/￥,T?,+,,? 1 ‘0· 0 &+ # 05?Fz
1
§ + $d + | + $d + | + $d + | + $d + |
,– h,/,– h,/,– h,/,– h,/
1 0 &+ # NO M2M-+ o0 &+ # NO M2M-+ o0 &+ # NO M2M-+ o0 &+ # NO M2M-+ o
0 &+ # NO K`,X? ’ ¨ K` + # a G- + 9K NO" K`?C?E? |? ’" K`?C?4'> < ¨ 4￡ ZE /,X+
G￡ L E? a G- ¨ K`?C? ¨ V p + L!,XC?! ¨ +,XC?!? ’!7+ 9K" + L!,XC?! E? |? ¨
M-+ o,s ¨ + 9K,X+ 6 ￡ ¨ E?F… + s <F…E@? &`6? J W 6 a,X6 G￡? 5 ’!7+ 9K" +,XC?! E? | ¨ + 9K,X
+ 6 r t ¨ M-+ o?+ 9K,XE? |CKL,a 0* ¨ !8? ¨ + 9K,XE? |E — ’ YF…,XL,a ¨ ·!8!7+ 9K" + C?!,X n
E? | E !9 ￡E ¨ K`?C? ¨ !7+ 9K ·"'? + 6 EWP?,X s 9 !5BC? + 9K?) /? ¨ + # Lc?K¨ ¨ + #
,XK`?FA,#A– ¨ 0 &+ # ·"'4¨? ·!8 ¨ 0 &+ C? ¨ nE? /?M2M-+ B,X o 0* b+ 9K?
2 + $d+ $d+ $d+ $d
1 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + $d+ $d+ $d+ $d
oM2M-+ o,X> 5B?
E + $d !7B? U ¨ + P?,X?!7 U ¨ + ",X?B U?
2 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + $d,X 0* + $d,X 0* + $d,X 0* + $d,X 0*
+ $d,X 0*? M6
WE E U S?+ C? 3 /?,X+ 9K?+ C? {* M-+ E S+ # 4￡?+ C?+ !7 U B U
+ $d YF…L8 Z M-+ o?E?,M2M-+ o ¨ ‘5,X6( 0* ¨ + # 4￡+ $d YF…+ B U# !7 U?
EF… + # CK 6 ZK`,X0 &+ #?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 ‘0· 0 &+ # 05?Fz
2
Q Q Q Q ’,h ;,3 ’,h ;,3 ’,h ;,3 ’,h ;,3
nG￡ ￡E?+ $d? o,XM2M-+ o(M? ¨?U?Efl? (=) G￡ K ‘ e ¨ W? h b ￡E?M-+ o,X(=) G￡ E? + z ˉ ‘
U? + _ ˉ? K ></ + $d YF… ) !!7+ 9K?,XM2M-+ o? + 9KL8?M2M-+ o 0*? ¨ E M-+ o 0*? ·!8 ¨ + 9K q?
,X o h ’ M-+ o ‘M2M-+ o ‘ ¨ G q? E ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ K ˉ?
2-40 + $d YF…,XM2M-+ o
E,X? n _ h m
)( KEj
+= s
K
E
E
R
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 ‘0· 0 &+ # 05?Fz
3
A? a? n _ 0 &+ C?,X | S ¨ W>< + # M-+ o ‘M2M-+ o E 0*,X4§ p?
E,X+ $d ¨ E? y W,X?+ C? M-+ o ¨ K 0 ¨ a? E,X? n _ 6 a?
