2013-3-1 1
Chapter 8,
Project Human Resource
Management
2013-3-1 2
Learning Objectives
? Explain the importance of good human resource management on
projects
? Define the major processes involved in human resource management
? Summarize crucial theories of human resource management
? Discuss organizational planning and be able to create a
responsibility assignment matrix(RMA)
? Understand key issues involved in project staff acquisition and
explain the concepts of resource loading and resource leveling
? Explain some of the tools and techniques that assist in team building
? Describe how software can assist in project human resource
management
2013-3-1 3
Chapter Outline
? Importance of Human Resource Management
? What is Project Human Resource Management?
? Keys to Managing People
? Organizational Planning
? Issues in Project Staff Acquisition and Team
Development
? Using Software to Assist in Human Resource
Management
2013-3-1 4
8.1 Importance of Human
Resource Management
2013-3-1 5
The Importance of HR Management
? People determine the success and failure of
organizations and projects
? Despite the downturn in the economy in
2001,there is still a shortage of good IT
workers
? ITAA calculated that there were over 844,000
openings for IT jobs in 2000
? 1 in 14 American workers are involved in IT jobs
? Although women represent 47 percent of the
work force,they make up only 29 percent of IT
jobs
2013-3-1 6
Long Hours and Stereotypes of IT
Workers Hurt Recruiting
? Many people are struggling with how to
increase the IT labor pool,Noted problems
include
? The fact that many IT professionals work long
hours and must constantly stay abreast of
changes in the field
? Undesirable stereotypes that keep certain people
away from the career field,like women
? The need to improve benefits,redefine work
hours and incentives,and provide better human
resource management
2013-3-1 7
8.2 What is Project Human
Resource Management?
2013-3-1 8
What is Project HR Management?
? Project human resource management
includes the processes required to make the
most effective use of the people involved with
a project,Processes include
? Organizational planning
? Staff acquisition
? Team development
2013-3-1 9
8.3 Keys to Managing People
2013-3-1 10
Keys to Managing People
? Psychologists and management
theorists have devoted much research
and thought to the field of managing
people at work
? Important areas related to project
management include
? motivation
? influence and power
? effectiveness
2013-3-1 11
1,Motivation Theories
? Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchy
of needs to illustrate his theory that
people’s behaviors are guided by a
sequence of needs
? Maslow argued that humans possess
unique qualities that enable them to
make independent choices,thus giving
them control of their destiny
2013-3-1 12
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2013-3-1 13
Herzberg’s Motivational and Hygiene
Factors
? Frederick Herzberg wrote several famous
books and articles about worker motivation,
He distinguished between
? motivational factors,achievement,recognition,
the work itself,responsibility,advancement,and
growth,which produce job satisfaction
? hygiene factors,cause dissatisfaction if not
present,but do not motivate workers to do more,
Examples include larger salaries,more supervision,
and a more attractive work environment
2013-3-1 14
2,Influence and Power
1,Authority,the legitimate hierarchical right to issue
orders
2,Assignment,the project manager's perceived ability
to influence a worker's later work assignments
3,Budget,the project manager's perceived ability to
authorize others' use of discretionary funds
4,Promotion,the ability to improve a worker's position
5,Money,the ability to increase a worker's pay and
benefits
2013-3-1 15
6,Penalty,the project manager's ability to cause
punishment
7,Work challenge,the ability to assign work that
capitalizes on a worker's enjoyment of doing a
particular task
8,Expertise,the project manager's perceived special
knowledge that others deem important
9,Friendship,the ability to establish friendly personal
relationships between the project manager and
others
2013-3-1 16
Influence
? Projects are more likely to succeed when
project managers influence with
? expertise
? work challenge
? Projects are more likely to fail when project
managers rely too heavily on
? authority
? money
? penalty
2013-3-1 17
Power
? Power is the potential ability to
influence behavior to get people to do
things they would not otherwise do
? Types of power include
? Coercive
? Legitimate
? Expert
? Reward
? Referent
2013-3-1 18
3.Improving Effectiveness
? Project managers can apply Covey’s 7 habits
to improve effectiveness on projects
? Be proactive
? Begin with the end in mind
? Put first things first
? Think win/win
? Seek first to understand,then to be understood
? Synergize
? Sharpen the saw
2013-3-1 19
Empathic Listening and Rapport
? Good project managers are empathic listeners;
they listen with the intent to understand
? Before you can communicate with others,you
have to have rapport
? Mirroring is a technique to help establish
rapport
? IT professionals often need to develop
empathic listening and other people skills to
improve relationships with users and other
stakeholders
2013-3-1 20
Improving Relationships Between
Users and Developers
? Some organizations require business
people,not IT people,to take the lead in
determining and justifying investments in
new computer systems
? CIOs push their staff to recognize that the
needs of the business must drive all
technology decisions
? Some companies reshape their IT units to
look and perform like consulting firms
2013-3-1 21
8.4 Organizational Planning
2013-3-1 22
Organizational Planning
? Organizational planning involves identifying,
documenting,and assigning project roles,
responsibilities,and reporting relationships
? Outputs and processes include
? project organizational charts
? work definition and assignment process
? responsibility assignment matrixes
? resource histograms
2013-3-1 23
Sample Organizational Chart for a
Large IT Project
2013-3-1 24
Work Definition and Assignment
Process
2013-3-1 25
Quick Quiz!!!
