9-1
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Organizational
Control and
Culture
9
9-2
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Organizational Control
?Managers must monitor & evaluate,
? Are we efficiently converting inputs into outputs?
?Must accurately measure units of inputs and outputs,
? Is product quality improving?
?Are we competitive with other firms?
? Are employees responsive to customers?
?customer service is increasingly important,
? Are our managers innovative in outlook?
?Does the control system encourage risk-taking?
9-3
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Control Systems
Formal,target-setting,monitoring,evaluation and
feedback systems to provide managers with information to
determine if strategy and structure are working effectively
and efficiently,
?A good control system should,
?be flexible so managers can respond as needed,
?provide accurate information about the organization,
?provide information in a timely manner,
9-4
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Three Types of Control
Inputs Outputs Conversion Process
Feedforward
Control
(anticipate
problems)
Concurrent
Control
(manage problems
as they occur)
Feedback
Control
(manage problems
after they occur)
Figure 9.1
9-5
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Control Types
? Feedforward,use in the input stage of the process,
? Managers anticipate problems before they arise,
? Managers can give rigorous specifications to
suppliers to avoid quality
? Concurrent,gives immediate feedback on how inputs
are converted into outputs,
? Allows managers to correct problems as they arise,
? Managers can see that a machine is becoming out
of alignment and fix it,
? Feedback,provides after the fact information managers
can use in the future,
? Customer reaction to products are used to take
corrective action in the future,
9-6
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Control Process Steps
Establish standards of performance,goals,or
targets against which performance is evaluated,
Measure actual performance
Compare actual performance
against chosen standards
Evaluate results and take corrective action
when the standard is not being achieved,
1,
2,
3,
4,
Figure 9.2
9-7
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
The Control Process
1,Establish standards,goals,or targets against which
performance is to be evaluated,
?Standards must be consistent with strategy,for a low
cost strategy,standards should focus closely on cost,
? Managers at each level need to set their own
standards,
2,Measure actual performance,managers can measure
outputs resulting from worker behavior or they can
measure the behavior themselves,
?The more non-routine the task,the harder to measure,
? Managers then measure the behavior (come to
work on time) not the output,
9-8
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
The Control Process
3,Compare actual performance against chosen standards,
? Managers must decide if performance actually deviates,
? Often,several problems combine creating low
performance,
4,Evaluate result and take corrective action,
? Perhaps the standards have been set too high,
? Workers may need additional training,or
equipment,
?This step is often hard since the environment is
constantly changing,
9-9
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
The Goal-Setting Process
Corporate level managers set goals for
individual decisions to allow organization
to achieve corporate goals,
Divisional managers set goals for
each function to allow the division
to achieve its goals,
Functional managers set goals for
each worker to allow the function
to achieve its goals,
Figure 9.4
9-10
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
3 Organizational Control Systems
Output
Control
Behavior
Control
Culture or Clan
Control
Financial Measures or performance
Goals
Operating budgets
Direct supervision
Management by Objective (MBO)
Rules & Standard Operating Procedures
Values
Norms
Socialization
Figure 9.3
9-11
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Output Control Systems
? Financial Controls are objective and allow comparison to
other firms,
?Profit ratios--measures how efficiently managers convert
resources into profits,
? Return on Investment (ROI) is the most common,
?Liquidity ratios -- measure how well managers protect
resources to meet short term debt,
? Current & quick ratios,
?Leverage ratios -- show how much debt is used to finance
operations,
? Debt-to-asset & times-covered ratios,
?Activity ratios -- measures how managers create value
from assets,
? Inventory turnover,days sales outstanding,
9-12
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Output Control Systems
? Organizational Goals,after corporate financial goals are set,
each division is given specific goals that must be met to
attain the overall goals,
?Goals and thus output controls,will be set for each area of
the firm,
? Goals are specific & difficult (not impossible) to achieve,
? Goal setting is a management skill developed over time,
? Operating budgets,a blueprint showing how managers can
use resources,
?Managers are evaluated by how well they meet goals and
stay in budget,
? Each division is often evaluated on its own budgets for cost,
revenue or profit,
9-13
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Output Control Problems
