/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
1
%Y?%(%Y?%(%Y?%(%Y?%(,0N,XM-+,0N,XM-+,0N,XM-+,0N,XM-+
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
2
§ + 9K \ &+ 9K \ &+ 9K \ &+ 9K \ &
" " " " C ! | C ! | C ! | C ! |
1 + 9K+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K
(1) =,CK+ =,CK+ =,CK+ =,CK+
4￡ =,,X(= ’ K?EO a(= ’,X?B ¨ E(= ’? Z+ ¨ Z+ 9K ¨ A?(= ’/+ ’? ˇ )(= ’ D F + 9K ¨?E !7B
+ 9K,X DG￡,1?
1-1 =,CK+
(2)?/?+ 9K?/?+ 9K?/?+ 9K?/?+ 9K
rP‘><
* !fl,=,E,X 56 K¨,f f y
*?4 =,E,X) *W? K¨,f f y
* !fl,=,E,X 56 *?4 =,E,X) *W? K¨,f
1747 H ¨ 5b /￥,D k ¨ x#?4 =,E,X) *W,X+ 9K/? !7+ 9K !fl,=,E,X 56,X+ 9K/?
B + 9K 7 ’ +?/?+ 9K !7+ 9K ‘B + 9K?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
3
1-2 5b /￥,D k
" " " " C h C h C h C h
1,+ 9K,X?B + 9K,X?B + 9K,X?B + 9K,X?B
/?+ 9K,y /?+ 9K,?
2 + G￡+ G￡+ G￡+ G￡
+ G￡ (= ’?+ 9K,X DG￡?
# G￡+ G￡,X < P‘+ < ¨ M-+ Au?
+ $,X+ G￡ e=1.6021892? 46 ˉ ·10
-19
C
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
4
1-3 P‘+ <
3,+ $,X ￥) J+ 9K# G￡+ $,X ￥) J+ 9K# G￡+ $,X ￥) J+ 9K# G￡+ $,X ￥) J+ 9K# G￡
1891 H ¨ 8ˉ E +,X7 ’ ) !,? electron
1897 H ¨ "8 E (J.J.Thomson) ￥) + $ ¨ J* 9KB !currency1# G￡ ZL U 4 2f $,X9KB !currency1
77
103~10 ·?
m
e
979 1906 H979 A?B(=),*?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
5
1-4 + $,X ￥) 5 -"8 E (J.J.Thomson)
1898 H ¨,# G￡+ 9K,X a ) !
e=5·10
-10
M-+ ) !
1906-1908 H ¨ 5b 0 * " $¨ rP‘ ¨ # n+ 9K,X a ) !
e=4.06·10
-10
M-+ ) !
0 (R.A.Milliken)+ !8979 1923 HA?B *?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
6
1-5 5b (=),0 (R.A.Milliken)
4,& + 9K& + 9K& + 9K& + 9K
(1)+ $ & + 9K
rP‘A r ¨ + $,X+ 9KL X a b 10
-18
m,X a ’/? Y? ·!8 ¨ + $> ’ · YF…4§ X5 L$B G￡ ‘+
9K,X &? E E P?6 + $ 3 7 rP‘#?,XB $ ‘ $ YF…,X+ 9K V 1-6 /? B $ !7+ 9K ¨ F L
X4z 10
-15
m,X ’/? Y? b YF… 3 + 9K ¨ M4E￥ !7+ 9K ¨ M4? B + 9K !7B + 9K+ G￡,1 ¨
+?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
7
1-6 B $ ‘ $ Y,X+ 9K
(2) +,,a,X& + 9K+,,a,X& + 9K+,,a,X& + 9K+,,a,X& + 9K
’?+ ’ D,X4 z!currency1 -?0J,XK′Nl #],XC–/ a \? ¨ A+ ’,X 6( + 9K J,X ( ·
G2U ¨ A+ ’?,0?+,X& ¨?& + 9K? + !8 ¨ & + 9K,?,X V? 7˙ b?+ ’,X4 z!currency1K′Nl
#],XC–/ a? ¨ W !6 > ’ 0& + 9K ¨ EU qK′Nl?U",X2 z5 n? ’ c? a A A + $? B $1?+ 2f
$? ¨ ‘ < ^ W? & + 9K?
(3) + 9K
+ 9K (=B,X? 2? ¨?,? qL (=B,X )( + 9K?
4 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + 9K,XG￡ $?+ 9K,XG￡ $?+ 9K,XG￡ $?+ 9K,XG￡ $?
rP‘A ¨ 7 ’ + ¨ + 9K ),X H D) ¨ + 9K,XE? (M,+ 9K,XG￡ $ + 9K,X?
