14-1
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Groups and
Teams
14
14-2
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Groups,Teams and Effectiveness
?Group,two or more people who interact with
each other to accomplish a goal,
?Team,group who work intensively with each
other to achieve a specific common goal,
? All teams are groups,BUT,not all groups are teams,
?Teams often are difficult to form,
? Takes time for members to work together,
? Teams can improve organizational performance,
14-3
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Groups & Teams Impact Effectiveness
Groups
and
Teams
Can..,
Enhance
Performance
Increase
Responsiveness
to customer
Increase
Innovation
Increase
Motivation
& Satisfaction
Gaining a
Competitive
Advantage
Figure 14.1
14-4
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Competitive Advantage with Groups &
Teams
? Performance Enhancement,Make use of synergy
?Workers in a group have the opportunity to produce more
or better output than separate workers,
?Members correct other’s errors,bring new ideas to
bear,
? Managers should build groups with members of
complimentary skills,
? Responsive to Customers,Difficult to achieve given many constraints,
?Safety issues,regulations,costs,
?Cross-functional teams provide the wide variety of skills
needed,
? Teams consist of members of different departments,
14-5
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Competitive Advantage,Cont,
? Innovation,individuals rarely possess the wide
variety of skills needed,
?Team members also uncover flaws and develop
new ideas,
?Managers should empower the team for the full
innovation process,
? Motivation,members of groups,and particularly
teams,are often better motivated and satisfied than
individuals,
?It is fun to work next to other motivated people,
?Team members see their contribution to the team,
? Teams also provide social interaction,
14-6
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Types of Groups and Teams
Cross-
Functional
Teams
Interest
Groups
Groups & Teams
Formal Groups
created by managers
Cross-
Cultural
Teams
Top
Mgmt,
Teams
R & D
Teams
Self-
Managed
Teams
Command
Groups
Task
Forces
Informal Groups
created by workers
Friendship
Groups
Figure 14.2
14-7
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Formal Groups & Teams
?Created by manager to meet the firm’s goals,
Cross-functional,members of different departments,
Cross-cultural,members of different cultures,
Research and Development Teams,Create new products,
Top Management team,help develop firm’s direction,
? Important to have diversity in it to avoid group
think,
Command Groups,members report to same manager,
Task Force,created to meet a given objective,
? Standing committees are permanent task forces,
Self-Managed Teams,members are empowered to
complete some given work,
? Team decides how to do the task,
14-8
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Self-Managed Work Teams
? Keys to effective self managed teams,
?Give the team enough responsibility and autonomy to be
self-managing,
?The team’s task should be complex enough to include
many different steps,
?Select members carefully,Look for diversity,skills,and
enthusiasm,
?Manager should guide and coach,not supervise,
?Determine training needs and be sure it is provided,
? Teams may have trouble with performance reviews of
members,
14-9
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Informal Groups and Teams
?Created by the workers to meet their needs,
? Friendship group,made up of employees who enjoy
each other’s company,
?Satisfy the need for human interaction and social
support,
? Interest Groups,Workers seek to achieve a common
goal based on their membership in the organization,
?Managers should observe interest groups to learn what
employees see as important,
14-10
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group Dynamics
?Dynamics affect how a group or team
functions,
? Group size,affects how a group performs,
?Normally,keep group small (2 to 9 members),
? Small groups interact better and tend to be more
motivated,
?Use large groups when more resources are needed,
? Division of labor is possible with large group,
? Group Tasks,impacts how a group interacts,
?Task interdependence shows how work of one member
impacts another,
? As interdependence rises,members work closer
together,
14-11
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group Dynamics
? Task interdependence types,
?Pooled Task Interdependence,members make
separate,independent contributions to group,
? Group performance is the sum of member
contributions,
?Sequential Task Interdependence,members
perform tasks in a sequential order,
? Hard to determine individual performance since one
member depends on another,
?Reciprocal Task Interdependence,work performed
by a member is dependent on work by others,
? Members share information and work closely together,
14-12
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group tasks
Sequential Task Interdependence
Member Member
Member Member
Group
Performance
Member
Member
Member
Member
Group
Performance
Pooled Task
Interdependence
Member
Member Member
Member Member
Group
Performance
Reciprocal Task
Interdependence
Figure 14.3
14-13
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group Roles
? Role,set of behaviors a group member is expected to
perform because of their position in the group,
?In cross-functional teams,members perform roles in
their specialty,
?Managers need to clearly describe expected roles to
group members when they are assigned to the group,
? Role-making occurs as workers take on more roles as
group members,
?Self-managed teams may assign the roles to members
themselves,
14-14
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Stages of Group Development
1) Forming,members get to know each other and reach
common goals,
2) Storming,members disagree on direction and
leadership,
? Managers need to be sure conflict stays focused,
3) Norming,close ties and consensus begin to develop
between members,
4) Performing,group does its real work,
5) Adjourning,only for task forces that are temporary,
? Note that these steps take time!
