a text will not always be dedicated exclusively to a single function,In actual practice there
are constant combinations and overlapping,And yet as one or another of these functions becomes dominant in
any given text,it becomes evident that distinguishing the three basic functions is justified,the depictive function
is emphasized in content-focused texts,the expressive function emphasizing form-focused texts,and the
persuasive function emphasizing appeal-focused texts,By emphasis on context is meant a dominant interest in
conveying certain matters,data or information,Texts emphasizing form will certainly have content,but it is the
form employed for the content which is of dominant concern,
? (Katharina Reiss,2004,24-25)
? 94 Studies of oral literature – that is,the literatures of most peoples of the world currently and the literatures of
most past cultures,literatures which include both folklore and oral epic,as well as various other performance
types – have come to similar conclusions,It is agreed that the content,form,and performance techniques of any
given traditional song or tale,for example,derive from established patterns that the teller or singer inherits and
in turn passes on to those who succeed him,Albert Lond,following Milman Parry,the framer of the theory of oral
composition of epics such as the Iliad,Beowulf,and La Chanson de Roland,has summarized this view succinctly,
―The picture that emerges is not really one of conflict between preserver of tradition and creative artist; it is
rather one of the preservation of tradition by the constant re-creation of it,The ideal is a true story well and truly
retold.‖ (Lord [1960]1964:29,cf,99ff.),Every creation is a re-creation,
? (Maria Tymoczko,2004,41)
? 95 The final level goes beyond the satisfaction of self and looks towards purposes in
life,This is the ―meta‖ level,At this level,identity and evolution are considered not
only from a personal but also from a social point of view,At this stage the person
begins to look for a higher purpose,This is equivalent to the spiritual level or ―mission‖
in the Logical Levels model,which we will discuss in the following section,
? The various levels of imprinting,logical levels and the development stages are shown
below,Along the horizontal axis,from left to right,is the time line,from birth to
adulthood,By the time one is an adult one is expected to have moved from concern
with biological needs to concern for the aesthetic needs and beyond,Vertically,we
can see how the Logical Levels model links with the developmental model,Biological
need is at the level of behavior (all attention is focused on doing),At the next level,
capabilities,intellectual imprinting takes place (the focus is now on how),The
following level,beliefs,relates to societal imprinting while identity relates to aesthetic
imprinting (realization of self),The final stage,not yet discussed as part of the
Logical Levels model,is the spiritual,which compares to the meta development stage,
? (David Katan,2004:65)
第四节
? 96 The apparent division between cultural and linguistic approaches to translation that
characterized much translation research until 1980s is disappearing,partly because of shifts in
linguistics that have seen that discipline take a more overtly cultural turn,partly because those
who advocated an approach to translation rooted in cultural history have become less defensive
about their position,In the early years when Translation Studies was establishing itself,its
advocates positioned themselves against both linguists and literary scholars,arguing that linguists
failed to take into account broader contextual dimensions and that literary scholars were
obsessed with making pointless evaluative judgments,It was held to be important to move the study of translation out from under the umbrella of either comparative literature or applied
linguistics,and fierce polemics arguing for the autonomy of Translation Studies were common,
Today,such an evangelical position seems quaintly outdated,and Translation Studies is more
comfortable with itself,better able to engage in borrowing from and lending techniques and
methods to other disciplines,The important work of translation scholars based in linguistics,such
figures as Mona Baker,Roger Bell,Basil Hatim,Ian Mason,Kirsten Malmkjaer,Katharina Reiss,
Hans Vermeer and Wolfram Wilss,to name but some of the better-known,has done a great deal
to break down the boundaries between disciplines and to move translation studies on from a
position of possible confrontation,Nor should we forget the enormous importance of such figures
as J.C,Catford,Michael Halliday,Peter Newmark and Eugene Nida whose research into
translation before Translation Studies started to evolve as a discipline in its own right laid the
foundations for what was to follow,
? (Susan Bassnett,2004,3)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection is composed of six sentences,of which the first is a complex sentence,
composed of a main clause with a prepositional phrase and an adverbial clause of
reason in coordination,and the main clause and the adverbial clause of reason each
have an attributive clause further embedded; additionally,the prepositional phrase
has an attributive clause embedded,and the clause is in the pattern of subject; the
second sentence is composed of a prepositional phrase,a clause and a present
participle phrase,and the prepositional phrase has an attributive clause embedded
while the participle phrase has two coordinate object clauses embedded,therefore,
the sentence is complex in structure; the third is a compound sentence,composed of
two coordinate clauses; the fourth is also a compound sentence,composed of two
coordinate clauses; the fifth is actually a simple sentence; and the last is a complex
sentence,composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,at the end of which
there is a nominal clause further embedded serving as the object for the preposition
for,
? 2,Additional complication,
