UNIT 8
CLUTCHES,
MANUAL TRANSMISSIONS
AND DRIVE LINE
TEXT A
DRIVE LINE
PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH
UNIT 7
CLUTCHES,
MANUAL TRANSMISSIONS
AND DRIVE LINE
TEXT A
DRIVE LINE
Drive Shaft
Universal Joint
Final Drive
Differential
本次课学习内容本次课学习目标
掌握传动系统的有关英文专业词汇
能够较好地用已知翻译技巧进行课文翻译
训练快速阅读能力，较高的阅读速度
能够较熟练地运用,倒译法,。
NEW WORDS
graphite ['gr? fait] n.石墨
torsional ['t?:∫?n?l] a.扭力的,扭转的
trunnion ['tr?ni?n] n.耳轴
tripod ['traip?d] n.三脚架，三脚桌
resemble [ri'zembl] v.象,类似
ramp
stub
[r? mp]
[st?b]
n.斜坡,坡道，滑道，滑轨
n.树桩，短轴
PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS
drive shaft 传动轴
torsional damper 扭转减振器
flexible joint 柔性接头
cross and roller
universal joint
十字轴式万向节
cardan universal joint 十字轴式万向节，万向节
needle bearing 滚针轴承
snap ring 卡环
CV joint 等速万向节
exploded view 分解图
ring gear 齿圈
differential pinion
shaft
差速器行星齿轮轴
ring gear pinion shaft 主减速器主动锥齿轮轴
side gear 半轴齿轮
worm and wheel gear 蜗杆蜗轮机构
friction limited-slip
differential
摩擦式限滑差速器
worm gear 蜗轮副
spur gear 正齿轮，直齿圆柱齿轮
Torsen differential 托森差速器
Drive Line
Drive Shaft
The rear-wheel drive shaft is hollow to reduce weight,but
has a diameter large enough to give the shaft great strength,
Figure 8-5,Steel,aluminum,and graphite are used in drive
shaft construction,Some have a rubber-mounted torsional
damper.
Figure8-5 The rear-wheel drive propeller shaft
A yoke and splined stub (where used) are welded to
the ends of a hollow shaft,The shaft must run true and
be carefully balanced to avoid vibrations [1],The drive
shaft is often turning at high speeds and can cause great
damage if bent,imbalanced,or if there is wear in the
flexible joints.
Universal Joint
The cross and roller universal joint,sometimes called a
cardan universal joint,consists of a center cross and two
yokes,shown in Figure8-6,The yokes are attached to the
cross through needle bearing assemblies,usually called
bearing caps,The bearing caps are retained in the yoke
by snap rings,U-bolts,or bolted plates,The bearing cap
rollers surround the cross ends,These cross ends are
called trunnions,This allows the yokes to swivel on the
cross with a minimum amount of friction.
Figure 8-6
Simple
universal joint
Constant Velocity (CV) Joint
CV joints perform the same functions as the universal
joint on rear-wheel drive vehicles,CV joints can drive the
vehicle and compensate for steering actions while producing
less vibration than a universal joint,Figure 8-7 illustrates
one particular front-wheel drive CV joint and shaft assembly.
Front-wheel drive axles are equipped with inboard (inside)
and outboard (outside) CV joints,Figure 8-7 shows one such
arrangement,CV joints are used on the front axles of some
four-wheel drive vehicles and rear-wheel drive vehicles with
independent rear suspensions.
Figure 8-7
An exploded
view of a four-
wheel-drive
front axle and
constant
velocity joint
There are two basic CV joint types,tripod and Rzeppa (also
called ball and channel) type,Both of these are constant velocity
designs,The Rzeppa joint is by far the most common.
Tripod Joint
Figure 8-8 shows the tripod joint,It is composed of three
trunnions inside of a three channel housing,Unlike the cross and
roller universal joint,the tripod joint trunnions can slide back and
forth in the channels as the joint rotates.
This maintains the same drive angle through the joint,allowing
power to be transmitted without speed fluctuations,Inboard CV
joints are usually tripod joints.
Rzeppa Joint
Figure 8-9 illustrates the Rzeppa CV joint,which was invented in
1926 by Alfred H,Rzeppa,It consists of a series of balls in a slotted
cross and housing assembly,During operation,the balls slide back
and forth in the slots as the joint rotates,Since the drive angle
through the joint is not subject to fluctuations,power flows
smoothly through the joint at any angle,Outboard CV joints are
usually Rzeppa joints.
Figure 8-9 Rzeppa
CV joint
Figure 8-8
Tripod CV joint
Final Drive
The ring and pinion gears are used to transfer the engine
power from the drive shaft to the rear wheels,In addition to
transferring power,the ring and pinion must cause the power
to make a 90° turn between the drive shaft and wheels.
