/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
1
§ + z+ z+ z+ z
(,/,/,/,/
1 +
1 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ,f 0*,X E,f 0*,X E,f 0*,X E,f 0*,X E
(= ’K¨,X 0* ¨ 7 9,-?/? 0*,X ]A
CYC– 0* CYC– 0* CYC– 0* CYC– 0*?L?U ˇ ) f?L?U ˇ ) f?L?U ˇ ) f?L?U ˇ ) f ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 3?L?U?K¨,X E 3?L?U?K¨,X E 3?L?U?K¨,X E 3?L?U?K¨,X E
1686 H ¨ (/NS ¥>< Z? o n _ ¨ " CYC– 0*,X? & ¨ (/NS J? CYC– 0*? o,¥ )? ¨ + b
J"u R E¥C– 0*,X f ¨ oG L 2ˇ9 k …?,X s ¨ S kCYC– 0*?> JF’ ¨ Lagrange,Laplace,Poisson
¥ )CK 9,X1T" 5b,X A ¨ ¨ ZCYC– 0*?
+,,?0? ¨ Coulomb,Ampere > CY C– 0* ¨ Neumann,Weber 1 * CYC– 0* k Z,h,X+,) A?
g ¥ n _4 Z? M-!6+ 9KK¨,X,f 0* o ¨ "u A¨ E?/? 0* E E E? X ¥*,X? CYC– 0*,X? & Ax
+ 9K?,+ 9K,X 0* ·L 4£ K¨(= E ¨ G
CYC– 0*,X? & Ax?+ ’ K¨,X,f 0* o? ·L$?E z?(= ’K¨,¨ y E,X ¨,b?(= ’ K¨,X(=B ·
G? ·!8 CYC– 0*? &,X Ax?+ ’ K¨,X,f 0* ·L E?K¨ ¨ 3? SAx+ E,f 0*,X v? (=B? CYC–
0*,X? &? Z 2OAxA v? _(=,X L$? · M-+,,X-?0J8 ¨ Y ¨ CYC– 0 * E¥C– 0*?/ & 1? ¨? ’?A
(=),g ¥ YF CYC– 0*,X? & ˉ?
+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K + 9K+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
2
E¥C– 0* E¥C– 0* E¥C– 0* E¥C– 0* E E y?”? f E E y?”? f E E y?”? f E E y?”? f ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 0* L?U?K¨ 0* L?U?K¨ 0* L?U?K¨ 0* L?U?K¨
E¥C– 0*,X f?Ax,¨ Faraday,Maxwell Z o4 ‘ ¨?0 ZE¥C– 0*,X+,) A J k rP‘A
r ¨ E?/?( ! k 1881 H A.A.Michelson A Au Z 2,X rP‘ 9# G£? N¢ ¨ 1887 H E.W.Morley 0 ¨
G? rP‘ ¨? k L? 4§ p? A¨,¨ A.A.Michelson ·,,X L? 4§ p5 979 1907 H,XA?B *?
1-21 A.A.Michelson ‘ E.W.Morley,X rP‘> 5B
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
3
2 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ,X,X,X,X ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ "' 1,X o4? ˙"' 1,X o4? ˙"' 1,X o4? ˙"' 1,X o4? ˙
Michael Faraday? 1791 1867 ˉ 8ˉ?,X(=),‘?,¨ ! #ˉ (=)? ˙,X rP‘(=),? +,,NZ? ¨
Faraday?+,) B5Efl> Z S"fl#ˉ 9,X rP‘-?0J ¨?+,0* ZE¥C– 0*,X(=)G ¨ 0? ZA ’C^,XB?) ¨ J GU
,X +,h,X ¥)? -?0J ‘G? Faraday +,) A,X 5 ‘ 4?5 ¨,,X? 0 Maxwell?0 +,) A 4 n Z?,¨
Faraday ‘ Maxwell CK ’ ·? > @] 19?4~?,X(=),?
1-22 V,X5 8ˉ?,X(=),Faraday
Faraday E¥C– 0*? &,X A? ˙ ¨ * o4 A`? ><E,X ¨ ·!8 3/? o4? ˙? W K Rp,X rC 9$d? V,XA
GU? & ¨ V,o4,r,,X? K`,X1 4§A ¨ F ( (M,X rP‘A?
E¥C– 0*? & A? ˙,X.B0 Z Newton? 9(=),?,X?M= ¨ ·5? A (=),,XG W? Thomson?
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
4
Faraday,X A B?) ¨?,X o4 V Z? ˙ ¨ } b W ^+ ‘.,XA?B ¨ 1T )5 U
¥? ></? 9? Thomson 7 ˉ-?0J,X?,?A Maxwell -?0J Faraday,X o4? ˙? Maxwell Faraday,X?,¥ ) ZE¥C–
0*? &,X A? ˙ ¨?0 Z Maxwell? / ¨ 4 n Z4£ L+ | o,,X) A?,?
