Topic:
Introduction to Project Management
IT Project Management
INSTRUCTOR,SHU LIU
HIT SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE
Fall 2005
All rights reserved
Introduction to Project
Management 2
Outline
Introduction
People,Product,Process,and Project
What is a Project?
What is Project Management?
How Project Management Relates to
Other Disciplines
History of Project Management
The Project Management Profession
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 3
IT Project Management
Introduction
In a study published by IEEE,the
engineering vice presidents of three major
technology companies were asked the
most important contributor to a successful
software project,
The answered in the following way:
Introduction to Project
Management 4
I guess if you had to pick one thing out that is most
important in our environment,I’d say it’s not the tools
that we use,it’s the people.
The most important ingredient that was successful on
this project was having smart people… very little else
matters in my opinion… The most important thing
you do for a project is selecting the staff…
The only rule I have in management
is to ensure I have good people
– real good people…
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 5
Four P’s
People
Product
Process
Project
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 6
People
Senior managers
Make the business decisions
Project (technical) managers
Manage the project
Practitioners
Develop the software
Customers
Specify the requirements
End-users
Use the product
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 7
Product
What is it?
Computer software is the product.
Software engineers design and build.
Software characteristics
Software is developed or engineered,it is
not manufactured in the classical sense.
Software doesn’t,wear out”.
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 8
Process
What is it?
When you build a product or system,it’s
important to go through a series of predictable
steps – a road map that help you create a timely,
high-quality result,The road map that you
follow is called a,software process.”
A Select the process model that is appropriate
for the software to be engineered by a project
team.
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 9
What is a Project
A project is a temporary endeavor
undertaken to accomplish a unique
purpose.
A planned undertaking of related
activities to reach an objective that has
a beginning and an end.
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 10
Project
Projects normally involve several people
performing interrelated activities,and the main
sponsor for the project is often interested in the
effective use of resources to complete the
project in an efficient and timely manner.
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 11
Attributes of Projects
Unique purpose
Has a beginning and end
Require resources,often from various areas
Should have a primary sponsor and/or customer
Involve uncertainty
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 12
Samples of IT Projects
Northwest Airlines developed a new reservation
system called ResNet (see chapters 11-16)
Many organizations upgrade hardware,software,
and networks via projects (see chapter 5 opening
and closing case)
Organizations develop new software or enhance
existing systems to perform many business
functions (see examples throughout the text)
Note:,IT projects” refers to projects involving
hardware,software,and networks
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 13
IT Projects have a terrible track record
A 1995 Standish Group study (CHAOS) found that only
16.2% of IT projects were successful and over 31% were
canceled before completion,costing over $81 B in the
U.S,alone
The need for IT projects keeps increasing
In 1998,corporate America issued 200,000 new-start
application development projects
In 2000,there were 300,000 new IT projects,and
In 2001,over 500,000 new IT projects were started
Motivation for Studying IT Project Management
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 14
Advantages of Using Formal Project
Management
Better control of financial,physical,and human resources
Improved customer relations
Shorter development times
Lower costs
Higher quality and increased reliability
Higher profit margins
Improved productivity
Better internal coordination
Higher worker morale
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 15
The 2001 Standish Group Report Showed Decided
Improvement in IT Project Success Rates From the 1995 Study
Time overruns significantly decreased to 63%
compared to 222%
Cost overruns were down to 45% compared to
189%
Required features and functions were up to
67% compared to 61%
78,000 U.S,projects were successful compared
to 28,000
28% of IT projects succeeded compared to
16%
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 16
Why the Improvements?
"The reasons for the increase in successful
projects vary,
First,the average cost of a project has been more
than cut in half,
Better tools have been created to monitor and control
progress and better skilled project managers with
better management processes are being used,
The Standish Group,"CHAOS 2001,A Recipe for
Success" (2001)
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 17
What is Project Management?
Project management is,the application of knowledge,
skills,tools,and techniques to project activities in
order to meet project requirements” (PMI*,Project
Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide),
2000,p,6)
*The Project Management Institute (PMI) is an international
professional society,Their web site is www.pmi.org,
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 18
Every project is constrained in different ways
by its
Scope goals,What is the project trying to
accomplish?
Time goals,How long should it take to complete?
Cost goals,What should it cost?
