Eukaryotic Transcription
真核生物的转录
Key Concepts
Differences between Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes
Three kinds of RNA polymerases (I,II,and
III) in eukaryotic cells
Promoters and Enhancers
Upstream regulatory elements
Transcription factors
Similarities to that in prokaryotic
cells
Don’t require a primer
Synthesize RNA in a 5’ to 3’ direction
RNA complementary to the antisense
template strand
Differences between Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes
There are 3 RNA polymerases
Require more accessory factors for binding promoter DNA & initiating
transcription
The C-terminus of RNA Pol II largest subunit contains a
stretch of heptapeptide repeats,named as carboxyl terminal
domain (CTD)
Amino acid sequence,Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser,Repeated 26 x
(yeast) & 52x in mouse
Involved in polymerase phosphorylation during elongation
The CTD is unphosphorylated at transcription initiation,and
phosphorylation occurs during transcription elongation as the RNA Pol
II leaves the promoter (In vitro results)
Because it transcribes all eukaryotic protein-coding gene,RNA Pol II is
the most important RNA polymerase for the study of differential gene
expression,The CTD is an important target for differential activation of
transcription elongation
Key Terms
A basal factor is a transcription factor required by
RNA polymerase II to form the initiation complex
at all promoters,Factors are identified as TFIIX,
where X is a number.
The basal transcription apparatus is the complex
of transcription factors that assembles at the
promoter before RNA polymerase is bound
An enhancer is a cis-acting sequence that increases
the utilization of (some) eukaryotic promoters,and
can function in either orientation and in any location
(upstream or downstream) relative to the promoter
Key Concepts
RNA polymerase I synthesizes rRNA in the
nucleolus
RNA polymerase II synthesizes mRNA in
the nucleoplasm
RNA polymerase III synthesizes small
RNAs in the nucleoplasm
The largest subunit in RNA polymerase II
has a CTD (carboxy-terminal domain)
consisting of multiple repeats of a septamer
Eukaryotic RNA polymerases
RNA Pol位置 产物 相对活性 α -鹅膏蕈的敏感
Pol Ⅰ 核仁 28s,18s,5.8s rRNAs 50~ 70% 不敏感
Pol Ⅱ 核质 hnRNA,mRNA,某些 SnRNA 20~ 40% 高度敏感
Pol Ⅲ 核质 tRNA,5SrRNA,某些 SnRNAs ~ 10% 片段特异,中等敏感
Other RNA polymerases in Eukaryotic cell
Chloroplast RNA polymerases 叶绿体
mitochondria RNA polymerases 线粒体真核 RNA聚合酶的活性
转录时,按 5’ 3’ 方向合成 RNA链;
底物为 4种三磷酸核苷酸,ATP,GTP,UTP 和
CTP;
不需要引物 ;
需要其它起始蛋白的存在,聚合酶才能与启动子结合并诱导起始;
RNA 聚合酶的组成
3种聚合酶都由 2个大亚基,12个以上的小亚基组成;
在 3种聚合酶之间,最大 2个亚基,至少 5个小亚基 的基因编码区具有同源性; 4-7种小亚基为各种 RNA聚合酶特有;
都具有原核 RNA聚合酶核心?2’ 同源的亚基 ;
最大亚基与?’相似,次最大亚基与?相似;
Eukaryotic RNA polymerases consist of many
subunits
The general
constitution of a
eukaryotic RNA
polymerase II
enzyme
astypified in S,
cerevisiae
Consist of RNA Pol II
