Unit 6 Predators, Parasites and Other relationships I. Background Information 1. Names of some animals buffalo 水牛 yak 西藏牦牛 donkey 驴 golden monkey 金丝猴 orangutan 猩猩  chimpanzee 黑猩猩 baboon 狒狒 antelope 羚羊 sika / spotted deer 梅花鹿 anteater 食蚁兽  squirrel 松鼠 hedgehog 刺猬 giant panda 大熊猫 leopards / panthers 豹子 koala 树袋熊  lioness 母狮 raccoon 浣熊 polar bear 北极熊 spotted leopard 金钱豹 rhinoceros犀牛  gorilla 大猩猩 kangaroo 大袋鼠 zebra 斑马 giraffe 长颈鹿 quail 鹌鹑  ostrich 鸵鸟 penguin 企鹅 swan 天鹅 lionet / cub 小狮子 hawk / eagle 老鹰  peafowl / peacock 孔雀 turkey 火鸡 mandarin duck wild goose 大雁 pigeon 鸽子  hummingbird 蜂鸟 kingfisher 翠鸟 woodpecker 啄木鸟 red-crested crane / sacred crane 仙鹤 cuckoo 布谷  sparrow 麻雀 canary 金丝雀 magpie 喜鹊 bird of paradise 极乐鸟 crows 乌鸦  parrot 鹦鹉 swallow 燕子 green turtle 海龟 frog / toad 蛤蟆 tortoise 乌龟  python / boa 蟒蛇 cobra 眼镜蛇 house lizard 壁虎 alligators / crocodile 短吻鳄 tuna 金枪鱼  hairtail 带鱼 eel 鳗鱼 shark 鲨鱼 sardine 沙丁鱼 oyster 牡蛎  hippopotamus 河马 duckbill / platypus鸭嘴兽 dolphin 海豚 tropical fish热带鱼 pearl oyster 珍珠贝  seal 海豹 sea horse 海马 whale 鲸鱼 sperm whale 抹香鲸 shrimp 虾  lobster 龙虾 crab 蟹 octopus 章鱼 hermit crab / pagurian 寄居蟹 starfish 海星  sponge 海绵 cuttlefish 乌贼 coral 珊瑚 jellyfish / medusa 水母 jellyfish 海蜇  dragonfly 蜻蜓 mantis 螳螂 locust 蝗虫 cockroach / roach 蟑螂 grasshopper 蚱蜢  cricket 蟋蟀 bedbug 臭虫 cicada 知了 firefly / lightning bug 萤火虫 beetle 甲壳虫  moth 蛾子 cockchafer金龟子 silkworm 蚕 ladybug / ladybirds 瓢虫 butterfly 蝴蝶  mosquito 蚊子 honeybee 蜜蜂 spider 蜘蛛 seven-spot ladybug 七星瓢虫 caterpillar 毛毛虫   2. About the author Laurence Pringle, British writer on the needs of children, has been director of the National Children’s Bureau, London, since 1963. His publications include The Needs of Children (1957), The Emotional and Social Adjustment of Blind Children (1964), and Controversial Issues in Child Development (1978). The text is an excerpt from his book Ecology--- science of Survival. 3. Jamaica: an island in the West Indies to the south of Cuba, formerly a British colony, became independent in 1962 a country of sun-drenched beaches, warm tropical breezes and rich cultural heritage     4． predator: a wild animal that lives on other animals by killing and eating them Parasite: a plant or animal that lives on or in another and gets hood from it Ecosystem: a system which relates all the plants, animals and people in an area to their surroundings 5. The title of the text strongly suggests that it is an expository piece of writing on ecology (the scientific study of the pattern of relations of plants, animals, and people to each other and to their surroundings). 6. exposition: one of the basic forms of communication, means explanation or putting across some information or ideas. Its primary function is not to tell a story or relate a happening, although it often uses narration or description as one of its associated techniques. Nor is its primary function to create vivid pictures for the reader. Rather, it explains something logically, and shows relationship. In this article, the author put across his idea vividly by supplying definitions for the technical terms, quoting directly from famous biologists to give authority to what he wants to express, and by citing an example of poetic exaggeration (“only a little”) by Jonathan Swift about parasites. 7. Jonathan Swift: American novelist, travel writer, and social critic, regarded as the first great American writer of fiction. Worldwide known for his brilliant and biting satire. His Gulliver’s Travels (1726), which is popular throughout the world, is in reality a bitter social and political satire. Gulliver's Travels. Swift's masterpiece was originally published under the title Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. This work is the most brilliant as well as the most bitter and controversial of his satires. In each of its four books the hero, Lemuel Gulliver, embarks on a voyage; but shipwreck or some other hazard usually casts him up on a strange land. Book I takes him to Lilliput, where he wakes to find himself the giant prisoner of the six-inch-high Lilliputians. Man-Mountain, as Gulliver is called, ingratiates himself with the arrogant, self-important Lilliputians when he wades into the sea and captures an invasion fleet from neighbouring Blefescu; but he falls into disfavour when he puts out a fire in the empress' palace by urinating on it. Learning of a plot to charge him with treason, he escapes from the island. Book II takes Gulliver to Brobdingnag, where the inhabitants are giants. He is cared for kindly by a nine-year-old girl, Glumdalclitch, but his tiny size exposes him to dangers and indignities, such as getting his head caught in a squalling baby's mouth. Also, the giants' small physical imperfections (such as large pores) are highly visible and disturbing to him. Picked up by an eagle and dropped into the sea, he manages to return home. In Book III Gulliver visits the floating island of Laputa, whose absent-minded inhabitants are so preoccupied with higher speculations that they are in constant danger of accidental collisions. He visits the Academy of Lagado (a travesty of England's Royal Society), where he finds its lunatic savants engaged in such impractical studies as reducing human excrement to the original food. In Luggnagg he meets the Struldbruggs, a race of immortals, whose eternal senility is brutally described. Book IV takes Gulliver to the Utopian land of the Houyhnhnms—grave, rational, and virtuous horses. There is also another race on the island, uneasily tolerated and used for menial services by the Houyhnhnms. These are the vicious and physically disgusting Yahoos. Although Gulliver