第九章 土壤管理
Soil management
土壤耕作
Tillage
―纵有良田千万顷,收成多少在于耕,。
,一年犁出病十年没收成,。
我国农民历来十分重视土壤耕作。,齐民要术,把耕田放在首篇,一来说明种植业从耕地开始,二来也反映出作者对 土壤耕作 的重视。
土壤耕作是作物生产的重要环节,它消耗大量的人力、物力、资金。所以,农业生产活动的进步,首先反映在土壤耕作的手段上。
,工欲善其事,必先利其器 。,
动力,人力 畜力 机械动力机具,手工工具 畜力工具 动力工具生产水平,原始农业 传统农业 现代农业土壤耕作的目的
Role of soil tillage
不同土壤耕作措施的作用
Effects of different tillage
measures
常用的土壤耕作制度(耕法)
Tillage systems
Chapter Contents
What is Tillage?
The practice of keeping the soil mellow (soft) and
free from weeds mechanically (physically)
Can be seedbed preparation or post-emergence
cultivation
土壤耕作,就是通过机械的物理作用,调节土壤松劲度、土壤表面状态和耕层内部土壤的位置,创造适宜作物生长的土壤水、肥、气、热状况的技术措施。
土壤耕作措施的特点,一种措施可以同时起几种作用;一项任务可以由几种措施来完成。
What are the purposes of tillage?
土壤耕作的目的
调节耕层三相比,创造深厚的耕层和适宜的苗床
To adjust the water-air-solid proportion in topsoil;
Creating deep tilth and suitable seed bed.
除灭杂草 To kill weeds.
翻转耕层,翻埋残茬和肥料 To bury crop stubbles and
fertilizers.
改变土壤耕层构造和地面状况,调节土壤水、
肥、气、热因素,翻埋 根茬和肥料,清除田间杂草,
控制土传病害,调节土壤微生物区系,为作物播种、
出苗和生长发育提供适宜的土壤环境。
What is Soil Tilth?
什么是耕层指耕作措施经常作用的土层,也是作物根系分布最密集的层次。
– The physical condition of the soil
– fitness for cultivation
How is good soil tilth developed?
如何创造适宜的耕层适时、适法,适度耕作 till at proper time,proper method
and proper frequency to maintain proper aggregation.
Too wet during tillage makes soil lumpy,too dry during
tillage makes soil too fine and likely to blow;
Over tillage will destroy soil structure and lead to soil
compaction.
What is a seedbed?
什么是苗床种子萌发和幼苗汲取营养之所在。
Place where seeds germinate & nourish young plants.
Seedbed Characteristics
要紧实,以便种子和根能够接触到土壤颗粒而吸收养分
must be firm to allow seed and root to come in contact with soil
particles to absorb moisture;
要有足够的空隙以利于通气、扎根和水分运动 must be
porous to allow air to move,root development,water movement.
If soil is too loose,rain will wash away young plants;
Air and water conduct heat more rapidly than soil,looser soils
warm up sooner;
Plant residue on surface insulates,warms up slower,also
provides buffer against wind.
What is the definition of a weed?
什么是杂草
A plant that grows out of place
-tillage can cut roots or bury weeds
Is crop residue a benefit or detriment?
作物残茬的利用
Definitely a benefit 当然是有益的
It helps control erosion,retain water,improve tilth 它有益于防止土壤侵蚀、保持水分、改良耕层土壤结构。
– dark soils absorb light,warm up quicker; residue
insulates,warms slower
– in wet areas soil is plowed; in dry areas leave residue
耕作机具的作用
1,松碎土壤 to loosen the soil
2,翻转耕层 to turn over the soil
3,混拌土壤 to blend the soil
4,平整地面 to flatten the soil surface
5,压紧土壤 to compact the soil
6,开沟、培垄、打埂、做畦 to make furrow and ridges
土壤耕作的作用是通过机具的运用来实现的,
因此,土壤耕作的效果和效率取决于机具的性能。
What is primary tillage?