B220~ 240Kda—与模板结合,与链的起始,延伸有关,相当于原核 RNA Pol的 β ′ 亚基 C端含有羧基末端功能区大亚基 B140~ 150Kda—与 DNA,底物和新生的 RNA结合,相当于原核 RNA Pol β
B44.5—酶的连接,相当于原核 RNA的 α 亚基
RNA PolⅡ ABC 27KDa 磷酸化蛋白,
1类 —三种 RNA Pol共有,如 ABC 25.5KDa 与 DNA结合有关
ABC 23KDa
B 12.6
小亚基 2类 —Pol Ⅱ 特有 B 23
B 14.5
B 10
3类 —在某些条件下可除去的亚基 B 23 参与酶的基本结构
B 16.5
RNA PolII的羧基末端结构域 CTD
RNA Pol II最大亚基的羧基端,含有 7个氨基酸的重复序列,Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-
Ser,在哺乳类中重复 52次,在酵母中重复 26
次,称为 (Carboxyl- terminal domain) CTD。
转录起始时,Ser,Thr 的羟基非磷酸化,
易与 DNA 结合;
转录延伸时,磷酸化,松弛与 DNA的结合。
转录因子的种类直接与 DNA结合
A,与启动子结合:基本转录因子
B,与增强子结合:转录调控因子
2、非直接结合蛋白质与其他转录因子结合,通过蛋白质之间的相互作用,改变其他蛋白质结合 DNA的专一性和亲和性。
真核生物的启动子启动子 Ⅱ 最为复杂,它和原核的启动子有很多不同:
( 1) 有多种元件,TATA框,GC框,CATT框,OCT等;
( 2) 结构不恒定;
( 3) 它们的位臵,序列,距离和方向都不完全相同;
( 4) 有的有远距离的调控元件存在,如增强子;
( 5) 这些元件常常起到控制转录效率和选择起始位点的作
( 6) 不直接和 RNA pol结合;
(7) 需多种转录因子介入 。
真核启动子含有不同的组件
SV40 早期启动子胸苷激酶组蛋白 H2B
-140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 +1
Oct CAAT GC TATA
Ⅱ 类基因的启动子和调控区
TATA框核心元件启始子 ( initiator,Inr),一般由 PY2CAPY5构成,
位于 -3~ +5,可能提供 RNA pol Ⅱ 识别 。
CAAT box、
Ⅱ 类启动子 上游元件组成 GC box
Oct
,增强子 ( enhancer)
远端调控区 减弱子 ( dehancer)
静息子 ( sisencer)
上游激活序列 ( upstream activating
seguences UASs)
上游启动子元件 ( UPE)
哺乳动物 RNA Pol Ⅱ 上游转录因子结合的元元件 保守序列 结合 DNA的长度 蛋白质因子
TATAbox TATAAAA ~ 10bp TBP
CAAT box GGCCAATCT ~ 22bp CTF/NF1
GC box GGGCGG ~ 20bp SP1
Octamer ATTTGCAT ~ 20bp Oct-1
Octamer ATTTGCAT 23bp Oct-2
KB GGGACTTTCC ~ 10bp NFKB
ATF GTGACGT ~ 20bp ATF
B,Lewin:,GENES,Ⅵ,1997,Table 28.2
Initiator 起始子
起始点一般没有同源序列
mRNA的第一个碱基倾向 A,另一侧翼由 Py组成称为 起始子 ( initiator,Inr).( 在原核 CAT起始序列也有这种情况 ) 。
一般由 PY2CAPY5构成
位于 -3~ +5
提供 RNA pol Ⅱ 识别 。
无论 TATA是否存在,Inr对启动子的强度和起始位点的选择都是重要的 。
现已纯化了 Inr 结合蛋白 。
核心元件 core elements
TATA框合又称 Hogness框,Goldberg-Hogness
框,俚语 称为金砖 ( Goldbrick)
其一致序列是,T85A97T93A85A63A83A50
常在 -25左右,相当于原核的 -10序列 。
其作用是:
(1) 选择正确的转录起始位点,保证精确起始,
故也称为 选择子 ( selector) 。
(2) 影响转录的速率 。
增强子 Enhancer
它 是 在 1981 年由 Benerji,Rusconi 小 组 和
Chambom等发现的,又称 远上游序列
( far upstream seguence) 。
其特点是:
① 具有远距离效应 。
② 无方向性 。
③ 顺式调节 。
④ 无物种和基因的特异性 。
⑤ 具有组织的特异性 。
⑥ 有相位性 。 其作用和 DNA的构象有关 。
⑦ 有的增强子可以对外部信号产生反应 。
增强子为什么具有远距离作用呢?
( 1)拓朴效应;拓朴效应说认为增强子的作用是诱导染色质结构变化,使核小体产生 DNaseI敏感区。
( 2)滑动模型;
( 3)成环模型。 Enhancer
Promotor
一,RNA Pol I
RNA聚合酶 I的功能:细胞间期,合成除了 5SrRNA外,其它 rRNA
rRNA-encoding genes (rDNA)
Pre-rRNA的转录单位
Tandem gene cluster
前后串联形成基因簇
在人体中,45SrRNA基因,分布在 5条染色体上,每一条染色体含有 40拷贝。在细胞间期,
这些区域形成核仁
核仁:细胞核中的稠密区,rRNA的生产和修饰区域
RNA polⅠ 启动子
核心启动子 ( core promoter)或核心元件
( core element),位于 -45到 +20,负责转录的起始。
上游控制元件 ( upstream,control element
UCE),从 -180延伸到 -107,
可增加核心元件的转录起始的效率。
UBF,upstream binding factor ( Two)
SLI,selectivity factor
TBP,TATA-binding protein
TAFs,TBP-associated factors
TAF1s,Those subunits required for RNA Pol I
transcription
- 170- 160- 150- 140- 130- 120- 110……… - 60-- 50- 40- 30- 20- 10 1 + 10+ 20
上游控制区 核心启动子
UBF1 UBF1结合于 G- C 丰富区
SL1 SL1与 UBF1协同结合
TFⅡ B
Pol 1
UBF
UBF RNA Pol ITBP
TAFIs
TAFIs
