环境地质学 Environmental Geology
环境地质学
Environmental Geology
主讲人,万新南 教授
Prof,Wan xinnan
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
环境地质学概念及学习意义
Concept of Environmental geology
1,环境地质学概念 (Concept)
?是认识, 系统环境, 的一门综合性学科，
?是研究环境科学、地质科学，系统了解地球本身的一门基础科学。
人类只有一个地球，共同的家园。
2、环境地质学学习意义 (why study it)
不了解地球的学者不算一个完美的学者，环境地学知识能使其它
学科，在设计施工、决策上站在, 地球环境, 的高度上考虑问题。
3、授课对象 （ who study it)
主要针对非地学类专业 (文科、非地学的理科、如农业、电子、医
学，环境工程等），也可针对地学类学生
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实中的地质与环境
Geology & Environment,then and now
? 文明依地质条件的应允而存，但这种条件却无时
不刻地在潜移默化。（可以真实体会学习环境地
质学的真谛）
Civilization exists by geological consent,
subject to change without notice.( Will
Durant)
? 四川省安县国家地质公园则是现实中的环境－地质－风景
－文明溶为一体的典型地区。（观看成都理工大学制作的
,地质与文明, 的科教片,20分钟－－该片溶汇了, 环境
地质学, 的大部分内容，是体会该课程的总纲与先导）
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
第一部分：宇宙与地球
Chapter 1,Our Planetary Environment
1,星际环境 The Universe Environment
2,时空中的地球 Earth in Space and Time
3,生命演化与人口形势 Biology evolution and
Population
4,地球物质的化学组成 Rock and Minerals in earth
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Planetary Environment
1） 宇 宙的形成 Our Universe
大爆炸理论：, Big Bang”-发生在 150亿年前
In recent decades,scientists have been able to construct an ever-
clearer picture of the origins of the solar system and,before that,of
the universe itself,Most astronomers now accept some sort of,Big
Bang” as origin of today’s universe,At that time,enormous quantities
of matter were created and flung投掷 violently apart across an ever-
larger volume of space,The time of Big Bang can be estimated in
several ways,Perhaps the most direct is the back-calculation of the
universe’s expansion to its apparent beginning,Other methods
depend on astrophysical天体物理 models of creation of the elements
or the rate of evolution of different types of stars,Most age estimates
overlap in the range of 15 to 20 billion years,although a few
researchers suggest an age closer to 10 billion years,
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Planetary Environment
2） 星球 的形成 Our Universe
大爆炸理论：在重力作用下、碎片聚集、能量释放
From the debris of the Big Bang formed the stars,as
locally high concentrations of mass were collected
together by gravity,and some became large and dense
enough that energy-releasing atomic reactions were set
off deep within them,Stars are not permanent objects,
They are constantly losing energy and mass as they
burn their nuclear fuel,The mass of material that initially
formed the star determines how rapidly the star burn;
some stars burned out billions of years ago,while
others are probably forming now from the original
matter of the universe mixed with the debris of older
stars
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Planetary Environment
3） 太阳系 的形成 Our Universe
大爆炸理论：高速旋转的、浑沌的星云团开始分异
Our sun and its system of circling planets,including the
earth,are believed to have formed from a rotating cloud
of gas and dust,starting nearly 5 billion years ago,Most
of the mass of the cloud coalesced to form the sun,which
became a star and began to,shine”,or release light
energy,when its interior became so dense and hot from
the crushing effects of its own gravity that nuclear
reactions were triggred inside it,Meanwhile,dust
condensed from the gases remaining in the flattened
cloud disk rotating around the young sun,The
dust clumped into planets,the formation of which was
essentially complete over 4.5 billion years ago.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
大爆炸初期所形成的星云团
美国宇航局说,,哈勃, 太空望远镜新拍到了迄今有关可见宇宙最纵深景观的照
片，这张具有历史意义的照片中可能包含着宇宙诞生后不久产生的最早期星系。
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
大爆炸初期所形成的星云团
科学界普遍认为，宇宙诞生于距今约１３７亿年前的“大爆炸”。在“大爆炸”
后的３亿年中，宇宙处于黑暗和冷寂状态，随后第一批恒星以及星系开始产生。
“哈勃”新拍下的照片捕获到的正是宇宙中首批星系所发出的光芒。
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
3月 4日，美国宇航局公布一张由 "哈勃
"太空望远镜拍摄的一颗名为 "V838
Mon"的恒星及其周围景象的照片。宇
航局称，这张照片与荷兰绘画大师凡 ·
高的名作, 星夜, 有 "异常相似 "之处
。
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
这是荷兰绘画大师凡 ·高 1889年
在法国南部圣雷米精神病院治
疗期间创作的名画, 星夜, 。
在画中，漩涡状星云扫过夜空
，其手法大胆，震撼人心。该
画被视为凡 ·高最具风格的代表
作之一。
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
美国宇航局的, 钱德拉
” X射线观测望远镜在
宇宙中发现了新型, 黑
洞,,这些, 黑洞, 质
量超过太阳质量数百倍
。
成功发现与普通中
子星或传统, 黑洞, 辐
射不同的 X射线辐射，
通常, 黑洞, 是由正在
死亡的恒星残余形成，
并具有巨大质量，即使
是光也难逃脱它们的引
力。现在天文学家面临
一个问题，即如何解释
这些新型, 黑洞, 会产
生如此强烈的 X辐射，
其 温度可达到几百万摄
氏度。
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
火
星
地
面
照
片
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
火
星
地
面
照
片
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
火
星
地
面
照
片
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
火
星
地
面
照
片
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
火
星
地
面
照
片
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
火
星
地
面
照
片
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
大
碰
撞
实
验
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
大
碰
撞
实
验
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