– – – –
￠ rL ¨ ￡E?+ $d,X?B G W? o,XM2M-+ o,X?B ¨ ¨ *,X? (=) G￡ K ¨ 5 + | e ¨ W n ) !!7+ 9K
￠B U4￡+ $d YF…/ˇ !7 U?M2M-+ o 0,X s ¨ G
+
-
=
+ $d YF…
ldK
e
’ ¨ + | ‘+ _ ) !,¨ G a(M? + $d,X+ |? + $d M2M-+ o,s,X NZ ¨ W?,X + $d D,X(M? ¨
+ C?,X?B yE · G?
o+ $d ·"' + $d YF… ‘?F… ¨ K b flC? ¨ E ^+ | n ￠" K`?C?,X4 /? ¨ G
=
L
ldK
e
/? W H K`?C?,X+ |E + $d5? ¨ K L$ b+ $d YF…?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 ‘0· 0 &+ # 05?Fz
4
1 h ],1 h ],1 h ],1 h ],
,X+ $d?,+ $d? # ′+ $d1 ¨ !8? ¨ E? ￥+? #’ ′+ $d1?
1,+ $d?,+ $d?,+ $d?,+ $d
E E?,? h,¨ y ^?,6 E@? + 6,X> 5B/,+ $d ¨ 2O+ "4 ‘,+ "4 F 2 b?,+ "4 ¨ V?,XJ K F+ "4? J
GL+ "41? ‰,X?,+ "4 a ’+ "4 ¨ W+ #L /,?GL$ # +Jv( ‘ +J ( 4? a ’+ "4,X h*P? ¨ 9 ￥ )
6 6 + "4,+ $d,X+ | 8 9$d b1 2O — ’ 1 ‘2O — ’ y?”,X?,? h? M6? 6 6 + "4 _ 9A¨?
,+ "4,X s)?
6 6 + "4+?,F,X# "44 ¨ "4,fl,?GLJ $ # ¨ J? J? ¨,"4,fl,?GLJ $ # ¨ J? J? ¨
"4 K¨* (,XLJ*? SLh ¨ / $7 + E E LJ*? S,V 2-41 /? J ￥*,XE /?7¨ J?,XJ / $E E?,
0* 5 7 |$ 9$ # ¨ SJB + ¨ $ #?!7+ ¨ J? ‘$ # K¨ 6 J+ ¨?+,X+ L !6J?,XJ / $4?4`
$ # $ ¨ ¨?,0* ‘+ 0* E G>5 ¨ E$ # ‘J? K¨ – 4z 0? 7663V,X+ ′? J?L E￥ ¨ $ #,XJ
/ $,0* 5 > L J ; ¨ SJ!7+ ¨ $ #?B + ¨ J? $ # K¨ 3 6 J+ ¨ J+,XM-+ L !6J / $4?
4`/ˇ J? ¨ G>5?J ‘$ # K¨ – 4z 0.337 V,X+ ′,5?"4,X$ # K¨+ b/ $,X x 65 – 1 + ¨ 6 V 2
42 /,X+ ¨ J? !7 U ¨ J? B U ¨?5 K¨,X+ ′4z 1.11V?
’+ "4E E?+ C? +? ¨ —4 + # ¨ + # S!7 U+ L! "? B U+ P $ # ¨ B U E,X$ # + P? ¨ !7
U E,X$ # + L! " ¨ !7/ $ ￠B U# !7 U ¨ B / $ ￠!7 U# B U? + U $ # K′,X+ ￡ ¨?,0*? M2M-+ 0* ˉ 4
¨ J / $,X$ J / $,X L E / 4?4`Efl> ¨ ￠5?C? 6 K`,X+ #? E,X+ V 2 43 /? E?/?E /
,¨ 4` J? <F…$ b$ #,?GLJ?.?GLJ $ # L! " n#’ z !6?
F+ "4 *,X /,+ "4 ¨ J4§ X? 2-44 ˙E * J,,¨ ˙ Y "?J? NH
4
Cl ˉ ‘"?J? ZnCl
2
ˉ # 2]
4,X2 ( (= ¨ 0 +# K¨,? ¨,? < ¨2?>? ‘!K? MnO
2
ˉ? -˙ |2] -&hT￥1,X#? (=? J,+# y
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 ‘0· 0 &+ # 05?Fz
5
2-41 6 6 + "4 2-42 6 6 + "40NEQ?,X+
243 6 6 + "4 B EQ?,X+ 2-44 F+ "4,X4§ X/ a
!7 U B U
!7 U B U
Zn
MnO
2
C
NH
4
Cl
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 ‘0· 0 &+ # 05?Fz
6
” ¨?,0* SJ,,XJ s $ + $5 J / $Efl 9+# ¨ SJ,?B + ¨ 5,? +# y?” ¨ +#,XJ /
$ MnO
2
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′? 4z 1.5 V ˉ?