TA
F Is
二,RNA Polymerase III
1、至少由 16个不同亚基组成;
2、位于核质中;
3、合成前体 tRNA
5S rRNA
U6 snRNA and scRNA
表 12-6 RNA pol Ⅲ 启动子的转录因子的结构和功能因子 结构 功能
TFⅢA 38Kda,有 9个锌指 结合于 1型内部启动子 (5sRNA基因 )的 C框,
使 ⅢC 结合在 C框下游,辅助 Ⅲ B 定位结合
TFⅢB 含 TBP和另外二种蛋白 定位因子,使 Pol结合在起始位点上
TFⅢC 含 τ A和 τ B,有 5个亚基 τ B结合 Ⅱ 型内部启动子 (tRNA基因 )的 B框,
起增强子的作用。 τ A结合 A框,起启动子 的作用;辅助 Ⅲ B 定位结合
TBP 是 ⅢB,ⅡD,SL1 的亚基 和特异 DNA序列及 RNA Pol结合,使 Pol结合在正确的位点上
TFⅡD 含 TBP亚基 结合 TATA框,确定选择 PolⅢ
PBP 次近端结合蛋白 可能和 ⅡD 一道辅助 Ⅲ B 定位结合的另一途径
RNA polymerase III uses both downstream and upstream promoters
Promoters for RNA polymerase III may consist of bipartite sequences
downstream of the startpoint,with boxA separated from either boxC or
boxB,Or they may consist of separated sequences upstream of the
startpoint (Oct,PSE,TATA).
RNA polymerase III uses both downstream and upstream promoters
Initiation via the
internal pol III
promoters involves
the assembly
factors TFIIIA and
TFIIIC,the
initiation factor
TFIIIB,and RNA
polymerase III
RNA Polymerase III的启动子
IC R
P O L I I I c o r e p r o m o te r s
A B
T A T AP S E
5 S RNA
tR N A
U 6 R N A
tRNA 基因的转录
1、转录控制区位于转录起始点的转录单位内
+1
A box B box
Conservd sequences in
A box 5’- TGGN/NAGTGG is the of D loop of tRNA;
B box 5’- GGTTCGAN/NCC is the T?C loop of tRNA,
5S rRNA基因的转录
1,5S rRNA是核糖体大亚单位的组成分,
唯一独立分开转录的 rRNA。约 2000个基因串联成簇( cluster)。
2、转录控制区 boxC位于起始点下游 81-
99bp处。启动子区域。
+1
C boxA box
1,RNA polymerase II 的功能:催化转录蛋白质编码基因,合成 pre-mRNAs 。
InrTATAA/TAT/T
-25 +1
Enhancer/URE
三,RNA Polymerase II genes:
Promoters and enhancers
核心启动子
TATA box,
5’-TATAA/TAA/T,-25~-35,the spacing between the
box and start site is important.
Initiator element,some genes contain Inr,
located at -1 (C) and +1(A).
GC rich region are often found within the 100 ~ 200bp
upstream,but are generally transcribed at low rates
without TATA box and Inr.
启动子邻近上游调控元件
( upstream regulatory elements
UREs are often located within 100~200bp
upstream and play an important role in
ensuring efficient transcription from
promoter.
Two common examples:
SP1 box,the SP1 protein binding site
CCAAT box
增强子 ( enhancers)
They are 100~200bp long,may be tissue specific or ubiquitous in
their activity and contain multiple repeat sequence elements.
2,They exert strong activation of transcription of a linked gene
from correct site.
3,Activating transcription when placed in either orientation with
respect linked gene,
4,They are able to function over long distances of more than 1kb
whether from an upstream or downstream position relative to the
start site.
5,Preference stimulation of the closest of two tandem promoters.
TFs can be phosphorylated
(ex,CREB) to turn on
transcription
DNA sequences
enhancers*/silencers act in to
mediate transcriptional level
Looping brings proteins
together!
Multiple enhancers,Many genes have more than
one enhancer,so they can respond to multiple stimuli
in different time and tissue.