The ring and pinion must also provide the correct axle ratio,
The pinion is the smaller driving gear; the ring is always the
larger driven gear,
Differential
The rear wheels of a vehicle must turn at different speeds when
rounding the slightest corner (outside wheel must roll farther),
The rear wheels must also be able to continue driving the
vehicle while turning at different speeds,Therefore,it is
necessary to use a differential to drive the axles,so both
receive power,yet they are free to turn at different speeds
when needed [2].
Differential Operation
The drive shaft turns the ring gear pinion shaft,The pinion
gear turns the ring gear which,in turn,revolves the differential
case,When the case turns,the differential pinion shaft turns
with it,As the differential pinions are mounted on this shaft,
they are forced to move with the case,Being meshed with the
side gears,the pinions will pull the side gears along with them.
When the vehicle is moving in a straight line,the ring gear
is turning the case,The differential pinions and side gears are
moving around with the case with no movement between the
teeth of the pinions and side gears,The entire movement is
like a solid unit.
When turning a corner,the case continues pulling the
pinions around on the shaft,As the outer wheel must turn
over a larger area,the outer side gear is now moving faster
than the inner side gear,The spinning pinions not only pull on
both side gears,but also begin to rotate on their shafts
阅读 5min后，同学翻译
while walking in the side gears,This allows them to pull on
both side gears,while at the same time,compensating for
differences in speed by rotating around their shafts,
When the vehicle is moving in a straight line,the pinion is
pulling both gears,but it is not turning,When the vehicle is
turning left,the right side gear is moving faster than the left
axle gear,The pinion gear is still moving at the same speed,It
is still pulling on both gears,but has now started to turn on
the pinion shaft,This turning action,added to the forward
rotational speed of the shaft,has caused the right-hand side
gear to speed up.
The reverse walking effect on the left-hand side gear has
caused it to slow down,The differential action adjusts itself to
any axle speed variation [3],If one wheel begins to slip,the
axle on firm ground will stand still,The case continues
spinning the pinions,but will walk around the stopped axle
gear and drive the spinning axle,A limited-slip differential is
often used to overcome wheel slip.
Limited-Slip Differentials
To avoid the loss of driving force that occurs when one
wheel begins to slip,limited-slip differentials contain internal
components that automatically transfer the torque to the wheel
that is not slipping,This enables the vehicle to continue its
forward motion,This type of differential will provide better
traction than the standard differential; it is particularly useful
when roads are slippery,It is also valuable by producing faster
acceleration in high performance vehicles,A high horsepower
engine will often cause one wheel to spin during heavy
acceleration if a standard differential is used.
Most limited-slip differentials employ the principle of friction
to provide some resistance to normal differential action,Some
systems use worm and wheel gears,These are discussed in the
following sections.
Clutch Plate Limited-Slip Differential
The clutch plate limited-slip differential,sometimes called a
Sure-Grip,Positraction,or Traction-Lok differential,is typical of
friction limited-slip differentials,It resembles the standard
differential,but with several important additions,The axle side
gears are driven by four differential pinions,This requires two
separate pinion shafts,The two shafts cross,but are free to
move independently of each other,The shaft outer ends are not
round,but have two flat surfaces that form a shallow V,These
ramp-like surfaces engage similar ramps cut in the differential
case.
Torsen? Differential
The Torsen differential,Figure 8-10,uses worm gears and
wheels or spur gears to provide traction under all conditions,The
operation of the Torsen differential depends on the fact that the
worm gears can turn the wheels easily,but the wheels have a
hard time turning the worm gears,This allows the Torsen
differential to transmit power to the wheel with the most traction.
Figure 8-10 A Torsen?/Gleason No-Spin gear and wheel
positive traction differential unit
Translation Techniques(8) — 倒译
1.状语的倒译
（ 1）后置状语前移在英语中，经常出现状语（介词短语、分词短语、状语从句等）后置情况。根据汉语表达习惯，汉译时需要将其移至前面适当位置 （例 1）
或句首 （例 2）。
例 1：
In a vehicle,the clutch is used to transmit engine power and to
disengage the engine and transmission when shifting gears.
句中 when shifting gears修饰动词不定式 to disengage，所以 when
shifting gears翻译到 to disengage之前：在一辆汽车中，离合器的作用是 …，并在换档之前将发动机与变速器分离。
例 2：
Helical gears must be mounted firmly,since there is a tendency for
them to slide apart due to the spiral shape.