It is the project manager’s duty to balance
these three often competing goals
IT Project Management
The Triple Constraints of Project
Management
Introduction to Project
Management 19
The Triple Constraints of Project Management
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 20
Project Management Framework
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 21
Project Stakeholders
Stakeholders are the people involved in or affected
by project activities
Stakeholders include
the project sponsor and project team
support staff
customers
users
suppliers
opponents to the project
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 22
Project Management Framework
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 23
9 Project Management Knowledge Areas
Knowledge areas describe the key
competencies that project managers must
develop
4 core knowledge areas lead to specific
project objectives
(scope,time,cost,and quality)
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 24
Project Management Framework
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 25
9 Project Management Knowledge Areas
Knowledge areas describe the key
competencies that project managers must
develop
4 facilitating knowledge areas are the
means through which the project objectives
are achieved
(human resources,communication,risk,
and procurement management)
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 26
Project Management Framework
IT Project Management
Project Integration Management
Introduction to Project
Management 27
9 Project Management Knowledge Areas
Knowledge areas describe the key
competencies that project managers must
develop
1 knowledge area (project integration
management) affects and is affected by all
of the other knowledge areas
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 28
Project Management Framework
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 29
Project Management Tools and
Techniques
Project management tools and techniques assist
project managers and their teams in various
aspects of project management
Some specific ones include
Project Charter and WBS (scope)
Gantt charts,network diagrams,critical path analysis,
critical chain scheduling (time)
Cost estimates and earned value management (cost)
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 30
Sample WBS for Intranet Project in Chart Form
C on cep t
Des i gn Us er I n ter f a ce
D es i gn S er v er S et u p
D ev el op S er v er
Su pp or t I n f ra s tr u ct u re
W eb S i te
D es i gn
Dev el op P a ges
a n d Li n ks
Dev el op
Fu n cti on a l i ty
Con ten t
M i gra ti on /I n tegra ti on
T es ti n g
W eb S i te
D ev el op m en t
R ol l O u t Su pp or t
I n tr a n et P ro je ct
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 31
Sample Gantt Chart
The WBS is on the left,and each task’s start and finish date
are shown on the right using a calendar timescale.
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 32
Sample Network Diagram
Each box is a project task from the WBS,Arrows show dependencies
between tasks,The bolded tasks are on the critical path,If any tasks on the
critical path take longer than planned,the whole project will slip
unless something is done.
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 33
More Advantages of Project Management
Bosses,customers,and other stakeholders do not like
surprises
Good project management (PM) provides assurance and
reduces risk
PM provides the tools and environment to plan,monitor,
track,and manage schedules,resources,costs,and quality
PM provides a history or metrics base for future planning
as well as good documentation
Project members learn and grow by working in a cross-
functional team environment
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 34
How Project Management (PM) Relates to
Other Disciplines
Much of the knowledge needed to manage
projects is unique to PM
However,project managers must also have
knowledge and experience in
general management
the application area of the project
Project managers must focus on meeting
specific project objectives
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 35
Project Management and Other Disciplines
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 36
History of Project Management
Modern project management began with the Manhattan
Project,which the U.S,military led to develop the atomic
bomb
In 1917 Henry Gantt developed the Gantt chart as a tool for
scheduling work in job shops
In 1958,the Navy developed PERT charts
In the 1970s,the military began using project management
software,as did the construction industry
By the 1990s,virtually every industry was using some form
of project management
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 37
The Project Management Profession
A 1996 Fortune article called project
management the,number one career
choice”
Professional societies like the Project
Management Institute (PMI) have grown
tremendously
Average salaries for project managers are
over $81,000
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 38
Project Management Knowledge
Continues to Grow and Mature
PMI hosted their first research conference in June
2000 in Paris,France
The PMBOK Guide – 2000 Edition is an ANSI
standard
PMI’s certification department earned ISO 9000
certification
Hundreds of new books,articles,and presentations
related to project management have been written
in recent years
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 39
Project Management Certification
PMI provides certification as a Project
Management Professional (PMP)
A PMP has documented sufficient project
experience,agreed to follow a code of ethics,and
passed the PMP exam
The number of people earning PMP certification is
increasing quickly
PMI and other organizations are offering new
certification programs (see Appendix B)
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 40
Growth in PMP Certification,1993-2000
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 41
Project Management Software
By 2001,there were hundreds of different products to
assist in performing project management
Three main categories of tools:
Low-end tools,Handle single or smaller projects well,cost
under $200 per user
Midrange tools,Handle multiple projects and users,cost
$200-500 per user,Project 2000 most popular
High-end tools,Also called enterprise project management
software,often licensed on a per-user basis
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 42
Apply Project Management to Many Areas
Project management applies to work as
well as personal projects
Project management applies to many
different disciplines (IT,construction,
finance,sports,event planning,etc.)
Project management skills can help in
everyday life
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 43
,1－ 3－ 4－ 5－ 9”
,1” Manager
,3” Triple Constraints
,4” Project Life Cycle
,5” Project Management
Process Group
项目管理活动的五个流程
,9” Knowledge area
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 44
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project Management
IT Project Management
INSTRUCTOR,SHU LIU
HIT SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE
Fall 2005
All rights reserved
Introduction to Project
Management 2
Outline
Introduction
People,Product,Process,and Project
What is a Project?
