The Fundamentals of Computer Hardware
Organization of Computer System Components
Exercises
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words according to the text.（根据课文内容填空）
A computer is a fast and accurate symbol manipulating system,
The keyboard of a workstation connected online to a computer is an example of device,
The input/output and secondary storage units are sometimes called peripheral devices,
The heart of a computer system is cpu.
Key elements of a computer system include memory,input devices,central processing unit and output devices.
The popular output devices used for personal computer are printer,
Translate and analyze the following sentences.（翻译并分析下面的句子）
It is organized to accept,store,and process data and produce output results.
句子组成：is organized表是被动，to表目的，and连接并列宾语。
翻译：它被组织接收，存储，处理和产生输出结果
There are two main sections found in the CPU of a typical personal computer system.
句子组成：found表是被动翻译：典型的PC机的CPU中有两个主要部分
In personal computer systems,display screen and desktop printers are popular output devices.
句子组成：In personal computer systems做状语，
翻译：PC机中，显示屏和桌面打印是流行的输出设备
Because these devices are not a part of the CPU,they are often located near it.
句子组成：because引导原因装仪从句。_
翻译：_由于这些设备不是CPU的组成部分，所以常常定位在它附近
Reading comprehension.（阅读理解）
We know a computer is a machine that processes data (stored in main memory) into information,under control of a stored program,We also know that,internally,a computer is a binary machine; thus the data and the program instructions must be stored in binary form,Characters are represented in a binary code,Numbers are stored as binary numbers,with each bit’s positional value significant,A computer’s main memory is divided into bytes,words or both (depending on the system),and each of these basic storage units is assigned an address,Using this address,the processor can read or write selected bytes or words.
The processor consists of a clock,an instruction control unit,an arithmetic and logic unit,and registers,Once a program is stored in main memory,the processor can begin to execute it,During I-time,the instruction control unit fetches an instruction from main memory; during E-time,the arithmetic and logic unit executes it,Precisely timed electronic pulses generated by the clock drive this basic machine cycle.
Choose the correct answers for the following brackets.
Inside a computer,characters are represented by (a ).
A,a binary code B,words C,registers D,positional values
A location in memory is accessed by its ( a).
A,address B,value C,content D,register
An instruction is fetched during (c).
A,E-time B,I-time C,cycle time D,run time
An Instruction is executed during (d ).
A,E-time B,I-time C,cycle time D,run time
One instruction is fetched and executed during a single (d ).
A,clock pulse B,instruction C,memory access D,machine cycle
CPU
Exercises
Fill in the blanks.
The processor,often called the central processing unit (CPU) or main processor,is the component that processes or manipulates data.
The processor is controlled by control unit.
The program tells the computer what to do,and the control unit_identify the memory locations that will participate in the operation.
Decide whether the following statements are True or False.
A processor can do everything without a program to provide control,(F)
The operation codes identify the memory locations that will participate in the operation.
(F)
The processor contains three key components,(F)
A program written to run on a computer based on the Motorola CPU will not run on a computer that used an Intel chip,(F)
Translate and analyze the following sentences.
Whatever intelligence a computer has is derived from software,not hardware.
句子组成：Whatever 引导的句字做主语。
翻译：计算机的智能来源于软件而不是硬件
The processor manipulates data stored in main memory under the control of a program stored in main memory.
句子组成：第一个stored in main memory做data的补语，第二个stored in main memory做program的补语。under the control of a program stored in main memory.做状语。
翻译：在主存程序的控制下处理器处理存于主存的数据
The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities.
句子组成：that引导的从句说明计算机的作用翻译：计算器是提供计算机逻辑和计算能力的功能单元
For example,two numbers might be compared to determine if they are equal.
句子组成：for example 例如的意思，to表示目的。
翻译：例如，两个数字可以被比较是否相等
Each of these processors has been roughly twice the speed of its immediate predecessor.
句子组成：each of每个。twice the speed of 是速度的两倍翻译：每个处理器大概是它以前处理速度的两倍
A program written to run on a computer based on the Motorola CPU will not run on a computer that used an Intel chip.