14-15
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Stages of Group Development
Performing
Adjourning
Norming
Storming
Forming
Figure 14.4
14-16
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group Dynamics
? Group Norms,shared rules that members follow,
?Groups may set working hours,behavior rules,etc,
? Conformity & Deviance,members conform to norms to,
?Obtain rewards,imitate respected members,and
because they feel the behavior is right,
?When a member deviates,other members will try to
make them conform,expel the member,or change the
group norms to accommodate them,
? Conformity and deviance must be balanced for high
performance from the group,
?Deviance allows for new ideas in the group,
14-17
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Balancing Conformity and Deviance
Figure 14.5
Lev
el o
f
gro
up
Perfo
rm
ance
Low
High
Low Conformity
High deviation
Med,Conformity
Med,deviation
High Conformity
Low deviation
14-18
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group Cohesiveness
? Group cohesiveness,measures the loyalty to the group
by its members,
?Level of Participation,as cohesiveness rises,so will
participation,
? Participation helps get members actively involved,but
too much can waste time,
?Level of Conformity,as conformity rises,so does
cohesiveness,
? With too much conformity,performance can suffer,
?Level of Group Goal Accomplishment,as
cohesiveness rises,the emphasis on group
accomplishment will rise,
? High levels of cohesiveness can cause the group to focus
more on itself than the firm,
14-19
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group Cohesiveness
Group
Size
Managed
Diversity
Group
Identity
Success
Group
Cohesiveness
Level of
Conformity to
norms
Level of
Participation
in group
Emphasis
on goals
accomplished
Figure 14.6
14-20
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Cohesiveness
? Determinates of cohesiveness,can be altered to change
cohesiveness levels in a group,
?Group Size,small groups allow high cohesiveness,
? Low cohesiveness groups with many members can
benefit from splitting into two groups,
?Managed Diversity,Diverse groups often come up
with better solutions,
?Group Identity,When cohesiveness is low,encourage
a group to adopt a unique identity and engage in healthy
competition with others,
?Success,cohesiveness increases with success,
? Look for a way for a group to find some small success,
14-21
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Reducing Social Loafing
Make individual
contributions
identifiable
Emphasize valuable
individual
contributions
Keep group size
at an appropriate
level
REDUCE Social Loafing
Figure 14.7
14-22
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Managing for Performance
? Motivate groups to achieve goals,
? Members should benefit when the group performs
well,
? Rewards can be monetary or in other forms,
? Reduce social loafing,human tendency to put
forth less effort in a group than individually,To
eliminate,
? Make individual efforts identifiable and evaluated,
? Emphasize individual efforts to show they count,
? Keep group size at a small number,
? Help groups manage conflict,
? All groups will have conflict,managers should seek
ways to direct it to the goals,
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Groups and
Teams
14
14-2
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Groups,Teams and Effectiveness
?Group,two or more people who interact with
each other to accomplish a goal,
?Team,group who work intensively with each
other to achieve a specific common goal,
? All teams are groups,BUT,not all groups are teams,
?Teams often are difficult to form,
? Takes time for members to work together,
? Teams can improve organizational performance,
14-3
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Groups & Teams Impact Effectiveness
Groups
and
Teams
Can..,
Enhance
Performance
Increase
Responsiveness
to customer
Increase
Innovation
Increase
Motivation
& Satisfaction
Gaining a
Competitive
Advantage
Figure 14.1
14-4
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Competitive Advantage with Groups &
Teams
? Performance Enhancement,Make use of synergy
?Workers in a group have the opportunity to produce more
or better output than separate workers,
?Members correct other’s errors,bring new ideas to
bear,
? Managers should build groups with members of
complimentary skills,
? Responsive to Customers,Difficult to achieve given many constraints,
?Safety issues,regulations,costs,
?Cross-functional teams provide the wide variety of skills
needed,
? Teams consist of members of different departments,
14-5
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Competitive Advantage,Cont,
? Innovation,individuals rarely possess the wide
variety of skills needed,
?Team members also uncover flaws and develop
new ideas,
?Managers should empower the team for the full
innovation process,
? Motivation,members of groups,and particularly
teams,are often better motivated and satisfied than
individuals,
?It is fun to work next to other motivated people,
?Team members see their contribution to the team,
? Teams also provide social interaction,
14-6
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Types of Groups and Teams
Cross-
Functional
Teams
Interest
Groups
Groups & Teams
Formal Groups
created by managers
Cross-
Cultural
Teams
Top
Mgmt,
Teams
R & D
Teams
Self-
Managed
Teams
Command
Groups
Task
Forces
Informal Groups
created by workers
Friendship
Groups
Figure 14.2
14-7
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Formal Groups & Teams
?Created by manager to meet the firm’s goals,
Cross-functional,members of different departments,
Cross-cultural,members of different cultures,
Research and Development Teams,Create new products,
Top Management team,help develop firm’s direction,
? Important to have diversity in it to avoid group
think,
Command Groups,members report to same manager,
Task Force,created to meet a given objective,
? Standing committees are permanent task forces,
Self-Managed Teams,members are empowered to
complete some given work,
? Team decides how to do the task,
14-8
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Self-Managed Work Teams
? Keys to effective self managed teams,
?Give the team enough responsibility and autonomy to be
self-managing,