3 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ +
E¥?(=),X ¥ )A ¨ CYC– 0*,X? & J A?,X ¨ E¥C– 0*,X? & ! !7.B,X? + o?,o 3 E? ˉ <Q’? U?,XE z
E ¨ A?E z?’ L$?,0N ¨ W,XE z,0N,X E c ¨
smsmc /103/10)12(99792458.2
88
·?·=
J?,¨ + o?,o ˉ E E +?,ˉ E? + 9K,X ¨ < ¨,+ ¨ G+ 9K 7 ˉ,X < ¨ {
* +?% ¥+ ¨ +? Y,X J,+ 9K o 0*? + 9K? +,X 0* o + A?+ 9K,X+ n ¨ J,,X+
· G ¨ E?,X? &? ’;E?/ & ¨ + 9KK¨,X,f 0*?></
’ 5 ¨ + Lc?K¨,X ¨ _ V ’ $dE? |? ¨?/ &,X /? 9 Z? A?& + 9K ¨ + G£ q
l
‘ q
2
¨
t ¨ W,XC–/ r ¨ E ¨ q
2
q
1
n,X 0* o ¨ 8? q
2
0U’? !5B ¨ S?+ 9K,XC–/ ¥* ¨ CYC– 0*,X?
& ¨?,X 0* h,X? & ¨ ’ q
2
!5B ¨ q
1
,X 0* o J?0 G · q
2
!5B {*,X?
L$,XE z c q
1
¨ 4£E n,X?K¨ Dt ¨ ’?,X ¥* ¨ +?,X 0* o ! ¨ q
2
q
1
0* o,X
U!currency1 q
2
!5B,X |E? n?K¨ Dt? rP‘4§ pA,X? & !7.B,X?
E?,¨ + ‘,r(=? + s $? $ X,X(=B ˉ ¨ K |G£ ‘6 G£ ¨? ¢ n,XE? |? _ ¨ W?
7 / + 9K ‘+ # )(,? (=B,X r(= 6 a ¨ +,3 (=B,X /? 6 a?
+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K + + + + + 9K+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
5
4 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ M-+
M-!6+ 9K {*,X+ /? M-+ ¨ M-+? J,M-!6+ 9K,X 0* o M-+ o? + J?L$ bM-+ ¨?M-!6+ 9K 0
* o,X F +?
0,0 =
=
t
E
t
r
2 + z
1 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ A' v& + 9KA' v& + 9KA' v& + 9KA' v& + 9K
nG£-?0J+ ¨ +? 9A' v& + 9K
+ G£ a+ G£ a+ G£ a+ G£ a ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨? !?> -?0J(= ’,X+ 9K?+? !?> -?0J(= ’,X+ 9K?+? !?> -?0J(= ’,X+ 9K?+? !?> -?0J(= ’,X+ 9K?+
4 z a4 z a4 z a4 z a ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ G& + 9K G& + 9K G& + 9K G& + 9K
2 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + z
A A' v& + 9K r?,X+ o F
0
¨ F
0
h!7!currency1 b r,X+ z E? r ˉ
)(
00
rEqF =
0
0
)(
q
F
rE =
A' v& + 9K · G,X(=) G£ ¨? Z r 0NK¨,X D,X(M? ¨ E? r ˉ /? r,X+ z? G
+ Y ˇ a &,X+ z D 1 b ) !+ G£,X+ 9K A?&?,X 0* o ¨ + z,X !7+ 9K A?&? o,X
,?
+ z 0NK¨ $,X-?G£ D ¨ E E? x ¨ y ¨ z ˉ ¨ G-?G£? 1T/? +? G ¨ +?+ ’ < ¨,X K (M n?B,X
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
6
0NK¨? 0NK¨,X ˇ & ¨? 9+ 9KF? n? a?,X 0* o,CK 9 ¨ EEfl,X+ " 6 a,X? D,,X? ¨
J r?’ ¨ ) -?F’+ 3 K 6 G£ ¨ 5? ‘?+ ’,f 0* ¨ x 66 G£ +,X6 G£ 3E@ 6 J W 6 a,X6 G£ ¨ V(= ’
,X 6? + "4,X?,6 1 ¨ + /? v? (=B?
3 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ ) ! ) ! ) ! ) !
+ z E,X ) !? N g C
-1
ˉ? + z,X * ) !? V g m
-1
ˉ?
4 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + 9K,X+ + 9K,X+ + 9K,X+ + 9K,X+
& + 9K q,X !5B $ s& ¨ r 5B A' v& + 9K q
0
¨ + A?+ 9K?,X g ¥ o? k & + 9K {*,X+ z
r
2
0
e
r
q
4
1
E
pe
=
1-23 & + 9K,X+
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
7
5 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ & + 9K {*,X+,X(M& & + 9K {*,X+,X(M& & + 9K {*,X+,X(M& & + 9K {*,X+,X(M&
)?/?)?/?)?/?)?/?
¢$d+ 9K & ¢$d+ 9K & ¢$d+ 9K & ¢$d+ 9K &
B $d+ 9KB $d+ 9KB $d+ 9KB $d+ 9K !7+ 9K!7+ 9K!7+ 9K!7+ 9K,?,?,?,
" " " " >? h >? h >? h >? h ( ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
1 & + 9K2ˇ& + 9K2ˇ& + 9K2ˇ& + 9K2ˇ
0NK¨& + 9K ’2ˇ,X+ z ¨?+ o,X · t s)?+,X · t s) 9" k
)rr(
r
q
4
1
)r(E
i
3
i
i
0
-
-r
=(r)E=
> >
ni
i
e
r " &,X-? X ¨ r
i
1 i + 9K,X-? X?
