IT Project Management
INSTRUCTOR,SHU LIU
HIT SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE
Fall 2005
All rights reserved
Review
Project H R Management 2
Project Scope Management
Initiation
Scope Planning
Scope Definition
Scope Verification
Scope Change Control
Project Charter
Scope Statement
WBS
Verification
Document
Change control
process
Project H R Management 3
Project Time Management
Activity definition
Activity sequencing
Activity duration
estimating
Schedule development
Schedule control
All Activities
Project Network
Diagrams
Duration
Estimates
Gantt Chart
Change control
process
Project H R Management 4
Project Cost Management
Cost Estimating
Cost Budgeting
Cost Control
A list of Resource
Requirement
Cost Estimates
Cost Manage,Plan
A Cost Baseline
EVM
Resource Planning
Topic:
Project Human Resource
Management
IT Project Management
INSTRUCTOR,SHU LIU
HIT SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE
Summer 2005
All rights reserved
Project H R Management 6
Outline
What is Project Human Resource Management?
Keys to Managing People
Project Human Resource Management Process
Organization Planning
Staff Acquisition
Team Development
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 7
I guess if you had to pick one thing out that is most
important in our environment,I’d say it’s not the
tools that we use,it’s the people.
The most important ingredient that was successful on
this project was having smart people… very little else
matters in my opinion…The most important thing
you do for a project is selecting the staff…
The only rule I have in management
is to ensure I have good people
– real good people…
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 8
What is Project Human Resource Management?
Project human resource management
includes the processes required to make the
most effective use of the people involved
with a project,
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 9
What is Project Human Resource Management?
Human resource management
includes managing all project stakeholders:
sponsors,
customers,
project team members,
support staff,
suppliers
and so on
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 10
Human Resource Management Processes
Project HR management processes include
Organizational planning
Involves identifying,assigning,and documenting project roles,
responsibilities,and reporting relationships.
Staff acquisition
Involves getting the needed personnel assigned to and working
on the project.
Team development
Involves building individual and
group skills to enhance project performance.
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 11
Keys to Managing People
Psychologists and management theorists have
devoted(投入 ) much research and thought to the
field of managing people at work
Important areas related to project management include
Motivation （ 激发）
Influence and power
Effectiveness
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 12
Motivation
Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchy of needs
to illustrate his theory that people’s behaviors are
guided by a sequence of needs
Maslow argued that humans possess (拥有 ) unique
qualities that enable them to make independent
choices,thus giving them control of their destiny
Love,self-esteem（ 自尊）,belonging（ 归属）,self-
expression,and creativity
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 13
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
IT Project Management
Deficiency Needs
Growth Needs
Project H R Management 14
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
IT Project Management
The bottom four needs in
the hierarchy are referred
to as deficiency needs,and
the highest level,self-
actualization,is considered
to be a growth need.
One a particular need is
satisfied,however,it no
longer serves as a potent
motivator of behavior.
Project H R Management 15
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
IT Project Management
Project managers should
know
something about team
members’
professional and personal
lives
so they can provide
motivational
incentives that meet their
team member’ needs.
Project H R Management 16
Herzberg’s Motivational
and Hygiene Factors
Frederick Herzberg wrote several
famous books and articles about worker
motivation,He distinguished between
motivational factors
hygiene factors
Project H R Management 17
Herzberg’s Motivational
and Hygiene Factors
motivational factors,achievement(成就 ),recognition
（ 重视）,the work itself,responsibility,advancement
（ 进步）,and growth（ 发展）,which produce job
satisfaction
hygiene factors,cause dissatisfaction if not present,but
do not motivate workers to do more,Examples include
larger salaries,more supervision（ 监督）,and a more
attractive（ 吸引人的） work environment
Project H R Management 18
McGregor’s Theory X and Y
Douglas McGregor popularized the human
relations approach to management in the 1960s
Theory X,assumes workers dislike and avoid work,
so managers must use coercion(强迫 ),threats（ 威胁）
and various control schemes to enforce adequate
efforts to meet objectives
Theory Y,assumes individuals consider work as
natural as play or rest and enjoy the satisfaction of
esteem and self-actualization needs
Project H R Management 19
Theory Z
Theory Z,introduced in 1981 by
William Ouchi and is based on the
Japanese approach to motivating
workers,emphasizing trust,quality,
collective decision making,and
cultural values
Project H R Management 20
Theory Z
Theory Z,it is assumed that works can be
trusted to do their jobs to their utmost ability,
as long as management can be trusted to
support them and look out for their well-being.