句子组成：written to run on a computer修饰program，被动翻译：基于Motorola CPU的计算机程序不能在Intel芯片的计算机上运行
Reading comprehension.
Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units linked together to optimize the processing of data,In a multiprocessing environment,more than one instruction can be executed by the CPUs at the same time,This is in contrast to multiprogramming,where one CPU can process different instructions from one or more programs concurrently by interleaving them,With multiprocessing,there is actually more than one CPU; hence more than one instruction can be executed simultaneously.
A typical application of multiprocessing is the use of a minicomputer to handle scheduling,formatting of data,editing,and summary totals so that the main CPU or mainframe can be used for high-priority or more complex tasks.
Sometimes a smaller CPU such as a minicomputer handles input/output operations from a variety of terminals,In this way,the main CPU needs to access only one unit—the minicomputer—rather than each of the numerous terminals,For such applications,the minicomputer is referred to as a front-end processor,The front-end processor can establish priorities for each of the terminals,queue the terminal inquiries if the mainframe is ‘busy’,and maintain controls.
Minicomputers are used with increasing frequency in a multiprocessing environment to relieve some of the load of a mainframe and to handle input/output scheduling and data entry from remote terminals.
Choose the correct answers for the following brackets.
In multiprocessing environments _a_.
A,the main CPU needs to access the minicomputer as well as each of the terminals.
B,the main CPU is often used for data formatting.
C,the main CPU has lower priority.
D,the main CPU can be used for more complex tasks.
In multiprogramming environments _c.
A,there is more than one CPU to execute instruction simultaneously.
B,two or more central processing units linked together.
C,one CPU can execute more than one programs concurrently.
D,minicomputers are used as front-end processors.
The main purpose for multiprocessing is __b__.
A,to handle scheduling,formatting of data.
B,to process different instructions from one or more programs concurrently.
C,to optimize the processing of data.
D,to queen the terminal inquiries.
Motherboard
Exercises
Fill in the blanks.
Every other component,at some point,connects to the motherboard.
For most the standard 4 or 5 PCI slots will be fine.
Some boards go all the way,offering built on SCSI controllers.
Before you buy a motherboard,you need to look at the manual first.
Decide whether the following statements are True or False.
Now,USB was optional,( N )
Today’s motherboards are a lot different than the one’s in the 486 days,( Y )
Some boards go all the way,offering built on SCSI controllers,10/100 Ethernet support,on board video and sound,etc,( Y )
Translate and analyze the following sentences.
Almost everyone knows that the motherboard is the most important component of your computer.
句子组成：most important最重要的，最高级；that引导宾语从句。
翻译：几乎每个人都知道主板是计算机中最重要的部件。
Is there a bunch of crap that will block your full-length PCI card from fitting?
句子组成：that引导定语从句，修饰crap.
翻译：是否有一队废物挡住了全尺寸PCI卡的安装？
But,if you want to stick some nice stuff in,you’ll soon run out.
句子组成：run out 用光；but表转折。If引导条件状语从句翻译：但如果想在加些好东西，这些插槽很快就被用光。
I had an Asus P2B and ran out and got P3B-F just because it had an extra PCI slot.
句子组成：because引导原因状语从句。
翻译：我有一个Asus P2B,但我却用了P3B-F，就是因为它多一个PCI插槽。
Another thing to keep in mind is that the better known manufacturers often have nice web sites,and you can sometimes get support info there,too.
句子组成：that引导宾语从句，and连接两个并列宾语。
翻译：另外一个要记在心中的就是有名的厂商通常都有不错的网站，有时候你可以在那里获得相关的技术支持。
You need to know what you want and then pick that board which has the best combination of gizmos for you.
句子组成：what引导宾语从句，and连接并列宾语的。
翻译：你应该清楚地知道你需要什么，然后选择能实现最佳配置的那一块。
Storage
Exercises
Fill in the blanks,
The purpose of storage in a computer is to hold data or information and get that data to the CPU as quickly as possible when it is needed.
Our computer uses two types of memory primary memory and secondary memory.
On the disks,there are many tracks or cylinders.