什么是基本耕作入土深、作用强烈、能显著改变耕层物理性状、
后效较长的土壤耕作措施。一般在种植作物播种之前进行。
– the first tillage operation of a season
– loosen soil to permit air and water to penetrate
Equipment for primary tillage
基本耕作措施和使用的机械翻耕 plowing— 有壁犁 /铧犁 moldboard plow
深松耕 subsoiling/ chiseling— 深松犁 /铲 subsoiler/ chisel
旋耕 rotary tillage— 旋耕机 rotary hoe
Moldboard Plow 有壁犁(铧犁)
Inverts soil,turns residue under soil surface.
John Deere
Chisel Plow 凿形犁
Does not invert soil,uses chisels or sweeps that shatter the soil.
Leaves residue on surface.
Disk Plow 圆盘犁
Rolling disks,similar to moldboard plow,better in sticky soils.
Rotary Hoe 旋耕犁
Hoe wheels on long shaft dig into soil (shallow).
Usually mounted on tractor for row crops.
各种基本耕作措施的作用及其优缺点作用,翻土,松土,碎土。
优点,土壤松碎,利于翻埋有机肥和秸秆残茬,杂草、病菌。
缺点,跑墒,耗能高,成本高,容易造成水土流失。
技术要点,翻耕方法(全翻、半翻、分层翻),时期,深度。掌握宜耕期。
翻 耕全翻垡:垡片翻转 180o
半翻垡:垡片翻转 135o
分层翻垡:上层垡片翻转 180o,下层垡片翻转 135o
翻 耕 plowing
翻耕是世界上应用最广的土壤耕作措施,消耗的动力也最多。
耕太浅起不到应有的作用,耕太深翻上来过多的生土,不利于作物生长。
翻 耕 plowing
耕作措施 亩耗油( kg) 作业效率(亩/小时)
翻耕 20- 25 cm 1.18 11
深松 30- 35 cm 0,68 15.3
What is Hardpan?
什么是犁底层
Compacted soil layer below the soil surface
created by continuous tillage at the same depth.
How can hardpan be corrected?
如何消除犁底层
Use a subsoiler.
使用心土犁。
各种基本耕作措施的作用及其优缺点作用,松土。
优点,
不乱土层,减少跑墒和因耕作造成的土壤侵蚀,特别适合旱地、丘陵、土层薄和白浆土地区 ;
可间隔深松,虚实结合;作用深度大,可打破犁底层;
耗能少,成本低;可分散在不同时期进行,不必集中作业;
盐碱地深松可保持脱盐位置不动,减轻盐碱危害。
缺点,不能翻埋有机肥和秸秆残茬,杂草、病菌。
技术要点,掌握宜耕期;可以分层深松。
深 松各种基本耕作措施的作用及其优缺点作用,利用犁片的转动松碎土壤,同时切碎残茬、
秸秆和杂草。
优点,节省动力,作业效率高,成本较低,完成后地面松碎平整。
缺点,作用深度浅,一般在 10- 15cm。
技术要点,掌握宜耕期。
旋 耕
What is secondary tillage?
什么是表土耕作
All tillage operations after primary tillage
till at shallower depth.
表土耕作 (surface tillage)或称次级耕作 ( secondary
tillage),是配合基本耕作措施使用的入土较浅、作用强度较小,旨在破碎土块、平整土地、消灭杂草的一类土壤耕作措施。
Equipment for secondary tillage
表土耕作措施及其所使用的机械耙 harrowing:破碎土块、平地,形成地表暄土覆盖。
耱 (盖) dragging:平地、破碎土块,形成地表暄土覆盖。
镇压 compacting:压实土壤、破碎土块。
旱地顶凌耙耱,播前镇压,起到保墒、提墒的作用。
开沟、打埂、做畦、起垄 trenching,ridging,bedding锄
hoeing、中耕 cultivating
Disk Harrow 圆盘耙
Similar to disk plow except smaller discs,tandem,Cuts
residue,but leaves on surface.
Compactor
Spike-Tooth Harrow 钉齿耙
Steel spikes that break soil crust,uproot small weeds.
Rod Weeder 杆式除草机
Rod turns as it is pulled beneath the soil.