TATAMREMREMREMRE GCBLEBLEGRE
-50-100-150-200
The enhancers in metallothioning genes
MRE,metal response element;
GC,response to the activator SP1;
BLE,response to the activator AP1;
GRE,glucocorticoid response element
General transcription factors
RNA 聚合酶 II仅仅是一台转录机器,该机器何时、何处、何种速度转录 DNA,取决于转录因子与 DNA顺式作用元件的相互作用对聚合酶的
II活化或抑制作用
已经在细胞核中识别,纯化并克隆了一系列转录因子,按 TFIIA,TFIIB,TFIIC等命名,按一定的顺序在基本启动子上装配成转录起始复合物,并受到多种水平的调节控制表 12-5 人类 Ⅱ 型启动子的转录因子因子 分子量 功能
RNAPolⅡ ≥10K 依赖模板合成 RNA
TFⅡA 12,19,35K 稳定 TFⅡD 和 DNA的结合,激活 TBP亚基
TFⅡB 33K 结合模板链( -10~ +10),起始 PolⅡ 结合,和 TFⅡE/F
相互作用
TFⅡD (TBP,30K) TBP亚基识别 TATA,将聚合酶组入复合体中,TAFs识别特殊启动子
TFⅡE 34K(β ) 结合在 PolⅡ 的前部,使复合体的保护区延伸到下游
57K(α )
TFⅡF 38,74K 大亚基具解旋酶活性( RAP74),小亚基和 PolⅡ 结合,
介导其加入复合体
TFⅡH 具激酶活性,可以磷酸化 PolⅡC 端的 CTD,使 PolⅡ 逸出,延伸
TFⅡI 120K 识别 Inr,起始 TFⅡF/D 结合
TFⅡJ 在 TFⅡF 后加入复合体,不改变 DNA的结合方式
TFⅡS RNA合成延伸
Pol II is highly complex multi-subunit complex
Basal transcription factors,TF”
1,TFIID
TFIID与 TATA box 的结合是形成转录起始复合物最早阶段,TFIID由多种蛋白质组成
TBP (TATA-binding protein),仅一条多肽链与
TATA box binding
– 存在于三种真核转录酶中,SL1,TFIIIB 和 TFIID
– 在 C端存在保守域,含 180个残基
– 具有对称的马鞍型结构,马鞍结构的内侧与 TATA
box 结合,外侧与其它蛋白因子相互作用
– TBP与 TATA box的结合造成 DNA的 45度的扭结
TAFIIs,TBP-associated factors,It seems
that in mammalian cells,TBP binds to the
TATA box and is then joined by at least eight
TAFIIs to form TFIID
TBP distorts DNA structure
Saddle-shaped distortion is the critical first step
leading to assembly of Pol II
TBP bends DNA ~80o and forces open the minor
groove
2,TFII A
TFIIA与 TFIID结合,增强 TFIID 与
TATA box 的结合力。可能消除抑制因子的作用,使装配过程继续进行。
TATA
TBP
TAFIIs
TBP
TAFIIs
TFIID
Inhibitors of TFIID
ATFIIA
3,TFIIB 和其它转录因子
Once TFIID has bound to the DNA,
TFIIB binds to TFIID,TFIIB acts as a
bridging factor for RNA polymerase II
binding.
3,TFIIB 和其它转录因子
Once TFIID has bound to the DNA,TFIIB
binds to TFIID,TFIIB acts as a bridging
factor for RNA polymerase II binding.
The RNA polymerase with TFII F rapidly
associates to the complex
After RNA polymerase binding,TFIIE、
TFIIH and TFIIJ associate with the
transcription complex in a defined sequence
TBP
TAFIIs
B
TBP
TAFIIs
A
TFIIB
BA
TFIIF F
CTD
TBP
TAFIIs
BA
F
F
CTD
TFIIF
TBP BTAFIIsA
E
H
J
CTD phosphorlated by TF II H
CTD
4,TFII H
TFII H is a large multicomponent protein complex
which contains both kinase and helicase activity
Activation of TFIIH results in phosphorylation of
CTD,This phosphorylation results in formation
of a processive RNA polymerase complex and
allow RNA polymerase to leave the promoter
region
TBP
TAFIIs
BA
F
F
CTD
TFIIF
TBP BTAFIIsA
E
H
J
CTD phosphorlated by TF II H
CTD
Terminates transcription转录的终止
RNA polymerase I terminates transcription at
an 18 base terminator sequence
RNA polymerase III terminates transcription
in poly(U)4 sequence embedded in a G·C-rich
sequence.
3ends of RNAs can be generated in two
ways.
The 3 ends of polI
and polIII
transcripts are
generated by
termination
When a 3’ end is
generated by
termination,RNA
polymerase and RNA
are released at a
discrete (terminator)
sequence in DNA.
The 3 ends of polI
and polIII
transcripts are
generated by
termination
When a 3’ end is
generated by
cleavage,RNA
polymerase continues
transcription while an
endonuclease cleaves
at a defined sequence
in the RNA
Virtually nothing is known about
transcriptional termination,
However,it is known that
polymerase transcribes beyond the
sequences that are responsible for
addition of the poly-A tail to the
mRNA,Unlike prokaryotes,the 3’
end of the mRNA is not defined by
where the RNA polymerase
terminates transcription,Instead,
the 3’ end is produced by a post-
transcriptional cleavage process
directed by factors that bind the
RNA.