大
碰
撞
实
验
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
大
碰
撞
实
验
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
大
碰
撞
实
验
“深度撞击, 号飞船将
于美国东部时间 7月 3日
凌晨释放出一个探测器
进入彗星坦普尔一号的
轨道，该探测器预计在
24小时后的美国东部时
间 7月 4日凌晨 1时 52分 (
北京时间 7月 4日下午 1
时 52分 )，以大约每小
时 3.67万公里的速度实
现人类历史上第一次对
彗星的, 大对撞, 。
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
计算机中探索宇宙的时空变化,A team of astrophysicists
and computer scientists has journeyed to the far reaches
of space and time by capturing the entire observable
universe in a computer,They have created the first
simulation of how gravity could have gathered ripples涟
渏 left by the big bang into colossal structures－ walls,
clumps,and filaments细丝 of galaxies－ filling all of space,
The result is a coarse-grained look at cosmic history
within a cube 10 billion light-years on a side,a volume so
big that if Earth sat in one corner,the far corner would
hold some of the most distant galaxies and quasars类星
体 ever seen.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
初始宇宙爆炸波产生的轻密度物质如何成长聚集 To simulate cosmic
evolution,the Virgo Consortium began by calculating how the slight
density variations rippling through the matter of the very early
cosmos might have grown①,
大爆炸所产生的波（涟漪）实质上是一种不确定的颗粒状态的波 Those
ripples are thought to have originated as,quantum量子
fluctuations”—in essence,waves of uncertainty in particle
positions—during the first instants of the big bang,when the entire
observable universe was no larger than a grapefruit②, Relatively
simple calculations predict how radiation in the hot young cosmos
would have smoothed out some of these perturbations混乱 while
allowing others to intensify③,
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
宇宙澎涨、冷却，重力控制作用
As the universe expanded and cooled,gravity took over,And after about a
billion years,when the cosmos was about 10% of its present age,
concentrations of mass equaling tens of Milky Ways began to,go
nonlinear,”becoming too closely bunched束 for simple mathematics to
handle－ just as seaside ripples on a calm spring day are less complex
than breakers in a typhoon①, At that point,the researchers could no
longer trace cosmic evolution by solving a single set of equations,Instead
they divided the mass in a cubic cosmos into a billion particles and
calculated how each particle affected the motion of all its neighbors in 500
time steps,Over the course of the simulation,the cosmic wrinkles使起皱,
like waves on a stormy seascape,became more and more pronounced显
著 as the particles attracted one another.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
亮物质与暗物质 Yet the result is only a sketchy picture of
cosmic evolution,the researchers acknowledge,Each of
the billion particles is the equivalent of 10 galaxies or so,
and to save computer time,the calculations leave out
factors other than gravity,such as pressure and radiation,
that govern galaxy formation,The team also stresses that
the computations follow only the invisible,dark matter”
that is thought to account for most of cosmic mass,and
not the bright galaxies that,in nature,trace the dark
mass like campfires dotting the ridgelines of hills①, But
Michigan's Evrard notes that the largest dark and bright
structures are thought to be roughly equivalent.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
宇宙模型 （ omega & lambda model )So far,the team has
done calculations on two model universes,One is filled with
enough matter to stop cosmic expansion after an infinite time,
a condition called omega matter = 1 (see graphics).（ ω常数等
于 1） This is the cosmic recipe（宇宙谱） most theorists
opted for in the past,The other,called the lambda model,
is the kind of universe suggested by new
measurements of the cosmic expansion rate,one
that has an omega matter of 0.3 and a substantial
cosmological constant,or large-scale repulsive force①,
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
极精妙的时间消逝场景 The team then created both“snapshots快照” of fully
formed universe and views of what an observer would actually see in looking
deeper and deeper into the universe from one point,The farther the
observer looks,the longer it has taken for light to arrive from that point,so
the view gradually moves to earlier times in cosmic history along a
wedgelike bundle of lines of sight,Even veteran researchers in the
consortium were taken aback by the stunning detail seen in these time-lapse
pictures,which were created mostly by Evrard.(协会最有经验的研究者通过
主要由 Evrard创建的极精妙的时间消逝场景而带入过去 ),Says Carlos Frenk
of the University of Durham in the U.K.,who co-directs the consortium with
White,“I was amazed that even at very early times,you see a huge amount
of structure”—filaments and walls like the ones that observers have seen in
the nearby universe,Agrees Evrard:,You start to pick out subtleties that you
wouldn't have imagined,It blows you mind.”