On one side of the floppy disk is a place for a label,On the other side is a silver circle with two holes in it.
Floppy disks are the smallest type of storage,holding only 1.44MB.
CDs usually store about 650MB.
Decide whether the following statements are True or False.
Primary memory is stored on chips located on the motherboard,(Y)
Secondary memory holds all of the essential memory that tells your computer how to be a computer,(N)
Floppy disks are the smallest type of storage,holding only 2.44MB,(N)
CDs usually store about 650GB,(Y)
A DVD holds even less information than a CD,(Y)
Translate and analyze the following sentences.
Computers use disks for storage,hard disks that are located inside the computer,and floppy or compact disks that are used externally.
句子组成：that引导同位语从句。
翻译：计算机使用磁盘来存储：硬盘是位于计算机俩面的，软盘和光盘是外部使用的。
Primary memory which is stored on chips located on the motherboard,and secondary memory that is stored in the hard drive.
句子组成：which引导定语从句，that引导同位语从句。
翻译：主存是存储在芯片上，位于主板上。辅存是存储在硬盘上。
Inside the hard disk drive case you will find circular disks that are made from polished steel,On the disks,there are many tracks or cylinders.
句子组成：Inside the hard disk drive做状语made from由…材料做的。
翻译：在硬盘驱动器里，你可以看到由抛光了钢铁做成的圆盘。在磁盘上，有很多的轨迹和圆柱。
When the disk is inserted into the disk drive,the drive hooks into those holes to spin the circle.
句子组成：when引导一个状语从句。
翻译：当软盘插入软驱后，驱动器会钩住这些孔来旋转。
Inside the CD-ROM is a laser that reflects light off of the surface of the disk to an electric eye,
句子组成：that后的做补语。
翻译：在光驱里面有激光来反射光盘表面的光到一个电子眼上。
A DVD holds even more information than a CD,because the DVD can store information on two levels,in smaller pits or sometimes on both sides.
句子组成：because引导原因状语从句，
翻译：DVD能够存储比CD更多的信息，因为DVD可以用更小的点存储，有时还可以在两面都存储数据。
Organization of Computer System Components
Exercises
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words according to the text.（根据课文内容填空）
A computer is a fast and accurate symbol manipulating system,
The keyboard of a workstation connected online to a computer is an example of device,
The input/output and secondary storage units are sometimes called peripheral devices,
The heart of a computer system is cpu.
Key elements of a computer system include memory,input devices,central processing unit and output devices.
The popular output devices used for personal computer are printer,
Translate and analyze the following sentences.（翻译并分析下面的句子）
It is organized to accept,store,and process data and produce output results.
句子组成：is organized表是被动，to表目的，and连接并列宾语。
翻译：它被组织接收，存储，处理和产生输出结果
There are two main sections found in the CPU of a typical personal computer system.
句子组成：found表是被动翻译：典型的PC机的CPU中有两个主要部分
In personal computer systems,display screen and desktop printers are popular output devices.
句子组成：In personal computer systems做状语，
翻译：PC机中，显示屏和桌面打印是流行的输出设备
Because these devices are not a part of the CPU,they are often located near it.
句子组成：because引导原因装仪从句。_
翻译：_由于这些设备不是CPU的组成部分，所以常常定位在它附近
Reading comprehension.（阅读理解）
We know a computer is a machine that processes data (stored in main memory) into information,under control of a stored program,We also know that,internally,a computer is a binary machine; thus the data and the program instructions must be stored in binary form,Characters are represented in a binary code,Numbers are stored as binary numbers,with each bit’s positional value significant,A computer’s main memory is divided into bytes,words or both (depending on the system),and each of these basic storage units is assigned an address,Using this address,the processor can read or write selected bytes or words.
The processor consists of a clock,an instruction control unit,an arithmetic and logic unit,and registers,Once a program is stored in main memory,the processor can begin to execute it,During I-time,the instruction control unit fetches an instruction from main memory; during E-time,the arithmetic and logic unit executes it,Precisely timed electronic pulses generated by the clock drive this basic machine cycle.
Choose the correct answers for the following brackets.