CPSF,cleavage and polyadenylation
specificity factor
CstF,cleavage stimulation factor (bind
GU-rich region)
CF I and II,cleavage factor I and II
Summary
Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Three kinds of RNA polymerases (I,II,and III) in
eukaryotic cells
Structure of Promoter
Transcription factors
Three stages
– Initiation
– Elongation
– Termination
真核生物的转录
Key Concepts
Differences between Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes
Three kinds of RNA polymerases (I,II,and
III) in eukaryotic cells
Promoters and Enhancers
Upstream regulatory elements
Transcription factors
Similarities to that in prokaryotic
cells
Don’t require a primer
Synthesize RNA in a 5’ to 3’ direction
RNA complementary to the antisense
template strand
Differences between Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes
There are 3 RNA polymerases
Require more accessory factors for binding promoter DNA & initiating
transcription
The C-terminus of RNA Pol II largest subunit contains a
stretch of heptapeptide repeats,named as carboxyl terminal
domain (CTD)
Amino acid sequence,Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser,Repeated 26 x
(yeast) & 52x in mouse
Involved in polymerase phosphorylation during elongation
The CTD is unphosphorylated at transcription initiation,and
phosphorylation occurs during transcription elongation as the RNA Pol
II leaves the promoter (In vitro results)
Because it transcribes all eukaryotic protein-coding gene,RNA Pol II is
the most important RNA polymerase for the study of differential gene
expression,The CTD is an important target for differential activation of
transcription elongation
Key Terms
A basal factor is a transcription factor required by
RNA polymerase II to form the initiation complex
at all promoters,Factors are identified as TFIIX,
where X is a number.
The basal transcription apparatus is the complex
of transcription factors that assembles at the
promoter before RNA polymerase is bound
An enhancer is a cis-acting sequence that increases
the utilization of (some) eukaryotic promoters,and
can function in either orientation and in any location
(upstream or downstream) relative to the promoter
Key Concepts
RNA polymerase I synthesizes rRNA in the
nucleolus
RNA polymerase II synthesizes mRNA in
the nucleoplasm
RNA polymerase III synthesizes small
RNAs in the nucleoplasm
The largest subunit in RNA polymerase II
has a CTD (carboxy-terminal domain)
consisting of multiple repeats of a septamer
Eukaryotic RNA polymerases
RNA Pol位置 产物 相对活性 α -鹅膏蕈的敏感
Pol Ⅰ 核仁 28s,18s,5.8s rRNAs 50~ 70% 不敏感
Pol Ⅱ 核质 hnRNA,mRNA,某些 SnRNA 20~ 40% 高度敏感
Pol Ⅲ 核质 tRNA,5SrRNA,某些 SnRNAs ~ 10% 片段特异,中等敏感
Other RNA polymerases in Eukaryotic cell
Chloroplast RNA polymerases 叶绿体
mitochondria RNA polymerases 线粒体真核 RNA聚合酶的活性
转录时,按 5’ 3’ 方向合成 RNA链;
底物为 4种三磷酸核苷酸,ATP,GTP,UTP 和
CTP;
不需要引物 ;
需要其它起始蛋白的存在,聚合酶才能与启动子结合并诱导起始;
RNA 聚合酶的组成
3种聚合酶都由 2个大亚基,12个以上的小亚基组成;
在 3种聚合酶之间,最大 2个亚基,至少 5个小亚基 的基因编码区具有同源性; 4-7种小亚基为各种 RNA聚合酶特有;
都具有原核 RNA聚合酶核心?2’ 同源的亚基 ;
最大亚基与?’相似,次最大亚基与?相似;
Eukaryotic RNA polymerases consist of many
subunits
The general
constitution of a
eukaryotic RNA
polymerase II
enzyme
astypified in S,
cerevisiae
Consist of RNA Pol II
B220~ 240Kda—与模板结合,与链的起始,延伸有关,相当于原核 RNA Pol的 β ′ 亚基 C端含有羧基末端功能区大亚基 B140~ 150Kda—与 DNA,底物和新生的 RNA结合,相当于原核 RNA Pol β
B44.5—酶的连接,相当于原核 RNA的 α 亚基
RNA PolⅡ ABC 27KDa 磷酸化蛋白,
1类 —三种 RNA Pol共有,如 ABC 25.5KDa 与 DNA结合有关