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
模型的缺陷 So far,the lambda model seems to be
a little closer to the real universe,Large clusters
of galaxies form earlier in the lambda model than
in the omega = 1 version,more in line with
observations,Both models have difficulty
accounting for some of the most massive
and distant clusters seen in the real
sky,however.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
模型的现实意义重大,Already,says Frenk,the
simulations are pouring out clues to everything from how
often galaxy clusters would tend to clump together into
superclusters to the likelihood that we might live in a
relatively tenuous纤细, bubble” within the cosmos,as
observations are beginning to suggest,And because the
team plans to make its data public,other researchers will
be able to make their own journeys through the far
reaches of this silicon universe.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
? 小结：
? 基于大爆炸理论
? 重力作用 how gravity built the giant structures
? 宇宙的演化 To simulate cosmic evolution
－葡萄大小的宇宙
环境地质学
Environmental Geology
主讲人,万新南 教授
Prof,Wan xinnan
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
环境地质学概念及学习意义
Concept of Environmental geology
1,环境地质学概念 (Concept)
?是认识, 系统环境, 的一门综合性学科，
?是研究环境科学、地质科学，系统了解地球本身的一门基础科学。
人类只有一个地球，共同的家园。
2、环境地质学学习意义 (why study it)
不了解地球的学者不算一个完美的学者，环境地学知识能使其它
学科，在设计施工、决策上站在, 地球环境, 的高度上考虑问题。
3、授课对象 （ who study it)
主要针对非地学类专业 (文科、非地学的理科、如农业、电子、医
学，环境工程等），也可针对地学类学生
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实中的地质与环境
Geology & Environment,then and now
? 文明依地质条件的应允而存，但这种条件却无时
不刻地在潜移默化。（可以真实体会学习环境地
质学的真谛）
Civilization exists by geological consent,
subject to change without notice.( Will
Durant)
? 四川省安县国家地质公园则是现实中的环境－地质－风景
－文明溶为一体的典型地区。（观看成都理工大学制作的
,地质与文明, 的科教片,20分钟－－该片溶汇了, 环境
地质学, 的大部分内容，是体会该课程的总纲与先导）
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
第一部分：宇宙与地球
Chapter 1,Our Planetary Environment
1,星际环境 The Universe Environment
2,时空中的地球 Earth in Space and Time
3,生命演化与人口形势 Biology evolution and
Population
4,地球物质的化学组成 Rock and Minerals in earth
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Planetary Environment
1） 宇 宙的形成 Our Universe
大爆炸理论：, Big Bang”-发生在 150亿年前
In recent decades,scientists have been able to construct an ever-
clearer picture of the origins of the solar system and,before that,of
the universe itself,Most astronomers now accept some sort of,Big
Bang” as origin of today’s universe,At that time,enormous quantities
of matter were created and flung投掷 violently apart across an ever-
larger volume of space,The time of Big Bang can be estimated in
several ways,Perhaps the most direct is the back-calculation of the
universe’s expansion to its apparent beginning,Other methods
depend on astrophysical天体物理 models of creation of the elements
or the rate of evolution of different types of stars,Most age estimates
overlap in the range of 15 to 20 billion years,although a few
researchers suggest an age closer to 10 billion years,
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Planetary Environment
2） 星球 的形成 Our Universe
大爆炸理论：在重力作用下、碎片聚集、能量释放
From the debris of the Big Bang formed the stars,as
locally high concentrations of mass were collected
together by gravity,and some became large and dense
enough that energy-releasing atomic reactions were set
off deep within them,Stars are not permanent objects,
They are constantly losing energy and mass as they
burn their nuclear fuel,The mass of material that initially
formed the star determines how rapidly the star burn;
some stars burned out billions of years ago,while
others are probably forming now from the original
matter of the universe mixed with the debris of older
stars
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Planetary Environment
3） 太阳系 的形成 Our Universe
大爆炸理论：高速旋转的、浑沌的星云团开始分异
Our sun and its system of circling planets,including the
earth,are believed to have formed from a rotating cloud
of gas and dust,starting nearly 5 billion years ago,Most