pretends at first not to recognize them, he is forced at last to admit the Yahoos are human beings. He finds perfect happiness with the Houyhnhnms, but as he is only a more advanced Yahoo, he is rejected by them in general assembly and is returned to England, where he finds himself no longer able to tolerate the society of his fellow human beings. Gulliver's Travels' matter-of-fact style and its air of sober reality confer on it an ironic depth that defeats oversimple explanations. Is it essentially comic, or is it a misanthropic depreciation of mankind? Swift certainly seems to use the various races and societies Gulliver encounters in his travels to satirize many of the errors, follies, and frailties that human beings are prone to. The warlike, disputatious, but essentially trivial Lilliputians in Book I and the deranged, impractical pedants and intellectuals in Book III are shown as imbalanced beings lacking common sense and even decency. The Houyhnhnms, by contrast, are the epitome of reason and virtuous simplicity, but Gulliver's own proud identification with these horses and his subsequent disdain for his fellow humans indicates that he too has become imbalanced, and that human beings are simply incapable of aspiring to the virtuous rationality that Gulliver has glimpsed. Mankind, Swift may be suggesting, must content itself with a state that lies somewhere between the bestial and degenerate humanity of the Yahoos and the inhuman virtue and rationality of the Houyhnhnms. II. Language Points People usually believe that predicators have an easy time of it, killing defenseless prey. People usually think that predators do not have to make an effort to kill the prey animals, since they (the prey) have no means of protecting themselves. have easy time of it ------ get what one desires without having to work hard for it; do something which requires little effort People tend to take it for granted that the heavyweight boxing champion will have an easy time of it, but beating his opponent might be harder than everyone thinks. The general manager doesn’t have an easy time of it, running a firm with a staff of over 1600. carnivore: a flesh-eating animal carnivorous: flesh-eating carnivorous plants prime: of the best quality -----This meat is very dear. -----Yes. But it’s a prime joint of beef. The prime time of my life has gone forever. I’m aging fast. The reverse is true of parasites. Parasites have the opposite characteristics, i.e., they are smaller but greater in number than their hosts. to be true with ----- be true of, which is more commonly used Langston Hughes didn’t see Jesus at that special meeting. The same might well have been true with /of all the other little “lambs”. What you said about doctors in your lectures is also true with /of us teachers. John was greatly impressed by the Great Wall --- the same tends to be true with / of all visitors. in hopes that: hoping that Maggie’s husband made a list of resolutions on the New Year’s Eve in hopes that he would become a better father and husband. The little sinners sat on the mourners’ bench in hopes that they could be saved . Another two phrases “in hope that” and “in the hope that” are more commonly used. take to ------ begin as a practice My father took to smoking cigars when he was fifty and only now has he quit. Our neighbor has taken to repairing radios in his spare time. warn …of… ------- tell …about possible danger Even though we are continually being warned of the dangers of smoking, there are still a lot of heavy smokers around. Since the publication of Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring in which she warned the people of the dangers of pollution by insecticides and chemical fertilizers, there has happened a series of boos on the topic. The organisms that make up a lichen couldn’t survive long apart. The organisms that a lichen is composed of could not live long separately. survive: to live longer than; outlive: She survived her husband by five years. to live or persist through: These new plants can survive frosts I hope l shall never survive my usefulness. 我希望在我有生之年永远不要变成废物。 The house survived the storm. 9. array: an ordered force or army an array of heavily armed troops; an array of spare parts The crowd were met by an array of policemen. 10.. advance: a. made or given ahead of time an advance payment an advance party an advance copy Quiz 6 Name ______________ Score ______________ I. Explain the following words, phrases and sentences in your own words. 1. carnivore: 2. stride: 3. fancy(v.): 4. anguish: 5. skeleton: 6. frisk: 7. exhilarated: 8. array: 9. eliminate: 10.free of / from: 11. the writhing blackness 12. Such a sure swiftfooted thing could surely not be trapped by a swarm of ants? II. Match each adjective in the left column with a noun or noun phrase in the right column according to the texts. 1. formidible prey III. Fill in the following blanks..  2．glistening feeling of rage and misery 1. a _________ of sugar  3．whispering claws 2. a ___________ of bees  4．prime, healthy animals 3. a __________ of rooms  5．swelling black water 4. a ________ of ships  6．glittering sickness 5. a __________ of mountains  7．swiftfooted grass 6. a __________ of fish  8．sleeping eyes 7. a _________ of flowers  IV. Make a sentence with each of the following phrases, with no less than 12 words. take to interfere with past (+ noun) wipe out 5. have an easy time of it V. Translate the following into English. 看着眼镜蛇让我想起绳子，我的第一反应（instinct）是不理它，但它可能要捕食小鸡，我决定把它赶到远处的树丛里。 2. 热带鱼 虾 布谷 天鹅 金丝雀 鸵鸟 羚羊 她吓得不敢说话。她倒吸了一口气，恐惧万分。（seize） 4. 当得知她儿子的热情非但没有减退，反而更加高涨时，她脸上露出了将信将疑的神色。