1 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ?+ ’,X+ z?+ ’,X+ z?+ ’,X+ z?+ ’,X+ z
+ 9K dq {*,X+ z
)(
4
)(
'
3
'
0
rr
rr
dq
rdE -
-
=
pe
+ z -?G£ ¨ $ C · t s) ¨ \ " k?+ ’ 0NK¨,X+ z
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
8
''
3
'
)'
0
S
3
0
'V
3
'
0
dl)rr(
rr
r(
4
1
E,
'dS)'rr(
'rr
)'r(
4
1
E
'dV)'rr(
'rr
)r(
4
1
E,
-
-
=4
= ‰
>?
pe
s
pe
r
e
-
-
=
-
-
M6
2 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + z,XAu1k
" + z? ¨ + b+ z -?G£ ¨-?G£/? G£/?
zzyyxx
edEedEedEdE
zzyyxx
dzeEdyeEdxeEdEE
% % % %
a
222
zyx
EEEE
x ¨ y ¨ z EH,X a ¨ b ¨ g
E
E
tg
E
E
tg
E
E
tg
z
y
x
=== gba,,
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
9
3 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ o L _,X+ z D
><><><>< 1-1 o L _,X+ z D N/C ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ
& & & & + z N/C ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ
J ><M6J ><M6J ><M6J ><M6 2·10
21
$ ><M6 $ ><M6 $ ><M6 $ ><M6 10
14
! s $+ $ YE<F’ ! s $+ $ YE<F’ ! s $+ $ YE<F’ ! s $+ $ YE<F’ 6·10
11
X 4 1u Y 4 1u Y 4 1u Y 4 1u Y 5·10
6
0N!? ˇ0S+ z0N!? ˇ0S+ z0N!? ˇ0S+ z0N!? ˇ0S+ z 3·10
6
8 M-+ tE < Y8 M-+ tE < Y8 M-+ tE < Y8 M-+ tE < Y 2·10
6
+? Y,X+ $ ~+? Y,X+ $ ~+? Y,X+ $ ~+? Y,X+ $ ~ 10
5
+ K Y+ K Y+ K Y+ K Y 10
4
L?E ¥ E L?E ¥ E L?E ¥ E L?E ¥ E 7·10
3
L Y L Y L Y L Y G G G G ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ 1·10
3
H?! M6 M6 M6 M6 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ 1·10
2
a _% 3 Y a _% 3 Y a _% 3 Y a _% 3 Y 1·10
2
&C1u Y? &C1u Y? &C1u Y? &C1u Y 10
·4 + "? Y ·4 + "? Y ·4 + "? Y ·4 + "? Y 10
-1
* + C?4 Y * + C?4 Y * + C?4 Y * + C?4 Y 3·10
-2
[ m 4 i [ m 4 i [ m 4 i [ m 4 i G G G G ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ 3·10
-6
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
10
" " " " [? [? [? [?
1 + J U $+ J U $+ J U $+ J U $
[ _ _ _ _ ] " + J U $,X+ ¨ + J U $ G+ G£,1? 0,,Lh? aC–/ l,X?& + 9K4,X2ˇ4? ¨ J VM6?
KS4 ‘0NK¨ ˇ &,X+ z?
[ ],,¨ $ 2ˇ xoy ¨ O + J U $,X & ¨ Oy EHE A & ¨ OA C–/ r ¨ E- ‘ E+ -q ‘ +q A & {*,X+ z?
+ · ) G2ˇ
22
0
)
2
(
4
1
l
r
q
EE
+
==
-+
pe
0=+=
-+ yyy
EEE
2/3
2
2
0
2/
2
2
)
4
(
4
1
)
4
(
2/
2
cos2
l
r
ql
l
r
l
E
EEEE
l
xxx
+
-=
+
-=
-=+=
+
+-+
pe
q
’ r? l? ¨
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
11
3
0
3
0
4
1
4
1
r
p
r
ql
E
x
–? –?
,
p + J U-‰ ¨ p=ql ¨ J + -q +q ¨ EH4 A &,X+ z
3
0
4
1
r
p
E
pe
=
1-24 + J U $,X+
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
12
8? p & + J U $,X?KS4 ¨ !7B + 9K {*,X
2
0
2
0
)
2
(
4
1
,
)
2
(
4
1
l
r
q
E
l
r
q
E
+
=
-
=
-+
pepe
r>>l,
)1()
2
(
22
r
l
r
l
r ,f
"… a p,X ¨
5?& ˇ & ¨ $? r ¨ q ˉ ¨ ^+ J U $ G> G£ ‘ V,¨ G£ p
//
‘ p
^
¨
'
'
sin
cos
//
pp
pp
5
b p &,X,+? + J U $,X · t5 ¨ +? 4§ p
3
0
2
1
=
r
p
E
r
e
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
13
3
0
r
sinp
4
1
E
q
pe
q
=
1-25 + J U $,X+
4—? 4§ p ¨
3
0
r
r
cosp
2
1
E
=
e
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
14
3
0
r
p)np(n3
4
1
E
-
e
=
a n r,X ) !-?G£?
2 4 + 9K4 + 9K4 + 9K4 + 9K
[ _ _ _ _ ] X R,X ·L$4+,X `) ¨ ) 4 + > z l? " E ) V,¨ b ) M6,X EH4,X & A,X+ z?