Job rotation,broadening of skills,generalization
versus specialization,and the need for continuous
training of workers.
Project H R Management 21
Nine Influence Bases Available to Project Managers
1,Authority（ 权利）,the legitimate（ 合法） hierarchical
right to issue orders
2,Assignment,the project manager's perceived ability
to influence a worker's later work assignments
3,Budget,the project manager‘s perceived ability to
authorize others’ use of discretionary（ 自由决定的）
funds
4,Promotion,the ability to improve a worker's
position
5,Money,the ability to increase a worker's pay and
benefits
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 22
6,Penalty,the project manager's ability to cause
punishment
7,Work challenge,the ability to assign work that
capitalizes on a worker's enjoyment of doing a
particular task
8,Expertise,the project manager‘s perceived special
knowledge that others deem(认为 ) important
9,Friendship,the ability to establish friendly
personal relationships between the project manager
and others
IT Project Management
Nine Influence Bases Available to Project Managers
Project H R Management 23
Ways to Influence that Help and Hurt Projects
Projects are more likely to succeed when project
managers influence with
expertise
work challenge
promotion
Projects are more likely to fail when project
managers rely too heavily on
authority
money
penalty
Project H R Management 24
Power
Power is the potential ability to influence
behavior to get people to do things they
would not otherwise do
Types of power include
Coercive(强制的 ) Power
Legitimate（ 法制的 ) Power
Expert（ 权威） Power
Reward（ 奖金） Power
Referent Power
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 25
Improving Effectiveness
- Covey’s 7 Habits
Project managers can apply Covey’s 7 habits to
improve effectiveness on projects
Be proactive
Begin with the end in mind
Put first things first
Think win/win
Seek first to understand,then to be understood
Synergize(配合默契 )
Sharpen the saw
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 26
Empathic（ 情感投入的）
Listening and Rapport（ 亲善）
Good project managers are empathic listeners; they
listen with the intent to understand
Before you can communicate with others,you have
to have rapport
Mirroring is a technique to help establish rapport
IT professionals often need to develop empathic
listening and other people skills to improve
relationships with users and other stakeholders
Project H R Management 27
Relationships Between Users and Developers
Some organizations require business people,not
IT people,to take the lead in determining and
justifying investments in new computer systems
CIOs push their staff to recognize that the needs of
the business must drive all technology decisions
Some companies reshape their
IT units to look and perform like
consulting firms
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 28
Organizational Planning
Organizational planning involves identifying,
documenting,and assigning project roles,
responsibilities,and reporting relationships
Outputs and processes include
project organizational charts
work definition and assignment process
responsibility assignment matrixes
resource histograms
Project H R Management 29
Sample Organizational Chart for a Large IT Project
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 30
Work Definition and Assignment Process
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 31
Sample Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM)
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 32
RAM Showing Stakeholder Roles
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 33
Sample Resource Histogram for a Large IT Project
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
J a n F e b M a r A p r M a y J u n J u l A u g Se p O c t N o v D e c
J a v a p ro g ra m m e rs Bu s i n e s s a n a l y s t s T e c h n i c a l w ri t e rs
M a n a g e rs A d m i n i s t ra t i v e s t a f f D a t a b a s e a n a l y s t s
T e s t i n g s p e c i a l i s t s
Num
ber
of
Pe
opl
e
IT Project Management
Back
Project H R Management 34
Staff Acquisition
Staffing plans and good hiring procedures are important in
staff acquisition,as are incentives for recruiting and
retention
Some companies give their
employees one dollar for every
hour a new person they
helped hire works
Some organizations allow
people to work from home
as an incentive
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 35
Staff Acquisition
Research shows that people
leave their jobs because
they don’t make a difference
don’t get proper recognition
aren’t learning anything new
don’t like their coworkers
and want to earn more money
…
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 36
Staff Acquisition -continued
Once people are assigned to
projects,there are two
techniques available to project
managers that help them use
project staff most effectively
Resource loading
Resource leveling
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 37
Resource Loading
Resource loading refers to the amount of
individual resources an existing project
schedule requires during specific time periods
Resource histograms show resource loading
Over-allocation means more resources than are
available are assigned to perform work at a
given time
Project H R Management 38
Sample Histogram Showing an Over-allocated Individual
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 39
Resource Leveling
Resource leveling is a technique for
resolving resource conflicts by delaying
tasks
The main purpose of resource leveling is to
create a smoother distribution of resource
usage and reduce over-allocation
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 40
