16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
16.885J/ESD.35J
Aircraft Systems Engineering
September 4, 2003
Prof. “John” Hansman
Prof. “Earll” Murman
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Today’s Class
? Course introduction
? Course learning objectives & measurable outcomes
? 21st Century Jet: The Building of the 777
– Interleaved video and discussion on aircraft systems
engineering
? Semester case study
? Administrivia
? Grading
? Class discussion
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Course Introduction
? Holistic view of aircraft as a system
– Systems Engineering and System Level Attributes
(12 lectures)
– Subsystems: The Anatomy of an Aircraft (7 lectures)
– System Realization (6 lectures)
? Retrospective analysis - studying existing aircraft to
learn about design choices and features
? Apply knowledge to semester long case study
? Emphasis is more on “aircraft systems” than on
“systems engineering”
? Learning community approach
– We are all teachers and learners
– Be engaged
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Course Learning Objectives
At the completion of 16.885, students will have gained:
? An appreciation of an aircraft as a system, operating within a
larger air transportation or air defense system, and comprised of
many subsystems
? Understanding of, and ability to apply, basic concepts for:
– Systems engineering: requirements, interface mgmt, verification &
validation
– Cost and weight analysis and estimation.
– Performance analysis
– Reliability and safety
– The function, architecture and key performance issues of major
subsystems
– Risk analysis and management
– Design closure to deliver lifecycle value
? An ability to understand complex systems and design choices
through the retrospective analysis of existing aircraft systems.
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Course Measurable Outcomes
? Retrospective analysis of an existing aircraft
design, delivered in both written and oral forms.
? Individual contributions to case study team effort
as reported by student and teammates.
? Class participation.
? End of semester interview with course faculty on
achievement of learning objectives.
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Segment from PBS Home Video
21st Century Jet: The Building of
the 777
Part I - 9:15-16:10 (6 min 50 sec)
Covers the 777 “Value Proposition” struck
between United Airlines and Boeing
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Value Creation Framework
worth, utility, benefit, or reward in exchange for
their respective contributions to the enterprise.
Value - how various stakeholders find particular
Value
Identification
Value
Value
Delivery
Proposition
Value Phases
Develop a
robust value
proposition
to meet the
expectations
Identify the
stakeholders
and their
value
expectations
Deliver on
the promise
with good
technical
and program
performance
Source: Lean Enterprise Value: Insights from MIT’s Lean Aerospace Initiative, Murman, et. al 2002
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
The Challenge of Architecting and Engineering
Aircraft Systems
Employees
Customer
Acquirer
Partners
Shareholder
Corporation
Society
Suppliers
Union
Enterprise
End User
Consumer
A fundamental challenge
of any program is to satisfy
multiple stakeholders
expectations for product
– Performance/quality
– Schedule/availability
– Cost/financial return
with acceptable risk.
Stakeholders
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Segment from PBS Home Video
21st Century Jet: The Building of
the 777
Part I - 17:12-20:32 (3 min 30 sec)
Addresses the technical complexity of
aircraft with its many components
which interact, requiring the use of
mockups, originally physical and now
digital, to visualize the interactions.
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Technical Dimension
6 Level Hierarchy
0 - Physical environment of the world
1 - The air transportation system or
the air defense system
2 - The aircraft and/or related systems
3 - Major subsystems or subassemblies:
both hardware and software
4 - Components or major software units
5 - Parts or lines of code
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
The “Inters”
? Interrelationship: “mutual or reciprocal relation or
relatedness”.
? Interrelationships take various forms with increasing
degrees of relatedness
– Interconnections (or interfaces): “a state of being
connected reciprocally”
– Interactions: “mutual or reciprocal action or influence”
– Interdependencies: “mutual dependence”
? Large-scale systems are characterized by many elements
which, through their interrelationships, deliver greater
capability than the sum of the individual elements alone.
Source: http://www.dictionary.com/
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Examples of Technical Dimension Inters
6 Level Hierarchy
? Emissions from engines (3)
multiplied by size of a/c fleet
0 - Physical environment of the world
(1) impacts global
1 - The air transportation system or
the air defense system
2 - The aircraft and/or related systems
environment (0).
? Engine (3) provides thrust
for wing (3) which provides
lift for engine, both coupled
through aerodynamics
? AA Flight 261 accident
3 - Major subsystems or subassemblies:
– Stripped elevator lead
both hardware and software
screw (5) caused loss of a/c
system (2)
4 - Components or major software units
– Maintenance system (2)
interacted with a/c system
5 - Parts or lines of code
(2)
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Segment from PBS Home Video
21st Century Jet: The Building of
the 777
Part I - 22:05-27:45 (5 min 40 sec)
Introduces Design Build Teams (or
Integrated Product Teams) and shows one
in action sorting out solutions to crack
formation and growth in a passenger door
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Social Dimension
6 Level Hierarchy
0 - Society, nations, communities, etc.