? Managers must create output standards that motivate at
all levels,
? Be careful of creating short-term goals that motivate
managers to forget the future,
?It is easy to cut costs by dropping R&D now but it leads
to future disaster,
? If standards are too high,workers may follow unethical
behavior to attain them,
?Increase sales regardless of issues,This can be done by
skipping safe production steps,
9-14
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Behavior Control Systems
Managers must motivate and shape
employee behavior to meet organizational
goals,
?Direct Supervision,managers who directly manage
workers and can teach,reward,and correct,
?Very expensive since only a few workers can be
managed by 1 manager,
?Can demotivate workers who desire more autonomy,
?Hard to do in complex job settings,
9-15
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Management by Objectives
? Management by Objectives (MBO),evaluates workers
by attainment of specific objectives,
?Goals are set at each level of the firm,
?Goal setting is participatory with manager AND worker,
?Reviews held looking at progress toward goals,
? Pay raises and promotions are tied to goal attainment,
?Teams are also measured in this way with goals and
performance measured for the team,
9-16
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Bureaucratic Control
? Control through a system of rules and standard operating
procedures (SOPs) that shape the behavior of divisions,
functions,and individuals,
?Rules and SOPs tell the worker what to do,
?Standardized actions so outcomes are predictable,
?Still need output control to correct mistakes,
? Problems of Bureaucratic Control,
?Rules easier to make than delete,Leads to,red tape”
?Firm can become too standardized and not flexible,
?Best used for routine problems,
9-17
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Organizational Culture & Clan Control
? Organizational culture is a collection of values,norms,
& behavior shared by workers that control the way
workers interact with each other,
? Clan Control,control through the development of an
internal system of values and norms,
?Both culture and clan control accept the norms and
values as their own and then work within them,
? Examples include dress styles,work hours,pride in work,
?These methods provide control where output and
behavioral control does not work,
?Strong culture and clan control help worker to focus on
the organization and enhance its performance,
9-18
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Values and Norms
? Organizational values and norms inform workers about
what goals they should peruse and how they should
behave to reach these goals,
?Some organizations work hard to create a culture that
encourages and rewards risk taking,
? Microsoft,Oracle seek innovation,
?Others,create an environment of caution,
? Oil refineries,nuclear power plants must focus on
caution,
9-19
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Creating Strong Organizational Culture
Values of Founder
Socialization Process
Ceremonies & Rites
Stories & Language
Organizational
Culture
Figure 9.5
9-20
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Organizational Culture
? Founder’s values are critical as they hire the
first set of managers,
? Founders likely hire those who share their vision,
? This develops the culture of the firm,
? Socialization Process,newcomers learn norms &
values,
? Learn not only because,they have to” but
because they want to,
? Organizational behavior,expectations,and
background is presented,
9-21
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Organizational Culture
?Ceremonies and Rites,formal events that focus on
important incidents,
? Rite of passage,how workers enter firm & advance,
? Rite of integration,build common bonds with office
parties,celebrations,
? Rites of enhancement,enhance worker commitment to
values,Promotions,awards dinners,
?Stories and Language,Organizations repeat stories
of founders or events,
? Show workers how to act and what to avoid,
? Stories often have a hero that workers can mimic,
? Most firms also have their own jargon that only
workers understand,
9-22
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Culture & Managerial Action,
? Consider the four functions of management,
?Planning,in innovative firms,the culture will
encourage all managers to participate,
? Slow moving firms focus on the formal process rather
than the decision,
?Organizing,Creative firms will have organic,flexible
structures,
? Probably very flat with delegated authority,
?Leading,encourage leading by example,
? Top managers take risks and trust lower managers,
?Controlling,innovative firms choose controls that
match the structure,
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Organizational
Control and
Culture
9
9-2
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Organizational Control
?Managers must monitor & evaluate,
? Are we efficiently converting inputs into outputs?
?Must accurately measure units of inputs and outputs,
? Is product quality improving?
?Are we competitive with other firms?
? Are employees responsive to customers?
?customer service is increasingly important,
? Are our managers innovative in outlook?
?Does the control system encourage risk-taking?