What is Project Management?
How Project Management Relates to
Other Disciplines
History of Project Management
The Project Management Profession
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 3
IT Project Management
Introduction
In a study published by IEEE,the
engineering vice presidents of three major
technology companies were asked the
most important contributor to a successful
software project,
The answered in the following way:
Introduction to Project
Management 4
I guess if you had to pick one thing out that is most
important in our environment,I’d say it’s not the tools
that we use,it’s the people.
The most important ingredient that was successful on
this project was having smart people… very little else
matters in my opinion… The most important thing
you do for a project is selecting the staff…
The only rule I have in management
is to ensure I have good people
– real good people…
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 5
Four P’s
People
Product
Process
Project
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 6
People
Senior managers
Make the business decisions
Project (technical) managers
Manage the project
Practitioners
Develop the software
Customers
Specify the requirements
End-users
Use the product
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 7
Product
What is it?
Computer software is the product.
Software engineers design and build.
Software characteristics
Software is developed or engineered,it is
not manufactured in the classical sense.
Software doesn’t,wear out”.
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 8
Process
What is it?
When you build a product or system,it’s
important to go through a series of predictable
steps – a road map that help you create a timely,
high-quality result,The road map that you
follow is called a,software process.”
A Select the process model that is appropriate
for the software to be engineered by a project
team.
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 9
What is a Project
A project is a temporary endeavor
undertaken to accomplish a unique
purpose.
A planned undertaking of related
activities to reach an objective that has
a beginning and an end.
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 10
Project
Projects normally involve several people
performing interrelated activities,and the main
sponsor for the project is often interested in the
effective use of resources to complete the
project in an efficient and timely manner.
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 11
Attributes of Projects
Unique purpose
Has a beginning and end
Require resources,often from various areas
Should have a primary sponsor and/or customer
Involve uncertainty
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 12
Samples of IT Projects
Northwest Airlines developed a new reservation
system called ResNet (see chapters 11-16)
Many organizations upgrade hardware,software,
and networks via projects (see chapter 5 opening
and closing case)
Organizations develop new software or enhance
existing systems to perform many business
functions (see examples throughout the text)
Note:,IT projects” refers to projects involving
hardware,software,and networks
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 13
IT Projects have a terrible track record
A 1995 Standish Group study (CHAOS) found that only
16.2% of IT projects were successful and over 31% were
canceled before completion,costing over $81 B in the
U.S,alone
The need for IT projects keeps increasing
In 1998,corporate America issued 200,000 new-start
application development projects
In 2000,there were 300,000 new IT projects,and
In 2001,over 500,000 new IT projects were started
Motivation for Studying IT Project Management
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 14
Advantages of Using Formal Project
Management
Better control of financial,physical,and human resources
Improved customer relations
Shorter development times
Lower costs
Higher quality and increased reliability
Higher profit margins
Improved productivity
Better internal coordination
Higher worker morale
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 15
The 2001 Standish Group Report Showed Decided
Improvement in IT Project Success Rates From the 1995 Study
Time overruns significantly decreased to 63%
compared to 222%
Cost overruns were down to 45% compared to
189%
Required features and functions were up to
67% compared to 61%
78,000 U.S,projects were successful compared
to 28,000
28% of IT projects succeeded compared to
16%
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 16
Why the Improvements?
"The reasons for the increase in successful
projects vary,
First,the average cost of a project has been more
than cut in half,
Better tools have been created to monitor and control
progress and better skilled project managers with
better management processes are being used,
The Standish Group,"CHAOS 2001,A Recipe for
Success" (2001)
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 17
What is Project Management?
Project management is,the application of knowledge,
skills,tools,and techniques to project activities in
order to meet project requirements” (PMI*,Project
Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide),
2000,p,6)
*The Project Management Institute (PMI) is an international
professional society,Their web site is www.pmi.org,
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 18
Every project is constrained in different ways
by its
Scope goals,What is the project trying to
accomplish?
Time goals,How long should it take to complete?
Cost goals,What should it cost?