[ ] ) ˇ,4 + 9K ldl ¨ W A & {*,X+ z dE ¨ ¢?/,? ¨ + `) A & {*,X+ z " z EH
,X G£? b
z
3
0
z
e
'rr
)'rr(
4
dl
dE
-
-
=
pe
l
E?G e
z
z EH,X ) !-?G£ ¨
2/3
22
0
z
ZR
z
4
Rd
dE
+
=
pe
jl
¨ A &,X+ z
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
15
1-26?+ `),X+
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
16
2/322
0
2
0
2/322
L 0
zz
)zR(
z
2
R
d
)zR(
1
4
Rz
dEEE
+
=
+
===
e
l
j
pe
l
p
3 M6+ 9KM6+ 9KM6+ 9KM6+ 9K
[ _ _ _ _ ]?+,X ·0K? G S ¨ JM6+ 9K z s," SC–/ z,X & A,X+ z?
[ ]E A 0 G S,X V4 AO,AO=z,? O ¨ G S F · D )? A J ˇ ),X X R ¨ ) dR,?,+
Nl,X4§ p ¨ E? z dR,X)? A & + z,XB?)
¥
+
==
0
2/322
e
0
z
)zR(
dRRzd
4
1
dEdE
js
pe
,X+ z
0
e
02/122
0
e
0
2/322
0
e
z
2
]
)zR(
1
[
2
z
)zR(
RdR
2
z
EE
e
s
e
s
e
s
=
+
-
=
+
==
¥
¥
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
17
1-27?+,X ·0K? G S,X+
> > > > _ _ _ _ @ @ @ @ "?+ ) M6 ),X+?
[ ] A ) M6 X r ¨ + 9KM6 z s?,) M6 $ ¨ s& ) M6 G? ¨ V /? ) $,XM6 dS,0 E KS
rdq ‘ rsin qdf,X-‰ 6 ¨ JM6/?
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
18
fqq ddsinrdS
2
=
M6,X+ 9K O &,X
2
0
r
dS
4
1
dE
s
pe
=
’ s !7? ¨ dE,X + dS )? + b?/ ¨ dE " Z EH,X G£ dE
z
!? O &,X + B?)?
fqqqs
pe
q ddcossin
4
1
cosdEdE
0
z
-=-=
f/? ¨ k 5)?,X+ 9K O & {*,X+? E?)?,X !5B q ‘ q ˙ dq K¨ ¨? q/? k )? O & {*,X+ ¨
-=-=
2/
0
2
0 00
4
dcosdcossin
4
E
p p
e
s
ffqqq
pe
s
B?></ E " B Z?
V p Oxy GM6 M6E?,,X ) M6 ¨ W O & {*,X z,¨ " !7 z EH ¨ ·!8?+ ) ˙ )
,X L
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
19
1-28?+ ) ˙ ),X,XAu1k
4 ’+ 9K ’+ 9K ’+ 9K ’+ 9K
[ _ _ _ _ ]"?+ ),X+ 9K? ’ z r ˉ )? & P,X+ z?
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
20
1-29?+ ) ’,X+
[ ],V /,X $ ¨ ) ’ Y r’,dr’,X) ˙ ¨ A?) ˙ ·L$;X ¨?,?+ ) M6 ¨ JM6 z sdr’,A?) M6 r
{*,X+ z
r
2
2
0
e
r
'dr'r4
4
1
dE
pr
pe
=
+ E? · D?+ ) M6,X+,X · t ¨? k ) ’,X+ z
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
21
r
2
0
2
r3
0
2
r
R
0
2
0
e
r4
q
r
e
R
3
4
4
1
r
e
'dr'r4
4
1
dEE
pe
rp
pe
pr
pe
=
=
==
G?+ ) ’ )? ˇ &,X+ z ¨ 1 b W,X+ 9K <F…L ),X& + 9K {*,X+ z?
h x E [? h x E [? h x E [? h x E [
1 "8 E? _"8 E? _"8 E? _"8 E? _
M6,59 F? _ ¨ s $,X!7+ $ 7 b H s $ ¨ z G 7 X 10
-10
2G,X) Y ¨ Ax + $ ) Y,X
o? n& 0 <E? |?
Au s $? Z=79 ˉ ¨ ><M6,X+ z
CN
r
q
E /101.1
4
1
13
2
0
h,
–?
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
22
1-30 s $,X"8 E M6,59 F? _
2 6*3/c? _ 6*3/c? _ 6*3/c? _ 6*3/c? _
!7+ 9K? H s $ ¨ 5,X? Y ¨ G¥ s $,X X 6.9·10
-15
2G ¨ ><M6,X+ z
CNE /103.2)
109.6
100.1
(101.1
212
15
10
13
h
h
h
h
!currency1"8 E? _,X+ z?U? 8 G£4{?
1913 H 6*3/c S* a2f $ 0 & ¨ ED ˇG¥1h ¨ ¥) aF…,X a2f $> 7 ¨ ¥)? b 90 z,X 7 4 1/8000 ¨
,X z* 7˙E 180 z ¨ · "B5 4 ¥ n 15 8ˉ,X& ¨ E?& ’ 4 ¨ 4§ p H>? 9 ’ 47 ˉ ¨ E?><M6 ¨ a
2f $ F Z U,X+? + !8 ¨ 6*3/c Z s $,X? _?