句中的 since…是一个原因状语从句，将其译至句首：由于轮齿呈螺旋形的原因，啮合的螺旋齿轮在工作中存在分开的趋势，因此，螺旋齿轮的安装必须牢固可靠。
（ 2）几个状语语序的调整在英语句子中，几个状语的先后排列顺序为先 方式状语,再 地点状语,最后 时间状语 。然而，在汉语中，状语语序正好相反，即先时间状语，再地点状语，最后方式状语。因此,汉译时需要调整状语语序 （例 3、
4）。
例 3：
Benz was driving his car throughout Monaco’s streets and
afterwards got the first driving license in the world in Baden on the 1st
August,1888.
本茨驾驶着他的汽车在摩纳哥的大街上穿行。后来，于 1888年 8月 1
日，在巴登（ Baden），本茨取得了世界上最早的驾驶执照。 （地点、
时间状语的倒译）
例 4：
The job of the ignition system is to produce that high voltage from a
12 volt source and get it to each cylinder in a specific order,at exactly
the right time.
点火系统的作用是利用 12V电源产生这样的高电压，并在适当的时刻、
按照特定的顺序将高压电分配给各个气缸。 （方式、时间状语的倒译）
2.定语的倒译
（ 1）将后置定语译为前置定语例 5：
Other parts which make up the clutch assembly are the transmission
input shaft and clutch housing.
句中 which make up…定语从句移至 other parts之前。本句可以译为：构成离合器总成的其他零件有变速器输入轴和离合器壳。
（ 2）将前置定语的倒译有时将 前置定语（特别是分词、形容词）译到被它修饰的名词的后面,此时，同时进行词类性转换或句子成分转换。
在本章第一课中，描述离合器故障原因的短语及其译文如下：
A worn pressure plate or clutch plate——离合器压盘或从动盘 磨损 ；
Insufficient pedal free-play——踏板自由行程 不足 ；
Improperly adjusted clutch linkage——离合器操纵机构 调整不当 。
小结
Drive Shaft
Universal Joint
Cross and roller universal joint—— cardan universal joint
Constant velocity (CV) joint,Tripod joint,Rzeppa joint
Final Drive
Differential
Differential operation
Limited-slip differentials,clutch plate limited-slip
differential,Torsen? differential
作业
熟记相关专业词汇
P198 EXERCIES Ⅰ &Ⅱ
CLUTCHES,
MANUAL TRANSMISSIONS
AND DRIVE LINE
TEXT A
DRIVE LINE
PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH
UNIT 7
CLUTCHES,
MANUAL TRANSMISSIONS
AND DRIVE LINE
TEXT A
DRIVE LINE
Drive Shaft
Universal Joint
Final Drive
Differential
本次课学习内容本次课学习目标
掌握传动系统的有关英文专业词汇
能够较好地用已知翻译技巧进行课文翻译
训练快速阅读能力，较高的阅读速度
能够较熟练地运用,倒译法,。
NEW WORDS
graphite ['gr? fait] n.石墨
torsional ['t?:∫?n?l] a.扭力的,扭转的
trunnion ['tr?ni?n] n.耳轴
tripod ['traip?d] n.三脚架，三脚桌
resemble [ri'zembl] v.象,类似
ramp
stub
[r? mp]
[st?b]
n.斜坡,坡道，滑道，滑轨
n.树桩，短轴
PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS
drive shaft 传动轴
torsional damper 扭转减振器
flexible joint 柔性接头
cross and roller
universal joint
十字轴式万向节
cardan universal joint 十字轴式万向节，万向节
needle bearing 滚针轴承
snap ring 卡环
CV joint 等速万向节
exploded view 分解图
ring gear 齿圈
differential pinion
shaft
差速器行星齿轮轴
ring gear pinion shaft 主减速器主动锥齿轮轴
side gear 半轴齿轮
worm and wheel gear 蜗杆蜗轮机构
friction limited-slip
differential
摩擦式限滑差速器
worm gear 蜗轮副
spur gear 正齿轮，直齿圆柱齿轮
Torsen differential 托森差速器
Drive Line
Drive Shaft
The rear-wheel drive shaft is hollow to reduce weight,but
has a diameter large enough to give the shaft great strength,
Figure 8-5,Steel,aluminum,and graphite are used in drive
shaft construction,Some have a rubber-mounted torsional
damper.
Figure8-5 The rear-wheel drive propeller shaft
A yoke and splined stub (where used) are welded to
the ends of a hollow shaft,The shaft must run true and
be carefully balanced to avoid vibrations [1],The drive
shaft is often turning at high speeds and can cause great
damage if bent,imbalanced,or if there is wear in the
flexible joints.
