环境地质学 Environmental Geology
环境地质学
Environmental Geology
主讲人,万新南 教授
Prof,Wan xinnan
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
4,地球物质的化学组成
Rock and Minerals in earth
Atomic Structure
All natural and most synthetic substances on earth are made from the
ninety naturally occurring chemical elements,An atom is the smallest particle
into which an element can be divided while still retaining the chemical
characteristics of that element (fig 3.1),The nucleus,at the center of the atom,
contains one or more particles with a positive electrical charge (protons质子 )
and usually some particles of similar mass that have no charge (neutrons中子
),Circling the nucleus核 are the negatively charged electrons.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
4,地球物质的化学组成
Rock and Minerals in earth
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
4,地球物质的化学组成
Rock and Minerals in earth
Elements and Isotopes
4,With the exception of the simplest hydrogen atoms,all nuclei
contain neutrons,and the number of neutrons is similar to or somewhat
greater than the number of protons,The number of neutrons in atoms of one
element is not always the same,The sum of the number of protons and the
number of neutrons in a nucleus is the atom's atomic mass number,Atoms
of a given element with different atomic mass numbers— in other words,with
the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons— are distinct
isotopes of that element,Some elements have only a single isotope,while
others may have ten or more,(The
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
4,地球物质的化学组成
Rock and Minerals in earth
Chemical Symbols
8,Each chemical element is denoted by a one-or two-letter symbol,
Many of these symbols make sense in terms of the English name for
the element--O for oxygen,He for helium,Si for silicon,and so on,
Other symbols reflect the fact that,in earlier centuries,scientists were
generally versed in Latin or Greek,The symbols Fe for iron and Pb for
lead,for example,and derived from ferrum and plumbum,respectively,
the Latin names for these elements.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
4,地球物质的化学组成
Rock and Minerals in earth
Minerals Defined
11,A mineral is naturally occurring,inorganic,solid element or
compound with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal
crystal structure,Naturally occurring,as distinguished from synthetic,
means that minerals do not include the thousands of chemical
substances invented by humans,Inorganic means not produced solely
by living organisms or by biological processes,That minerals must be
solid means that the ice of a glacier is a mineral,but liquid water is not,
Chemically,minerals may consist either of one element-like diamonds,
which are pure carbon--or they may be compounds of two or more
elements,Some mineral compositions are very complex,consisting of
ten elements or more,Minerals have a definite chemical composition
or a compositional range within which they fall,The presence of
certain elements in certain proportions is one of
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
4,地球物质的化学组成
Rock and Minerals in earth
Identifying Characteristics of Minerals
12,The two fundamental characteristics of a mineral that together
distinguish it from all other minerals are its chemical composition and
its crystal structure,No two minerals are identical in both respects,
though they may be the same in one,For example,diamond and
graphite (the,lead” in a lead pencil) are chemical the same--both are
made up pure carbon,Their physical properties,however,are vastly
different because of the differences in their internal crystalline
structures,In a diamond,each carbon atom is firmly bonded to every
adjacent carbon atom in every direction,In graphite石墨,the carbon
atoms are bonded strongly in two dimensions into sheets,but the
sheets are only weakly held together in the third
环境地质学
Environmental Geology
主讲人,万新南 教授
Prof,Wan xinnan
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
4,地球物质的化学组成
Rock and Minerals in earth
Atomic Structure
All natural and most synthetic substances on earth are made from the
ninety naturally occurring chemical elements,An atom is the smallest particle
into which an element can be divided while still retaining the chemical
characteristics of that element (fig 3.1),The nucleus,at the center of the atom,
contains one or more particles with a positive electrical charge (protons质子 )
and usually some particles of similar mass that have no charge (neutrons中子
),Circling the nucleus核 are the negatively charged electrons.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
4,地球物质的化学组成
Rock and Minerals in earth
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
4,地球物质的化学组成
Rock and Minerals in earth
Elements and Isotopes
4,With the exception of the simplest hydrogen atoms,all nuclei
contain neutrons,and the number of neutrons is similar to or somewhat
greater than the number of protons,The number of neutrons in atoms of one
element is not always the same,The sum of the number of protons and the
number of neutrons in a nucleus is the atom's atomic mass number,Atoms
of a given element with different atomic mass numbers— in other words,with
the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons— are distinct
isotopes of that element,Some elements have only a single isotope,while
others may have ten or more,(The
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
4,地球物质的化学组成
Rock and Minerals in earth
Chemical Symbols
8,Each chemical element is denoted by a one-or two-letter symbol,
Many of these symbols make sense in terms of the English name for
the element--O for oxygen,He for helium,Si for silicon,and so on,
Other symbols reflect the fact that,in earlier centuries,scientists were
generally versed in Latin or Greek,The symbols Fe for iron and Pb for
lead,for example,and derived from ferrum and plumbum,respectively,
the Latin names for these elements.
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
4,地球物质的化学组成
Rock and Minerals in earth
Minerals Defined
11,A mineral is naturally occurring,inorganic,solid element or
compound with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal
crystal structure,Naturally occurring,as distinguished from synthetic,
means that minerals do not include the thousands of chemical
substances invented by humans,Inorganic means not produced solely
by living organisms or by biological processes,That minerals must be
solid means that the ice of a glacier is a mineral,but liquid water is not,
Chemically,minerals may consist either of one element-like diamonds,
which are pure carbon--or they may be compounds of two or more
elements,Some mineral compositions are very complex,consisting of
ten elements or more,Minerals have a definite chemical composition
or a compositional range within which they fall,The presence of
certain elements in certain proportions is one of
环境地质学 Environmental Geology
4,地球物质的化学组成
Rock and Minerals in earth
Identifying Characteristics of Minerals
12,The two fundamental characteristics of a mineral that together
distinguish it from all other minerals are its chemical composition and
its crystal structure,No two minerals are identical in both respects,
though they may be the same in one,For example,diamond and
graphite (the,lead” in a lead pencil) are chemical the same--both are
made up pure carbon,Their physical properties,however,are vastly
different because of the differences in their internal crystalline
structures,In a diamond,each carbon atom is firmly bonded to every
adjacent carbon atom in every direction,In graphite石墨,the carbon
atoms are bonded strongly in two dimensions into sheets,but the
sheets are only weakly held together in the third