? As mentioned in the analysis above,the second sentence begins
with a clause-containing prepositional phrase and ends with a
clause-containing participle phrase,The structure of the third
sentence is complicated in two aspects,first,the formal subject it
has substituted for the real subject,an infinitive phrase; and second,
the subject of the second coordinate clause is composed of an
absolute nominal construction,In the fifth sentence,there are two
parentheses embedded one after the other,that is,such figures as
Mona Baker,Roger Bell,Basil Hatim,Ian Mason,Kirsten Malmkjaer,
Katharina Reiss,Hans Vermeer and Wolfram Wilss and to name but
some of the better-known,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The subject of the main clause of the first can be regarded as a periodic sentence for
it has a subordinate clause embedded and keeps the predicate until the end of the
main clause,and therefore,the important information contained in the sentence is
delayed,As mentioned in the grammatical analysis,the second is a periodic sentence
in that it begins with a clause-containing prepositional phrase,The real subject of the
first coordinate clause in the third sentence is kept further back by using the formal
subject in its place and in this sense,the clause can be regarded as periodic in
structure; the second clause of the sentence has an absolute nominal construction as
its subject and keeps the information in the predicate further back,The fourth
sentence begins with an adverb and can be regarded as periodic in structure,The
fifth sentence has two parenthetic structures embedded in succession,and it is a
periodic sentence,In the last sentence,the subject and the predicate are partially
inverted,
? 2,Structural complication,
? The grammatical analysis and the analysis above point to the fact that all the
sentences are structurally complicated,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical
completeness and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,
cultural and linguistic; partly because…,partly because… ; linguists and
literary scholars; linguists failed to take into account broader contextual
dimensions and that literary scholars were obsessed with making
pointless evaluative judgments; comparative literature or applied
linguistics; borrowing from and lending… to… ; techniques and methods;
Mona Baker,Roger Bell,Basil Hatim,Ian Mason,Kirsten Malmkjaer,
Katharina Reiss,Hans Vermeer and Wolfram Wilss; to break down the
boundaries between disciplines and to move translation studies on… ;
and J.C,Catford,Michael Halliday,Peter Newmark and Eugene Nida,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,translation,cultural,
linguists,linguistics,Translation Studies,literary scholars
and others are repeatedly used; that discipline in the
second line refers to linguistics; the pronoun themselves
refers to advocates; names of translation theoreticians
are repeatedly listed,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently
used,for example,apparent,division,cultural,linguistic,
approach,translation,characterize,disappearing,
linguistics,discipline,advocate,defensive,establish,
linguist,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 以文化方法还是以语言方法对待翻译是许多翻译研究的特征，直到 1980年代，两者之间仍有明显区别，现在正在消
失。部分原因是由于语言学发生了许多转变，已经看到更公开地转向文化；部分原因是由于那些倡导扎根于文化史
的对待翻译方法的人不再那么保护自己的立场。当翻译研究正在建立自己的早几年中，那些倡导者们将自己置于既
反对语言学家也反对文学学者的地位，争辩说，语言学家们没有考虑更广阔的语境纬度，文学学者们为无意义的评
价性评语所困扰。人们认为，重要的是将翻译研究从比较文学和应用语言学的保护伞下转移出来，许多激烈的争论
主张翻译研究独立自主，非常普遍。今天，这种热衷于传教的立场看来已经黯然失色了，已经陈旧了，翻译研究对
自己感到更舒适，更能够从其他学科借进和借出技巧和方法。以语言学为基础的翻译学者如莫纳,贝克、罗杰,贝尔、
巴兹尔,哈廷、伊恩,梅森、戈斯滕,马姆克甲尔、凯瑟丽娜,莱斯、汉斯,弗米尔、乌尔弗拉姆,韦尔斯，仅以这几位著
名的为例，他们的重要著作在推倒学科边界方面、在将翻译研究从可能发生对抗的地位向前推进方面做了大量的工
作。我们也不应忘记 J,C,卡特福特、麦克尔,韩理德、彼得,纽马克和尤金,奈达等人的巨大重要性，他们在翻译研究
开始演变为一个独立的学科之前对翻译进行的研究对后期的工作打下了许多基础。
? Comments,
? The present translation is the result of rendering the original into a target text by following the former rigidly,
Consequently,some expressions are not to the point though acceptable if looked at in isolation,For example,以
文化方法还是以语言方法对待翻译 ; 两者之间仍有明显区别，现在正在消失 ; 已经看到更公开地转向文化 ; 保护自己
的立场 ; 建立自己的早几年中 ; 更广阔的语境纬度 ; 置于 …… 地位 ; 从比较文学和应用语言学的保护伞下转移出来,
and others,In addition,some sentences are too long,For example,当翻译研究正在建立自己的早几年中，那些倡
导者们将自己置于既反对语言学家也反对文学学者的地位，争辩说，语言学家们没有考虑更广阔的语境纬度，文学
学者们为无意义的评价性评语所困扰 ; 以语言学为基础的翻译学者如莫纳,贝克、罗杰,贝尔、巴兹尔,哈廷、伊恩,梅
森、戈斯滕,马姆克甲尔、凯瑟丽娜,莱斯、汉斯,弗米尔、乌尔弗拉姆,韦尔斯，仅以这几位著名的为例，他们的重要
著作在推倒学科边界方面、在将翻译研究从可能发生对抗的地位向前推进方面做了大量的工作 ; and我们也不应忘记
J,C,卡特福特、麦克尔,韩理德、彼得,纽马克和尤金,奈达等人的巨大重要性，他们在翻译研究开始演变为一个独立
的学科之前对翻译进行的研究对后期的工作打下了许多基础,
? B) Translation 2,
? 从文化的角度还是从语言学的角度研究翻译是二十世纪八十年代前翻译研究的特色，两者间的明显
区别正在消失。部分是由于语言学发生了转变，更公开地转向文化；部分是由于那些主张扎根于文
化史研究翻译的人不再那么坚持自己的立场。在建立翻译研究学科之初，倡导者们既反对语言学家
也反对文学学者，争辩说，语言学家没有考虑更为广阔的语境因素，文学学者热衷于无意义地评品
优劣，陷得很深，难以自拔。大家认为，重要的是将翻译研究从比较文学和应用语言学中分离出来，
普遍为翻译研究争取独立自主而摇旗呐喊。今天，这种热衷于摇旗呐喊已销声匿迹，翻译研究自享 其乐，能从其他学科借进和借出技巧和方法。以语言学为基础的翻译学者，颇为知名的如莫纳,贝克、
罗杰,贝尔、巴兹尔,哈廷、伊恩,梅森、戈斯滕,马姆克甲尔、凯瑟丽娜,莱斯、汉斯,弗米尔、乌尔弗
拉姆,韦尔斯，他们的重要著作在打破学科界线、将翻译研究从可能发生对抗的境地推向前进方面做
了大量的工作。我们也不应忘记 J,C,卡特福特、麦克尔,韩理德、彼得,纽马克和尤金,奈达等人的巨
大贡献，他们在翻译研究开始演变为一个独立的学科之前对翻译进行的探索对后期的研究打下了基
础。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,all the above-mentioned weak points are almost eliminated completely
by substituting more fluent expressions for the previous awkward ones,However,there are other
weak points,For example,in the first sentence,the idea of apparent division is lost; in 热衷于无
意义地评聘优劣，陷得很深，难以自拔,the added information is much more than necessary; 摇旗
呐喊 is an expression with derogatory meaning; 借进和借出 are two terms which are a little too
practical; 以语言学为基础的翻译学者，颇为知名的如莫纳,贝克、罗杰,贝尔、巴兹尔,哈廷、伊恩,
梅森、戈斯滕,马姆克甲尔、凯瑟丽娜,莱斯、汉斯,弗米尔、乌尔弗拉姆,韦尔斯 is too long a phrase
and not naturally connected with what follows,and so on,
? C) Translation 3,
? 二十世纪八十年代以前的翻译研究的明显的特点是，一部分人从文化的角度出发，另一部分人借助于语言学，二者
泾渭分明，这种流派界线现在正在消失。消失的原因，一是语言学发生了变化，公开转向文化；二是主张扎根于文
化史研究翻译的人不再坚持自己的立场。在初倡建立翻译研究学科之际，倡导者们既反对语言学家也反对文学研究
者，认为，语言学家没有考虑辽阔的语境因素，文学研究者无意义地评品优劣，难以自拔。大家认为，翻译研究既
不属于比较文学也不属于应用语言学，应从中独立出来，纷纷为翻译研究争得一席之地而慷慨呈辞。今天，慷慨呈
辞已销声匿迹，翻译研究乐在其中，既从其他学科汲取营养，也为其他学科提供技巧和方法。下面这几位学者以语
言学为基础，颇有名望，如莫纳,贝克、罗杰,贝尔、巴兹尔,哈廷、伊恩,梅森、戈斯滕,马姆克甲尔、凯瑟丽娜,莱斯、
