COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
比较与对比
教学重点,1）比较与对比的段落的写作手法； 2）常用表达法和基本句型； 3）连接词的运用。
教学难点,段落的两种结构方式。
教学内容,1 Concepts of comparison and contrast
2 Strategies
3 Useful expressions and sentence
patterns
4 Connectives
1,Pictures
Brainstorming – Generating Ideas
2,Writing Strategies
In making contrast,we have to compare,There is no
other way to point out the difference,i.e,the contrast.
What is of great importance is to know that professional
writers frequently use these two strategies to develop
paragraphs.
There are two major ways of organizing paragraphs of
comparison and contrast.
One way is to examine one thing thoroughly and then
start the other– Allabout pattern; The other way is to
examine two things at the same time,discussing them
point by point– Seesaw pattern.
2.1 To examine one thing thoroughly and then
start the other.
Focus,The aspects examined in the two things should be
identical and in the same order.
Pattern,A1,A2,A3; B1,B2,B3,（ Allabout Pattern）
Example,Contrast
1]My hometown is quite different from what it used to be.
Subtopic,2]Just a little more that ten years ago my
hometown was a small quiet place.
A（ 1） 3]The houses were small and mean.
A（ 2） 3]The streets were for the most part narrow
and winding.
A（ 3） 3]There were few people in the streets and
shops.
Subtopic,2]Now,everything has changed.
B（ 1）,3]Looking in every direction from the
center of the town,one sees a long succession of giant,
imposing buildings.
B（ 2）,3]The streets,whether long or short,are
straight,spacious,and well-shaded.
B（ 3）,3] Crowds of people can be found here
and there,hurrying,noisy,and well-dressed.
C From a dull little village with clusters of shabby
houses in the past,my hometown has now
transformed into a big city,cheerful,colorful,and
prosperous.
2.2 To examine two things at the same time,discussing
them point by point.
Focus,Aspects examined in two things should be identical and in the
same order.
Pattern,A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3 (Seesaw Pattern)
Example,comparison.
1]Despite their obvious differences in length,the paragraph and the
essay are quite similar structurally.
A（ 1）,2]For example,the paragraph is introduced by either a topic
sentence or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence.
B（ 1）,2]In the essay,the first paragraph provides introductory
material and establishes the topic focus.
A（ 2）,2]Next,the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop
the topic sentence.
B（ 2）,2]Similarly,the body of an essay consists of a number of
paragraphs that expand and support the ideas presented in the
introductory paragraph.
A（ 3）,2] Finally,a terminator---whether a restatement,
conclusion,or observation---ends the paragraph.
B（ 3）,2]The essay,too,has a device which brings its
ideas to a logically and psychologically satisfying
completion,the concluding paragraph.
C] Although exceptions to these generalizations may be
observed in modern creative writing,most well written
expository paragraphs and essays are comparable in
structure.
Notes:1) 1],2],3] indicates the level of generality at which
a sentence is in the paragraph.
2) C] is the short form of conclusion,that is,the
concluding sentence.
2.3 An Analysis of An Essay
These two patterns can also be used to compose an
essay.Now read the following short essay and analyze
it according to what you have learned so far
Paris and Washington differ in age and
population; however,anyone who has seen the two
cities can tell that they are very similar.
Of course,Paris is much older than Washington.
The French city is over2000 years old,Washington,in
contrast,is very young,It is less than 250 years old.
The population of Paris is also much larger than
Washington’s Paris has more than 2,500,000 people.
Washington has just over 700,000.
In spite of these differences,the similarities are striding,First,
both cities are the political centers of their countries,The president of
France lives in the heart of Paris,in the Elysees Palace,Likewise,the
president of the United States has its meeting place in Washington,in
the Capitol,Second,the two cities look similar,L’Enfant,the French
engineer who designed Washington,was greatly influenced by the
layout of the capital of France,For this reason,many of the buildings
and monuments in Washington are symmetrically located in views of
one another,just as they are in Paris,Both cities are also the sites of
magnificent monuments,important historical landmarks,fine
museums,beautiful parks,and board,treelined avenues,Finally,
tourism is as important for Washington as it is for Paris Every year
millions of tourists from all parts of the world visit these cities to
view their attractions
Questions
1,Which is the thesis statement of the
essay?
2,Find the topic sentence and controlling
idea of the 2nd and 3rd paragraph.
3,Find the connectives in the 3rd paragraph.
4,Which pattern does this essay follow?
2.4 Planes of Generality of the
Essay
1] Paris and Washington differ in age and population; however,
anyone who has seen the two cities can tell that they are very
similar,(Thesis statement,tell the readers what they can expect
to read in the essay.)
2]The two cities differ in age and population.
3] Of course,Paris is much older than Washington,
4] The French city is over2000years old.
Washington,in contrast,is very young,It is
less than 250 years old.
3] The population of of Paris is also much larger than
Washington’s.
4] Paris has more than 2,500,000 people,
Washington has just over 700,000,
2] In spite of these differences,the similarities
are striding,
3] First,both cities are the political centers
of their countries,
4]The president of France lives in the heart
of Paris,in the Elysees Palace,Likewise,
the president of the United States has
its meeting place in Washington,in
the Capitol.