?The team’s task should be complex enough to include
many different steps,
?Select members carefully,Look for diversity,skills,and
enthusiasm,
?Manager should guide and coach,not supervise,
?Determine training needs and be sure it is provided,
? Teams may have trouble with performance reviews of
members,
14-9
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Informal Groups and Teams
?Created by the workers to meet their needs,
? Friendship group,made up of employees who enjoy
each other’s company,
?Satisfy the need for human interaction and social
support,
? Interest Groups,Workers seek to achieve a common
goal based on their membership in the organization,
?Managers should observe interest groups to learn what
employees see as important,
14-10
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group Dynamics
?Dynamics affect how a group or team
functions,
? Group size,affects how a group performs,
?Normally,keep group small (2 to 9 members),
? Small groups interact better and tend to be more
motivated,
?Use large groups when more resources are needed,
? Division of labor is possible with large group,
? Group Tasks,impacts how a group interacts,
?Task interdependence shows how work of one member
impacts another,
? As interdependence rises,members work closer
together,
14-11
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group Dynamics
? Task interdependence types,
?Pooled Task Interdependence,members make
separate,independent contributions to group,
? Group performance is the sum of member
contributions,
?Sequential Task Interdependence,members
perform tasks in a sequential order,
? Hard to determine individual performance since one
member depends on another,
?Reciprocal Task Interdependence,work performed
by a member is dependent on work by others,
? Members share information and work closely together,
14-12
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group tasks
Sequential Task Interdependence
Member Member
Member Member
Group
Performance
Member
Member
Member
Member
Group
Performance
Pooled Task
Interdependence
Member
Member Member
Member Member
Group
Performance
Reciprocal Task
Interdependence
Figure 14.3
14-13
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group Roles
? Role,set of behaviors a group member is expected to
perform because of their position in the group,
?In cross-functional teams,members perform roles in
their specialty,
?Managers need to clearly describe expected roles to
group members when they are assigned to the group,
? Role-making occurs as workers take on more roles as
group members,
?Self-managed teams may assign the roles to members
themselves,
14-14
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Stages of Group Development
1) Forming,members get to know each other and reach
common goals,
2) Storming,members disagree on direction and
leadership,
? Managers need to be sure conflict stays focused,
3) Norming,close ties and consensus begin to develop
between members,
4) Performing,group does its real work,
5) Adjourning,only for task forces that are temporary,
? Note that these steps take time!
14-15
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Stages of Group Development
Performing
Adjourning
Norming
Storming
Forming
Figure 14.4
14-16
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group Dynamics
? Group Norms,shared rules that members follow,
?Groups may set working hours,behavior rules,etc,
? Conformity & Deviance,members conform to norms to,
?Obtain rewards,imitate respected members,and
because they feel the behavior is right,
?When a member deviates,other members will try to
make them conform,expel the member,or change the
group norms to accommodate them,
? Conformity and deviance must be balanced for high
performance from the group,
?Deviance allows for new ideas in the group,
14-17
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Balancing Conformity and Deviance
Figure 14.5
Lev
el o
f
gro
up
Perfo
rm
ance
Low
High
Low Conformity
High deviation
Med,Conformity
Med,deviation
High Conformity
Low deviation
14-18
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group Cohesiveness
? Group cohesiveness,measures the loyalty to the group
by its members,
?Level of Participation,as cohesiveness rises,so will
participation,
? Participation helps get members actively involved,but
too much can waste time,
?Level of Conformity,as conformity rises,so does
cohesiveness,
? With too much conformity,performance can suffer,
?Level of Group Goal Accomplishment,as
cohesiveness rises,the emphasis on group
accomplishment will rise,
? High levels of cohesiveness can cause the group to focus
more on itself than the firm,
14-19
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Group Cohesiveness
Group
Size
Managed
Diversity
Group
Identity
Success
Group
Cohesiveness
Level of
Conformity to
norms
Level of
Participation
in group
Emphasis
on goals
accomplished
Figure 14.6
14-20
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Cohesiveness
? Determinates of cohesiveness,can be altered to change
cohesiveness levels in a group,
?Group Size,small groups allow high cohesiveness,
? Low cohesiveness groups with many members can
benefit from splitting into two groups,
?Managed Diversity,Diverse groups often come up
with better solutions,
?Group Identity,When cohesiveness is low,encourage
a group to adopt a unique identity and engage in healthy
competition with others,
?Success,cohesiveness increases with success,
? Look for a way for a group to find some small success,
14-21
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Reducing Social Loafing
Make individual
contributions
identifiable
Emphasize valuable
individual
contributions
Keep group size
at an appropriate
level
REDUCE Social Loafing
Figure 14.7
14-22
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Managing for Performance
? Motivate groups to achieve goals,
? Members should benefit when the group performs
well,
? Rewards can be monetary or in other forms,
? Reduce social loafing,human tendency to put
forth less effort in a group than individually,To
eliminate,
? Make individual efforts identifiable and evaluated,
? Emphasize individual efforts to show they count,
? Keep group size at a small number,
? Help groups manage conflict,
? All groups will have conflict,managers should seek
ways to direct it to the goals,