Inside a computer,characters are represented by (a ).
A,a binary code B,words C,registers D,positional values
A location in memory is accessed by its ( a).
A,address B,value C,content D,register
An instruction is fetched during (c).
A,E-time B,I-time C,cycle time D,run time
An Instruction is executed during (d ).
A,E-time B,I-time C,cycle time D,run time
One instruction is fetched and executed during a single (d ).
A,clock pulse B,instruction C,memory access D,machine cycle
CPU
Exercises
Fill in the blanks.
The processor,often called the central processing unit (CPU) or main processor,is the component that processes or manipulates data.
The processor is controlled by control unit.
The program tells the computer what to do,and the control unit_identify the memory locations that will participate in the operation.
Decide whether the following statements are True or False.
A processor can do everything without a program to provide control,(F)
The operation codes identify the memory locations that will participate in the operation.
(F)
The processor contains three key components,(F)
A program written to run on a computer based on the Motorola CPU will not run on a computer that used an Intel chip,(F)
Translate and analyze the following sentences.
Whatever intelligence a computer has is derived from software,not hardware.
句子组成：Whatever 引导的句字做主语。
翻译：计算机的智能来源于软件而不是硬件
The processor manipulates data stored in main memory under the control of a program stored in main memory.
句子组成：第一个stored in main memory做data的补语，第二个stored in main memory做program的补语。under the control of a program stored in main memory.做状语。
翻译：在主存程序的控制下处理器处理存于主存的数据
The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities.
句子组成：that引导的从句说明计算机的作用翻译：计算器是提供计算机逻辑和计算能力的功能单元
For example,two numbers might be compared to determine if they are equal.
句子组成：for example 例如的意思，to表示目的。
翻译：例如，两个数字可以被比较是否相等
Each of these processors has been roughly twice the speed of its immediate predecessor.
句子组成：each of每个。twice the speed of 是速度的两倍翻译：每个处理器大概是它以前处理速度的两倍
A program written to run on a computer based on the Motorola CPU will not run on a computer that used an Intel chip.
句子组成：written to run on a computer修饰program，被动翻译：基于Motorola CPU的计算机程序不能在Intel芯片的计算机上运行
Reading comprehension.
Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units linked together to optimize the processing of data,In a multiprocessing environment,more than one instruction can be executed by the CPUs at the same time,This is in contrast to multiprogramming,where one CPU can process different instructions from one or more programs concurrently by interleaving them,With multiprocessing,there is actually more than one CPU; hence more than one instruction can be executed simultaneously.
A typical application of multiprocessing is the use of a minicomputer to handle scheduling,formatting of data,editing,and summary totals so that the main CPU or mainframe can be used for high-priority or more complex tasks.
Sometimes a smaller CPU such as a minicomputer handles input/output operations from a variety of terminals,In this way,the main CPU needs to access only one unit—the minicomputer—rather than each of the numerous terminals,For such applications,the minicomputer is referred to as a front-end processor,The front-end processor can establish priorities for each of the terminals,queue the terminal inquiries if the mainframe is ‘busy’,and maintain controls.
Minicomputers are used with increasing frequency in a multiprocessing environment to relieve some of the load of a mainframe and to handle input/output scheduling and data entry from remote terminals.
Choose the correct answers for the following brackets.
In multiprocessing environments _a_.
A,the main CPU needs to access the minicomputer as well as each of the terminals.
B,the main CPU is often used for data formatting.
C,the main CPU has lower priority.
D,the main CPU can be used for more complex tasks.
In multiprogramming environments _c.
A,there is more than one CPU to execute instruction simultaneously.
B,two or more central processing units linked together.
C,one CPU can execute more than one programs concurrently.
D,minicomputers are used as front-end processors.
The main purpose for multiprocessing is __b__.
A,to handle scheduling,formatting of data.
B,to process different instructions from one or more programs concurrently.
C,to optimize the processing of data.
D,to queen the terminal inquiries.
Motherboard
Exercises
Fill in the blanks.
Every other component,at some point,connects to the motherboard.
For most the standard 4 or 5 PCI slots will be fine.