3] Second,the two cities look similar.
4] L’Enfant,the French engineer who designed
Washington,was greatly influenced by
the layout of the capital of France.
5] For this reason,many of the buildings
and monuments in Washington are
symmetrically located in views of
one another,just as they are in Paris,Both
cities are also the sites of magnificent
monuments,important historical landmarks,
fine museums,beautiful parks,and board,
treelined avenues.
3] Finally,tourism is as important for Washington as it is
for Paris.
4] Every year millions of tourists from all parts of the
world visit these cities to view their attractions
3.Expressions and Sentence Patterns
3.1 Similarity
a,Model A is the same as Model B structurally.
identical with in design.
similar to
like
b,The two Models are alike structurally
identical in design
the same
similar
c,Sweden,like Finland,has very large resources of
timber.
3.2 Difference
Model X is different from Model Y structurally
is not the same as in design.
differs from
3.3 Comparison
Model A is cheap,Similarly,Model B
is inexpensive,
3.4 contrast
while whereas,whilst…,.而 （ 含有相对之意 ）
while
a,Model A is stylish,whereas Model B is old-fashioned.
whilst
While
Whereas Model A is stylish,Model B is old-fashioned.
Whilst
b,but,however,nevertheless…… 但是,然而
but
Model A is stylish,however Model B is old-fashioned.
nevertheless
c,unlike与 … 有别,compared with,与 … 相比 in contrast to与 … 成对比
Unlike
Compared with Model A,Model B is old-fashioned.
In contrast to
d.on the other hand 然而 ……
Model A is stylish,On the other hand,Model B is old-fashioned,
3.5 In-Class Practice
Agents of Gender Socialization
Boys(A) Girls(B)
Toys Toy guns(A1) Dolls(B1)
Dress Blue or dark-
colored(A2)
In pastel
shades(B2)
Play Playing cops and
robbers(A3)
Playing
house with
dolls(B3)
3.6 Exercise
Write a paragraph to contrast department stores and
supermarkets following the allabout pattern and another
following the seesaw pattern.
Department stores Supermarkets
Function,shopping shopping
Location,downtown uptown
Service,warmhearted service self-service
Commodities,specialized in clothes specialized in food and
households
Price,expensive cheap
Topic Sentence,Although department stores and supermarkets
are similar in function,they differ from each other in several
aspects.
5.2 Exercise
Study the example of the comparison and
contrast between Paris and Washington
carefully,and write an essay of comparing and
contrast two things following the model.
比较与对比
教学重点,1）比较与对比的段落的写作手法； 2）常用表达法和基本句型； 3）连接词的运用。
教学难点,段落的两种结构方式。
教学内容,1 Concepts of comparison and contrast
2 Strategies
3 Useful expressions and sentence
patterns
4 Connectives
1,Pictures
Brainstorming – Generating Ideas
2,Writing Strategies
In making contrast,we have to compare,There is no
other way to point out the difference,i.e,the contrast.
What is of great importance is to know that professional
writers frequently use these two strategies to develop
paragraphs.
There are two major ways of organizing paragraphs of
comparison and contrast.
One way is to examine one thing thoroughly and then
start the other– Allabout pattern; The other way is to
examine two things at the same time,discussing them
point by point– Seesaw pattern.
2.1 To examine one thing thoroughly and then
start the other.
Focus,The aspects examined in the two things should be
identical and in the same order.
Pattern,A1,A2,A3; B1,B2,B3,（ Allabout Pattern）
Example,Contrast
1]My hometown is quite different from what it used to be.
Subtopic,2]Just a little more that ten years ago my
hometown was a small quiet place.
A（ 1） 3]The houses were small and mean.
A（ 2） 3]The streets were for the most part narrow
and winding.
A（ 3） 3]There were few people in the streets and
shops.
Subtopic,2]Now,everything has changed.
B（ 1）,3]Looking in every direction from the
center of the town,one sees a long succession of giant,
imposing buildings.
B（ 2）,3]The streets,whether long or short,are
straight,spacious,and well-shaded.
B（ 3）,3] Crowds of people can be found here
and there,hurrying,noisy,and well-dressed.
C From a dull little village with clusters of shabby
houses in the past,my hometown has now
transformed into a big city,cheerful,colorful,and
prosperous.
2.2 To examine two things at the same time,discussing
them point by point.
Focus,Aspects examined in two things should be identical and in the
same order.
Pattern,A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3 (Seesaw Pattern)
Example,comparison.
1]Despite their obvious differences in length,the paragraph and the
essay are quite similar structurally.
A（ 1）,2]For example,the paragraph is introduced by either a topic
sentence or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence.
B（ 1）,2]In the essay,the first paragraph provides introductory
material and establishes the topic focus.
A（ 2）,2]Next,the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop
the topic sentence.
B（ 2）,2]Similarly,the body of an essay consists of a number of
paragraphs that expand and support the ideas presented in the
introductory paragraph.
A（ 3）,2] Finally,a terminator---whether a restatement,
conclusion,or observation---ends the paragraph.