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
23
1-31 6*3/c a2f $ 7 rP‘,X rP‘> 5B
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
24
1-32 6*3/c a2f $ 7 rP‘,X/ a
1-33 /¥,6*3/c
1
§ + z+ z+ z+ z
(,/,/,/,/
1 +
1 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ,f 0*,X E,f 0*,X E,f 0*,X E,f 0*,X E
(= ’K¨,X 0* ¨ 7 9,-?/? 0*,X ]A
CYC– 0* CYC– 0* CYC– 0* CYC– 0*?L?U ˇ ) f?L?U ˇ ) f?L?U ˇ ) f?L?U ˇ ) f ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 3?L?U?K¨,X E 3?L?U?K¨,X E 3?L?U?K¨,X E 3?L?U?K¨,X E
1686 H ¨ (/NS ¥>< Z? o n _ ¨ " CYC– 0*,X? & ¨ (/NS J? CYC– 0*? o,¥ )? ¨ + b
J"u R E¥C– 0*,X f ¨ oG L 2ˇ9 k …?,X s ¨ S kCYC– 0*?> JF’ ¨ Lagrange,Laplace,Poisson
¥ )CK 9,X1T" 5b,X A ¨ ¨ ZCYC– 0*?
+,,?0? ¨ Coulomb,Ampere > CY C– 0* ¨ Neumann,Weber 1 * CYC– 0* k Z,h,X+,) A?
g ¥ n _4 Z? M-!6+ 9KK¨,X,f 0* o ¨ "u A¨ E?/? 0* E E E? X ¥*,X? CYC– 0*,X? & Ax
+ 9K?,+ 9K,X 0* ·L 4£ K¨(= E ¨ G
CYC– 0*,X? & Ax?+ ’ K¨,X,f 0* o? ·L$?E z?(= ’K¨,¨ y E,X ¨,b?(= ’ K¨,X(=B ·
G? ·!8 CYC– 0*? &,X Ax?+ ’ K¨,X,f 0* ·L E?K¨ ¨ 3? SAx+ E,f 0*,X v? (=B? CYC–
0*,X? &? Z 2OAxA v? _(=,X L$? · M-+,,X-?0J8 ¨ Y ¨ CYC– 0 * E¥C– 0*?/ & 1? ¨? ’?A
(=),g ¥ YF CYC– 0*,X? & ˉ?
+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K + 9K+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
2
E¥C– 0* E¥C– 0* E¥C– 0* E¥C– 0* E E y?”? f E E y?”? f E E y?”? f E E y?”? f ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ 0* L?U?K¨ 0* L?U?K¨ 0* L?U?K¨ 0* L?U?K¨
E¥C– 0*,X f?Ax,¨ Faraday,Maxwell Z o4 ‘ ¨?0 ZE¥C– 0*,X+,) A J k rP‘A
r ¨ E?/?( ! k 1881 H A.A.Michelson A Au Z 2,X rP‘ 9# G£? N¢ ¨ 1887 H E.W.Morley 0 ¨
G? rP‘ ¨? k L? 4§ p? A¨,¨ A.A.Michelson ·,,X L? 4§ p5 979 1907 H,XA?B *?
1-21 A.A.Michelson ‘ E.W.Morley,X rP‘> 5B
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
3
2 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ,X,X,X,X ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ "' 1,X o4? ˙"' 1,X o4? ˙"' 1,X o4? ˙"' 1,X o4? ˙
Michael Faraday? 1791 1867 ˉ 8ˉ?,X(=),‘?,¨ ! #ˉ (=)? ˙,X rP‘(=),? +,,NZ? ¨
Faraday?+,) B5Efl> Z S"fl#ˉ 9,X rP‘-?0J ¨?+,0* ZE¥C– 0*,X(=)G ¨ 0? ZA ’C^,XB?) ¨ J GU
,X +,h,X ¥)? -?0J ‘G? Faraday +,) A,X 5 ‘ 4?5 ¨,,X? 0 Maxwell?0 +,) A 4 n Z?,¨
Faraday ‘ Maxwell CK ’ ·? > @] 19?4~?,X(=),?
1-22 V,X5 8ˉ?,X(=),Faraday
Faraday E¥C– 0*? &,X A? ˙ ¨ * o4 A`? ><E,X ¨ ·!8 3/? o4? ˙? W K Rp,X rC 9$d? V,XA
GU? & ¨ V,o4,r,,X? K`,X1 4§A ¨ F ( (M,X rP‘A?
E¥C– 0*? & A? ˙,X.B0 Z Newton? 9(=),?,X?M= ¨ ·5? A (=),,XG W? Thomson?
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
4
Faraday,X A B?) ¨?,X o4 V Z? ˙ ¨ } b W ^+ ‘.,XA?B ¨ 1T )5 U
¥? ></? 9? Thomson 7 ˉ-?0J,X?,?A Maxwell -?0J Faraday,X o4? ˙? Maxwell Faraday,X?,¥ ) ZE¥C–
0*? &,X A? ˙ ¨?0 Z Maxwell? / ¨ 4 n Z4£ L+ | o,,X) A?,?