1 - Extended multi-organization
enterprises, including partners
and suppliers
2 - Single organizations
3 - Organizational units
4 - Working groups/teams
5 - Individuals
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Examples of Social Dimension Inters
6 Level Hierarchy
? Enterprise leader (2) affects
lives of many employees (5).
0 - Society, nations, communities, etc.
? Employee productivity (5)
affects enterprise success (2).
1 - Extended multi-organization
enterprises, including partners
? Airbus & Boeing (2) mutually
and suppliers
dependent upon competition.
? International terrorism (0)
2 - Single enterprise impacts future of entire US
aerospace enterprise (1-5).
3 - Organizational units
? Creative genius of individual
(5) like Kelly Johnson affects
4 - Working groups/teams
fate of enterprise (2) and
nation (0).
5 - Individuals
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Segment from PBS Home Video
21st Century Jet: The Building of
the 777
Part I - 27:45-30:50 (3 min 5 sec)
Shows a verification test of passenger
door opening with 1/2” of ice - a step
in the systems engineering process
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Simplified System Engineering
Process Steps
Needs:
?End user
Verification is assuring the system meets the requirements
Validation is assuring the system meets the needs
Source: Adapted from Jackson, S. Systems Engineering for Commercial Aircraft
Functional
Analysis
?Customer
?Enterprise
?Regulatory
Requirements Verification
Synthesis
Validation
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Segment from PBS Home Video
21st Century Jet: The Building of
the 777
Part I - 40:36-43:56 (3 min 20 sec)
Covers Working Together, the new
approach used by the 777 for open
and honest communication.
Working Together
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Learning Community
? Establish and maintain program credibility
? Open and honest communication
? Encourage and reward asking for help
? Utilize knowledge regardless of where it originate
? Share responsibilities for decisions using a well-defined
process
? Maintain two way dialog in working relationships, do
both listening and talking
? Value people for the skills they contribute to the
program with mutual respect and appreciation
Source: Adapted from Stanke, A. “A Framework for Achieving Lifecycle Value in Product Development”
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Segment from PBS Home Video
21st Century Jet: The Building of
the 777
Part I - 52:30-55:40 (3 min 10 sec)
Covers the task ahead to design and
produce a product that takes several
years and lasts decades, all in an
uncertain world market and environment
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Notional Lifecycle Costs
Source: Fabrycky, W.J. and Blanchard, B.S. Life-Cycle Cost and Economic Analysis
Conceptual/
preliminary
Design
Detail
design/
development
Production
and/or
construction
Product use/
support/
phaseout/dispos al
100%
80%
66%
Ease of Change
LCC committed
Cost Incurred
Figure 2 - Lifecycle cost committed vs incurred (Fabrycky and Blanchard, 1991)
Long lifecycles are a significant driver in aircraft systems
engineering and architecting
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Lifecycle Issues
? Lifecycle Costs
– ~1/3 of lifecycle cost is acquisition, 2/3 is operation
? The “ilities” dominate the life cycle
– Reliability, maintainability, supportability,
upgradeability
? Product evolution
– E.G. B-52 was designed as a strategic bomber with
predetermined missions, yet used in Afghanistan in
a tactical delivering JDAMs directed by ground
spotters.
? Knowledge management
Long lifecycles are a significant driver in aircraft systems
engineering and architecting
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Semester Case Study
? Retrospective analysis of an existing aircraft to
understand key design drivers, decisions, and features
? Done in small teams
? Suggested outline in syllabus appendix
– Last year’s cases serve as models
? Will evolve during semester in written and oral versions
– Written Versions I (9/25), II (10/16), III (11/13), IV (12/9)
– Oral presentations scheduled near Versions II and III
? Candidate case studies with Subject Matter Experts
(SMEs) available:
? Douglas DC-9
? Saab Farchild 340
? Sikorsky S-92
Dynamics F-111
? Cessna Citation X
? USAF Boeing C-17
? USAF Boeing B-52
? USAF General
? Space Shuttle
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Administrativia
? No formal prerequisites
? Lecture classes Tue and Thu 9:30-11:00
– Handouts of lecture material
– Expect class questions, discussion, participation
? Additional hour for case study team time or oral reports
? Field trip to Sikorsky in Stratford CT to be scheduled
? References many and varied
– Books and case studies on reserve in AA library
– Need to exploit all resources: www, SME, ….
? Course web site - see syllabus
? Turn in student profile form at end of class
? E-mail to me by Monday a one paragraph bio
16.885J/ESD.35J - Sep 4, 2003
Grading
Team Grades for Case Study
Written Version 1 10
Written Version 2 10
Oral presentation 1 10
Written Version 3 15
Oral presentation 2 10
Final Written Version 20
Total team grade 75
Individual Grades (Further guidelines will be given on these)
Midterm written assessment 10
End of term oral assessment 15
Total individual grade 25