) + $?+ G￡,X4–
Q=Ne (N,H D )
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
8
+ 9K K? ),X V? B+) B5 E E $ #,X+ G￡ ‘ d?(=B,XB G￡ K¨,X G2ˇ,X? "' 1 ‘L 3
1 F !8,E GUB?)?,,X4§A / $,X+ G￡ 6? + 9K,X+ G￡,X H D
2f $?,X? + 9K D?,W 7,X+ 9K D ¨ F !7 H D?B H D? E￥?(=) ￠) A NX 2f $+ 8? F
/ 4 ¨ !￡6? –1/3e? –2/3e,X+ G￡? ’ 5 7˙ )(,,X rP‘ ￥) G
S ￥) Z ¨ 3?E ^? + 9K,X? a4 a,′ !,X l? 3 ¨ + 9K,XG￡ $? q’ ˉ
1-7 A/? ‘?,X+ 9K
5 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + 9K?/+ 9K?/+ 9K?/+ 9K?/ ---?2f $?2f $?2f $?2f $
1931 H( NX+ $ ---!7+ $,? (=),¨ /￥,T?,E￥?(=) 2ˇOj ˇ2ˇ ˇ CI ·? L6? b 1929
H rP‘ ￥),@ 4,X Lc?),X,(M!^Ed,¨ E? ‰,X !7B + $? {* ‘$B"u,X) B5?
1932 H Anderson ￥)?+ $ (e
+
)? E￥?P?6 (=) ￥) ¨? b!￡/!7+ 9K,X? 2f $ ¨ ’,? h,X1 G￡B +
9K,X,/ 2f $ ---?2f $? _ V ¨ + $ ‘!7+ $ ¨ B $ ‘?B $ p $ ‘? p $1 1?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
9
1-8?+ Oj? ￥) ￥(=B,X/￥,CI ·? *
L 0NK¨ L 0NK¨ L 0NK¨ L 0NK¨ 6[ - \NZ —?0,X a,B
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
10
1-10 0N ˇ R?(=B,X a,B
6 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + $ r(=2f $
￥) + $ ¨ Efl !9 v2 s $,X YF…4§ X
6*3/c? E.Rutherford ˉ Z s $,X? _
) N.H.D.Bohr ˉ?0 Z s $,X)?) A
1924 H ¨ "' (=),5+ a? L.V,deBoglie ˉ+ $ K "?2f ‘B5? ¨ 4 n ZG￡ $ o,,X?,?
!8 ¨ 5b,X 4¨E? C.J.Davisson ˉ ‘M=? L.H.Germer ˉ? 8ˉ,X"8 -? G.P.Thomson ˉ ( 0 ￥) Z+ $
J ’,X>! ) B5 ¨ A Z+ $? r(=2f $ ¨ E? K "? |
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
11
1-11 4¨E ‘M= rP‘
1-12 + $,X"? |?
" " " " C 2 ] 3 C 2 ] 3 C 2 ] 3 C 2 ] 3
1,+ 9K \ & _+ 9K \ & _+ 9K \ & _+ 9K \ & _
rP‘? ¨? b 2ˇ4? ¨ V p"u + 9K? 9 JE + ¨ A?2ˇ4?,X!7? B + 9K,X+ G￡,X? D ‘ – ¨ E?
l =
+ $
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
12
+ 9K \ & n _?
V p+ b?/? s · ¨ (= ’ nG￡,X+ $ ¨ W )?!7+ ( 8?(= ’9 k nG￡E =,X+ $ ¨ W )?B +
(? (= ’,X?+ E / rB S(= ’ n DG￡,X+ $?9 k n DG￡,X+ $,XE /?
c? (= ’,X?+? + ‘? (= ’ Y,X+ # 1 ) B5 rB + b+ 2f $ (= ’ YE? |,X4§ p? ·!8 ¨ + 9K \ &
rL 3 / ¨ 2ˇ4? Y2f $,X + 9K D \ &?
2,+ 9K \ & _,X oA|A + 9K \ & _,X oA|A + 9K \ & _,X oA|A + 9K \ & _,X oA|A
(1) + 9K \ & n _ (=),,X _+ 9K \ & n _ (=),,X _+ 9K \ & n _ (=),,X _+ 9K \ & n _ (=),,X _
+ 9K \ & n _ c? E / ‘? E / F NOFI ~,X _ ¨ W,X2ˇ F 0 ¨ 5,X?
2ˇ Y,X5?+ 9KEfl> # G￡ k,XG￡ F,? 6?A–A¨ ¨ + 9K,?AG￡?