3 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ +
E¥?(=),X ¥ )A ¨ CYC– 0*,X? & J A?,X ¨ E¥C– 0*,X? & ! !7.B,X? + o?,o 3 E? ˉ <Q’? U?,XE z
E ¨ A?E z?’ L$?,0N ¨ W,XE z,0N,X E c ¨
smsmc /103/10)12(99792458.2
88
·?·=
J?,¨ + o?,o ˉ E E +?,ˉ E? + 9K,X ¨ < ¨,+ ¨ G+ 9K 7 ˉ,X < ¨ {
* +?% ¥+ ¨ +? Y,X J,+ 9K o 0*? + 9K? +,X 0* o + A?+ 9K,X+ n ¨ J,,X+
· G ¨ E?,X? &? ’;E?/ & ¨ + 9KK¨,X,f 0*?></
’ 5 ¨ + Lc?K¨,X ¨ _ V ’ $dE? |? ¨?/ &,X /? 9 Z? A?& + 9K ¨ + G£ q
l
‘ q
2
¨
t ¨ W,XC–/ r ¨ E ¨ q
2
q
1
n,X 0* o ¨ 8? q
2
0U’? !5B ¨ S?+ 9K,XC–/ ¥* ¨ CYC– 0*,X?
& ¨?,X 0* h,X? & ¨ ’ q
2
!5B ¨ q
1
,X 0* o J?0 G · q
2
!5B {*,X?
L$,XE z c q
1
¨ 4£E n,X?K¨ Dt ¨ ’?,X ¥* ¨ +?,X 0* o ! ¨ q
2
q
1
0* o,X
U!currency1 q
2
!5B,X |E? n?K¨ Dt? rP‘4§ pA,X? & !7.B,X?
E?,¨ + ‘,r(=? + s $? $ X,X(=B ˉ ¨ K |G£ ‘6 G£ ¨? ¢ n,XE? |? _ ¨ W?
7 / + 9K ‘+ # )(,? (=B,X r(= 6 a ¨ +,3 (=B,X /? 6 a?
+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K + + + + + 9K+ 9K+ 9K+ 9K
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
5
4 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ M-+
M-!6+ 9K {*,X+ /? M-+ ¨ M-+? J,M-!6+ 9K,X 0* o M-+ o? + J?L$ bM-+ ¨?M-!6+ 9K 0
* o,X F +?
0,0 =
=
t
E
t
r
2 + z
1 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ A' v& + 9KA' v& + 9KA' v& + 9KA' v& + 9K
nG£-?0J+ ¨ +? 9A' v& + 9K
+ G£ a+ G£ a+ G£ a+ G£ a ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨? !?> -?0J(= ’,X+ 9K?+? !?> -?0J(= ’,X+ 9K?+? !?> -?0J(= ’,X+ 9K?+? !?> -?0J(= ’,X+ 9K?+
4 z a4 z a4 z a4 z a ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ G& + 9K G& + 9K G& + 9K G& + 9K
2 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + z
A A' v& + 9K r?,X+ o F
0
¨ F
0
h!7!currency1 b r,X+ z E? r ˉ
)(
00
rEqF =
0
0
)(
q
F
rE =
A' v& + 9K · G,X(=) G£ ¨? Z r 0NK¨,X D,X(M? ¨ E? r ˉ /? r,X+ z? G
+ Y ˇ a &,X+ z D 1 b ) !+ G£,X+ 9K A?&?,X 0* o ¨ + z,X !7+ 9K A?&? o,X
,?
+ z 0NK¨ $,X-?G£ D ¨ E E? x ¨ y ¨ z ˉ ¨ G-?G£? 1T/? +? G ¨ +?+ ’ < ¨,X K (M n?B,X
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
6
0NK¨? 0NK¨,X ˇ & ¨? 9+ 9KF? n? a?,X 0* o,CK 9 ¨ EEfl,X+ " 6 a,X? D,,X? ¨
J r?’ ¨ ) -?F’+ 3 K 6 G£ ¨ 5? ‘?+ ’,f 0* ¨ x 66 G£ +,X6 G£ 3E@ 6 J W 6 a,X6 G£ ¨ V(= ’
,X 6? + "4,X?,6 1 ¨ + /? v? (=B?
3 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ ) ! ) ! ) ! ) !
+ z E,X ) !? N g C
-1
ˉ? + z,X * ) !? V g m
-1
ˉ?
4 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + 9K,X+ + 9K,X+ + 9K,X+ + 9K,X+
& + 9K q,X !5B $ s& ¨ r 5B A' v& + 9K q
0
¨ + A?+ 9K?,X g ¥ o? k & + 9K {*,X+ z
r
2
0
e
r
q
4
1
E
pe
=
1-23 & + 9K,X+
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
7
5 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ & + 9K {*,X+,X(M& & + 9K {*,X+,X(M& & + 9K {*,X+,X(M& & + 9K {*,X+,X(M&
)?/?)?/?)?/?)?/?
¢$d+ 9K & ¢$d+ 9K & ¢$d+ 9K & ¢$d+ 9K &
B $d+ 9KB $d+ 9KB $d+ 9KB $d+ 9K !7+ 9K!7+ 9K!7+ 9K!7+ 9K,?,?,?,
" " " " >? h >? h >? h >? h ( ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙
1 & + 9K2ˇ& + 9K2ˇ& + 9K2ˇ& + 9K2ˇ
0NK¨& + 9K ’2ˇ,X+ z ¨?+ o,X · t s)?+,X · t s) 9" k
)rr(
r
q
4
1
)r(E
i
3
i
i
0
-
-r
=(r)E=
> >
ni
i
e
r " &,X-? X ¨ r
i
1 i + 9K,X-? X?
