UNCLASSIFIED Unclassified Clinton Administration 1993 - ? National security space activities shall contribute to US national security by: - supporting right of self-defense of US, allies and friends - deterring, warning, and defending against enemy attack - assuring hostile forces cannot prevent our use of space - countering, if necessary, space systems and services used for hostile purposes - enhancing operations of U.S. and allied forces - ensuring our ability to conduct military and intelligence space-related activities - satisfying military and intelligence requirements during peace and crisis as well as through - all levels of conflict UNCLASSIFIED The National Space Policy published in September 1996 states that national security space activities, meaning the military and certain national agencies, would contribute to national security following the guidelines shown on this side. The policy clearly states that the U.S. has the right to defend itself and its allies. The policy implies that space systems, as long as they are not in violation of domestic or international law or a treaty, can be used to defend ourselves and our allies. This statement does not exclude certain space-based weapons. Space systems will be used to deter, warn and defend the national and its forces from enemy attack. The U.S. will take action against any country attempting to prevent us from using space. The U.S. reserves the right to counter space systems and services that are used for hostile purposes. This statement implies that if, necessary, anti-satellite weapons could be used. Space systems will be used for force enhancement. The U.S. will ensure that it has the ability to conduct military and intelligence related space activities. The U.S. will use space systems to satisfy military and intelligence requirements during peacetime and during any crisis. The use of space systems is routine, not an exception. A537, Space Orientation Course US Army Command and General Staff College Lesson 1, Intro/Space Policy/Organizations Prepared by: J.H. Barker, ARINC-Leavenworth UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Unclassified Department of Defense Space Policy ? Supports and amplifies U.S. national space policy ? Space recognized as an operational medium (like land, sea and air) ? Space mission areas defined: - Space Support - Force Enhancement - Space Control - Force Application UNCLASSIFIED DOD space forces support a wide range of requirements critical to the National Commander and Authorities, combatant commanders, and operational forces. The global coverage, high readiness, non-intrusive forward presence, and responsiveness of space forces enable them to provide real-time and near-real-tie support for the full range of military operations in peace, crisis, and across the entire spectrum of conflict. The most recent DOD Space Policy was promulgated in 1999. It is general enough that it is in consonance with the national space policy of 1996. The Department of Defense Space Program, an Executive Overview for FY 1998 – 2003, dated March 1997 is an excellent brochure. It provides an overview of DOD space priorities, objectives and programs. A major aspect of the DOD space policy is the focus on efforts to consolidate, integrate and coordinate the defense space sector and the intelligence space sector. Space is recognized as an operational medium. This is also recognized in Joint Vision 2010 and drafts of Joint Publication 3- 14. Four space mission areas are: ? Space Support includes space launch systems and facilities along with satellite control systems. ? Force Enhancement is focused on the use of space systems to provide products, services and capabilities to support military operations. Capabilities that come under force enhancement are: - Communications - Navigation - Warming and attack assessment - Environmental monitoring - Mapping, charting and geodesy - Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance ? Space Control includes space surveillance aspace battle management, protection of space systems, prevention of an enemy’s effective use of space, and the negation of hostile space systems. ? Force application refers to the use of weapons in space to apply military power against an adversary. This includes treaty compliant research and development for space based ballistic missile defense. Although force application includes the use of offensive space-based systems, the US does not have any such systems. Unclassified Air Force Space Policy Tenants ? Spacepower will be as decisive in future combat as airpower is today A537, Space Orientation Course US Army Command and General Staff College Lesson 1, Intro/Space Policy/Organizations Prepared by: J.H. Barker, ARINC-Leavenworth UNCLASSIFIED ? The Air Force leads the integration of space throughout all joint operations ? Create fully integrated air and space forces that exploit the aerospace environment. UNCLASSIFIED ? Global Air and Space saw the Air Force as moving from an air and space force to a space and air force. ? Current leadership sees the first step as the integration of Air and Space capabilities Unclassified Air Force Space Policy ? Integrate space into all facets of joint operations ? Develop the world’s best spacelift and infrastructure ? Create effective