of the mass of the cloud coalesced to form the sun,which
became a star and began to,shine”,or release light
energy,when its interior became so dense and hot from
the crushing effects of its own gravity that nuclear
reactions were triggred inside it,Meanwhile,dust
condensed from the gases remaining in the flattened
cloud disk rotating around the young sun,The
dust clumped into planets,the formation of which was
essentially complete over 4.5 billion years ago.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
大爆炸初期所形成的星云团
美国宇航局说,,哈勃, 太空望远镜新拍到了迄今有关可见宇宙最纵深景观的照
片，这张具有历史意义的照片中可能包含着宇宙诞生后不久产生的最早期星系。
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
大爆炸初期所形成的星云团
科学界普遍认为，宇宙诞生于距今约１３７亿年前的“大爆炸”。在“大爆炸”
后的３亿年中，宇宙处于黑暗和冷寂状态，随后第一批恒星以及星系开始产生。
“哈勃”新拍下的照片捕获到的正是宇宙中首批星系所发出的光芒。
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
3月 4日，美国宇航局公布一张由 "哈勃
"太空望远镜拍摄的一颗名为 "V838
Mon"的恒星及其周围景象的照片。宇
航局称，这张照片与荷兰绘画大师凡 ·
高的名作, 星夜, 有 "异常相似 "之处
。
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
这是荷兰绘画大师凡 ·高 1889年
在法国南部圣雷米精神病院治
疗期间创作的名画, 星夜, 。
在画中，漩涡状星云扫过夜空
，其手法大胆，震撼人心。该
画被视为凡 ·高最具风格的代表
作之一。
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
美国宇航局的, 钱德拉
” X射线观测望远镜在
宇宙中发现了新型, 黑
洞,,这些, 黑洞, 质
量超过太阳质量数百倍
。
成功发现与普通中
子星或传统, 黑洞, 辐
射不同的 X射线辐射，
通常, 黑洞, 是由正在
死亡的恒星残余形成，
并具有巨大质量，即使
是光也难逃脱它们的引
力。现在天文学家面临
一个问题，即如何解释
这些新型, 黑洞, 会产
生如此强烈的 X辐射，
其 温度可达到几百万摄
氏度。
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
火
星
地
面
照
片
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
火
星
地
面
照
片
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
火
星
地
面
照
片
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
火
星
地
面
照
片
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
火
星
地
面
照
片
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
火
星
地
面
照
片
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
大
碰
撞
实
验
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
大
碰
撞
实
验
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
大
碰
撞
实
验
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
大
碰
撞
实
验
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
现实宇宙中的星体
大
碰
撞
实
验
“深度撞击, 号飞船将
于美国东部时间 7月 3日
凌晨释放出一个探测器
进入彗星坦普尔一号的
轨道，该探测器预计在
24小时后的美国东部时
间 7月 4日凌晨 1时 52分 (
北京时间 7月 4日下午 1
时 52分 )，以大约每小
时 3.67万公里的速度实
现人类历史上第一次对
彗星的, 大对撞, 。
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
计算机中探索宇宙的时空变化,A team of astrophysicists
and computer scientists has journeyed to the far reaches
of space and time by capturing the entire observable
universe in a computer,They have created the first
simulation of how gravity could have gathered ripples涟
渏 left by the big bang into colossal structures－ walls,
clumps,and filaments细丝 of galaxies－ filling all of space,
The result is a coarse-grained look at cosmic history
within a cube 10 billion light-years on a side,a volume so
big that if Earth sat in one corner,the far corner would
hold some of the most distant galaxies and quasars类星
体 ever seen.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
初始宇宙爆炸波产生的轻密度物质如何成长聚集 To simulate cosmic
evolution,the Virgo Consortium began by calculating how the slight
density variations rippling through the matter of the very early
cosmos might have grown①,
大爆炸所产生的波（涟漪）实质上是一种不确定的颗粒状态的波 Those
ripples are thought to have originated as,quantum量子
fluctuations”—in essence,waves of uncertainty in particle
positions—during the first instants of the big bang,when the entire
observable universe was no larger than a grapefruit②, Relatively
simple calculations predict how radiation in the hot young cosmos
would have smoothed out some of these perturbations混乱 while
allowing others to intensify③,
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
宇宙澎涨、冷却，重力控制作用
As the universe expanded and cooled,gravity took over,And after about a
billion years,when the cosmos was about 10% of its present age,
concentrations of mass equaling tens of Milky Ways began to,go
nonlinear,”becoming too closely bunched束 for simple mathematics to
