真核生物基因表达调节的特点
个体发育复杂
多层次
无衰减子
受环境影响较小真核生物基因表达调节的两种方式
短期调节 (short- term regulation,瞬时调控或可逆性调控 )它相当于原核细胞对环境条件变化所做出的反应,包括某种底物或激素水平升降时,或细胞周期不同阶段中酶活性的调节
长期调节 (long-term regulatiion,发育调控或不可逆调控 ),是真核基因调控的精髓部分,它决定了真核细胞生长、分化、
发育的全部进程真核生物基因表达多层次的调控
染色体水平的调控
– 染色体丢失
– 染色体的扩增
– 染色体的重排
染色质水平调控
– 异染色质化
– 组蛋白的影响
DNA水平的调控
– DNA的甲基化与去甲基化
转录水平的调控
– 转录起始和加工的调节
翻译的调控
细胞周期的调控转录水平的调控真核基因调控主要也是在转录水平上进行的,受大量特定的 顺式作用元件 (cis-acting element) 和反式作用因子 (transacting factor,又称跨域作用因子 )的调控,
真核生物的转录调控大多数是通过顺式作用元件和反式作用因子复杂的相互作用来实现的真核生物启动子和增强子是由若干 DNA序列元件组成的,由于它们常与特定的功能基因连锁在一起,因此被称为 顺式作用元件 。这些序列组成基因转录的调控区,影响基因的表达。在转录调控过程中,除了需要调控区外,还需要 反式作用因子转录水平的调控顺式作用元件
cis-acting element
核心启动子成分,如 TATA框;
上游启动子成分,如 CAAT框,GC框 ;
远上游顺序,增强子,减弱子,静息子,
酵母的 UAS upstream activator sequences)
等。
特殊细胞中的启动子成分:如淋巴细胞中的 Oct(octamer) 和 κ B。
Transacting factor
反式作用因子
通用反式作用因子,主要识别启动子的核心启动成分,如 TBP;
特殊组织与细胞中的反式作用因子,如淋巴细胞中的 Oct-2;
反应性元件 ( response elenents) 相结合的反式作用因子 。
– 如 HSE ( 热休克反应元件,heat shock response
element),
– GRE( 糖皮质激素反应元件 glucocorticoidresponse
element) ;
– MRE( 金属反应元件,metal response element) ;
– TRE ( 肿瘤 诱导剂 反应 元件,tumorgenic agent
response element);
Interaction of transacting factor
and cis-acting element
蛋白质直接和 DNA结合
– 激活结构域
– DNA结合结构域
蛋白质和配基的结合
– 配体结合结构域
DNA binding domain
Helix-Turn-Helix HTH 螺旋转角螺旋
Leucine Zipper锌指结构
Zinc Finger motif亮氨酸拉链
Helix-Loop-Helix HLH 螺旋环螺旋
Helix-Turn-Helix
三个螺旋被两个转角分开
C端 Helix为 DNA结合必需,其它两个
Helix参与形成二聚体
作用于 DNA链的大沟
LacO的 R蛋白,λ的 CI和 Cro蛋白,涉及酵母交配型的 a1和 a2蛋白,真核生物中的 Oct-1和 Oct-2
Sample of Helix-Turn-Helix
Interaction between the l repressor dimer and
DNA,Each l repressor contains a helix-turn-helix
motif,One of helices fits into the major groove of
DNA,PDB ID = 1LMB
Zinc finger motif 锌指
C2H2 zinc finger,It is characterized by the sequence CX2-
4C....HX2-4H,where C = cysteine,H = histidine,X = any amino
acid,In the 3D structure,two cysteine residues and two
histidine residues interact with a zinc ion.
C4 zinc finger,Its consensus sequence is CX2CX13CX2CX14-
15CX5CX9CX2C,The first four cysteine residues bind to a zinc
ion and the last four cysteine residues bind to another zinc ion (,
C6 zinc finger,It has the consensus sequence CX2CX6CX5-
6CX2CX6C,The yeast's Gal4 contains such a motif where six
cysteine residues interact with two zinc ions,
Zinc finger motif 锌指
C2H2 zinc finger,It is characterized by the sequence
CX2-4C....HX2-4H,In the 3D structure,two cysteine
residues and two histidine residues interact with a zinc ion
C4 zinc finger,Its consensus sequence is
CX2CX13CX2CX14-15CX5CX9CX2C,The first four
cysteine residues bind to a zinc ion and the last four
cysteine residues bind to another zinc ion
C6 zinc finger,It has the consensus sequence
CX2CX6CX5-6CX2CX6C,The yeast's Gal4 contains such a
motif where six cysteine residues interact with two zinc
ions
C2H2 zinc finger
The domain organization of Sp1 which consists of 696
residues
The structure of a zinc finger region,PDB ID = 1SP1.