? Give an example of using a RAM (not
random access memory) in project
management
? How could you tailor a RAM for your
class projects?
? Explain what a resource histogram does
? Explain why you’d want to do resource
leveling
2013-3-1 26
Sample Responsibility Assignment
Matrix (RAM)
2013-3-1 27
RAM Showing Stakeholder Roles
2013-3-1 28
8.5 Issues in Project Staff
Acquisition and Team
Development
2013-3-1 29
1.Staff Acquisition
? Staffing plans and good hiring procedures are important
in staff acquisition,as are incentives for recruiting and
retention
? Some companies give their employees one dollar for
every hour a new person they helped hire works
? Some organizations allow people to work from home as
an incentive
? Research shows that people leave their jobs because
they don’t make a difference,don’t get proper
recognition,aren’t learning anything new,don’t like
their coworkers,and want to earn more money
2013-3-1 30
2.Resource Loading and Leveling
? Resource loading refers to the amount
of individual resources an existing
project schedule requires during specific
time periods
? Resource histograms show resource
loading
? Over-allocation means more resources
than are available are assigned to
perform work at a given time
2013-3-1 31
Sample Resource Histogram for a
Large IT Project
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
J a n F e b M a r A p r M a y J u n J u l A u g Se p O c t N o v D e c
J a v a p ro g ra m m e rs Bu s i n e s s a n a l y s t s T e c h n i c a l w ri t e rs
M a n a g e rs A d m i n i s t ra t i v e s t a f f D a t a b a s e a n a l y s t s
T e s t i n g s p e c i a l i s t s
Num
ber
of
Pe
opl
e
2013-3-1 32
Sample Histogram Showing an
Over-allocated Individual
2013-3-1 33
Resource Leveling
? Resource leveling is a technique for
resolving resource conflicts by delaying
tasks
? The main purpose of resource leveling
is to create a smoother distribution of
resource usage and reduce over-
allocation
2013-3-1 34
Resource Leveling Example
2013-3-1 35
3.Team Development
? It takes teamwork to successfully
complete most projects
? Training can help people understand
themselves,each other,and how to
work better in teams
? Team building activities include
? physical challenges
? psychological preference indicator tools
2013-3-1 36
Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? MBTI is a popular tool for determining personality
preferences and helping teammates understand each
other
? Four dimensions include,
? Extrovert/Introvert (E/I)
? Sensation/Intuition (S/N)
? Thinking/Feeling (T/F)
? Judgment/Perception (J/P)
? NTs or rationals are attracted to technology fields
? IT people vary most from the general population in
not being extroverted or sensing
http://www.keirsey.com
2013-3-1 37
Reward and Recognition Systems
? Team-based reward and recognition
systems can promote teamwork
? Focus on rewarding teams for achieving
specific goals
? Allow time for team members to mentor
and help each other to meet project
goals and develop human resources
2013-3-1 38
General Advice on Teams
? Focus on meeting project objectives and
producing positive results
? Fix the problem instead of blaming people
? Establish regular,effective meetings
? Nurture team members and encourage them to
help each other
? Acknowledge individual and group
accomplishments
2013-3-1 39
8.6 Using Software to Assist in
Human Resource Management
2013-3-1 40
Using Software to Assist in HR
Management
? Software can help in producing RAMS
and resource histograms
? Project management software includes
several features related to human
resource management such as
? viewing resource usage information
? identifying under and over-allocated
resources
? leveling resources
2013-3-1 41
Resource Usage View from MS Project
2013-3-1 42
Resource Usage Report from MS
Project
2013-3-1 43
Project Resource Management Involves
Much More Than Using Software
? Project managers must
? Treat people with consideration and
respect
? Understand what motivates them
? Communicate carefully with them
? Goal is to enable project team
members to deliver their best work
2013-3-1 44
Quick Quiz
? Give an example of a hygiene factor,according to Herzberg,
? What type of chart is used to show resource loading?
? What do the letters RAM stand for as they relate to project
human resource management?
? What ways to have influence are correlated with successful
projects?