,+ "4 J? 0?B C,a? fl2O ¨ V>< 2-2 /
><><><>< 2-2?,+ "4,X 2O?,+ "4,X 2O?,+ "4,X 2O?,+ "4,X 2O
+ "42O _+ "42O _+ "42O _+ "42O _ (M(M(M(MU/?2O?U/?2O?U/?2O?U/?2O * * * * E?E?E?E?
+ "4+ "4+ "4+ "4
· + E / Efl>,X
,? hE ¨ +
6 a* + "' S
W? s a? S*?
J K F+ "4 J "2
+ "4 K "2+ "4
J J?+ "4 J n.?
GD+ "4?
" s)[ s)[ + ¨ S*
¨, ¨? 6?
6? 7 a ‘ ˉ 6?
‘? ‘? ‘? ‘?
+ "4+ "4+ "4+ "4
· + E /,X?,
h?E,X ¨?
+? +? ~) S* ¨
+?* + "' S
#?(=B? s a +?
J GL+ "4 K K!+
"4 J J?+ "4 J
! 0N ˉ + "4 !
K!+ "4
EW? s)[,X + ¨ E?
[ mN?8? 0NK¨0? ‘%0
8 M6? + |E:EZ M6?
C C C C
+ "4+ "4+ "4+ "4
!7B U#?(=B ‘+#
C,K¨?,¨ y y?” ¨
S* !?A}+#
+ U y?” ¨ + "4?KS?
K¨C,?
K J?+ "4 J J?+
"4 J P?! GL+ "4
Jm&`+ "4?
C,Q 0 Q(M
KS ¨?* 0 6aCK a < ‘Au
1k <,C 2ˇ4?,X+ $d?
C C C C
+ "4+ "4+ "4+ "4
E?2O+ "4? ^#?(=B E?
4`"… 9+ "4 ¨ ￠5 S+ "4
6 KS? Efl> +?
! !?’ m+ "4 6 0N
’ m+ "4?
* b L "?5+ N?8 1,O
N?> < ‘EQ 7 < ¨
J!7 Efl !9-?0J’ m+ "4
+ 0? ¨ J 9 @* + 5% o+?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 ‘0· 0 &+ # 05?Fz
7
2 # ′+ $d# ′+ $d# ′+ $d# ′+ $d? &`+ J&`+ J&`+ J&`+ J
* # ′+ h ^&`,¨ yE@? + 6,X> 5B? rP‘ ￥) ¨?/,XG￥ 22? y?” CK? ¨?G￥ 2K¨?) n,X+ ′ ¨
E?/?) B5/? y?”+ ) B5 ¨?G￥ 2K¨,X+ ′/? y?”+ ′ ¨ E? ) B5+ (=),2B? b 1821 H ￥) ¨ /? 2B? h?
n,X# z8 ¨ Y ¨ # ′+ | D? y&,X# z ′ G ¨ V 2-45 / ¨ # ′
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2
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-1
,— ’,X# ′+ hEW? ¨ 2ˇ D a 4z
50-10
3
mVK
-1
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2 -45 # ′+ h 2-46 # ′+ / a
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8
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0?,X+ ′ ¨?" k,y?”&,X# z ¨ ￠5 /?# zAu? E? # ′+ J# zAu?&`+ J?
’?C? y 1 /?G￥ 2? ¨?UA?G￥ 2?0?,X# z –,¨ + C?,X+ | J? ·,1 /?G￥ 25 &`+ J# #
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G￡2 z M2 P?,X?