Universal Joint
The cross and roller universal joint,sometimes called a
cardan universal joint,consists of a center cross and two
yokes,shown in Figure8-6,The yokes are attached to the
cross through needle bearing assemblies,usually called
bearing caps,The bearing caps are retained in the yoke
by snap rings,U-bolts,or bolted plates,The bearing cap
rollers surround the cross ends,These cross ends are
called trunnions,This allows the yokes to swivel on the
cross with a minimum amount of friction.
Figure 8-6
Simple
universal joint
Constant Velocity (CV) Joint
CV joints perform the same functions as the universal
joint on rear-wheel drive vehicles,CV joints can drive the
vehicle and compensate for steering actions while producing
less vibration than a universal joint,Figure 8-7 illustrates
one particular front-wheel drive CV joint and shaft assembly.
Front-wheel drive axles are equipped with inboard (inside)
and outboard (outside) CV joints,Figure 8-7 shows one such
arrangement,CV joints are used on the front axles of some
four-wheel drive vehicles and rear-wheel drive vehicles with
independent rear suspensions.
Figure 8-7
An exploded
view of a four-
wheel-drive
front axle and
constant
velocity joint
There are two basic CV joint types,tripod and Rzeppa (also
called ball and channel) type,Both of these are constant velocity
designs,The Rzeppa joint is by far the most common.
Tripod Joint
Figure 8-8 shows the tripod joint,It is composed of three
trunnions inside of a three channel housing,Unlike the cross and
roller universal joint,the tripod joint trunnions can slide back and
forth in the channels as the joint rotates.
This maintains the same drive angle through the joint,allowing
power to be transmitted without speed fluctuations,Inboard CV
joints are usually tripod joints.
Rzeppa Joint
Figure 8-9 illustrates the Rzeppa CV joint,which was invented in
1926 by Alfred H,Rzeppa,It consists of a series of balls in a slotted
cross and housing assembly,During operation,the balls slide back
and forth in the slots as the joint rotates,Since the drive angle
through the joint is not subject to fluctuations,power flows
smoothly through the joint at any angle,Outboard CV joints are
usually Rzeppa joints.
Figure 8-9 Rzeppa
CV joint
Figure 8-8
Tripod CV joint
Final Drive
The ring and pinion gears are used to transfer the engine
power from the drive shaft to the rear wheels,In addition to
transferring power,the ring and pinion must cause the power
to make a 90° turn between the drive shaft and wheels.
The ring and pinion must also provide the correct axle ratio,
The pinion is the smaller driving gear; the ring is always the
larger driven gear,
Differential
The rear wheels of a vehicle must turn at different speeds when
rounding the slightest corner (outside wheel must roll farther),
The rear wheels must also be able to continue driving the
vehicle while turning at different speeds,Therefore,it is
necessary to use a differential to drive the axles,so both
receive power,yet they are free to turn at different speeds
when needed [2].
Differential Operation
The drive shaft turns the ring gear pinion shaft,The pinion
gear turns the ring gear which,in turn,revolves the differential
case,When the case turns,the differential pinion shaft turns
with it,As the differential pinions are mounted on this shaft,
they are forced to move with the case,Being meshed with the
side gears,the pinions will pull the side gears along with them.
When the vehicle is moving in a straight line,the ring gear
is turning the case,The differential pinions and side gears are
moving around with the case with no movement between the
teeth of the pinions and side gears,The entire movement is
like a solid unit.
When turning a corner,the case continues pulling the
pinions around on the shaft,As the outer wheel must turn
over a larger area,the outer side gear is now moving faster
than the inner side gear,The spinning pinions not only pull on
both side gears,but also begin to rotate on their shafts
阅读 5min后，同学翻译
while walking in the side gears,This allows them to pull on
both side gears,while at the same time,compensating for
differences in speed by rotating around their shafts,
When the vehicle is moving in a straight line,the pinion is
pulling both gears,but it is not turning,When the vehicle is
turning left,the right side gear is moving faster than the left
axle gear,The pinion gear is still moving at the same speed,It
is still pulling on both gears,but has now started to turn on
the pinion shaft,This turning action,added to the forward
rotational speed of the shaft,has caused the right-hand side
gear to speed up.
The reverse walking effect on the left-hand side gear has
caused it to slow down,The differential action adjusts itself to
any axle speed variation [3],If one wheel begins to slip,the
axle on firm ground will stand still,The case continues
spinning the pinions,but will walk around the stopped axle
gear and drive the spinning axle,A limited-slip differential is
often used to overcome wheel slip.