It is the project manager’s duty to balance
these three often competing goals
IT Project Management
The Triple Constraints of Project
Management
Introduction to Project
Management 19
The Triple Constraints of Project Management
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 20
Project Management Framework
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 21
Project Stakeholders
Stakeholders are the people involved in or affected
by project activities
Stakeholders include
the project sponsor and project team
support staff
customers
users
suppliers
opponents to the project
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 22
Project Management Framework
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 23
9 Project Management Knowledge Areas
Knowledge areas describe the key
competencies that project managers must
develop
4 core knowledge areas lead to specific
project objectives
(scope,time,cost,and quality)
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 24
Project Management Framework
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 25
9 Project Management Knowledge Areas
Knowledge areas describe the key
competencies that project managers must
develop
4 facilitating knowledge areas are the
means through which the project objectives
are achieved
(human resources,communication,risk,
and procurement management)
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 26
Project Management Framework
IT Project Management
Project Integration Management
Introduction to Project
Management 27
9 Project Management Knowledge Areas
Knowledge areas describe the key
competencies that project managers must
develop
1 knowledge area (project integration
management) affects and is affected by all
of the other knowledge areas
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 28
Project Management Framework
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 29
Project Management Tools and
Techniques
Project management tools and techniques assist
project managers and their teams in various
aspects of project management
Some specific ones include
Project Charter and WBS (scope)
Gantt charts,network diagrams,critical path analysis,
critical chain scheduling (time)
Cost estimates and earned value management (cost)
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 30
Sample WBS for Intranet Project in Chart Form
C on cep t
Des i gn Us er I n ter f a ce
D es i gn S er v er S et u p
D ev el op S er v er
Su pp or t I n f ra s tr u ct u re
W eb S i te
D es i gn
Dev el op P a ges
a n d Li n ks
Dev el op
Fu n cti on a l i ty
Con ten t
M i gra ti on /I n tegra ti on
T es ti n g
W eb S i te
D ev el op m en t
R ol l O u t Su pp or t
I n tr a n et P ro je ct
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 31
Sample Gantt Chart
The WBS is on the left,and each task’s start and finish date
are shown on the right using a calendar timescale.
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 32
Sample Network Diagram
Each box is a project task from the WBS,Arrows show dependencies
between tasks,The bolded tasks are on the critical path,If any tasks on the
critical path take longer than planned,the whole project will slip
unless something is done.
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 33
More Advantages of Project Management
Bosses,customers,and other stakeholders do not like
surprises
Good project management (PM) provides assurance and
reduces risk
PM provides the tools and environment to plan,monitor,
track,and manage schedules,resources,costs,and quality
PM provides a history or metrics base for future planning
as well as good documentation
Project members learn and grow by working in a cross-
functional team environment
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 34
How Project Management (PM) Relates to
Other Disciplines
Much of the knowledge needed to manage
projects is unique to PM
However,project managers must also have
knowledge and experience in
general management
the application area of the project
Project managers must focus on meeting
specific project objectives
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 35
Project Management and Other Disciplines
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 36
History of Project Management
Modern project management began with the Manhattan
Project,which the U.S,military led to develop the atomic
bomb
In 1917 Henry Gantt developed the Gantt chart as a tool for
scheduling work in job shops
In 1958,the Navy developed PERT charts
In the 1970s,the military began using project management
software,as did the construction industry
By the 1990s,virtually every industry was using some form
of project management
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 37
The Project Management Profession
A 1996 Fortune article called project
management the,number one career
choice”
Professional societies like the Project
Management Institute (PMI) have grown
tremendously
Average salaries for project managers are
over $81,000
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 38
Project Management Knowledge
Continues to Grow and Mature
PMI hosted their first research conference in June
2000 in Paris,France
The PMBOK Guide – 2000 Edition is an ANSI
standard
PMI’s certification department earned ISO 9000
certification
Hundreds of new books,articles,and presentations
related to project management have been written
in recent years
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 39
Project Management Certification
PMI provides certification as a Project
Management Professional (PMP)
A PMP has documented sufficient project
experience,agreed to follow a code of ethics,and
passed the PMP exam
The number of people earning PMP certification is
increasing quickly
PMI and other organizations are offering new
certification programs (see Appendix B)
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 40
Growth in PMP Certification,1993-2000
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 41
Project Management Software
By 2001,there were hundreds of different products to
assist in performing project management
Three main categories of tools:
Low-end tools,Handle single or smaller projects well,cost
under $200 per user
Midrange tools,Handle multiple projects and users,cost
$200-500 per user,Project 2000 most popular
High-end tools,Also called enterprise project management
software,often licensed on a per-user basis
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 42
Apply Project Management to Many Areas
Project management applies to work as
well as personal projects
Project management applies to many
different disciplines (IT,construction,
finance,sports,event planning,etc.)
Project management skills can help in
everyday life
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 43
,1－ 3－ 4－ 5－ 9”
,1” Manager
,3” Triple Constraints
,4” Project Life Cycle
,5” Project Management
Process Group
项目管理活动的五个流程
,9” Knowledge area
IT Project Management
Introduction to Project
Management 44
IT Project Management