handle－ just as seaside ripples on a calm spring day are less complex
than breakers in a typhoon①, At that point,the researchers could no
longer trace cosmic evolution by solving a single set of equations,Instead
they divided the mass in a cubic cosmos into a billion particles and
calculated how each particle affected the motion of all its neighbors in 500
time steps,Over the course of the simulation,the cosmic wrinkles使起皱,
like waves on a stormy seascape,became more and more pronounced显
著 as the particles attracted one another.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
亮物质与暗物质 Yet the result is only a sketchy picture of
cosmic evolution,the researchers acknowledge,Each of
the billion particles is the equivalent of 10 galaxies or so,
and to save computer time,the calculations leave out
factors other than gravity,such as pressure and radiation,
that govern galaxy formation,The team also stresses that
the computations follow only the invisible,dark matter”
that is thought to account for most of cosmic mass,and
not the bright galaxies that,in nature,trace the dark
mass like campfires dotting the ridgelines of hills①, But
Michigan's Evrard notes that the largest dark and bright
structures are thought to be roughly equivalent.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
宇宙模型 （ omega & lambda model )So far,the team has
done calculations on two model universes,One is filled with
enough matter to stop cosmic expansion after an infinite time,
a condition called omega matter = 1 (see graphics).（ ω常数等
于 1） This is the cosmic recipe（宇宙谱） most theorists
opted for in the past,The other,called the lambda model,
is the kind of universe suggested by new
measurements of the cosmic expansion rate,one
that has an omega matter of 0.3 and a substantial
cosmological constant,or large-scale repulsive force①,
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
极精妙的时间消逝场景 The team then created both“snapshots快照” of fully
formed universe and views of what an observer would actually see in looking
deeper and deeper into the universe from one point,The farther the
observer looks,the longer it has taken for light to arrive from that point,so
the view gradually moves to earlier times in cosmic history along a
wedgelike bundle of lines of sight,Even veteran researchers in the
consortium were taken aback by the stunning detail seen in these time-lapse
pictures,which were created mostly by Evrard.(协会最有经验的研究者通过
主要由 Evrard创建的极精妙的时间消逝场景而带入过去 ),Says Carlos Frenk
of the University of Durham in the U.K.,who co-directs the consortium with
White,“I was amazed that even at very early times,you see a huge amount
of structure”—filaments and walls like the ones that observers have seen in
the nearby universe,Agrees Evrard:,You start to pick out subtleties that you
wouldn't have imagined,It blows you mind.”
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
模型的缺陷 So far,the lambda model seems to be
a little closer to the real universe,Large clusters
of galaxies form earlier in the lambda model than
in the omega = 1 version,more in line with
observations,Both models have difficulty
accounting for some of the most massive
and distant clusters seen in the real
sky,however.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
模型的现实意义重大,Already,says Frenk,the
simulations are pouring out clues to everything from how
often galaxy clusters would tend to clump together into
superclusters to the likelihood that we might live in a
relatively tenuous纤细, bubble” within the cosmos,as
observations are beginning to suggest,And because the
team plans to make its data public,other researchers will
be able to make their own journeys through the far
reaches of this silicon universe.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
1、星际环境 The Universe Environment
4） 宇 宙形成的计算机模拟 Cosmos in a Computer
? 小结：
? 基于大爆炸理论
? 重力作用 how gravity built the giant structures
? 宇宙的演化 To simulate cosmic evolution
－葡萄大小的宇宙