ABC 23KDa
B 12.6
小亚基 2类 —Pol Ⅱ 特有 B 23
B 14.5
B 10
3类 —在某些条件下可除去的亚基 B 23 参与酶的基本结构
B 16.5
RNA PolII的羧基末端结构域 CTD
RNA Pol II最大亚基的羧基端,含有 7个氨基酸的重复序列,Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-
Ser,在哺乳类中重复 52次,在酵母中重复 26
次,称为 (Carboxyl- terminal domain) CTD。
转录起始时,Ser,Thr 的羟基非磷酸化,
易与 DNA 结合;
转录延伸时,磷酸化,松弛与 DNA的结合。
转录因子的种类直接与 DNA结合
A,与启动子结合:基本转录因子
B,与增强子结合:转录调控因子
2、非直接结合蛋白质与其他转录因子结合,通过蛋白质之间的相互作用,改变其他蛋白质结合 DNA的专一性和亲和性。
真核生物的启动子启动子 Ⅱ 最为复杂,它和原核的启动子有很多不同:
( 1) 有多种元件,TATA框,GC框,CATT框,OCT等;
( 2) 结构不恒定;
( 3) 它们的位臵,序列,距离和方向都不完全相同;
( 4) 有的有远距离的调控元件存在,如增强子;
( 5) 这些元件常常起到控制转录效率和选择起始位点的作
( 6) 不直接和 RNA pol结合;
(7) 需多种转录因子介入 。
真核启动子含有不同的组件
SV40 早期启动子胸苷激酶组蛋白 H2B
-140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 +1
Oct CAAT GC TATA
Ⅱ 类基因的启动子和调控区
TATA框核心元件启始子 ( initiator,Inr),一般由 PY2CAPY5构成,
位于 -3~ +5,可能提供 RNA pol Ⅱ 识别 。
CAAT box、
Ⅱ 类启动子 上游元件组成 GC box
Oct
,增强子 ( enhancer)
远端调控区 减弱子 ( dehancer)
静息子 ( sisencer)
上游激活序列 ( upstream activating
seguences UASs)
上游启动子元件 ( UPE)
哺乳动物 RNA Pol Ⅱ 上游转录因子结合的元元件 保守序列 结合 DNA的长度 蛋白质因子
TATAbox TATAAAA ~ 10bp TBP
CAAT box GGCCAATCT ~ 22bp CTF/NF1
GC box GGGCGG ~ 20bp SP1
Octamer ATTTGCAT ~ 20bp Oct-1
Octamer ATTTGCAT 23bp Oct-2
KB GGGACTTTCC ~ 10bp NFKB
ATF GTGACGT ~ 20bp ATF
B,Lewin:,GENES,Ⅵ,1997,Table 28.2
Initiator 起始子
起始点一般没有同源序列
mRNA的第一个碱基倾向 A,另一侧翼由 Py组成称为 起始子 ( initiator,Inr).( 在原核 CAT起始序列也有这种情况 ) 。
一般由 PY2CAPY5构成
位于 -3~ +5
提供 RNA pol Ⅱ 识别 。
无论 TATA是否存在,Inr对启动子的强度和起始位点的选择都是重要的 。
现已纯化了 Inr 结合蛋白 。
核心元件 core elements
TATA框合又称 Hogness框,Goldberg-Hogness
框,俚语 称为金砖 ( Goldbrick)
其一致序列是,T85A97T93A85A63A83A50
常在 -25左右,相当于原核的 -10序列 。
其作用是:
(1) 选择正确的转录起始位点,保证精确起始,
故也称为 选择子 ( selector) 。
(2) 影响转录的速率 。
增强子 Enhancer
它 是 在 1981 年由 Benerji,Rusconi 小 组 和
Chambom等发现的,又称 远上游序列
( far upstream seguence) 。
其特点是:
① 具有远距离效应 。
② 无方向性 。
③ 顺式调节 。
④ 无物种和基因的特异性 。
⑤ 具有组织的特异性 。
⑥ 有相位性 。 其作用和 DNA的构象有关 。
⑦ 有的增强子可以对外部信号产生反应 。
增强子为什么具有远距离作用呢?
( 1)拓朴效应;拓朴效应说认为增强子的作用是诱导染色质结构变化,使核小体产生 DNaseI敏感区。
( 2)滑动模型;
( 3)成环模型。 Enhancer
Promotor
一,RNA Pol I
RNA聚合酶 I的功能:细胞间期,合成除了 5SrRNA外,其它 rRNA
rRNA-encoding genes (rDNA)
Pre-rRNA的转录单位
Tandem gene cluster
前后串联形成基因簇
在人体中,45SrRNA基因,分布在 5条染色体上,每一条染色体含有 40拷贝。在细胞间期,
这些区域形成核仁
核仁:细胞核中的稠密区,rRNA的生产和修饰区域
RNA polⅠ 启动子
核心启动子 ( core promoter)或核心元件
( core element),位于 -45到 +20,负责转录的起始。
上游控制元件 ( upstream,control element
UCE),从 -180延伸到 -107,
可增加核心元件的转录起始的效率。
UBF,upstream binding factor ( Two)
SLI,selectivity factor
TBP,TATA-binding protein
TAFs,TBP-associated factors
TAF1s,Those subunits required for RNA Pol I
transcription
- 170- 160- 150- 140- 130- 120- 110……… - 60-- 50- 40- 30- 20- 10 1 + 10+ 20
上游控制区 核心启动子
UBF1 UBF1结合于 G- C 丰富区
SL1 SL1与 UBF1协同结合
TFⅡ B
Pol 1
UBF
UBF RNA Pol ITBP
TAFIs
TAFIs
TA
F Is
二,RNA Polymerase III
1、至少由 16个不同亚基组成;
2、位于核质中;
3、合成前体 tRNA
5S rRNA
U6 snRNA and scRNA
表 12-6 RNA pol Ⅲ 启动子的转录因子的结构和功能因子 结构 功能
TFⅢA 38Kda,有 9个锌指 结合于 1型内部启动子 (5sRNA基因 )的 C框,
使 ⅢC 结合在 C框下游,辅助 Ⅲ B 定位结合
TFⅢB 含 TBP和另外二种蛋白 定位因子,使 Pol结合在起始位点上
TFⅢC 含 τ A和 τ B,有 5个亚基 τ B结合 Ⅱ 型内部启动子 (tRNA基因 )的 B框,
起增强子的作用。 τ A结合 A框,起启动子 的作用;辅助 Ⅲ B 定位结合
TBP 是 ⅢB,ⅡD,SL1 的亚基 和特异 DNA序列及 RNA Pol结合,使 Pol结合在正确的位点上
TFⅡD 含 TBP亚基 结合 TATA框,确定选择 PolⅢ
PBP 次近端结合蛋白 可能和 ⅡD 一道辅助 Ⅲ B 定位结合的另一途径
RNA polymerase III uses both downstream and upstream promoters
Promoters for RNA polymerase III may consist of bipartite sequences
downstream of the startpoint,with boxA separated from either boxC or
boxB,Or they may consist of separated sequences upstream of the
startpoint (Oct,PSE,TATA).