B（ 3）,2]The essay,too,has a device which brings its
ideas to a logically and psychologically satisfying
completion,the concluding paragraph.
C] Although exceptions to these generalizations may be
observed in modern creative writing,most well written
expository paragraphs and essays are comparable in
structure.
Notes:1) 1],2],3] indicates the level of generality at which
a sentence is in the paragraph.
2) C] is the short form of conclusion,that is,the
concluding sentence.
2.3 An Analysis of An Essay
These two patterns can also be used to compose an
essay.Now read the following short essay and analyze
it according to what you have learned so far
Paris and Washington differ in age and
population; however,anyone who has seen the two
cities can tell that they are very similar.
Of course,Paris is much older than Washington.
The French city is over2000 years old,Washington,in
contrast,is very young,It is less than 250 years old.
The population of Paris is also much larger than
Washington’s Paris has more than 2,500,000 people.
Washington has just over 700,000.
In spite of these differences,the similarities are striding,First,
both cities are the political centers of their countries,The president of
France lives in the heart of Paris,in the Elysees Palace,Likewise,the
president of the United States has its meeting place in Washington,in
the Capitol,Second,the two cities look similar,L’Enfant,the French
engineer who designed Washington,was greatly influenced by the
layout of the capital of France,For this reason,many of the buildings
and monuments in Washington are symmetrically located in views of
one another,just as they are in Paris,Both cities are also the sites of
magnificent monuments,important historical landmarks,fine
museums,beautiful parks,and board,treelined avenues,Finally,
tourism is as important for Washington as it is for Paris Every year
millions of tourists from all parts of the world visit these cities to
view their attractions
Questions
1,Which is the thesis statement of the
essay?
2,Find the topic sentence and controlling
idea of the 2nd and 3rd paragraph.
3,Find the connectives in the 3rd paragraph.
4,Which pattern does this essay follow?
2.4 Planes of Generality of the
Essay
1] Paris and Washington differ in age and population; however,
anyone who has seen the two cities can tell that they are very
similar,(Thesis statement,tell the readers what they can expect
to read in the essay.)
2]The two cities differ in age and population.
3] Of course,Paris is much older than Washington,
4] The French city is over2000years old.
Washington,in contrast,is very young,It is
less than 250 years old.
3] The population of of Paris is also much larger than
Washington’s.
4] Paris has more than 2,500,000 people,
Washington has just over 700,000,
2] In spite of these differences,the similarities
are striding,
3] First,both cities are the political centers
of their countries,
4]The president of France lives in the heart
of Paris,in the Elysees Palace,Likewise,
the president of the United States has
its meeting place in Washington,in
the Capitol.
3] Second,the two cities look similar.
4] L’Enfant,the French engineer who designed
Washington,was greatly influenced by
the layout of the capital of France.
5] For this reason,many of the buildings
and monuments in Washington are
symmetrically located in views of
one another,just as they are in Paris,Both
cities are also the sites of magnificent
monuments,important historical landmarks,
fine museums,beautiful parks,and board,
treelined avenues.
3] Finally,tourism is as important for Washington as it is
for Paris.
4] Every year millions of tourists from all parts of the
world visit these cities to view their attractions
3.Expressions and Sentence Patterns
3.1 Similarity
a,Model A is the same as Model B structurally.
identical with in design.
similar to
like
b,The two Models are alike structurally
identical in design
the same
similar
c,Sweden,like Finland,has very large resources of
timber.
3.2 Difference
Model X is different from Model Y structurally
is not the same as in design.
differs from
3.3 Comparison
Model A is cheap,Similarly,Model B
is inexpensive,
3.4 contrast
while whereas,whilst…,.而 （ 含有相对之意 ）
while
a,Model A is stylish,whereas Model B is old-fashioned.
whilst
While
Whereas Model A is stylish,Model B is old-fashioned.
Whilst
b,but,however,nevertheless…… 但是,然而
but
Model A is stylish,however Model B is old-fashioned.
nevertheless
c,unlike与 … 有别,compared with,与 … 相比 in contrast to与 … 成对比
Unlike
Compared with Model A,Model B is old-fashioned.
In contrast to
d.on the other hand 然而 ……
Model A is stylish,On the other hand,Model B is old-fashioned,
3.5 In-Class Practice
Agents of Gender Socialization
Boys(A) Girls(B)
Toys Toy guns(A1) Dolls(B1)
Dress Blue or dark-
colored(A2)
In pastel
shades(B2)
Play Playing cops and
robbers(A3)
Playing
house with
dolls(B3)
3.6 Exercise
Write a paragraph to contrast department stores and
supermarkets following the allabout pattern and another
following the seesaw pattern.
Department stores Supermarkets
Function,shopping shopping
Location,downtown uptown
Service,warmhearted service self-service
Commodities,specialized in clothes specialized in food and
households
Price,expensive cheap
Topic Sentence,Although department stores and supermarkets
are similar in function,they differ from each other in several
aspects.
5.2 Exercise
Study the example of the comparison and
contrast between Paris and Washington
carefully,and write an essay of comparing and
contrast two things following the model.