1 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ?+ ’,X+ z?+ ’,X+ z?+ ’,X+ z?+ ’,X+ z
+ 9K dq {*,X+ z
)(
4
)(
'
3
'
0
rr
rr
dq
rdE -
-
=
pe
+ z -?G£ ¨ $ C · t s) ¨ \ " k?+ ’ 0NK¨,X+ z
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
8
''
3
'
)'
0
S
3
0
'V
3
'
0
dl)rr(
rr
r(
4
1
E,
'dS)'rr(
'rr
)'r(
4
1
E
'dV)'rr(
'rr
)r(
4
1
E,
-
-
=4
= ‰
>?
pe
s
pe
r
e
-
-
=
-
-
M6
2 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + z,XAu1k
" + z? ¨ + b+ z -?G£ ¨-?G£/? G£/?
zzyyxx
edEedEedEdE
zzyyxx
dzeEdyeEdxeEdEE
% % % %
a
222
zyx
EEEE
x ¨ y ¨ z EH,X a ¨ b ¨ g
E
E
tg
E
E
tg
E
E
tg
z
y
x
=== gba,,
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
9
3 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ o L _,X+ z D
><><><>< 1-1 o L _,X+ z D N/C ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ
& & & & + z N/C ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ
J ><M6J ><M6J ><M6J ><M6 2·10
21
$ ><M6 $ ><M6 $ ><M6 $ ><M6 10
14
! s $+ $ YE<F’ ! s $+ $ YE<F’ ! s $+ $ YE<F’ ! s $+ $ YE<F’ 6·10
11
X 4 1u Y 4 1u Y 4 1u Y 4 1u Y 5·10
6
0N!? ˇ0S+ z0N!? ˇ0S+ z0N!? ˇ0S+ z0N!? ˇ0S+ z 3·10
6
8 M-+ tE < Y8 M-+ tE < Y8 M-+ tE < Y8 M-+ tE < Y 2·10
6
+? Y,X+ $ ~+? Y,X+ $ ~+? Y,X+ $ ~+? Y,X+ $ ~ 10
5
+ K Y+ K Y+ K Y+ K Y 10
4
L?E ¥ E L?E ¥ E L?E ¥ E L?E ¥ E 7·10
3
L Y L Y L Y L Y G G G G ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ 1·10
3
H?! M6 M6 M6 M6 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ 1·10
2
a _% 3 Y a _% 3 Y a _% 3 Y a _% 3 Y 1·10
2
&C1u Y? &C1u Y? &C1u Y? &C1u Y 10
·4 + "? Y ·4 + "? Y ·4 + "? Y ·4 + "? Y 10
-1
* + C?4 Y * + C?4 Y * + C?4 Y * + C?4 Y 3·10
-2
[ m 4 i [ m 4 i [ m 4 i [ m 4 i G G G G ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ 3·10
-6
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
10
" " " " [? [? [? [?
1 + J U $+ J U $+ J U $+ J U $
[ _ _ _ _ ] " + J U $,X+ ¨ + J U $ G+ G£,1? 0,,Lh? aC–/ l,X?& + 9K4,X2ˇ4? ¨ J VM6?
KS4 ‘0NK¨ ˇ &,X+ z?
[ ],,¨ $ 2ˇ xoy ¨ O + J U $,X & ¨ Oy EHE A & ¨ OA C–/ r ¨ E- ‘ E+ -q ‘ +q A & {*,X+ z?
+ · ) G2ˇ
22
0
)
2
(
4
1
l
r
q
EE
+
==
-+
pe
0=+=
-+ yyy
EEE
2/3
2
2
0
2/
2
2
)
4
(
4
1
)
4
(
2/
2
cos2
l
r
ql
l
r
l
E
EEEE
l
xxx
+
-=
+
-=
-=+=
+
+-+
pe
q
’ r? l? ¨
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
11
3
0
3
0
4
1
4
1
r
p
r
ql
E
x
–? –?
,
p + J U-‰ ¨ p=ql ¨ J + -q +q ¨ EH4 A &,X+ z
3
0
4
1
r
p
E
pe
=
1-24 + J U $,X+
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
12
8? p & + J U $,X?KS4 ¨ !7B + 9K {*,X
2
0
2
0
)
2
(
4
1
,
)
2
(
4
1
l
r
q
E
l
r
q
E
+
=
-
=
-+
pepe
r>>l,
)1()
2
(
22
r
l
r
l
r ,f
"… a p,X ¨
5?& ˇ & ¨ $? r ¨ q ˉ ¨ ^+ J U $ G> G£ ‘ V,¨ G£ p
//
‘ p
^
¨
'
'
sin
cos
//
pp
pp
5
b p &,X,+? + J U $,X · t5 ¨ +? 4§ p
3
0
2
1
=
r
p
E
r
e
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
13
3
0
r
sinp
4
1
E
q
pe
q
=
1-25 + J U $,X+
4—? 4§ p ¨
3
0
r
r
cosp
2
1
E
=
e
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
14
3
0
r
p)np(n3
4
1
E
-
e
=
a n r,X ) !-?G£?
2 4 + 9K4 + 9K4 + 9K4 + 9K
[ _ _ _ _ ] X R,X ·L$4+,X `) ¨ ) 4 + > z l? " E ) V,¨ b ) M6,X EH4,X & A,X+ z?