Rod turns opposite direction as wheels,lifts weeds and
coarse material to surface.
Packs seedbed.
看天
看地
看庄稼
看效益选用耕作措施的依据
:气温、降水、风;因地、因时制宜;
:土壤特性、水分状况、地形;
:对土壤松紧度、耕层厚度的不同要求;
:与社会经济条件相适应。
华北的春耕一开始,过不了几天,远在 5000公里外夏威夷的空气抽样站就得知了。
— (美),卫报,,正在消失的地球土壤的宜耕性与耕作质量土壤最适合进行耕作的含水量范围称为宜耕范围或宜耕期。
土壤水分变化的阶段:流体-塑韧-酥碎-干硬。
死坷垃-活坷垃湿耕泽锄,不如归去 。
—,齐民要术,
What is contour tillage?
等高耕作
Strip cropping so that fields are all at the same elevation
(along hills) in order to
slow water runoff.
Soil management/tillage system
土壤管理 /耕作制度种植制度 or轮作制度,冬小麦-夏玉米 → 棉花二年三熟冬小麦,秋深耕-耙压-播种-做畦- (冬前压麦 )
- (返青耙麦 )- (行间除草 )
夏玉米,铁茬播种-中耕2 -3次结合施肥棉 花,灭茬-秋耕-秋耙-早春耙盖-播种-
中耕2 -3次以基本耕作措施命名
1 平翻耕作制度 Plowing tillage system
2 深松耕作制度 Chiseling tillage system
3 垄作耕作制度 Ridging tillage system
4 少耕耕作制度 Reduced (or minimum ) tillage system
5 免耕制 No-till system
6 砂田耕作制度 Gravel/pebble mulched tillage system
常用的土壤耕作制度(耕法)
Tillage systems
是目前北方普遍采用的土壤耕作制度,一般由三个环节构成:
基本耕作:耕翻表土耕作:耙,耱,镇压中耕,( 针对中耕作物 )
传统的基本耕作作业入土过浅,形成波浪形的犁底层 。
平翻耕作制度
Plowing tillage system
以深松作为基本耕作措施的土壤耕作制度 。
表土耕作:耙中耕,( 针对中耕作物 )
应用灵活 。
深松耕作制度
Chiseling tillage system
以起垄为主要耕作措施的土壤耕作制度 。
基本耕作,耕翻 /起垄表土耕作:起垄中耕,( 针对中耕作物 )
传统的方法是先耕翻,再用手工工具起垄;较先进,效率较高的半机械化做法是耕翻时两次相邻的耕作行方向相对并举例较近,使得翻上来的土层相重叠,
再用手工工具修整 ;先进的做法是用起垄机械一次完成作业 。 因此,起垄也可以视为一种基本耕作措施 。
垄作耕作制度
Ridging tillage system
What is minimum tillage?
最少耕作
Only apply the most essential tillage;
Delay primary tillage until seeding.
铁茬播种不中耕
What are the benefits of minimum tillage?
1) Soil surface is left covered residue (conserve moisture);
2) Residue protects soil from erosion;
3) Reduced costs (fewer operations);
4) Soil tilth improved (less compaction)
-Weeds are controlled with chemicals.
No-till is one of the century's biggest breakthroughs in
agricultural technology.
It gives meaning to the term "sustainable agriculture",
because it is practical,profitable,maintains
production targets,and protects soil and water quality
on and off the farm.
No-till system
免耕制
In a no-till crop production system:
the field is left virtually undisturbed from harvest to planting,except
for nutrient injection
fields are no longer plowed,and plant residues remain on the soil to
offer protection from erosion
a narrow seedbed is prepared by the planter or drill during the
planting operation,to allow adequate seed and fertilizer placement
alternatively,the row strip may be pre-tilled during a separate pass
weed control is accomplished primarily with herbicides,but shallow
inter-row cultivation may still be used for emergency weed control,
No-till Defined
免耕的技术要素
1,以生物措施代替机械的基本耕作措施松土、改善耕层构造的作用;
2,以化学措施代替传统措施的机械除草、翻埋害虫和病菌的作用。
No-till
免耕的技术原理