RNA polymerase III uses both downstream and upstream promoters
Initiation via the
internal pol III
promoters involves
the assembly
factors TFIIIA and
TFIIIC,the
initiation factor
TFIIIB,and RNA
polymerase III
RNA Polymerase III的启动子
IC R
P O L I I I c o r e p r o m o te r s
A B
T A T AP S E
5 S RNA
tR N A
U 6 R N A
tRNA 基因的转录
1、转录控制区位于转录起始点的转录单位内
+1
A box B box
Conservd sequences in
A box 5’- TGGN/NAGTGG is the of D loop of tRNA;
B box 5’- GGTTCGAN/NCC is the T?C loop of tRNA,
5S rRNA基因的转录
1,5S rRNA是核糖体大亚单位的组成分,
唯一独立分开转录的 rRNA。约 2000个基因串联成簇( cluster)。
2、转录控制区 boxC位于起始点下游 81-
99bp处。启动子区域。
+1
C boxA box
1,RNA polymerase II 的功能:催化转录蛋白质编码基因,合成 pre-mRNAs 。
InrTATAA/TAT/T
-25 +1
Enhancer/URE
三,RNA Polymerase II genes:
Promoters and enhancers
核心启动子
TATA box,
5’-TATAA/TAA/T,-25~-35,the spacing between the
box and start site is important.
Initiator element,some genes contain Inr,
located at -1 (C) and +1(A).
GC rich region are often found within the 100 ~ 200bp
upstream,but are generally transcribed at low rates
without TATA box and Inr.
启动子邻近上游调控元件
( upstream regulatory elements
UREs are often located within 100~200bp
upstream and play an important role in
ensuring efficient transcription from
promoter.
Two common examples:
SP1 box,the SP1 protein binding site
CCAAT box
增强子 ( enhancers)
They are 100~200bp long,may be tissue specific or ubiquitous in
their activity and contain multiple repeat sequence elements.
2,They exert strong activation of transcription of a linked gene
from correct site.
3,Activating transcription when placed in either orientation with
respect linked gene,
4,They are able to function over long distances of more than 1kb
whether from an upstream or downstream position relative to the
start site.
5,Preference stimulation of the closest of two tandem promoters.
TFs can be phosphorylated
(ex,CREB) to turn on
transcription
DNA sequences
enhancers*/silencers act in to
mediate transcriptional level
Looping brings proteins
together!
Multiple enhancers,Many genes have more than
one enhancer,so they can respond to multiple stimuli
in different time and tissue.