[ ] ) ˇ,4 + 9K ldl ¨ W A & {*,X+ z dE ¨ ¢?/,? ¨ + `) A & {*,X+ z " z EH
,X G£? b
z
3
0
z
e
'rr
)'rr(
4
dl
dE
-
-
=
pe
l
E?G e
z
z EH,X ) !-?G£ ¨
2/3
22
0
z
ZR
z
4
Rd
dE
+
=
pe
jl
¨ A &,X+ z
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
15
1-26?+ `),X+
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
16
2/322
0
2
0
2/322
L 0
zz
)zR(
z
2
R
d
)zR(
1
4
Rz
dEEE
+
=
+
===
e
l
j
pe
l
p
3 M6+ 9KM6+ 9KM6+ 9KM6+ 9K
[ _ _ _ _ ]?+,X ·0K? G S ¨ JM6+ 9K z s," SC–/ z,X & A,X+ z?
[ ]E A 0 G S,X V4 AO,AO=z,? O ¨ G S F · D )? A J ˇ ),X X R ¨ ) dR,?,+
Nl,X4§ p ¨ E? z dR,X)? A & + z,XB?)
¥
+
==
0
2/322
e
0
z
)zR(
dRRzd
4
1
dEdE
js
pe
,X+ z
0
e
02/122
0
e
0
2/322
0
e
z
2
]
)zR(
1
[
2
z
)zR(
RdR
2
z
EE
e
s
e
s
e
s
=
+
-
=
+
==
¥
¥
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
17
1-27?+,X ·0K? G S,X+
> > > > _ _ _ _ @ @ @ @ "?+ ) M6 ),X+?
[ ] A ) M6 X r ¨ + 9KM6 z s?,) M6 $ ¨ s& ) M6 G? ¨ V /? ) $,XM6 dS,0 E KS
rdq ‘ rsin qdf,X-‰ 6 ¨ JM6/?
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
18
fqq ddsinrdS
2
=
M6,X+ 9K O &,X
2
0
r
dS
4
1
dE
s
pe
=
’ s !7? ¨ dE,X + dS )? + b?/ ¨ dE " Z EH,X G£ dE
z
!? O &,X + B?)?
fqqqs
pe
q ddcossin
4
1
cosdEdE
0
z
-=-=
f/? ¨ k 5)?,X+ 9K O & {*,X+? E?)?,X !5B q ‘ q ˙ dq K¨ ¨? q/? k )? O & {*,X+ ¨
-=-=
2/
0
2
0 00
4
dcosdcossin
4
E
p p
e
s
ffqqq
pe
s
B?></ E " B Z?
V p Oxy GM6 M6E?,,X ) M6 ¨ W O & {*,X z,¨ " !7 z EH ¨ ·!8?+ ) ˙ )
,X L
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
19
1-28?+ ) ˙ ),X,XAu1k
4 ’+ 9K ’+ 9K ’+ 9K ’+ 9K
[ _ _ _ _ ]"?+ ),X+ 9K? ’ z r ˉ )? & P,X+ z?
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
20
1-29?+ ) ’,X+
[ ],V /,X $ ¨ ) ’ Y r’,dr’,X) ˙ ¨ A?) ˙ ·L$;X ¨?,?+ ) M6 ¨ JM6 z sdr’,A?) M6 r
{*,X+ z
r
2
2
0
e
r
'dr'r4
4
1
dE
pr
pe
=
+ E? · D?+ ) M6,X+,X · t ¨? k ) ’,X+ z
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
21
r
2
0
2
r3
0
2
r
R
0
2
0
e
r4
q
r
e
R
3
4
4
1
r
e
'dr'r4
4
1
dEE
pe
rp
pe
pr
pe
=
=
==
G?+ ) ’ )? ˇ &,X+ z ¨ 1 b W,X+ 9K <F…L ),X& + 9K {*,X+ z?
h x E [? h x E [? h x E [? h x E [
1 "8 E? _"8 E? _"8 E? _"8 E? _
M6,59 F? _ ¨ s $,X!7+ $ 7 b H s $ ¨ z G 7 X 10
-10
2G,X) Y ¨ Ax + $ ) Y,X
o? n& 0 <E? |?
Au s $? Z=79 ˉ ¨ ><M6,X+ z
CN
r
q
E /101.1
4
1
13
2
0
h,
–?
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
22
1-30 s $,X"8 E M6,59 F? _
2 6*3/c? _ 6*3/c? _ 6*3/c? _ 6*3/c? _
!7+ 9K? H s $ ¨ 5,X? Y ¨ G¥ s $,X X 6.9·10
-15
2G ¨ ><M6,X+ z
CNE /103.2)
109.6
100.1
(101.1
212
15
10
13
h
h
h
h
!currency1"8 E? _,X+ z?U? 8 G£4{?
1913 H 6*3/c S* a2f $ 0 & ¨ ED ˇG¥1h ¨ ¥) aF…,X a2f $> 7 ¨ ¥)? b 90 z,X 7 4 1/8000 ¨
,X z* 7˙E 180 z ¨ · "B5 4 ¥ n 15 8ˉ,X& ¨ E?& ’ 4 ¨ 4§ p H>? 9 ’ 47 ˉ ¨ E?><M6 ¨ a
2f $ F Z U,X+? + !8 ¨ 6*3/c Z s $,X? _?
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
23
1-31 6*3/c a2f $ 7 rP‘,X rP‘> 5B
/¥,T?,+,,? 1 0·,0N,XM-+ 05?Fz
24
1-32 6*3/c a2f $ 7 rP‘,X/ a
1-33 /¥,6*3/c