Some boards go all the way,offering built on SCSI controllers.
Before you buy a motherboard,you need to look at the manual first.
Decide whether the following statements are True or False.
Now,USB was optional,( N )
Today’s motherboards are a lot different than the one’s in the 486 days,( Y )
Some boards go all the way,offering built on SCSI controllers,10/100 Ethernet support,on board video and sound,etc,( Y )
Translate and analyze the following sentences.
Almost everyone knows that the motherboard is the most important component of your computer.
句子组成：most important最重要的，最高级；that引导宾语从句。
翻译：几乎每个人都知道主板是计算机中最重要的部件。
Is there a bunch of crap that will block your full-length PCI card from fitting?
句子组成：that引导定语从句，修饰crap.
翻译：是否有一队废物挡住了全尺寸PCI卡的安装？
But,if you want to stick some nice stuff in,you’ll soon run out.
句子组成：run out 用光；but表转折。If引导条件状语从句翻译：但如果想在加些好东西，这些插槽很快就被用光。
I had an Asus P2B and ran out and got P3B-F just because it had an extra PCI slot.
句子组成：because引导原因状语从句。
翻译：我有一个Asus P2B,但我却用了P3B-F，就是因为它多一个PCI插槽。
Another thing to keep in mind is that the better known manufacturers often have nice web sites,and you can sometimes get support info there,too.
句子组成：that引导宾语从句，and连接两个并列宾语。
翻译：另外一个要记在心中的就是有名的厂商通常都有不错的网站，有时候你可以在那里获得相关的技术支持。
You need to know what you want and then pick that board which has the best combination of gizmos for you.
句子组成：what引导宾语从句，and连接并列宾语的。
翻译：你应该清楚地知道你需要什么，然后选择能实现最佳配置的那一块。
Storage
Exercises
Fill in the blanks,
The purpose of storage in a computer is to hold data or information and get that data to the CPU as quickly as possible when it is needed.
Our computer uses two types of memory primary memory and secondary memory.
On the disks,there are many tracks or cylinders.
On one side of the floppy disk is a place for a label,On the other side is a silver circle with two holes in it.
Floppy disks are the smallest type of storage,holding only 1.44MB.
CDs usually store about 650MB.
Decide whether the following statements are True or False.
Primary memory is stored on chips located on the motherboard,(Y)
Secondary memory holds all of the essential memory that tells your computer how to be a computer,(N)
Floppy disks are the smallest type of storage,holding only 2.44MB,(N)
CDs usually store about 650GB,(Y)
A DVD holds even less information than a CD,(Y)
Translate and analyze the following sentences.
Computers use disks for storage,hard disks that are located inside the computer,and floppy or compact disks that are used externally.
句子组成：that引导同位语从句。
翻译：计算机使用磁盘来存储：硬盘是位于计算机俩面的，软盘和光盘是外部使用的。
Primary memory which is stored on chips located on the motherboard,and secondary memory that is stored in the hard drive.
句子组成：which引导定语从句，that引导同位语从句。
翻译：主存是存储在芯片上，位于主板上。辅存是存储在硬盘上。
Inside the hard disk drive case you will find circular disks that are made from polished steel,On the disks,there are many tracks or cylinders.
句子组成：Inside the hard disk drive做状语made from由…材料做的。
翻译：在硬盘驱动器里，你可以看到由抛光了钢铁做成的圆盘。在磁盘上，有很多的轨迹和圆柱。
When the disk is inserted into the disk drive,the drive hooks into those holes to spin the circle.
句子组成：when引导一个状语从句。
翻译：当软盘插入软驱后，驱动器会钩住这些孔来旋转。
Inside the CD-ROM is a laser that reflects light off of the surface of the disk to an electric eye,
句子组成：that后的做补语。
翻译：在光驱里面有激光来反射光盘表面的光到一个电子眼上。
A DVD holds even more information than a CD,because the DVD can store information on two levels,in smaller pits or sometimes on both sides.
句子组成：because引导原因状语从句，
翻译：DVD能够存储比CD更多的信息，因为DVD可以用更小的点存储，有时还可以在两面都存储数据。