3 + "4 + "4 + "4 + "4
E?2O+ "4 6 E@? + 6,X V L 6 + "4 ¨ W L,X 6 E@? + 6 ¨ * b E [ mN?8? 0NK¨0
J1T ) s) ¨ ’ L ’;? #,XG￥ 2><M6 ¨ E E + h ¨ G￥ 2><M6 ￥ + $ ¨ E? o+ $> L,F E￥,XG￥ 2><M6 ¨
E !7? B + 9K / ¨ {* + | ¨ 8? yE?+ C? ¨ {+ #U,?,K? J?K?,?K’1 L 6 + "4?
2-47 L 6 + "4L o
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4 6 + "4 6 + "4 6 + "4 6 + "4
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241
Am a2f $,J6 G￡
4.7MeV ¨ L S B L a2f $,¨ W,? bJ,?,X+ 2? 5 ·10
6
V? E ¨ · a2f $,X |6 !7 Q1 b W ￠J,?
E? | L S B E /? kM-+ 0,X s ¨ b B S? a L !7+ 9K ¨ 3 o M-+ o,X G>5&? o GM2M-+ o ¨ J
(M& + C?,X+ #?+ C?,X+ L · G?
2-48 6 + "4/ a
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10
V V V V I ! ;,3 I ! ;,3 I ! ;,3 I ! ;,3
5 <% M2M-+ o K,X 0* ¨? n _,X 6 a
)( KEj
+= s
· ’,M2M-+ o? ¨ + # + M-+ o ‘M2M-+ o E {*,X? "?+ C? ‘+ $d4,XK` C? X ¨ M-+ o ‘M2M-+ o?
) !!7+ 9K 0,X s
dl
j
dl
j
ld
j
ldKE + = = +
Y?
sss
)(
· 0 &+ – \ ¨ J) # L? ¨ M2M-+,X) #? L? ¨ G
= ldK
e
+ C? ¨ K=0 ¨ I jS ¨
IR
S
dl
Ild
j
==
ss
A + $d YL r,
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 ‘0· 0 &+ # 05?Fz
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Ir
S
dl
Ild
j
==
Y Y
ss
2-49 + $d ‘+ L X,X?C?
+ $dL E￥,X Y?+ U < ¨,X+ V 2 49 /? + $d yE ¨ + $d YF…!7+ 9K M2M-+ 0* ¨? kM-+,X
0* + B U !7 U/ˇ | + $d?F… ¨ !7+ 9K M-+ 0* + !7 U B U/ˇ | ¨ + C? 9 k 4`,X+ #? yE + C?,X- K¨ ¨
+ # J?0 n ¨ · —4 ><M6L E￥,X+ # z J?" - ><M6,X 4 ¨ —4 ><M6,X+ 9K?UG + 9K,XG?
0NK¨,X+ ¨ 3? —4 YF…,X+ ¨ 4 S —4 YF…><M6L E￥,X+ " - ><M6,X 4 ¨ ￠5 S0 &+ #,X 5?
k $ C ¨ + # E 0 n?
E? ¨
)( rRI +=e
E? <+ C n _?
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12
P P P P ] ! h ] ! h ] ! h ] ! h
1 0 &+ C?,X(M& 0 &+ C?,X(M& 0 &+ C?,X(M& 0 &+ C?,X(M&
+ 0 & 5? 0= j
‘? n _ Ej
s= ¨ k? B? s D ˉ 0= E
¨ z G r=0,·!8
1 ˉ 0 &+ # ¨ — ’ YF… c? + 9K z L? ¨ + 9K — ’><M6? — ’ Y?,X?
2 ˉ?+ C? ¨ + # 4 ‘+ o4 7¨ ¨? G> b — ’><M6?
3 ˉ + $d YF… ¨ + # 4,X + E ‘ K E n?