TATAMREMREMREMRE GCBLEBLEGRE
-50-100-150-200
The enhancers in metallothioning genes
MRE,metal response element;
GC,response to the activator SP1;
BLE,response to the activator AP1;
GRE,glucocorticoid response element
General transcription factors
RNA 聚合酶 II仅仅是一台转录机器,该机器何时、何处、何种速度转录 DNA,取决于转录因子与 DNA顺式作用元件的相互作用对聚合酶的
II活化或抑制作用
已经在细胞核中识别,纯化并克隆了一系列转录因子,按 TFIIA,TFIIB,TFIIC等命名,按一定的顺序在基本启动子上装配成转录起始复合物,并受到多种水平的调节控制表 12-5 人类 Ⅱ 型启动子的转录因子因子 分子量 功能
RNAPolⅡ ≥10K 依赖模板合成 RNA
TFⅡA 12,19,35K 稳定 TFⅡD 和 DNA的结合,激活 TBP亚基
TFⅡB 33K 结合模板链( -10~ +10),起始 PolⅡ 结合,和 TFⅡE/F
相互作用
TFⅡD (TBP,30K) TBP亚基识别 TATA,将聚合酶组入复合体中,TAFs识别特殊启动子
TFⅡE 34K(β ) 结合在 PolⅡ 的前部,使复合体的保护区延伸到下游
57K(α )
TFⅡF 38,74K 大亚基具解旋酶活性( RAP74),小亚基和 PolⅡ 结合,
介导其加入复合体
TFⅡH 具激酶活性,可以磷酸化 PolⅡC 端的 CTD,使 PolⅡ 逸出,延伸
TFⅡI 120K 识别 Inr,起始 TFⅡF/D 结合
TFⅡJ 在 TFⅡF 后加入复合体,不改变 DNA的结合方式
TFⅡS RNA合成延伸
Pol II is highly complex multi-subunit complex
Basal transcription factors,TF”
1,TFIID
TFIID与 TATA box 的结合是形成转录起始复合物最早阶段,TFIID由多种蛋白质组成
TBP (TATA-binding protein),仅一条多肽链与
TATA box binding
– 存在于三种真核转录酶中,SL1,TFIIIB 和 TFIID
– 在 C端存在保守域,含 180个残基
– 具有对称的马鞍型结构,马鞍结构的内侧与 TATA
box 结合,外侧与其它蛋白因子相互作用
– TBP与 TATA box的结合造成 DNA的 45度的扭结
TAFIIs,TBP-associated factors,It seems
that in mammalian cells,TBP binds to the
TATA box and is then joined by at least eight
TAFIIs to form TFIID
TBP distorts DNA structure
Saddle-shaped distortion is the critical first step
leading to assembly of Pol II
TBP bends DNA ~80o and forces open the minor
groove
2,TFII A
TFIIA与 TFIID结合,增强 TFIID 与
TATA box 的结合力。可能消除抑制因子的作用,使装配过程继续进行。
TATA
TBP
TAFIIs
TBP
TAFIIs
TFIID
Inhibitors of TFIID
ATFIIA
3,TFIIB 和其它转录因子
Once TFIID has bound to the DNA,
TFIIB binds to TFIID,TFIIB acts as a
bridging factor for RNA polymerase II
binding.
3,TFIIB 和其它转录因子
Once TFIID has bound to the DNA,TFIIB
binds to TFIID,TFIIB acts as a bridging
factor for RNA polymerase II binding.
The RNA polymerase with TFII F rapidly
associates to the complex
After RNA polymerase binding,TFIIE、
TFIIH and TFIIJ associate with the
transcription complex in a defined sequence
TBP
TAFIIs
B
TBP
TAFIIs
A
TFIIB
BA
TFIIF F
CTD
TBP
TAFIIs
BA
F
F
CTD
TFIIF
TBP BTAFIIsA
E
H
J
CTD phosphorlated by TF II H
CTD
4,TFII H
TFII H is a large multicomponent protein complex
which contains both kinase and helicase activity
Activation of TFIIH results in phosphorylation of
CTD,This phosphorylation results in formation
of a processive RNA polymerase complex and
allow RNA polymerase to leave the promoter
region
TBP
TAFIIs
BA
F
F
CTD
TFIIF
TBP BTAFIIsA
E
H
J
CTD phosphorlated by TF II H
CTD
Terminates transcription转录的终止
RNA polymerase I terminates transcription at
an 18 base terminator sequence
RNA polymerase III terminates transcription
in poly(U)4 sequence embedded in a G·C-rich
sequence.
3ends of RNAs can be generated in two
ways.
The 3 ends of polI
and polIII
transcripts are
generated by
termination
When a 3’ end is
generated by
termination,RNA
polymerase and RNA
are released at a
discrete (terminator)
sequence in DNA.
The 3 ends of polI
and polIII
transcripts are
generated by
termination
When a 3’ end is
generated by
cleavage,RNA
polymerase continues
transcription while an
endonuclease cleaves
at a defined sequence
in the RNA
Virtually nothing is known about
transcriptional termination,
However,it is known that
polymerase transcribes beyond the
sequences that are responsible for
addition of the poly-A tail to the
mRNA,Unlike prokaryotes,the 3’
end of the mRNA is not defined by
where the RNA polymerase
terminates transcription,Instead,
the 3’ end is produced by a post-
transcriptional cleavage process
directed by factors that bind the
RNA.
CPSF,cleavage and polyadenylation
specificity factor
CstF,cleavage stimulation factor (bind
GU-rich region)
CF I and II,cleavage factor I and II
Summary
Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Three kinds of RNA polymerases (I,II,and III) in
eukaryotic cells
Structure of Promoter
Transcription factors
Three stages
– Initiation
– Elongation
– Termination