三, Polarization of Light 光的偏振
Polarization confirms the transverse
nature of light waves,
光的偏振证明了光的横波性质。
1.polarized light,unpolarized light
(偏振光、自然光)
偏振 --振动方向对传播方向的不对称性。是区别
横波和纵波的重要区别。
何谓偏振
1,Polarized light,unporarized light 偏振光、自然光
polarized light(偏振光), the vibrations of E
vector are in a certain constant direction,
Z
X
Y u??
E?
E?
u?? Z
X
Y
diagram,or
diagram,
horizontal vibration
平行振动
Vertical vibration 垂直振动
The vibrating E vector and the direction of propaga-
tion form a plane,called the plane of vibration.振动面
X
Y
Unpolarized light(自然光), the amplitudes of
the E vector in all possible directions are equal,
E? diagram,
把各个光矢量分解成互相垂
直的两个光矢量分量,且两
个光矢量分量的平均值等。
Unpolarized light is viewed as two vertical plane-
polarized waves with random phase difference,
部分偏振光,
diagram,
partial polarized light (部分偏振光),The vibrations of the E vector in a certain
direction has the upper hand to the vibration
in the perpendicular direction,
平行于纸面的光振动的平
均值大于垂直于纸面的光
振动的平均值。
垂直于纸面的光振动的平
均值大于平行于纸面的光
振动的平均值。
X
Y
E?
起偏与检偏,
2,polarizing sheets, polarizer and analyzer
偏振片、起偏与检偏
起偏 --从自然光获得偏振光
检偏 --检查某束光是否是偏振光;
起偏振器 --从自然光获得偏振光的装置;
检偏振器 --检查某束光是否是偏振光的装置。
1) polarizing sheets
偏振片
透明玻璃片
涂有金鸡纳霜或碧硒(电
气石)等材料的簿膜
偏振片、起偏与检偏,
1)偏振片
透明玻璃片
涂有金鸡纳霜或碧硒(电
气石)等材料的簿膜
unpolarized light
自然光
polarized
light 偏振光 Polarizing
direction 偏振化方向
The sheet will tran-
smit only those E
vectors in a certain
characteristic po-
larizing direction,
2) applications of polarizing sheets 偏振片的用途
a)polarizer 作起偏振器 I0 I0/2
b)analyzer 作检偏振器
偏振光
变暗
自然光
不变暗
I0 I0/2 I0/2
I0 自然光 I0/2 I0/2
3,The law of Malus,Intensity I of the polarized
light ( intensity I0) transmitted polarizing sheet
varies,I=I0cos2?。
(? is the angle between the polarizing directions of
the sheet and vibration direction of polarized light)
E?
E// 0E?
?
I=I0cos2?
例:一束自然光,光强度为 I0,让其出射两个偏振
片,两个偏振片之间的夹角为 450,求从第二
个偏振片出射的偏振光强度。
I0
P1 P2
?45c o s
2
1c o s)
2
1( 2
0
2
0 III ?? ?
Example,A unpolarized light,intensity I0,falls on
two polarizing sheets,The angle between two pola-
rizing sheets is 450,Find the transmitted intensity I,
0
2
0 4
1
)
2
2
(
2
1
II ??
solve,
04
1 I
I0 自然光 I0/2
4,反射和折射光的偏振、布儒斯特定律
1) Polarization phenomenon of reflection and refraction
a、反射光中垂直振动
强于平行的振动;
b、折射光中平行的振
动强于垂直振动;
c、反射光折射光偏振
化的程度随入射角
的不同而不同。 i
n2
n1 i
r
Polarization of reflection and refraction,
Brewster’s law
2)Brewster’s law 布儒斯特定律( 1812年)
0i
当入射角 等于一特定角 时,使之满足,i
21
1
2
0 nn
n
t gi ?? 时,反射光只有垂直于
入射面的振动而无平行于入射面的振动。
?this particular angle
of incidence is called
the polarizing angle,
? refracted light is still
partial polarized light,
?
n2
n1 0i
0r
note,
00 c o ss in ir ?
)1(
s in
s in
1
2
0
0 ?
n
n
r
i
?
)2(
c o s
s in
21
1
2
0
0
0 ?nn
n
i
i
t g i ???
?At the polarizing angle,
the reflected and refracted
beams are at right angles,
Prove 证明,
From the law of reflection,
?90
00 ??? ri
Contrast (1) with (2),
(证毕!)
n2
n1 0i
0r
note,
From Brewster’s law,
Solve,by using a stack
of glass plates
a stack of
glass
plates
玻璃片堆,
0i
problems问题,
1) The intensity of
reflected light is low,
0i
2) refracted light is still
partial polarized light,n
2
n1 0i
0r
Polarization of light by a stack of glass plates,