2 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + 9K \ & n _ + 9K,XG￡ $ 2? G+ 9K \ & n _ + 9K,XG￡ $ 2? G+ 9K \ & n _ + 9K,XG￡ $ 2? G+ 9K \ & n _ + 9K,XG￡ $ 2? G
A p $,X+ 9K1 b 0.73e ¨ Fw ¨?U G>5>D?E /,X / J – + 9K \ &?L? rL ¨ q B),X>D?E
/,X) A ¨? >D? ! ¨ * 7˙ >D?E /,X!￡ K¨L ! ¨ + 9KF \ &,X?
·!8 ¨A ˙ ) + 9K / a F,X ) ! ¨ W 6 ￠ 2f $E@/ˇ4?,2f $ ¨ 5? ￡ 9?5
F 9?
e
epn
_
0
1
11
1
0
2
4
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222
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226
88
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13
1-13 !7B + $,X$B&A
3 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + 9K \ & n _E? + $,X0 n? G+ 9K \ & n _E? + $,X0 n? G+ 9K \ & n _E? + $,X0 n? G+ 9K \ & n _E? + $,X0 n? G
+ $ EO,X?+ 2f $ ¨ W?6 >D V+ $ ￥* >D? ¨ Fw n?UE–?+ 9K \ & n _ ¨ V p+ 9K \ & n _?
¨ 5? ‘ < ¨ + $,X Q L$,X?
1965 H,Z rP‘ ¨ Au?+ $,X QCYE 10
21
H? !currency1 |#,X [ m HUXEUKS k ˉ?
4 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + 9K,,X \ & o+ 9K,,X \ & o+ 9K,,X \ & o+ 9K,,X \ & o
E￥ H 9? + 9K? \ &,X rP‘ yF’?
87
Rbfi
87
Sr?2f $,XE / $>D?,XE /? d!8 rP‘4§ p? k? $,X+ 9K? \ & ¨ E?/?+ 9K? \
&,X>D? V)[ + 9K \ &,X>D? V)[ !currency1 7.9·10
-21
E?A¨ E? E / G S+ 9K \ &,# Z ¨ 3 \ a,X,#?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
14
1-14? 2f $,X 0* E / + 9K \ &
5 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + $+ + $+ + $+ + $+ G￡,X4–? B $+ G￡2,B,G￡,X4–? B $+ G￡2,B,G￡,X4–? B $+ G￡2,B,G￡,X4–? B $+ G￡2,B,¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ E b [ m,,X 6 a GU,XE b [ m,,X 6 a GU,XE b [ m,,X 6 a GU,XE b [ m,,X 6 a GU,X
L A ˙ ¨ V p?5 /? ′ ¨ <Q’ 3 6 0 n,X s $ $ ¨ H M2+?,X? + b+ o!currency1? o? 37
G￡4{ ¨ JK¨,X+ y o CYE? o ¨ ￠56 6 ’ ¨ /?* Q ‘ 2O 3 ZC*? 6,X?,?,? ¨ E? h? ¨
+ bB $B G￡!currency1+ $B G￡? -? ¨ S s $,X s $ · "? | ¨ E? ! k? 6 /? c4§ X,X(=B ‘P? z c,X* (=? V
pB $B G￡ + $B G￡,′ · · ¨ /? c(=B * (=F,? + !8 ¨ E? o? (=) G￡? JK¨,X G2ˇ ¨ !7
[ m6? ’ 6 a*,￥ ),X B ¨?5 ¨ 3E 9A¨ ¨? (=) G￡? JK¨,X G2ˇ ¨ !7 [ m? (M U,X ￡4?
1
%Y?%(%Y?%(%Y?%(%Y?%(,0N,XM-+,0N,XM-+,0N,XM-+,0N,XM-+
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
2
§ + 9K \ &+ 9K \ &+ 9K \ &+ 9K \ &
" " " " C ! | C ! | C ! | C ! |
1 + 9K+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K
(1) =,CK+ =,CK+ =,CK+ =,CK+
4￡ =,,X(= ’ K?EO a(= ’,X?B ¨ E(= ’? Z+ ¨ Z+ 9K ¨ A?(= ’/+ ’? ˇ )(= ’ D F + 9K ¨?E !7B
+ 9K,X DG￡,1?