TMD, NMD, and GMD capabilities ? Pursue international space cooperation for a global missile warning system UNCLASSIFIED The objectives of the Air Force Space Policy are: ? To integrate space into all facets of joint operations. In addition, the Air Force seeks to acquire and operate all military space assets by implementing organizational changes that support all services and DoD agencies through a partnership with the other services to apply space more effectively, efficiently, and coherently. The other services do not object to the Air Force being the executive agent for space nor having the Air Force operate all military space systems. The policy goes on to say that an Air Force Space Applications and Warfare Center will help define requirements and integrate space. The other services do no want to lose their ability to state their own requirements nor do they want to disband their service components of the U.S. Space Command. ? To develop the world’s best spacelift and infrastructure. The U.S. has a capable space launch but it is expensive and the preparation time for some launches, particularly heavy ones, takes considerable time to prepare for launch. Recently, NASA was given approval to develop a replacement for the shuttle (primarily to support the international spacestation. The Air Force was ordered to proceed with development of the Economic Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV). With an improved and economically competitive spacelift capability, America will remain the world’s leading space-faring nation. ? To create effective Theater Missile Defense (TMD), National Missile Defense (NMD), and Global Missile Defense (GMD) capabilities. The Air Force Space Policy states that the Air Force will field missile defense systems to protect North America, our deployed troops and our allies and create consistent organizations, practices, and procedures to support all theater, national and global missile defense operations. The space segments of these systems will undoubtedly be controlled by the Air Force. The other services, however, have their own plans for ground based and sea based portions of TMD, NMD and GMD systems. ? To pursue international space cooperation. The Air Force will continue to develop the Global Protection System assuring global missile warning is available to all participants. Through bilateral and multinational agreements, the Air Force will work with and create space partnerships that enhance space operations, surveillance, and space A537, Space Orientation Course US Army Command and General Staff College Lesson 1, Intro/Space Policy/Organizations Prepared by: J.H. Barker, ARINC-Leavenworth UNCLASSIFIED control. The Air Force will continue to assure our space systems are interoperable with our allies and friends so America can better support global stability and peace. A537, Space Orientation Course US Army Command and General Staff College Lesson 1, Intro/Space Policy/Organizations Prepared by: J.H. Barker, ARINC-Leavenworth UNCLASSIFIED Unclassified Navy Space Policy ? Space is an essential medium for the conduct of maritime operations. ? DON will integrate space into every facet of naval operations. The primary focus is to provide space- based support to the warfighter. Emphasis is placed on naval tactical requirements and operations. UNCLASSIFIED The Navy and the Maritime Corps have always been strong proponents for the use of space systems to support military operations. A537, Space Orientation Course US Army Command and General Staff College Lesson 1, Intro/Space Policy/Organizations Prepared by: J.H. Barker, ARINC-Leavenworth UNCLASSIFIED Unclassified Army Space Policy ? Recognizes that Army is dependent on space systems, capabilities and products. ? Space products are a force multiplier ? Space to be embedded in Army doctrine, training scenarios, wargames, exercises, and plans. ? Requires developing, maintaining, and ehancing Army space expertise, to include provision for training of space-knowledgeable soldiers and civilians. UNCLASSIFIED The Army has its future doctrine tied to Space. Space capabilities are considered essential to exploit all forms of Information Operations against any potential adversary and minimize risk and exposure of soldiers to the effects of direct combat. These operations must include planning for and influencing Space operations and Space systems of the future. The Army Space Policy recognizes that the Army is dependent on space systems. The Army can no longer afford to adapt and react to what exists, concerning Space. The Army has a Space concept, TRADOC PAM525-60, Space Support to Land Forces Operations, date 1 Nov 94. This concept is derived from the Army Space Policy and the Army Space Vision. It incorporates FM 100-18 Space Support to Army Operations, TRADOC PAM 525-5, FM 100-5, Draft Joint Pub 3-14, and Army Battle dynamics, as well as other Army and Joint publications. The Army recognizes that developing and maintaining space expertise is essential to the integration of space capabilities into Army operations. That is one of the primary reasons that this course was initiated. A537, Space Orientation Course US Army Command and General Staff College Lesson 1, Intro/Space Policy/Organizations Prepared by: J.H. Barker, ARINC-Leavenworth UNCLASSIFIED