汉斯,弗米尔、乌尔弗拉姆,韦尔斯等。他们著书立说，为打破学科界线做出了重要贡献，将翻译研究从两军对垒的
危险境地推向前进，立下了汗马功劳。我们也不应忘记 J,C,卡特福特、麦克尔,韩理德、彼得,纽马克和尤金,奈达等
人的巨大贡献，在翻译研究开始演变为一个独立的学科之前，他们对翻译进行了探索，为继后的发展打下了基础。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,a great many important changes are made,For example,the first sentence in the
translation is the result of reorganization by shifting until 1980s to the very beginning and letting it serve as the
modifier of翻译研究,which itself is a translation based on ideas rather than on structure,In addition,一部分人从
文化的角度出发 and另一部分人借助于语言学 are not only parallel but also partially varied,and二者泾渭分明
naturally follows them; 消失的原因 is inserted both for more coherent with what goes before and for the
pavement of the ways for what follows,Moreover,such translations as follows are also different from the
previous ones,for example,一是语言学发生了变化，公开转向文化 ; 二是主张扎根于文化史研究翻译的人不再坚持
自己的立场了 ; 文学研究者无意义地评品优劣，难以自拔 ; 慷慨呈辞,and others,What is worth mentioning is that
下面这几位学者以语言学为基础，颇有名望，如莫纳,贝克、罗杰,贝尔、巴兹尔,哈廷、伊恩,梅森、戈斯滕,马姆克甲
尔、凯瑟丽娜,莱斯、汉斯,弗米尔、乌尔弗拉姆,韦尔斯等。他们著书立说，为打破学科界线做出了重要贡献 ;将翻译
研究从两军对垒的危险境地推向前进，立下了汗马功劳 is again the result of reorganization,
? 97 In the middle to late 1960s,as post-war feminism began to develop a certain momentum
along with many of the other protest movements of the time in Western Europe and North
America,the notion of gender evolved to complement and extend that of biological sexual
difference,Since biological sexual difference hardly seemed adequate to explain the differences in men‘s and women‘s societal roles and opportunities,grassroots women‘s movements and
scholars developed and employed other tools and analytical categories in order to understand
these discrepancies,Anglo-American feminist writers and theorists began to refer back to
Beauvoir and explore the questions raised by her aphorism,Beauvoir suggests that a baby born with female reproductive organs does not simply grow up to be a woman,She has to turn herself
into a woman,or more correctly,she is turned into a woman by the society she grows up in and
in response to the expectations that society has of woman,The final product ?woman‘ is a result
of education and conditioning,and differs according to the dominant influences she is subject to
in the culture,subculture,ethnic group,religious sect,in which she grows up,Early feminist use
of the term gender referred to the result of the social process that turns young females into girls,
and later into women,This process instill into girls and women the physical,psychological and
sociocultural attributes that are typical of a particular time and culture and which,as a rule,differ
substantially from the attributes of the men of the same period,
? (Luise von Flotow,2004,5)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection is composed of eight sentences,of which the first two are complex
sentences,of which the first is composed of an adverbial clause of time and a main
clause,and the second is composed of an adverbial clause of reason and a main
clause; the third is again a complex sentence,composed of a main clause and an
object clause,and the fourth is actually a simple sentence; the fifth is a compound
complex sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses,in the second of which there
are two attributive clauses embedded; the last three are complex sentences,of which
the first is composed of a main clause and an attributive clause,which has another
attributive clause further embedded; the second is composed of a main clause and an
attributive clause while the third is composed of a main clause and two coordinate
attributive clauses,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first sentence begins with a prepositional phrase followed by an adverbial clause;
the second sentence begins with an adverbial clause; the fifth sentence has a
parenthetic structure embedded in the middle; and the last sentence has a short
parenthetic structure embedded,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The first two are periodic sentences for their beginnings; and the fifth and the last are also
periodic sentences each for the embedding of a parenthetic structure,But all the other sentences
are loose in structure,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the sentences are somewhat grammatically complicated except for the fourth sentence,which is simple in structure,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical completeness and freedom from
colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,Western Europe and North
America; complement and extend; men‘s and women‘s; societal roles and opportunities; grassroots women‘s movements and scholars; developed and employed; other tools and
analytical categories; writers and theorists; refer back to Beauvoir and explore the questions
raised by her aphorism; she has to turn herself into a woman,or more correctly,she is turned
into a woman; education and conditioning; culture,subculture,ethnic group,religious sect; into girls,and later into women; physical,psychological and sociocultural; and time and culture,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,other protest movements
and post-war feminism are semantically related; gender,woman
or woman,sexual,biological,feminist,female,reproductive organ,
and so on,are used in close connection with the theme of the
selection; biological is used in contrast with culture and society;
and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for
example,feminism,momentum,protest,movement,gender,
notion,complement,evolve,extend,biological,sexual,difference,
adequate,explain,societal,opportunity,scholar,develop,employ,
analytical,category,understand,discrepancy,feminist,theorist,
explore,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 1960年代中后期，当战后女权主义和当时的许多其他抗议运动在西欧和北美发展成某
种势力时,性别 的概念演绎成补充和延伸生物性别差异的概念。由于生物性别差异看
来不能满意地解释男人和女人的社会脚色和机遇差异，基层妇女运动和学者们研发并
使用其他手段和分析范畴来理解这些差别。英美女权主义作家和理论家们开始重新提
起博瓦尔，探讨她在格言警句中提出的问题。博瓦尔建议，带有女性生殖器官的婴儿
不是简单地长成了妇女。她得将自己变成妇女，或者更正确地说，她被她所生长的社
会、为了回答社会对妇女的期待变成了妇女。这个最终产品 ‘ 妇女 ’ 是教育和条件的