Resource Leveling Example
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 41
Team Development
It takes teamwork to successfully complete
most projects
Training can help people understand
themselves,each other,and how to work
better in teams
Team building activities include
physical challenges
psychological preference indicator tools
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 42
Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
MBTI is a popular tool for determining personality
preferences and helping teammates understand each
other
Four dimensions include:
Extrovert(性格外向型 )/Introvert（ 性格内向型） (E/I)
Sensation(感觉 )/Intuition(直觉 ) (S/N)
Thinking/Feeling (T/F)
Judgment/Perception- (J/P)
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 43
Social Styles Profile
People are perceived as behaving primarily
in one of four zones,based on their
assertiveness and responsiveness:
Drivers
Expressives(表达的 )
Analyticals
Amiables(和蔼可亲的 )
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 44
Social Styles
People on opposite corners (drivers and
amiables,analyticals and expressives)
may have difficulties getting along
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 45
Reward and Recognition Systems
Team-based reward and recognition
systems can promote teamwork
Focus on rewarding teams for achieving
specific goals
Allow time for team members to mentor
and help each other to meet project goals
and develop human resources
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 46
General Advice on Teams
Focus on meeting project objectives and producing
positive results
Fix the problem instead of blaming people
Establish regular,effective meetings
Nurture team members and encourage them to help
each other
Acknowledge individual and group accomplishments
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 47
Using Software to Assist in Human Resource
Management
Software can help in producing RAMS and
resource histograms
Project management software includes several
features related to human resource management
such as
viewing resource usage information
identifying under and over-allocated resources
leveling resources
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 48
Resource Usage View from Microsoft Project
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 49
Resource Usage Report from Microsoft Project
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 50
Project Resource Management Involves Much
More Than Using Software
Project managers must
Treat people with consideration and respect
Understand what motivates them
Communicate carefully with them
Goal is to enable project team members to
deliver their best work
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 51
Group Exercise
Customer demand requires one of the functions to be
delivered three months earlier than planned,or 10 millions
sale will be lost,What's your response,as a project
manager? What possible actions you will take in response
to this change? List and state possible scenarios you might
go through.
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 52
INSTRUCTOR,SHU LIU
HIT SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE
Fall 2005
All rights reserved
Review
Project H R Management 2
Project Scope Management
Initiation
Scope Planning
Scope Definition
Scope Verification
Scope Change Control
Project Charter
Scope Statement
WBS
Verification
Document
Change control
process
Project H R Management 3
Project Time Management
Activity definition
Activity sequencing
Activity duration
estimating
Schedule development
Schedule control
All Activities
Project Network
Diagrams
Duration
Estimates
Gantt Chart
Change control
process
Project H R Management 4
Project Cost Management
Cost Estimating
Cost Budgeting
Cost Control
A list of Resource
Requirement
Cost Estimates
Cost Manage,Plan
A Cost Baseline
EVM
Resource Planning
Topic:
Project Human Resource
Management
IT Project Management
INSTRUCTOR,SHU LIU
HIT SCHOOL OF SOFTWARE
Summer 2005
All rights reserved
Project H R Management 6
Outline
What is Project Human Resource Management?
Keys to Managing People
Project Human Resource Management Process
Organization Planning
Staff Acquisition
Team Development
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 7
I guess if you had to pick one thing out that is most
important in our environment,I’d say it’s not the
tools that we use,it’s the people.
The most important ingredient that was successful on
this project was having smart people… very little else
matters in my opinion…The most important thing
you do for a project is selecting the staff…
The only rule I have in management
is to ensure I have good people
– real good people…
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 8
What is Project Human Resource Management?
Project human resource management
includes the processes required to make the
most effective use of the people involved
with a project,
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 9
What is Project Human Resource Management?
Human resource management
includes managing all project stakeholders:
sponsors,
customers,
project team members,
support staff,
suppliers
and so on
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 10
Human Resource Management Processes
Project HR management processes include
Organizational planning
Involves identifying,assigning,and documenting project roles,
responsibilities,and reporting relationships.
Staff acquisition
Involves getting the needed personnel assigned to and working
on the project.
Team development
Involves building individual and
group skills to enhance project performance.