ANSWER,a more attractive work environment,training,money,or
fringe benefits such as a good parking space,
ANSWER,A histogram
ANSWER,Responsibility Assignment Matrix
ANSWER,Expertise and work challenge
Chapter 8,
Project Human Resource
Management
2013-3-1 2
Learning Objectives
? Explain the importance of good human resource management on
projects
? Define the major processes involved in human resource management
? Summarize crucial theories of human resource management
? Discuss organizational planning and be able to create a
responsibility assignment matrix(RMA)
? Understand key issues involved in project staff acquisition and
explain the concepts of resource loading and resource leveling
? Explain some of the tools and techniques that assist in team building
? Describe how software can assist in project human resource
management
2013-3-1 3
Chapter Outline
? Importance of Human Resource Management
? What is Project Human Resource Management?
? Keys to Managing People
? Organizational Planning
? Issues in Project Staff Acquisition and Team
Development
? Using Software to Assist in Human Resource
Management
2013-3-1 4
8.1 Importance of Human
Resource Management
2013-3-1 5
The Importance of HR Management
? People determine the success and failure of
organizations and projects
? Despite the downturn in the economy in
2001,there is still a shortage of good IT
workers
? ITAA calculated that there were over 844,000
openings for IT jobs in 2000
? 1 in 14 American workers are involved in IT jobs
? Although women represent 47 percent of the
work force,they make up only 29 percent of IT
jobs
2013-3-1 6
Long Hours and Stereotypes of IT
Workers Hurt Recruiting
? Many people are struggling with how to
increase the IT labor pool,Noted problems
include
? The fact that many IT professionals work long
hours and must constantly stay abreast of
changes in the field
? Undesirable stereotypes that keep certain people
away from the career field,like women
? The need to improve benefits,redefine work
hours and incentives,and provide better human
resource management
2013-3-1 7
8.2 What is Project Human
Resource Management?
2013-3-1 8
What is Project HR Management?
? Project human resource management
includes the processes required to make the
most effective use of the people involved with
a project,Processes include
? Organizational planning
? Staff acquisition
? Team development
2013-3-1 9
8.3 Keys to Managing People
2013-3-1 10
Keys to Managing People
? Psychologists and management
theorists have devoted much research
and thought to the field of managing
people at work
? Important areas related to project
management include
? motivation
? influence and power
? effectiveness
2013-3-1 11
1,Motivation Theories
? Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchy
of needs to illustrate his theory that
people’s behaviors are guided by a
sequence of needs
? Maslow argued that humans possess
unique qualities that enable them to
make independent choices,thus giving
them control of their destiny
2013-3-1 12
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
2013-3-1 13
Herzberg’s Motivational and Hygiene
Factors
? Frederick Herzberg wrote several famous
books and articles about worker motivation,
He distinguished between
? motivational factors,achievement,recognition,
the work itself,responsibility,advancement,and
growth,which produce job satisfaction
? hygiene factors,cause dissatisfaction if not
present,but do not motivate workers to do more,
Examples include larger salaries,more supervision,
and a more attractive work environment
2013-3-1 14
2,Influence and Power
1,Authority,the legitimate hierarchical right to issue
orders
2,Assignment,the project manager's perceived ability
to influence a worker's later work assignments
3,Budget,the project manager's perceived ability to
authorize others' use of discretionary funds
4,Promotion,the ability to improve a worker's position
5,Money,the ability to increase a worker's pay and
benefits
2013-3-1 15
6,Penalty,the project manager's ability to cause
punishment
7,Work challenge,the ability to assign work that
capitalizes on a worker's enjoyment of doing a
particular task
8,Expertise,the project manager's perceived special
knowledge that others deem important
9,Friendship,the ability to establish friendly personal
relationships between the project manager and
others
2013-3-1 16
Influence
? Projects are more likely to succeed when
project managers influence with
? expertise
? work challenge
? Projects are more likely to fail when project
managers rely too heavily on
? authority
? money
? penalty
2013-3-1 17
Power
? Power is the potential ability to
influence behavior to get people to do
things they would not otherwise do
? Types of power include
? Coercive
? Legitimate
? Expert
? Reward
? Referent
2013-3-1 18
3.Improving Effectiveness
? Project managers can apply Covey’s 7 habits
to improve effectiveness on projects
? Be proactive
? Begin with the end in mind
? Put first things first
? Think win/win
? Seek first to understand,then to be understood
? Synergize
? Sharpen the saw
2013-3-1 19
Empathic Listening and Rapport
? Good project managers are empathic listeners;
they listen with the intent to understand
? Before you can communicate with others,you
have to have rapport
? Mirroring is a technique to help establish
rapport
? IT professionals often need to develop
empathic listening and other people skills to
improve relationships with users and other
stakeholders
2013-3-1 20
Improving Relationships Between
Users and Developers
? Some organizations require business
people,not IT people,to take the lead in
determining and justifying investments in
new computer systems
? CIOs push their staff to recognize that the
needs of the business must drive all
technology decisions
? Some companies reshape their IT units to
look and perform like consulting firms
2013-3-1 21
8.4 Organizational Planning
2013-3-1 22
Organizational Planning
? Organizational planning involves identifying,
documenting,and assigning project roles,
responsibilities,and reporting relationships
? Outputs and processes include
? project organizational charts
? work definition and assignment process
? responsibility assignment matrixes
? resource histograms
2013-3-1 23
Sample Organizational Chart for a
Large IT Project
2013-3-1 24
Work Definition and Assignment
Process
2013-3-1 25
Quick Quiz!!!