结果，根据她所生长的文化、次文化、民族社团、宗教团体中她所面临的占统治地位
的影响而有所不同。早期女权主义者使用 性别 这个术语指将女婴变成女孩后来变成妇
女的社会过程的结果。这一过程使女孩和妇女吸收了当时文化的典型的物理的、心理
的和社会文化的特性，这些特性，一般说来，有别于当时男人的特性。
? Comments,
? The present translation is somewhat readable,coherent and authentic,However,
当 …… 时 is separated by too long a clause; the distinction between性别 and生物性别 is
not made explicit enough; the meaning of理解这些差别 is not very clear; 她被她所生
长的社会、为了回答社会对妇女的期待变成了妇女 and others are too long; 教育 and
条件 are not of the same category; 物理的 is now an appropriate term used to
describe woman,and so on,
? B) Translation 2,
? 二十世纪六十年代后期，战后女权主义和当时的许多其他抗议运动在西欧和北美兴起，来势凶猛，
对 性别 概念进行了演绎，在表述生物性差异的基础上进行了补充和拓展。由于生物性差异难以解释
男人和女人在社会脚色和机遇上的差别，基层妇女运动和学者们研发并使用其他手段和分析范畴来
解释这些差别。英美女权主义作家和理论家们开始重新探讨博瓦尔用格言提出的问题。博瓦尔认为，
生殖器为女性的婴儿不是长大了就变成了妇女。她得将自己变成妇女，或者更确切地说，她被她所
生长的社会变成了妇女，为了回答社会对妇女的期待而变成了妇女。最终产品 ‘ 妇女 ’ 是教育和调
控的结果。妇女生长在一定的文化、次文化、民族社团、宗教团体里，受到的主要影响不同，因而
有别于男性。早期女权主义者用 性别 指将女婴变成女孩又变成妇女的社会过程的最终结果。该过程
使女孩和妇女浸泡在特定时期、特定文化中，获取了典型的身体的、心理的和社会文化的特性，这 些特性，一般说来，有别于同期的男人的特性。
? Comments,
? The present translation is different from the previous in following aspects,first,in the first
sentence,在西欧和北美兴起，来势凶猛 and在表述生物性差异的基础上进行了补充和拓展 are to some extent new translations with new wordings as substitutes for the previous; second,in the
second sentence,解释 is used to replace理解 ; third,英美女权主义作家和理论家们开始重新探讨博
瓦尔用格言提出的问题 is now a contracted translation; fourth,博瓦尔认为，生殖器为女性的婴儿
不是长大了就变成了妇女 is the result of reorganization,and there are many other similar
alterations,
? C) Translation 3,
? 二十世纪六十年代后期，战后女权主义运动在西欧和北美发展势头强劲，其他抗议运
动也风起云涌。他们对 性别 进行了演绎，补充和拓展了性别的生物性外延和内涵。男
人和女人的社会脚色和社会机遇大相悬殊，用生物性差异难以解释。于是，基层妇女
运动和学者们别出心裁，用其他手段和分析范畴来阐释这些差别。英美女权主义作家
和理论家们开始重新探讨博瓦尔格言中提出的问题。博瓦尔认为，生殖器为女性的婴
儿不是长大了就成了妇女。她得将自己变成妇女，或者更确切地说，她所生长的社会
将她变成了妇女，为回应社会对女性的期待而变成了妇女。 ‘ 妇女 ’ 最终是教育和调
控的结果。妇女生长在一定的文化、次文化、民族社团、宗教团体里，受到的主要影
响不同，因而有别于男性。早期女权主义者用 性别 指将女婴变成女孩又变成妇女的社
会终极过程。该过程将一定时期、一定文化的典型的生理特性、心理特性、社会文化
特性赋予女孩，赋予妇女，这些特性，总是有别于同期的男性特性。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,following changes are made,first,战后女权主义运动在西
欧和北美发展势头强劲，其他抗议运动也风起云涌 is used with one clause broken up
into two; second,补充和拓展了性别的生物性外延和内涵 is substituted for the
previous with better clarification of ideas contained in the original; third,男人和女人
的社会脚色和社会机遇大相悬殊，用生物性差异难以解释 is to some extent a new
translation with the components swapped; and there are more similar changes made,
? 98 The projects I have selected are among the most determined applications of
polysystem theory,Both are concerned with French literature,in adjacent periods,
Shelly Yahalom‘s work (1980,1981) focuses on the eighteenth century novel,Lieven
D‘hulst‘s book (1987) deals with French poetry before and during the Romantic era,
and fits into the larger Leoven University research project to which I have referred in
previous chapters,To do justice to these analyses we have to engage with them in
some detail,This will take a little perseverance,
? Yahalom,who acknowledges critical debts to Lotman as well as to Even-Zohar,seeks
to account for changes in the French novel during the Neoclassical period,She does
this by positioning the novel in relation to the canonized center of the literary system
and that system‘s multiform,frayed edges,The metaphor which underlies her
analysis is that of a strategic military campaign,the novel and its practitioners –
writers and publishers,mainly – first retreat from the powerful center and then find
ways to infiltrate and eventually destabilize it,The means chosen to wage this
campaign,however,will also change the novel itself,
? (Theo Hermans,2004,112)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection is composed of two paragraphs,of which the first is composed of six sentences
while the second is composed of four sentences,In the first paragraph,the first and the fourth
are complex sentences while all the others are simple ones,Of the two complex sentences,the
first is composed of a main clause and an attributive clause embedded in the subject; and the
second is composed of a main clause and an object clause,In the second paragraph,the first and the third are complex or compound complex sentences while the others are simple sentence,Of
the two complex sentences,the first is composed of a main clause and an attributive clause; and
the next is composed of two coordinate clauses separated by the colon,and in the first
coordinate clause,there is an attributive clause embedded,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first paragraph,the third and fourth sentences each have a parenthesis embedded in the
brackets; and the fifth sentence begins with an infinitive phrase; in the second paragraph,the
first sentence has an attributive clause embedded as a parenthesis; in the third sentence,the
attributive clause in the subject of the main clause keeps the subject and the predicate far apart
and there is a parenthesis embedded between the two dashes; and the last sentence has a short
parenthesis embedded between the subject and the predicate,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the first paragraph,the third,fourth and fifth sentences are periodic in
structure for the reason that the third and fourth sentences each have a
parenthesis embedded in the brackets while the fifth sentence begins with
an infinitive phrase; in the second paragraph,the first,third and last
sentences are periodic in structure for they each have a parenthetic
structure embedded,and the subject and the predicate of the main clause
are kept far apart by the attributive clause,But all the other sentences in
the selection are simply loose sentences,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the sentences are rather simple in structure and,in fact,most of them
are simple sentences,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical completeness
and freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,before and
during; deals with French poetry before and during the Romantic era,and fits into
the larger Leoven University research project; to Lotman as well as to Even-Zohar;