C4 zinc finger
The complex of the estrogen receptor (ER) zinc
finger domain and DNA,In this figure,two ERs
form a dimer,Each ER binds to two zinc ions
(represented by orange balls),Most steroid
hormone receptors contain such motif,PDB ID
= 1HCQ.
C6 zinc finger
Structure of Gal4's zinc finger,Like many other
transcription factors,Gal4 form a dimer to interact
with DNA,In each Gal4,six cysteine residues bind
to two zinc ions (represented by orange
balls),PDB ID = 1D66.
Leucine Zipper
The structure of the AP-1/DNA complex,AP-1 is a dimer
formed by Jun and its homologous protein Fos,It contains a
leucine zipper motif where two a helices look like a zipper
with leucine residues (green color) lining on the inside of the
zipper,PDB ID = 1FOS.
Helix-Loop-Helix
有螺旋 -环 -螺旋组成
常为异二聚体
碱性 HLH(bHLH protein) 在 HLH中带有碱性区的肽链 。 bHLH又分为两类
– A类是可以广泛表达的蛋白,包括哺乳动物的
E12/E47( 可和免疫球蛋基因增强子中的元件结合)
和果蝇 da( daughterless,性别控制的总开关基因)的产物;
– B类是组织特异性表达的蛋白,包括哺乳动物的
MyoD( 肌浆蛋白 myogen)基因的转录因子,果蝇的
AC-S( achaete-scute 无刚毛基因的产物 )
Helix-Loop-Helix
The transcription factor myoblast成肌细胞 determination
proteins (MyoD).
The structure of the helix-loop-helix motif,PDB ID =
1MDY,
同源异形结构域
Homeodomains HD
是一种编码 60aa的序列,长 180bp,它存在于很多控制果蝇早期发育基因中,在高等生物中也发现了相关基序
HD的 C-端区域和原核阻遏蛋白的 HTH同源,但也有几点不同,
– HD的 C端由 3个 α -螺旋构成,螺旋 3结合于大沟,长
17aa;而阻遏蛋白由 5个 α -螺旋构成,螺旋 3长仅 9个
aa
– 原核的 HTH的以二聚体形式与 DNA结合,靶序列是回文结构,而 HD是以单体形式与 DNA结合,靶序列不是回文结构
– HD N-端的臂位于小沟,而 HTH螺旋 1的末端与 DNA的背面接触激活结构域
富含脯氨酸结构域 Pro-rich domain
– c-Jun,AP2,Oct2
富含谷氨酸结构域 Glu-rich domain
– Transcription factor SP1
酸性激活结构域 acid active domain
– 酵母 Gla4,Gen4
蛋白质和配基的结合
甾类受体蛋白一般都具有 3个不同的功能区:
– N-端区是激活转录所需的区域,不同受体之间此区的同一性仅小于 15%
– DNA结合及转录活化区,同一性较高为 94-
42%
– C-端的激素结合和二聚体形成区,同一性为
57-15%
N - 端区 D N A 结合 甾类结合和激活转录所需 和转录激活 二聚体形成区
1 1 7 7 2 6 2 4 2 8 4 9 0 5 3 2 6 9 7
图 1 8 -5 2 糖皮质激素受体三个功能区的分布蛋白质之间的相互作用
酵母半乳糖代谢中 GAL80和 GAL4的相互作用
酵母半乳糖代谢调控和 gal操纵中的调控形式是完全不同的
– 调节的基因多位于不同的染色体上
– 负调节蛋白 GAL80不直接和 DNA结合,而是和 GAL4
结合,占据其功能域来阻遏转录的
– 作为正调节因子不仅需要半乳糖作为诱导物,还需要 GAL4蛋白作为转录因子,它不是像原核中的正调节蛋白仅和操纵子中的操纵基因结合,使整个基因簇得以转录,而是分别和各个被调节基因上游元件 UAS结合,促进转录半乳糖缺乏 半乳糖存在
G a l
G A L 8 0
G A L 4 转录激活区
D N A 结合区
U A S
G
U A S
G
G A L 4,二聚体结合于 U A S
G
上 G A L 4,二聚体结合于 U A S
G

G A L 8 0 结合于 G A L 4 上 G A L 8 0 和 G a l 结合而解离
G a l 基因不转录 G A L 4 激活 G a l 基因转录图 1 8 - 2 5 酵母 g a l 基因激活模型构成性转录因子 SP1对持家基因的调控作用
Housekeeping ( constitutive) genes (持家基因),细胞内的蛋白质编码基因,维持细胞的基本过程
SP1结合于保守性序列 GGGCGG的 GC丰富序列,
该序列位于许多持家基因的启动子中
SP1含有,3 zinc finger motifs which bind to GC-
rich sequance,2个 glutamine-rich domains
interact with TAFII110 of TFII D
GC
SP1 TBPSP1
110
TBP
glutamine-rich
domains
zinc finger motifs
The specific transcription factor SP1binds to
GC rich sequence in TATA less promoter
Hormone regulation
Hormones are molecules which are secreted by one
specific cell type and transmit a signal to a target cell type
Steroid hormones,lipid soluble and can diffuse
through cell membranes to interact with
transcription factor,steroid hormone receptors
Steroid hormones:
glucocorticoid 糖皮质激素
estrogen 雌激素 retinoic acid 视黄酸
thyroid 甲状腺素
Steroid Hormones and receptors
Steroid hormones may exist in a cell,but its
effect is controlled by receptors’ presence.