1-1 =,CK+
(2)?/?+ 9K?/?+ 9K?/?+ 9K?/?+ 9K
rP‘><
* !fl,=,E,X 56 K¨,f f y
*?4 =,E,X) *W? K¨,f f y
* !fl,=,E,X 56 *?4 =,E,X) *W? K¨,f
1747 H ¨ 5b /￥,D k ¨ x#?4 =,E,X) *W,X+ 9K/? !7+ 9K !fl,=,E,X 56,X+ 9K/?
B + 9K 7 ’ +?/?+ 9K !7+ 9K ‘B + 9K?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
3
1-2 5b /￥,D k
" " " " C h C h C h C h
1,+ 9K,X?B + 9K,X?B + 9K,X?B + 9K,X?B
/?+ 9K,y /?+ 9K,?
2 + G￡+ G￡+ G￡+ G￡
+ G￡ (= ’?+ 9K,X DG￡?
# G￡+ G￡,X < P‘+ < ¨ M-+ Au?
+ $,X+ G￡ e=1.6021892? 46 ˉ ·10
-19
C
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
4
1-3 P‘+ <
3,+ $,X ￥) J+ 9K# G￡+ $,X ￥) J+ 9K# G￡+ $,X ￥) J+ 9K# G￡+ $,X ￥) J+ 9K# G￡
1891 H ¨ 8ˉ E +,X7 ’ ) !,? electron
1897 H ¨ "8 E (J.J.Thomson) ￥) + $ ¨ J* 9KB !currency1# G￡ ZL U 4 2f $,X9KB !currency1
77
103~10 ·?
m
e
979 1906 H979 A?B(=),*?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
5
1-4 + $,X ￥) 5 -"8 E (J.J.Thomson)
1898 H ¨,# G￡+ 9K,X a ) !
e=5·10
-10
M-+ ) !
1906-1908 H ¨ 5b 0 * " $¨ rP‘ ¨ # n+ 9K,X a ) !
e=4.06·10
-10
M-+ ) !
0 (R.A.Milliken)+ !8979 1923 HA?B *?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
6
1-5 5b (=),0 (R.A.Milliken)
4,& + 9K& + 9K& + 9K& + 9K
(1)+ $ & + 9K
rP‘A r ¨ + $,X+ 9KL X a b 10
-18
m,X a ’/? Y? ·!8 ¨ + $> ’ · YF…4§ X5 L$B G￡ ‘+
9K,X &? E E P?6 + $ 3 7 rP‘#?,XB $ ‘ $ YF…,X+ 9K V 1-6 /? B $ !7+ 9K ¨ F L
X4z 10
-15
m,X ’/? Y? b YF… 3 + 9K ¨ M4E￥ !7+ 9K ¨ M4? B + 9K !7B + 9K+ G￡,1 ¨
+?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
7
1-6 B $ ‘ $ Y,X+ 9K
(2) +,,a,X& + 9K+,,a,X& + 9K+,,a,X& + 9K+,,a,X& + 9K
’?+ ’ D,X4 z!currency1 -?0J,XK′Nl #],XC–/ a \? ¨ A+ ’,X 6( + 9K J,X ( ·
G2U ¨ A+ ’?,0?+,X& ¨?& + 9K? + !8 ¨ & + 9K,?,X V? 7˙ b?+ ’,X4 z!currency1K′Nl
#],XC–/ a? ¨ W !6 > ’ 0& + 9K ¨ EU qK′Nl?U",X2 z5 n? ’ c? a A A + $? B $1?+ 2f
$? ¨ ‘ < ^ W? & + 9K?
(3) + 9K
+ 9K (=B,X? 2? ¨?,? qL (=B,X )( + 9K?
4 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + 9K,XG￡ $?+ 9K,XG￡ $?+ 9K,XG￡ $?+ 9K,XG￡ $?
rP‘A ¨ 7 ’ + ¨ + 9K ),X H D) ¨ + 9K,XE? (M,+ 9K,XG￡ $ + 9K,X?
) + $?+ G￡,X4–
Q=Ne (N,H D )
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
8
+ 9K K? ),X V? B+) B5 E E $ #,X+ G￡ ‘ d?(=B,XB G￡ K¨,X G2ˇ,X? "' 1 ‘L 3
1 F !8,E GUB?)?,,X4§A / $,X+ G￡ 6? + 9K,X+ G￡,X H D
2f $?,X? + 9K D?,W 7,X+ 9K D ¨ F !7 H D?B H D? E￥?(=) ￠) A NX 2f $+ 8? F
/ 4 ¨ !￡6? –1/3e? –2/3e,X+ G￡? ’ 5 7˙ )(,,X rP‘ ￥) G
S ￥) Z ¨ 3?E ^? + 9K,X? a4 a,′ !,X l? 3 ¨ + 9K,XG￡ $? q’ ˉ
1-7 A/? ‘?,X+ 9K
5 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + 9K?/+ 9K?/+ 9K?/+ 9K?/ ---?2f $?2f $?2f $?2f $
1931 H( NX+ $ ---!7+ $,? (=),¨ /￥,T?,E￥?(=) 2ˇOj ˇ2ˇ ˇ CI ·? L6? b 1929
H rP‘ ￥),@ 4,X Lc?),X,(M!^Ed,¨ E? ‰,X !7B + $? {* ‘$B"u,X) B5?