the novel and its practitioners; writers and publishers; and first retreat from the
powerful center and then find ways to infiltrate and eventually destabilize it,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples could be found as follows,novel is a genre of literature; novel,French
and analysis are repeated; project is used to repeat projects; period,era,periods
are terms with similar meanings; writers and publishers are concerned with
literature; and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for example,project,
select,determined,application,polysystem,theory,concerned,literature,adjacent,
period,focus,century,novel,poetry,Romatic,era,university,research,refer,
previous,chapter,justice,analysis,engage,perseverance,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 我选择的项目，是处于多元理论最确定的众多的应用之中的。两者都是关于法国文学的，时间毗邻。
雪莉,亚哈罗姆的著作（ 1980,1981）集中于十八世纪的小说。列文,杜尔斯特的书（ 1987）讨论浪
漫主义时期及稍前的法国诗歌，是利奥文大学研究项目的一部分，这个项目我在前几章中已经提到。 为公正地对待这些分析，我们得对它们进行一定程度的详细研究，这需要有点耐心。
? 亚哈罗姆承认，她十分感谢伊文 -佐哈，也十分感谢罗特姆。她试图揭示新古典时期法国小说演变
的原因。她这样做是将这类小说放在与文学系统的经典相关的位置和与该系统多形式的琐碎的边缘 相关的位置。她的分析背后的比喻是一场战略性的军事运动：小说和它的实践者 —也就是作家和出
版商 —首先从力量雄厚的中心撤退，然后想办法渗透，最后使其失去稳定。然而，选择发起这场运
动的手段，也改变小说本身。
? Comments,
? The present translation sounds somewhat exotic though not without the slightest readability,
coherence and authenticity,For example,是处于多元理论最确定的众多的应用之中的 ; 雪莉,亚哈
罗姆的著作 …… 集中于十八世纪的小说 ; 为公正地对待这些分析，我们得对它们进行一定程度的详
细研究，这需要有点耐心 ; and the ideas in她这样做是将这类小说放在与文学系统的经典相关的位
置和与该系统多形式的琐碎的边缘相关的位置 and她的分析背后的比喻是一场战略性的军事运动：
小说和它的实践者 —也就是作家和出版商 —首先从力量雄厚的中心撤退，然后想办法渗透，最后使
其失去稳定 are not sufficiently clearly expressed,
? B) Translation 2,
? 我选择的课题，是应用多元理论最成功的课题中的课题。两者都是研究法国文学的，
时间相隔不远。雪莉,亚哈罗姆的著作（ 1980,1981）集中研究十八世纪的小说。列文,
杜尔斯特的著作（ 1987）讨论浪漫主义时期及稍前的法国诗歌，是利奥文大学研究项
目的一部分，这个项目我在前几章中已经提到。为公正地对待这些研究，我们得对之
进行一定程度的详细分析，这需要有点耐力。
? 亚哈罗姆借助伊文 -佐哈罗特姆和伊文 -佐哈的理论，试图揭示新古典时期法国小说演变
的原因，分析时将这类小说放在与文学系统的经典相关的位置和与该系统多形式的琐
碎的边缘相关的位置。她将分析比喻成一场战略性的军事运动：小说和它的实践者 —
也就是作家和出版商 —首先从力量雄厚的中心撤退，然后想办法渗透，最后使其失去
稳定。然而，选择发起这场运动的手段，也改变小说本身。
? Comments,
? The first sentence in the present translation is organized with more coherent
components,However,两者 …… remains as an abrupt follower,In addition,为公正地
对待这些研究，我们得对之进行一定程度的详细分析，这需要有点耐力 could be
reworded; 分析时将这类小说放在与文学系统的经典相关的位置和与该系统多形式的琐
碎的边缘相关的位置 and她将分析比喻成一场战略性的军事运动：小说和它的实践者 —
也就是作家和出版商 —首先从力量雄厚的中心撤退，然后想办法渗透，最后使其失去
稳定 could be retranslated,
? C) Translation 3,
? 我的两个研究课题是从应用多元理论最成功的课题中挑选的，都是研究法国文学的，时间间隔不大。
雪莉,亚哈罗姆（ 1980,1981）集中研究十八世纪法国小说。列文,杜尔斯特（ 1987）则讨论法国浪
漫主义时期以及稍前一点的诗歌，是利奥文大学文学研究项目的一部分，这个项目我在前几章中已 经提到。为得出公正的结论，我们得稍有耐心地对这两项研究进行比较详尽的分析。
? 亚哈罗姆诉诸于伊文 -佐哈罗特姆和伊文 -佐哈的多元理论，旨在揭示法国新古典时期的小说演变的
原因，分析时将这类小说与文学系统中的经典相关联与该系统中多形式的驳杂边缘相关联。她将分
析比喻成实施军事战略：小说及其操作者也就是作家和出版商首先从力量雄厚的中心撤退，然后谋
求渗透，最后使其瓦解。然而，用这些手段发起这场军事行动，也意味着用这些手段变革了小说本 身。
? Comments,
? The two sentences in the previous translation are now combined into one with 两个研究课题
fronted to achieve better coherence,In为得出公正的结论，我们得稍有耐心地对这两项研究进行
比较详尽的分析,为得出公正的结论 is substituted for the previous translation and 有耐心地 is
fronted with coherence and authenticity improved,分析时将这类小说与文学系统中的经典相关联
与该系统中多形式的驳杂边缘相关联 ; 她将分析比喻成实施军事战略：小说及其操作者也就是作家
和出版商首先从力量雄厚的中心撤退，然后谋求渗透，最后使其瓦解 and然而，用这些手段发起这
场军事行动，也意味着用这些手段变革了小说本身 are,to some extent,new translations,
? 99 In summary,it seems that the ?modern‘ science of translation has yet to solve
some rather fundamental problems,Furthermore,there is reason to believe that
these problems are not just particular difficulties that will be overcome by further
research,It rather seems that these problems are not unrelated,and that they are at
least partially conditioned by two basic methodological factors,one is the reliance on
a descriptive-classificatory approach to science,and the other is the choice of the
domain,In this section,I want to show how these two issues relate to the problems
surveyed above,
? Starting with the descriptive-classificatory approach,its basic aim is to provide an
orderly or systematic description of the phenomena in its domain,It starts from the
observation that no phenomenon is totally different from every other phenomenon,
but that sets of phenomena seem to be similar in some respects,These similarities
can be exploited for purposes of description,they allow the theorist to describe the
phenomena in sets or classes rather than individually – which lends generalizing
power to the theory,To the extent that phenomena with similar properties tend to
behave in similar ways,this approach is also vested with a certain amount of
predictive or explanatory power,though this is not usually seen as in its first interest,
? (Ernst-Autust Gutt,2004,17-18)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection is composed of two paragraphs,each of which is composed of
four sentences,In the first paragraph,all the four sentences are complex in
structure,of which the first is composed of a main clause and an object
clause; the second is composed a main clause and an object clause with an
attributive clause further embedded; the third is composed of a main clause
and two coordinate clauses,the second of which has two coordinate
appositive clause further embedded; and the last is composed of a main
clause and an object clause,In the second paragraph,the first sentence is
simple in structure; the second sentence is complex in structure,composed
of a main clause and two coordinate appositive clauses; the third is a
compound complex sentence,composed of two coordinate clauses loosely
connected,the second of which has a parenthetic attributive clause
embedded; and the last is also a complex sentence composed of a clause-
containing prepositional phrase,a main clause and adverbial clause of
concession,
? 2,Additional complication,
? In the first paragraph,the first sentence begins
with a prepositional phrase; the second
sentence begins with an adverb; and fourth
sentence begins with a prepositional phrase,In
the second paragraph,the first sentence begins
with a present participle phrase; the third
sentence,as mentioned above,ends with a
parenthetic attributive clause; and the last
sentence begins with a prepositional phrase with