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 11
Keys to Managing People
Psychologists and management theorists have
devoted(投入 ) much research and thought to the
field of managing people at work
Important areas related to project management include
Motivation （ 激发）
Influence and power
Effectiveness
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 12
Motivation
Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchy of needs
to illustrate his theory that people’s behaviors are
guided by a sequence of needs
Maslow argued that humans possess (拥有 ) unique
qualities that enable them to make independent
choices,thus giving them control of their destiny
Love,self-esteem（ 自尊）,belonging（ 归属）,self-
expression,and creativity
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 13
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
IT Project Management
Deficiency Needs
Growth Needs
Project H R Management 14
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
IT Project Management
The bottom four needs in
the hierarchy are referred
to as deficiency needs,and
the highest level,self-
actualization,is considered
to be a growth need.
One a particular need is
satisfied,however,it no
longer serves as a potent
motivator of behavior.
Project H R Management 15
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
IT Project Management
Project managers should
know
something about team
members’
professional and personal
lives
so they can provide
motivational
incentives that meet their
team member’ needs.
Project H R Management 16
Herzberg’s Motivational
and Hygiene Factors
Frederick Herzberg wrote several
famous books and articles about worker
motivation,He distinguished between
motivational factors
hygiene factors
Project H R Management 17
Herzberg’s Motivational
and Hygiene Factors
motivational factors,achievement(成就 ),recognition
（ 重视）,the work itself,responsibility,advancement
（ 进步）,and growth（ 发展）,which produce job
satisfaction
hygiene factors,cause dissatisfaction if not present,but
do not motivate workers to do more,Examples include
larger salaries,more supervision（ 监督）,and a more
attractive（ 吸引人的） work environment
Project H R Management 18
McGregor’s Theory X and Y
Douglas McGregor popularized the human
relations approach to management in the 1960s
Theory X,assumes workers dislike and avoid work,
so managers must use coercion(强迫 ),threats（ 威胁）
and various control schemes to enforce adequate
efforts to meet objectives
Theory Y,assumes individuals consider work as
natural as play or rest and enjoy the satisfaction of
esteem and self-actualization needs
Project H R Management 19
Theory Z
Theory Z,introduced in 1981 by
William Ouchi and is based on the
Japanese approach to motivating
workers,emphasizing trust,quality,
collective decision making,and
cultural values
Project H R Management 20
Theory Z
Theory Z,it is assumed that works can be
trusted to do their jobs to their utmost ability,
as long as management can be trusted to
support them and look out for their well-being.
Job rotation,broadening of skills,generalization
versus specialization,and the need for continuous
training of workers.
Project H R Management 21
Nine Influence Bases Available to Project Managers
1,Authority（ 权利）,the legitimate（ 合法） hierarchical
right to issue orders
2,Assignment,the project manager's perceived ability
to influence a worker's later work assignments
3,Budget,the project manager‘s perceived ability to
authorize others’ use of discretionary（ 自由决定的）
funds
4,Promotion,the ability to improve a worker's
position
5,Money,the ability to increase a worker's pay and
benefits
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 22
6,Penalty,the project manager's ability to cause
punishment
7,Work challenge,the ability to assign work that
capitalizes on a worker's enjoyment of doing a
particular task
8,Expertise,the project manager‘s perceived special
knowledge that others deem(认为 ) important
9,Friendship,the ability to establish friendly
personal relationships between the project manager
and others
IT Project Management
Nine Influence Bases Available to Project Managers
Project H R Management 23
Ways to Influence that Help and Hurt Projects
Projects are more likely to succeed when project
managers influence with
expertise
work challenge
promotion
Projects are more likely to fail when project
managers rely too heavily on
authority
money
penalty
Project H R Management 24
Power
Power is the potential ability to influence
behavior to get people to do things they
would not otherwise do
Types of power include
Coercive(强制的 ) Power
Legitimate（ 法制的 ) Power
Expert（ 权威） Power
Reward（ 奖金） Power
Referent Power
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 25
Improving Effectiveness
- Covey’s 7 Habits
Project managers can apply Covey’s 7 habits to
improve effectiveness on projects
Be proactive
Begin with the end in mind
Put first things first
Think win/win
Seek first to understand,then to be understood
Synergize(配合默契 )
Sharpen the saw
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 26
Empathic（ 情感投入的）
Listening and Rapport（ 亲善）
Good project managers are empathic listeners; they
listen with the intent to understand
Before you can communicate with others,you have
to have rapport
Mirroring is a technique to help establish rapport
IT professionals often need to develop empathic
listening and other people skills to improve
relationships with users and other stakeholders
Project H R Management 27
Relationships Between Users and Developers
Some organizations require business people,not
IT people,to take the lead in determining and
justifying investments in new computer systems
CIOs push their staff to recognize that the needs of
the business must drive all technology decisions
Some companies reshape their
IT units to look and perform like
consulting firms
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 28