2 0 &+ C? M-+,X 0* 0 &+ C? M-+,X 0* 0 &+ C? M-+,X 0* 0 &+ C? M-+,X 0*
0 &+ C? ¨ M-+,X 0* M2 GU,X ¨?U M6
1 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ A 8V+ 9K,X 0* A 8V+ 9K,X 0* A 8V+ 9K,X 0* A 8V+ 9K,X 0*
+ # E 0 &,XE / ¨ M-+ B - GU,XA 8V 0* ¨ E?/?A 8V 0*? ><) —4 ><M6,X+ 9K,X ¨ E?
M2 — ’ YF… ’+ 9K,X ¨/ — ’ x+ M6 + 9K,X ’+ C?,X+ #?4￡E 0 n ¨?C? 6(,X
,#+ #,X0 n? ¨ —4 + 9K,X6 A 8V+ ¨ S+ # G? E 0 n? ’’ A 8V 0* ￥* M2 -`,X?
K¨ Y ¨ !8?K¨ rL \L 9?
2 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ M-+ CK- 6 G￡,X E@ 0* M-+ CK- 6 G￡,X E@ 0* M-+ CK- 6 G￡,X E@ 0* M-+ CK- 6 G￡,X E@ 0*
￠6 G￡,XE@ 6,¨ H K` + C? M-+ 0,X s L ¨ + $d?F…? + $d YF…?,M2M-+,X ¨ M-+
^!7+ 9K ￠P?+ E "+,XE / 0!7 s ¨?#\5o+ 6,M2M-+,X ¨ M2M-+ ^!7+ 9K ￠ "+
E P?+,XE / ¨? kM-+,s ¨ #\5oM2M-+ 6 ¨ S+ 6 r t ¨ 4'K` + C? <,XE / ¨ M-+ 0,X s L? ¨ M-
+ 6,X ‘1 bL + C? #\5o,X6 G￡ & i M2M-+? o,X? M-+ CK- 6 G￡,X E@ 0* ¨ W ^+ $d YF…,XM2M-+ 6 E@
E?+ C
1
§ + $d + | + $d + | + $d + | + $d + |
,– h,/,– h,/,– h,/,– h,/
1 0 &+ # NO M2M-+ o0 &+ # NO M2M-+ o0 &+ # NO M2M-+ o0 &+ # NO M2M-+ o
0 &+ # NO K`,X? ’ ¨ K` + # a G- + 9K NO" K`?C?E? |? ’" K`?C?4'> < ¨ 4￡ ZE /,X+
G￡ L E? a G- ¨ K`?C? ¨ V p + L!,XC?! ¨ +,XC?!? ’!7+ 9K" + L!,XC?! E? |? ¨
M-+ o,s ¨ + 9K,X+ 6 ￡ ¨ E?F… + s <F…E@? &`6? J W 6 a,X6 G￡? 5 ’!7+ 9K" +,XC?! E? | ¨ + 9K,X
+ 6 r t ¨ M-+ o?+ 9K,XE? |CKL,a 0* ¨ !8? ¨ + 9K,XE? |E — ’ YF…,XL,a ¨ ·!8!7+ 9K" + C?!,X n
E? | E !9 ￡E ¨ K`?C? ¨ !7+ 9K ·"'? + 6 EWP?,X s 9 !5BC? + 9K?) /? ¨ + # Lc?K¨ ¨ + #
,XK`?FA,#A– ¨ 0 &+ # ·"'4¨? ·!8 ¨ 0 &+ C? ¨ nE? /?M2M-+ B,X o 0* b+ 9K?
2 + $d+ $d+ $d+ $d
1 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + $d+ $d+ $d+ $d
oM2M-+ o,X> 5B?
E + $d !7B? U ¨ + P?,X?!7 U ¨ + ",X?B U?
2 ˉ ˉ ˉ ˉ + $d,X 0* + $d,X 0* + $d,X 0* + $d,X 0*
+ $d,X 0*? M6
WE E U S?+ C? 3 /?,X+ 9K?+ C? {* M-+ E S+ # 4￡?+ C?+ !7 U B U
+ $d YF…L8 Z M-+ o?E?,M2M-+ o ¨ ‘5,X6( 0* ¨ + # 4￡+ $d YF…+ B U# !7 U?