an attributive clause embedded,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? In the first paragraph,the first two and the last sentences are periodic in structure each for the
beginning with either a prepositional phrase or an adverb; in the second paragraph,the first,
third and last sentences are periodic in structure each for either beginning with a present
participle phrase or a prepositional phrase or for embedding a parenthesis,though at the end of
the third sentence,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the sentences are somewhat structurally complicated,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are formal in structure for their grammatical completeness and freedom from
colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures are frequently used,for example,that these problems are not
unrelated,and that they are at least partially conditioned by two basic methodological factors;
one is the reliance on a descriptive-classificatory approach to science,and the other is the choice
of the domain; orderly or systematic; that no phenomenon is totally different from every other
phenomenon,but that sets of phenomena seem to be similar in some respects; sets or classes; in sets or classes rather than individually; and predictive or explanatory,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Examples can be found as follows,problems and phenomena
(with one case in singular form) are repeatedly used; overcome is
used in collocation with difficulties; one is used in connection with
the other; relate is used as a partial antonym for unrelated;
approach is used as a partial synonym for methodological; class is
used as a partial repetition for classificatory; similar is used as a
partial repetition of similarity,and so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for
example,summary,modern,science,translation,solve,
fundamental,problem,furthermore,believe,particular,difficulty,
overcome,research,unrelated,partially,conditioned,
methodological,factor,reliance,descriptive,classificatory,
approach,domain,section,issue,survey,and many others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 总之，看来,‘ 现代 ’ 的翻译科学不得不解决某些基本问题。更有甚者，有理由相信，
这些问题不是进一步进行研究就可以解决的特定问题。看来，这些问题不是互不关联
的，它们至少被两个基本的方法因素部分制约：其一是依赖做科学的描写分类法；二
是范围的选择。本节，我将揭示这两个问题与上面探讨过的问题的相互关系。
? 从描写分类法开始，它的基本目的是在其范围内为现象提供有序的或系统的描述。它
从没有一种现象与任何另一种现象完全不同、许多翻译现象看来在某些方面彼此雷同
的认识开始。为了描述的目的，可以对这些雷同进行探讨：它们能使理论工作者描述
许多或各类现象而不是一个一个地描述 ——这能使理论具有概括力。特性雷同的现象
其作用方式也雷同，在这种程度上，这种方法也具有一定量的预见力或解释力，虽然
这一点通常在概括力中难以看出来。
? Comments,
? Basically,the present translation is somewhat readable,coherent and authentic with
some minor readjustments made of the original,However,the clauses and sentences
can be made more economic and coherent; the second sentence in the second
paragraph can be reorganized with shorter components; and what follows can be
retranslated to some extent,
? B) Translation 2,
? 总之,‘ 现代 ’ 的翻译科学看来得解决一些基本问题。有理由相信，这些问题不是进一步进行研究
就可以解决的具体问题，不是互不关联的，至少受两个基本方法因素的部分制约：一是依靠做科学 的描写分类法；二是选择范围。本节将讨论这两个问题与上面探讨过的问题的相互联系。
? 首先讨论描写分类法。其基本目的是有序地、系统地描述所述范围之内的现象。一开始，大家都看
到，没有一种现象与任何另一种现象完全不同，许多翻译现象在某些方面看上去大同小异。这些共
性可用于描述目的：能使理论工作者描述成套的或各类现象而不是一一分别描述，因而能使理论具
有概括力。特性雷同的现象作用方式也大同小异，因此，分类描写也具有一定的预见力或解释力，
虽然这一点通常在概括力中难以分辨出来。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,readjustments are made when有理由相信，这些问题不是进一步进行研
究就可以解决的具体问题，不是互不关联的，至少受两个基本方法因素的部分制约：一是依靠做科 学的描写分类法；二是选择范围 is substituted for the two sentences in the previous translation
with better coherence; 一开始，大家都看到，没有一种现象与任何另一种现象完全不同，许多翻译
现象在某些方面看上去大同小异 is substituted for the previous with more readability; 特性雷同的
现象作用方式也大同小异，因此，分类描写也具有一定的预见力或解释力，虽然这一点通常在概括
力中难以分辨出来 is used with ideas more explicitly expressed,and so on,
? C) Translation 3,
? 总之,‘ 现代 ’ 的翻译科学得解决一些基础问题。有理由相信，这些问题不是进一步研究就可以解
决的具体问题，不是互不关联的，至少部分地受两个基本方法的制约：依靠科学的描写分类法与选 定合适的范围。本节将讨论这两个问题与上述问题的相互联系。
? 首先讨论描写分类法，以便对所属范围内的现象进行有序的、系统的描述。大家看到，现象与现象
之间并不迥然不同，许多现象在某些方面总是大同小异。借助这些共性，理论工作者就可以对现象
进行分类描述而无需分别描述，因而使理论具有概括力。特性雷同的现象作用方式也大同小异，因
此，分类描写也具有一定的预见力或解释力，虽然通常在探讨概括力时未必显现出来。
? Comments,
? In preparing the present translation,efforts are made as follows,first,依靠科学的描写分类法与选
定合适的范围,a more concise expression,is used as a substitute for the previous; second,首先
讨论描写分类法，以便对所属范围内的现象进行有序的、系统的描述 is an expression more concise
and coherent,based on the combination of the two sentences in the previous translation; third,
现象与现象之间并不迥然不同，许多现象在某些方面总是大同小异 is now a neatly parallel
structure; fourth,借助这些共性，理论工作者就可以对现象进行分类描述而无需分别描述，因而使
理论具有概括力 is,to some extent,a new translation; and fifth,虽然通常在探讨概括力时未必显现
出来 is a clause with partially new wordings,
? 100 Translations are not made in a vacuum,Translators function in a given
culture at a given time,The way they understand themselves and their
culture is one of the factors that may influence the way in which they
translate,
? When Horace,for instance,speaks of ―faithful translator,‖ he has the person
in mind,much more so than the work that person produces,Translators,in
Horace‘s understanding,thrive on the trust their patron and their public put
in them,They do not have to translate ―word for word‖ because both patron
and audience literally ―take their word‖ at face value,
? Victor Hugo describes the other extreme,―When you offer a translation to a
nation,that nation will almost always look on the translation as an act of
violence against itself.‖ Translations can be potentially threatening precisely
because they confront the receiving culture with another,different way of
looking at life and society,a way that can be seen as potentially subversive,
and must therefore be kept out,
? (Andre Lefevere (ad),2004,14)
1) Analysis of the original,
? A) Grammatical analysis,
? 1,Sentence structure,
? The selection is composed of three paragraphs,of which the first two are each
composed of three sentences while the last is composed of two sentences,In the
first paragraph,the first two are simple sentences while the last is a complex
sentence,composed of main clause,whose subject and predicate alike each have an