Organizational Planning
Organizational planning involves identifying,
documenting,and assigning project roles,
responsibilities,and reporting relationships
Outputs and processes include
project organizational charts
work definition and assignment process
responsibility assignment matrixes
resource histograms
Project H R Management 29
Sample Organizational Chart for a Large IT Project
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 30
Work Definition and Assignment Process
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 31
Sample Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM)
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 32
RAM Showing Stakeholder Roles
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 33
Sample Resource Histogram for a Large IT Project
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
J a n F e b M a r A p r M a y J u n J u l A u g Se p O c t N o v D e c
J a v a p ro g ra m m e rs Bu s i n e s s a n a l y s t s T e c h n i c a l w ri t e rs
M a n a g e rs A d m i n i s t ra t i v e s t a f f D a t a b a s e a n a l y s t s
T e s t i n g s p e c i a l i s t s
Num
ber
of
Pe
opl
e
IT Project Management
Back
Project H R Management 34
Staff Acquisition
Staffing plans and good hiring procedures are important in
staff acquisition,as are incentives for recruiting and
retention
Some companies give their
employees one dollar for every
hour a new person they
helped hire works
Some organizations allow
people to work from home
as an incentive
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 35
Staff Acquisition
Research shows that people
leave their jobs because
they don’t make a difference
don’t get proper recognition
aren’t learning anything new
don’t like their coworkers
and want to earn more money
…
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 36
Staff Acquisition -continued
Once people are assigned to
projects,there are two
techniques available to project
managers that help them use
project staff most effectively
Resource loading
Resource leveling
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 37
Resource Loading
Resource loading refers to the amount of
individual resources an existing project
schedule requires during specific time periods
Resource histograms show resource loading
Over-allocation means more resources than are
available are assigned to perform work at a
given time
Project H R Management 38
Sample Histogram Showing an Over-allocated Individual
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 39
Resource Leveling
Resource leveling is a technique for
resolving resource conflicts by delaying
tasks
The main purpose of resource leveling is to
create a smoother distribution of resource
usage and reduce over-allocation
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 40
Resource Leveling Example
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 41
Team Development
It takes teamwork to successfully complete
most projects
Training can help people understand
themselves,each other,and how to work
better in teams
Team building activities include
physical challenges
psychological preference indicator tools
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 42
Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
MBTI is a popular tool for determining personality
preferences and helping teammates understand each
other
Four dimensions include:
Extrovert(性格外向型 )/Introvert（ 性格内向型） (E/I)
Sensation(感觉 )/Intuition(直觉 ) (S/N)
Thinking/Feeling (T/F)
Judgment/Perception- (J/P)
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 43
Social Styles Profile
People are perceived as behaving primarily
in one of four zones,based on their
assertiveness and responsiveness:
Drivers
Expressives(表达的 )
Analyticals
Amiables(和蔼可亲的 )
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 44
Social Styles
People on opposite corners (drivers and
amiables,analyticals and expressives)
may have difficulties getting along
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 45
Reward and Recognition Systems
Team-based reward and recognition
systems can promote teamwork
Focus on rewarding teams for achieving
specific goals
Allow time for team members to mentor
and help each other to meet project goals
and develop human resources
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 46
General Advice on Teams
Focus on meeting project objectives and producing
positive results
Fix the problem instead of blaming people
Establish regular,effective meetings
Nurture team members and encourage them to help
each other
Acknowledge individual and group accomplishments
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 47
Using Software to Assist in Human Resource
Management
Software can help in producing RAMS and
resource histograms
Project management software includes several
features related to human resource management
such as
viewing resource usage information
identifying under and over-allocated resources
leveling resources
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 48
Resource Usage View from Microsoft Project
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 49
Resource Usage Report from Microsoft Project
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 50
Project Resource Management Involves Much
More Than Using Software
Project managers must
Treat people with consideration and respect
Understand what motivates them
Communicate carefully with them
Goal is to enable project team members to
deliver their best work
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 51
Group Exercise
Customer demand requires one of the functions to be
delivered three months earlier than planned,or 10 millions
sale will be lost,What's your response,as a project
manager? What possible actions you will take in response
to this change? List and state possible scenarios you might
go through.
IT Project Management
Project H R Management 52