Limited-Slip Differentials
To avoid the loss of driving force that occurs when one
wheel begins to slip,limited-slip differentials contain internal
components that automatically transfer the torque to the wheel
that is not slipping,This enables the vehicle to continue its
forward motion,This type of differential will provide better
traction than the standard differential; it is particularly useful
when roads are slippery,It is also valuable by producing faster
acceleration in high performance vehicles,A high horsepower
engine will often cause one wheel to spin during heavy
acceleration if a standard differential is used.
Most limited-slip differentials employ the principle of friction
to provide some resistance to normal differential action,Some
systems use worm and wheel gears,These are discussed in the
following sections.
Clutch Plate Limited-Slip Differential
The clutch plate limited-slip differential,sometimes called a
Sure-Grip,Positraction,or Traction-Lok differential,is typical of
friction limited-slip differentials,It resembles the standard
differential,but with several important additions,The axle side
gears are driven by four differential pinions,This requires two
separate pinion shafts,The two shafts cross,but are free to
move independently of each other,The shaft outer ends are not
round,but have two flat surfaces that form a shallow V,These
ramp-like surfaces engage similar ramps cut in the differential
case.
Torsen? Differential
The Torsen differential,Figure 8-10,uses worm gears and
wheels or spur gears to provide traction under all conditions,The
operation of the Torsen differential depends on the fact that the
worm gears can turn the wheels easily,but the wheels have a
hard time turning the worm gears,This allows the Torsen
differential to transmit power to the wheel with the most traction.
Figure 8-10 A Torsen?/Gleason No-Spin gear and wheel
positive traction differential unit
Translation Techniques(8) — 倒译
1.状语的倒译
（ 1）后置状语前移在英语中，经常出现状语（介词短语、分词短语、状语从句等）后置情况。根据汉语表达习惯，汉译时需要将其移至前面适当位置 （例 1）
或句首 （例 2）。
例 1：
In a vehicle,the clutch is used to transmit engine power and to
disengage the engine and transmission when shifting gears.
句中 when shifting gears修饰动词不定式 to disengage，所以 when
shifting gears翻译到 to disengage之前：在一辆汽车中，离合器的作用是 …，并在换档之前将发动机与变速器分离。
例 2：
Helical gears must be mounted firmly,since there is a tendency for
them to slide apart due to the spiral shape.
句中的 since…是一个原因状语从句，将其译至句首：由于轮齿呈螺旋形的原因，啮合的螺旋齿轮在工作中存在分开的趋势，因此，螺旋齿轮的安装必须牢固可靠。
（ 2）几个状语语序的调整在英语句子中，几个状语的先后排列顺序为先 方式状语,再 地点状语,最后 时间状语 。然而，在汉语中，状语语序正好相反，即先时间状语，再地点状语，最后方式状语。因此,汉译时需要调整状语语序 （例 3、
4）。
例 3：
Benz was driving his car throughout Monaco’s streets and
afterwards got the first driving license in the world in Baden on the 1st
August,1888.
本茨驾驶着他的汽车在摩纳哥的大街上穿行。后来，于 1888年 8月 1
日，在巴登（ Baden），本茨取得了世界上最早的驾驶执照。 （地点、
时间状语的倒译）
例 4：
The job of the ignition system is to produce that high voltage from a
12 volt source and get it to each cylinder in a specific order,at exactly
the right time.
点火系统的作用是利用 12V电源产生这样的高电压，并在适当的时刻、
按照特定的顺序将高压电分配给各个气缸。 （方式、时间状语的倒译）
2.定语的倒译
（ 1）将后置定语译为前置定语例 5：
Other parts which make up the clutch assembly are the transmission
input shaft and clutch housing.
句中 which make up…定语从句移至 other parts之前。本句可以译为：构成离合器总成的其他零件有变速器输入轴和离合器壳。
（ 2）将前置定语的倒译有时将 前置定语（特别是分词、形容词）译到被它修饰的名词的后面,此时，同时进行词类性转换或句子成分转换。
在本章第一课中，描述离合器故障原因的短语及其译文如下：
A worn pressure plate or clutch plate——离合器压盘或从动盘 磨损 ；
Insufficient pedal free-play——踏板自由行程 不足 ；
Improperly adjusted clutch linkage——离合器操纵机构 调整不当 。
小结
Drive Shaft
Universal Joint
Cross and roller universal joint—— cardan universal joint
Constant velocity (CV) joint,Tripod joint,Rzeppa joint
Final Drive
Differential
Differential operation
Limited-slip differentials,clutch plate limited-slip
differential,Torsen? differential
作业
熟记相关专业词汇
P198 EXERCIES Ⅰ &Ⅱ