attributive clause embedded and at the end of the predicate,there is another
attributive clause,beginning with a preposition,further embedded,In the second
paragraph,the one in the middle is a simple sentence while the two others are both
complex in structure,Of the two complex sentences,the first is composed of an
adverbial clause of time,a main clause and an elliptic adverbial clause of comparison,
which in turn has an attributive clause further embedded,The other sentence is
composed of a main clause and an adverbial clause of reason,The two sentences in
the last paragraph are both complex in structure,Of the two,the first is composed of
a main clause and a direct speech in apposition to the noun phrase immediately
before it,and the direct speech in turn is composed of an adverbial clause of time
and a main clause,The other sentence is composed of a main clause and an
adverbial clause of reason with an attributive clause further embedded at the end of
the sentence,
? 2,Additional complication,
? The first two sentences in the second paragraph
each have a parenthetic structure embedded,
and the first sentence begins with an adverbial
clause of time; of the two sentences in the last
paragraph,the first has a direct speech and the
other has an appositive phrase embedded after
with another,followed by another appositive
phrase,which contains an attributive clause,
? B) Stylistic analysis,
? 1,Periodicity,
? The three sentences in the first paragraph are all loose in structure although the
clause-containing subject in the last sentence keeps the important information further
back,In the second paragraph,the first two sentences are periodic in structure either
for the beginning with an adverbial clause together with a short parenthesis or for
the embedding of a parenthesis,In the third paragraph,the direct speech in the first
sentence is periodic in structure for it begins with an adverbial clause of time,but the
sentence itself is not so structured; and in the second sentence,the appositive
clauses arranged in succession presents some impression of periodicity,
? 2,Structural complication,
? All the sentences in the selection,except for the first two,are somewhat structurally
complicated,
? 3,Structural formality,
? All the sentences are structurally formal for their grammatical completeness and
freedom from colloquial structures,
? 4,Parallel structure,
? In the selection,parallel structures can be found,for example,themselves and
their culture; their patron and their public; word for word; patron and audience;
different way of looking at life and society,a way that… ; and can be seen as
potentially subversive,and must therefore be kept out,
? 5,Lexical cohesive device,
? Cases can be easily found,for example,translations,sometimes in singular form,
and translators are frequently repeated; they,themselves and their are used or
repeatedly used to refer to translators; person,patron,nation and culture are
repeated; audience is used as a synonym for public; in the last paragraph,they is
used to refer to translations; subversive is used as a synonym for threatening,and
so on,
? 6,Lexical formality,
? Formal words,including nominalizations,are frequently used,for example,
translation,vacuum,translator,culture,understand,influence,translate,instance,
speak,faithful,person,produce,understanding,thrive,trust,patron,public,
patron,audience,literally,value,and others,
2) Staged translation,
? A) Translation 1,
? 翻译不是在真空里进行的。译者在一定的文化中在一定的时间里起作用。他们理解自
己和他们的文化的方式对其翻译方式产生影响。
? 例如，当贺拉斯谈论, 忠实的译者, 的时候，他心目中的人比他生产的译文要忠实得
多。在贺拉斯的理解中，译者昌盛于出资人和公众对他们的信任。他们不需要, 字对
字, 地翻译，因为出资人和公众, 对译者的文字, 都作字面理解。
? 维克托,雨果描述了另一种极端：, 当你将一种译文提供给一个国家，那个国家几乎总
是将译文看成是侵犯它的一种举动。, 译文可能具有潜在的威胁性，正是因为他们将
接受译文的文化与另一种文化对立起来，另一种文化是观察生活与社会的另一种方式，
这种方式可能被看成具有潜在的颠覆性，因此必须排除在外。
? Comments,
? The present translation is,generally speaking,somewhat readable,coherent and
authentic,But due to following the original strictly,we have produced some awkward
expressions if not clauses or sentences,For example,译者在 …… 起作用 ; 在贺拉斯的
理解中 ; 另一种文化是观察生活与社会的另一种方式,and others,Besides,他 in比他生
产的译文 is ambiguous; 可能被看成 in这种方式可能被看成具有潜在的颠覆性 is vague
enough,
? B) Translation 2,
? 翻译不是在真空里进行的。译者在一定的文化中在一定的时间里翻译。他们如何理解
自己和自己的文化的对其翻译方式产生影响。
? 例如，当贺拉斯谈论, 忠实的译者, 的时候，他心目中的人要比他翻译的译作忠实得
多。在贺拉斯看来，译者的兴盛在于出资人和公众对他们的信赖。他们不需要, 字对
字, 地翻译，因为出资人和公众, 对译作, 都作字面理解。
? 维克多,雨果描述了另一种极端：, 当你将译作提供给某国，该国几乎总是将译作看作
侵犯举动。, 译作可能具有潜在的威胁性，正因为他们将接受文化与另一种文化对立
起来，另一种文化以不同的方式观察生活与社会，这种方式可能被看成具有潜在的颠
覆性，因此必须拒之门外。
? Comments,
? Almost all the weak points mentioned in the above comments have been improved
on here in the present translation,However,from the viewpoint of coherence,the
three sentences in the first paragraph of the present translation are not coherent
enough他 in要比他翻译的译作忠实得多 remains ambiguous; the meaning of 出资人和
公众, 对译作, 都作字面理解 is not explicit enough; 译者的兴盛在于出资人和公众对
他们的信赖 sounds a little exotic,and so on,
? C) Translation 3,
? 翻译不是在真空里进行的。译者在一定的文化时空中从事翻译活动，其看待自己和自
身文化的方式影响其翻译方法。
? 例如，当贺拉斯谈论, 忠实的译者, 的时候，他想象中的人要比此人翻译的译作更为
忠实。在贺拉斯看来，由于出资人和公众信赖他们，译者才得以安身立命。他们不需
要, 字对字, 地翻译，因为出资人和公众, 对译作, 都坚信不疑。
? 维科多,雨果讲述了另一极端：, 你为某国翻译，几乎总被看成是侵犯。, 认为译作具
有潜在的威胁，是因为人们将接受文化与外来文化对立起来，而外来文化以不同方式
看待生活与社会，可能就有人认为具有潜在的颠覆性，必须拒之门外。
? Comments,
? In the present translation,the last two sentences are readjusted and combined
into one for better coherence; 他想象中的人要比此人翻译的译作更为忠实 is
substituted for the previous translation for the disambiguation of the ambiguous term
in the previous translation; 由于出资人和公众信赖他们，译者才得以安身立命 ; 出资人
和公众, 对译作, 都坚信不疑 ; 你为某国翻译，几乎总被看成是侵犯 ; 认为译作被具有
潜在的威胁 ;and是因为翻译将接受文化与外来文化对立起来 are substituted for the
previous counterparts for more explicit expression of ideas in the original,
Exercises,
? 96 In the new millennium translation scholarship will continue to emphasize
the unequal power relationships that have characterized the translation
process,But whereas in earlier centuries this inequality was presented in
terms of a superior original and an inferior copy,today the relationship is
considered from other points of view that can best be termed post-colonial,
Parallel to the exciting work of Indian,Chinese and Canadian translation