EF… + # CK 6 ZK`,X0 &+ #?
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 ‘0· 0 &+ # 05?Fz
2
Q Q Q Q ’,h ;,3 ’,h ;,3 ’,h ;,3 ’,h ;,3
nG￡ ￡E?+ $d? o,XM2M-+ o(M? ¨?U?Efl? (=) G￡ K ‘ e ¨ W? h b ￡E?M-+ o,X(=) G￡ E? + z ˉ ‘
U? + _ ˉ? K ></ + $d YF… ) !!7+ 9K?,XM2M-+ o? + 9KL8?M2M-+ o 0*? ¨ E M-+ o 0*? ·!8 ¨ + 9K q?
,X o h ’ M-+ o ‘M2M-+ o ‘ ¨ G q? E ˙ ˙ ˙ ˙ K ˉ?
2-40 + $d YF…,XM2M-+ o
E,X? n _ h m
)( KEj
+= s
K
E
E
R
/￥,T?,+,,? 1 ‘0· 0 &+ # 05?Fz
3
A? a? n _ 0 &+ C?,X | S ¨ W>< + # M-+ o ‘M2M-+ o E 0*,X4§ p?
E,X+ $d ¨ E? y W,X?+ C? M-+ o ¨ K 0 ¨ a? E,X? n _ 6 a?
– – – –
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￠B U4￡+ $d YF…/ˇ !7 U?M2M-+ o 0,X s ¨ G
+
-
=
+ $d YF…
ldK
e
’ ¨ + | ‘+ _ ) !,¨ G a(M? + $d,X+ |? + $d M2M-+ o,s,X NZ ¨ W?,X + $d D,X(M? ¨
+ C?,X?B yE · G?
o+ $d ·"' + $d YF… ‘?F… ¨ K b flC? ¨ E ^+ | n ￠" K`?C?,X4 /? ¨ G
=
L
ldK
e
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/￥,T?,+,,? 1 ‘0· 0 &+ # 05?Fz
4
1 h ],1 h ],1 h ],1 h ],
,X+ $d?,+ $d? # ′+ $d1 ¨ !8? ¨ E? ￥+? #’ ′+ $d1?
1,+ $d?,+ $d?,+ $d?,+ $d
E E?,? h,¨ y ^?,6 E@? + 6,X> 5B/,+ $d ¨ 2O+ "4 ‘,+ "4 F 2 b?,+ "4 ¨ V?,XJ K F+ "4? J
GL+ "41? ‰,X?,+ "4 a ’+ "4 ¨ W+ #L /,?GL$ # +Jv( ‘ +J ( 4? a ’+ "4,X h*P? ¨ 9 ￥ )
6 6 + "4,+ $d,X+ | 8 9$d b1 2O — ’ 1 ‘2O — ’ y?”,X?,? h? M6? 6 6 + "4 _ 9A¨?
,+ "4,X s)?
6 6 + "4+?,F,X# "44 ¨ "4,fl,?GLJ $ # ¨ J? J? ¨,"4,fl,?GLJ $ # ¨ J? J? ¨
"4 K¨* (,XLJ*? SLh ¨ / $7 + E E LJ*? S,V 2-41 /? J ￥*,XE /?7¨ J?,XJ / $E E?,
0* 5 7 |$ 9$ # ¨ SJB + ¨ $ #?!7+ ¨ J? ‘$ # K¨ 6 J+ ¨?+,X+ L !6J?,XJ / $4?4`
$ # $ ¨ ¨?,0* ‘+ 0* E G>5 ¨ E$ # ‘J? K¨ – 4z 0? 7663V,X+ ′? J?L E￥ ¨ $ #,XJ
/ $,0* 5 > L J ; ¨ SJ!7+ ¨ $ #?B + ¨ J? $ # K¨ 3 6 J+ ¨ J+,XM-+ L !6J / $4?
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