1932 H Anderson ￥)?+ $ (e
+
)? E￥?P?6 (=) ￥) ¨? b!￡/!7+ 9K,X? 2f $ ¨ ’,? h,X1 G￡B +
9K,X,/ 2f $ ---?2f $? _ V ¨ + $ ‘!7+ $ ¨ B $ ‘?B $ p $ ‘? p $1 1?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
9
1-8?+ Oj? ￥) ￥(=B,X/￥,CI ·? *
L 0NK¨ L 0NK¨ L 0NK¨ L 0NK¨ 6[ - \NZ —?0,X a,B
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
10
1-10 0N ˇ R?(=B,X a,B
6 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + $ r(=2f $
￥) + $ ¨ Efl !9 v2 s $,X YF…4§ X
6*3/c? E.Rutherford ˉ Z s $,X? _
) N.H.D.Bohr ˉ?0 Z s $,X)?) A
1924 H ¨ "' (=),5+ a? L.V,deBoglie ˉ+ $ K "?2f ‘B5? ¨ 4 n ZG￡ $ o,,X?,?
!8 ¨ 5b,X 4¨E? C.J.Davisson ˉ ‘M=? L.H.Germer ˉ? 8ˉ,X"8 -? G.P.Thomson ˉ ( 0 ￥) Z+ $
J ’,X>! ) B5 ¨ A Z+ $? r(=2f $ ¨ E? K "? |
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
11
1-11 4¨E ‘M= rP‘
1-12 + $,X"? |?
" " " " C 2 ] 3 C 2 ] 3 C 2 ] 3 C 2 ] 3
1,+ 9K \ & _+ 9K \ & _+ 9K \ & _+ 9K \ & _
rP‘? ¨? b 2ˇ4? ¨ V p"u + 9K? 9 JE + ¨ A?2ˇ4?,X!7? B + 9K,X+ G￡,X? D ‘ – ¨ E?
l =
+ $
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
12
+ 9K \ & n _?
V p+ b?/? s · ¨ (= ’ nG￡,X+ $ ¨ W )?!7+ ( 8?(= ’9 k nG￡E =,X+ $ ¨ W )?B +
(? (= ’,X?+ E / rB S(= ’ n DG￡,X+ $?9 k n DG￡,X+ $,XE /?
c? (= ’,X?+? + ‘? (= ’ Y,X+ # 1 ) B5 rB + b+ 2f $ (= ’ YE? |,X4§ p? ·!8 ¨ + 9K \ &
rL 3 / ¨ 2ˇ4? Y2f $,X + 9K D \ &?
2,+ 9K \ & _,X oA|A + 9K \ & _,X oA|A + 9K \ & _,X oA|A + 9K \ & _,X oA|A
(1) + 9K \ & n _ (=),,X _+ 9K \ & n _ (=),,X _+ 9K \ & n _ (=),,X _+ 9K \ & n _ (=),,X _
+ 9K \ & n _ c? E / ‘? E / F NOFI ~,X _ ¨ W,X2ˇ F 0 ¨ 5,X?
2ˇ Y,X5?+ 9KEfl> # G￡ k,XG￡ F,? 6?A–A¨ ¨ + 9K,?AG￡?
2 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + 9K \ & n _ + 9K,XG￡ $ 2? G+ 9K \ & n _ + 9K,XG￡ $ 2? G+ 9K \ & n _ + 9K,XG￡ $ 2? G+ 9K \ & n _ + 9K,XG￡ $ 2? G
A p $,X+ 9K1 b 0.73e ¨ Fw ¨?U G>5>D?E /,X / J – + 9K \ &?L? rL ¨ q B),X>D?E
/,X) A ¨? >D? ! ¨ * 7˙ >D?E /,X!￡ K¨L ! ¨ + 9KF \ &,X?
·!8 ¨A ˙ ) + 9K / a F,X ) ! ¨ W 6 ￠ 2f $E@/ˇ4?,2f $ ¨ 5? ￡ 9?5
F 9?
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13
1-13 !7B + $,X$B&A
3 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + 9K \ & n _E? + $,X0 n? G+ 9K \ & n _E? + $,X0 n? G+ 9K \ & n _E? + $,X0 n? G+ 9K \ & n _E? + $,X0 n? G
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