? Give an example of using a RAM (not
random access memory) in project
management
? How could you tailor a RAM for your
class projects?
? Explain what a resource histogram does
? Explain why you’d want to do resource
leveling
2013-3-1 26
Sample Responsibility Assignment
Matrix (RAM)
2013-3-1 27
RAM Showing Stakeholder Roles
2013-3-1 28
8.5 Issues in Project Staff
Acquisition and Team
Development
2013-3-1 29
1.Staff Acquisition
? Staffing plans and good hiring procedures are important
in staff acquisition,as are incentives for recruiting and
retention
? Some companies give their employees one dollar for
every hour a new person they helped hire works
? Some organizations allow people to work from home as
an incentive
? Research shows that people leave their jobs because
they don’t make a difference,don’t get proper
recognition,aren’t learning anything new,don’t like
their coworkers,and want to earn more money
2013-3-1 30
2.Resource Loading and Leveling
? Resource loading refers to the amount
of individual resources an existing
project schedule requires during specific
time periods
? Resource histograms show resource
loading
? Over-allocation means more resources
than are available are assigned to
perform work at a given time
2013-3-1 31
Sample Resource Histogram for a
Large IT Project
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
J a n F e b M a r A p r M a y J u n J u l A u g Se p O c t N o v D e c
J a v a p ro g ra m m e rs Bu s i n e s s a n a l y s t s T e c h n i c a l w ri t e rs
M a n a g e rs A d m i n i s t ra t i v e s t a f f D a t a b a s e a n a l y s t s
T e s t i n g s p e c i a l i s t s
Num
ber
of
Pe
opl
e
2013-3-1 32
Sample Histogram Showing an
Over-allocated Individual
2013-3-1 33
Resource Leveling
? Resource leveling is a technique for
resolving resource conflicts by delaying
tasks
? The main purpose of resource leveling
is to create a smoother distribution of
resource usage and reduce over-
allocation
2013-3-1 34
Resource Leveling Example
2013-3-1 35
3.Team Development
? It takes teamwork to successfully
complete most projects
? Training can help people understand
themselves,each other,and how to
work better in teams
? Team building activities include
? physical challenges
? psychological preference indicator tools
2013-3-1 36
Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
? MBTI is a popular tool for determining personality
preferences and helping teammates understand each
other
? Four dimensions include,
? Extrovert/Introvert (E/I)
? Sensation/Intuition (S/N)
? Thinking/Feeling (T/F)
? Judgment/Perception (J/P)
? NTs or rationals are attracted to technology fields
? IT people vary most from the general population in
not being extroverted or sensing
http://www.keirsey.com
2013-3-1 37
Reward and Recognition Systems
? Team-based reward and recognition
systems can promote teamwork
? Focus on rewarding teams for achieving
specific goals
? Allow time for team members to mentor
and help each other to meet project
goals and develop human resources
2013-3-1 38
General Advice on Teams
? Focus on meeting project objectives and
producing positive results
? Fix the problem instead of blaming people
? Establish regular,effective meetings
? Nurture team members and encourage them to
help each other
? Acknowledge individual and group
accomplishments
2013-3-1 39
8.6 Using Software to Assist in
Human Resource Management
2013-3-1 40
Using Software to Assist in HR
Management
? Software can help in producing RAMS
and resource histograms
? Project management software includes
several features related to human
resource management such as
? viewing resource usage information
? identifying under and over-allocated
resources
? leveling resources
2013-3-1 41
Resource Usage View from MS Project
2013-3-1 42
Resource Usage Report from MS
Project
2013-3-1 43
Project Resource Management Involves
Much More Than Using Software
? Project managers must
? Treat people with consideration and
respect
? Understand what motivates them
? Communicate carefully with them
? Goal is to enable project team
members to deliver their best work
2013-3-1 44
Quick Quiz
? Give an example of a hygiene factor,according to Herzberg,
? What type of chart is used to show resource loading?
? What do the letters RAM stand for as they relate to project
human resource management?
? What ways to have influence are correlated with successful
projects?
ANSWER,a more attractive work environment,training,money,or
fringe benefits such as a good parking space,
ANSWER,A histogram
ANSWER,Responsibility Assignment Matrix
ANSWER,Expertise and work challenge