Most steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) exist
in only limited target tissues
mammalian cells contain ~10000 to ~100000
receptor molecules
Receptors are proteins
SHRs have high affinity for their hormones
General steroid model of gene transcription
activation
in the absence of hormones,SHRs are protected by
chaperones (large protein complex) (inactive)
Steroid hormone replace chaperones and form complex
with receptor (SHR activated)
the active complex binds to specific DNA regulatory
sequence (Steroid hormone response elements-- HREs
甾类激素细胞质受体核
G E R / 增强子 启动子 转录激活图 1 8 - 5 1 糖皮质激素与受体结合后进入核内和增强子结合激活糖皮质激素调节基因的启动子,导致转录
Regulation by phosphorylation
Interferon-?
cell-surface receptor
signal transduction process
Janus activated kinase 两面神蛋白激酶
STATa signal transduction and transcription
factor
Phosphorylation at tyrosine residue
homodimer 同源二聚体
p p
P p
Interferon
Interferon
receptor
JAK Kinase
Unphosphrylation
STATa monomers +2ATP +2ADP
Phosphorylated
STATa dimer
Response element
nuclear
Activation of transcription elongation by
HIV Tat protein
Tat encoded by HIV is required for productive
HIV gene expression
Tat binds to an RNA stem-loop structure called
TAR,located at the 5’-untranslated region of all
HIV RNAs
The protein-RNA complex may loop backwoards
and interact with the new initiation complex,
resulting activation of the kinase activity of TFIIH
TatCellularfactor
RNA Polymerase
H CTD p
Tat-Tar cellular factor
complex activates TFIIH
Activated TFIIH phosphorylates
CTD of RNA pol II
The mechanism of HIV Tat-TAR complex
Somites 体节 fibroblasts
( Mesodermal embryonic cell
中胚层细胞 ) overexpression
of myoD
myotomes 生肌节 muscle-like cells.
( skeletal muscle cell)
myoblasts (成肌细胞,muscle cell)
成纤维细胞
myoD
expression
Gene for cell determination,myoD
myoD p21/waf/cip1
activates
MyoD p21/waf/cip1 CDKs cell cycle
activates ( cyclin dependent kinase)
muscle specific arrest
gene expression at the G1-phase.
Cell differentiation
*
MyoD activates muscle-specific gene
expression
There have now been shown to be four genes,
myoD,myogenin,myf5 and mrf4,the expression of
each of which has ability to convert fibroblasts
into muscle
The encoded proteins are all members of of the
HLH TF family
The HLH group of proteins produce a diverse
range of hetro- and homodimeric TFs that each
have different activities and roles
A possible regulatory strategy
Transcription factors with dimerization motifs
could form homohimers (two subunits are the
same) or heterodimers (two subunits are different
but with similar motifs)
the heterodimer possibility suggest a way in which
complex patterns of gene expression can be
obtained
different concerntrations of the two peptides might
favor different heterodimes formation---subtle
modulation of gene expression
G A L 8 0 结合区
D N A 二聚体结合区 形成区 激活区 激活区
1 6 5 9 4 1 4 8 1 9 6 7 6 8 8 5 1 8 8 1
图 1 8 - 5 4 G A L 4 结合功能区的分布激活区
D N A 结合区 转录因子
5 ’ 调控位点 启动子 结构基因待测蛋白

报告基因