scholars,writers such as Octavio Paz,Carlos Fuentes and Haroldo and
Augusto de Campos have called for a new definition of translation,
Significantly,all these writers have come from countries located in the
continent of South America,from former colonies engaged in reassessing
their own past,Arguing for a rethinking of the role and significance of
translation,they draw parallels with the colonial experience,For just as the
model of colonialism was based on the notion of a superior culture taking
possession of an inferior one,so an original was always seen as superior to
its ?copy‘,Hence the translation was doomed to exist in a position of
inferiority with regard to the source text from which it was seen to derive,
? (Susan Bassnett,2004,5)
? 97 The work of translating in an ?era of feminism‘,in an era powerfully
influenced by feminist thought,has had an acute effect on translation
practice,First,translators have sought out contemporary women‘s writing
in order to translate it into their own cultures,Because of the experimental
nature of much of this work,they have had to deal with enormous technical
challenges in the translations,Second,because the women‘s movement has
defined language as a powerful political instrument,many women working
in an ?era of feminism‘ also face issues of intervention and censorship in
translation,When and how do politicized translators ?correct‘ a text? To
what extent does the translator‘s role become overtly political? And third,
the interest in lineage of important women writers and thinkers has created
an impressive corpus of translated ?lost‘ works; due to the fact that these
texts have only now been recuperated,the work of the translator moves
well beyond traditional bounds of translation and incorporates annotation
and criticism,
? (Luise von Flotow,2004,14)
? 98 The approach via polysystems and cultural semiotics throws the field of study wide open,By
systematically placing canonized products and models in relation to a more fluid and pluriform
periphery,a range of traditionally neglected texts and forms comes into view,Translation is
recognized as a cultural practice interacting with other practices in a historical continuum,The
workings of translation norms,the manipulative nature of translation and the effects of
translation can all be slotted into a broader sociocultural setting,The study of translation
becomes the study of cultural history,Broadly speaking the theory seems able to cope with this
expansion,indeed it invites it,
? However,as the last few pages have shown,studies of this nature are not only ferociously
abstract and depersonalized,they also run the risk of being ultimately deterministic,There are
two reasons for this,One is that polysystem theory is aware of the social embedding of cultural
systems but in practice takes little heed of actual political and social power relations or more
concrete entities such as institutions or groups with real interests to look after,For all its
emphasis on models and repertoires,polysystem theory remains thoroughly text-bound,Literature and culture in general are described as sites of conflict,but the stakes remain invisible,
and the struggle is waged by competing norms and models rather than by individuals or
collectives who stand to gain or lose something by the outcome,As a result,the processes of
change and reversal become self-propelling and cyclical,the canonized center does what it does,
and when it is overrun a new center repeats the pattern,as if the whole thing were on automatic
pilot,
? (Theo Hermans,2004,117-118)
? 99 This explains why translation theories have tended to set up classification
schemes at every level,from linguistic features via text typologies to sets of purposes,
this approach relies on classification schemes because they are the only basic
theoretical tools it has,All the generalizations are made in terms of classes,hence in
order to be covered by the theory,each phenomenon in the domain must be
assigned to a class,This in turn means that the classificatory framework must be
comprehensive enough to include all phenomena in its domain,and this explains why
the number of classes and classification schemes in translation theory have kept
increasing as new sets of phenomena were found to be relevant to translating,for
these phenomena to fall under some generalization they must first be assigned to
classes – which requires the setting up of additional appropriate classification
schemes,
? The resulting proliferation of classificatory frameworks is further aggravated by the
choice of domain,which is seen as consisting either of translated texts viewed in
direct relation to the original texts (the product perspective) or of the processes and
operations that lead from the original to the translated text (process perspective),
? (Ernst-Autust Gutt,2004,18)
? 100 The real sense,which many translators try to express according to their
personal judgment and ability,is not firmly established when it is not
established in the original language,since a translator very often misses the
real sense when he is not very learned,That is why you should try to learn
the languages from which the scriptures were translated into Latin,or you
should at least stick to the work of such translators who have rendered
their own original word for word,Such literal translations are insufficient,of
course,but they can serve to show whether or not the translations of those
who wan to translate more according to the sense than according to the
way the words are phrased are correct,For often not just individual words
are translated,but also syntactical features that are simply not acceptable
in Latin usage,if one wants to preserve the traditional style used by Latin
writers up to now,Such a literal translation is often not exactly a hindrance
to understanding,but it does irritate those readers who enjoy the content
more when its verbal expression has managed to preserve a certain purity,
? (Andre Lefevere (ad),2004,15)