9-3
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Control Systems
Formal,target-setting,monitoring,evaluation and
feedback systems to provide managers with information to
determine if strategy and structure are working effectively
and efficiently,
?A good control system should,
?be flexible so managers can respond as needed,
?provide accurate information about the organization,
?provide information in a timely manner,
9-4
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Three Types of Control
Inputs Outputs Conversion Process
Feedforward
Control
(anticipate
problems)
Concurrent
Control
(manage problems
as they occur)
Feedback
Control
(manage problems
after they occur)
Figure 9.1
9-5
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Control Types
? Feedforward,use in the input stage of the process,
? Managers anticipate problems before they arise,
? Managers can give rigorous specifications to
suppliers to avoid quality
? Concurrent,gives immediate feedback on how inputs
are converted into outputs,
? Allows managers to correct problems as they arise,
? Managers can see that a machine is becoming out
of alignment and fix it,
? Feedback,provides after the fact information managers
can use in the future,
? Customer reaction to products are used to take
corrective action in the future,
9-6
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Control Process Steps
Establish standards of performance,goals,or
targets against which performance is evaluated,
Measure actual performance
Compare actual performance
against chosen standards
Evaluate results and take corrective action
when the standard is not being achieved,
1,
2,
3,
4,
Figure 9.2
9-7
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
The Control Process
1,Establish standards,goals,or targets against which
performance is to be evaluated,
?Standards must be consistent with strategy,for a low
cost strategy,standards should focus closely on cost,
? Managers at each level need to set their own
standards,
2,Measure actual performance,managers can measure
outputs resulting from worker behavior or they can
measure the behavior themselves,
?The more non-routine the task,the harder to measure,
? Managers then measure the behavior (come to
work on time) not the output,
9-8
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
The Control Process
3,Compare actual performance against chosen standards,
? Managers must decide if performance actually deviates,
? Often,several problems combine creating low
performance,
4,Evaluate result and take corrective action,
? Perhaps the standards have been set too high,
? Workers may need additional training,or
equipment,
?This step is often hard since the environment is
constantly changing,
9-9
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
The Goal-Setting Process
Corporate level managers set goals for
individual decisions to allow organization
to achieve corporate goals,
Divisional managers set goals for
each function to allow the division
to achieve its goals,
Functional managers set goals for
each worker to allow the function
to achieve its goals,
Figure 9.4
9-10
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
3 Organizational Control Systems
Output
Control
Behavior
Control
Culture or Clan
Control
Financial Measures or performance
Goals
Operating budgets
Direct supervision
Management by Objective (MBO)
Rules & Standard Operating Procedures
Values
Norms
Socialization
Figure 9.3
9-11
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Output Control Systems
? Financial Controls are objective and allow comparison to
other firms,
?Profit ratios--measures how efficiently managers convert
resources into profits,
? Return on Investment (ROI) is the most common,
?Liquidity ratios -- measure how well managers protect
resources to meet short term debt,
? Current & quick ratios,
?Leverage ratios -- show how much debt is used to finance
operations,
? Debt-to-asset & times-covered ratios,
?Activity ratios -- measures how managers create value
from assets,
? Inventory turnover,days sales outstanding,
9-12
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Output Control Systems
? Organizational Goals,after corporate financial goals are set,
each division is given specific goals that must be met to
attain the overall goals,
?Goals and thus output controls,will be set for each area of
the firm,
? Goals are specific & difficult (not impossible) to achieve,
? Goal setting is a management skill developed over time,
? Operating budgets,a blueprint showing how managers can
use resources,
?Managers are evaluated by how well they meet goals and
stay in budget,
? Each division is often evaluated on its own budgets for cost,
revenue or profit,
9-13
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Output Control Problems
? Managers must create output standards that motivate at
all levels,
? Be careful of creating short-term goals that motivate
managers to forget the future,
?It is easy to cut costs by dropping R&D now but it leads
to future disaster,
? If standards are too high,workers may follow unethical
behavior to attain them,
?Increase sales regardless of issues,This can be done by
skipping safe production steps,
9-14
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Behavior Control Systems
Managers must motivate and shape
employee behavior to meet organizational
goals,
?Direct Supervision,managers who directly manage
workers and can teach,reward,and correct,
?Very expensive since only a few workers can be
managed by 1 manager,
?Can demotivate workers who desire more autonomy,
?Hard to do in complex job settings,
9-15
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Management by Objectives
? Management by Objectives (MBO),evaluates workers
by attainment of specific objectives,
?Goals are set at each level of the firm,
?Goal setting is participatory with manager AND worker,
?Reviews held looking at progress toward goals,
? Pay raises and promotions are tied to goal attainment,
?Teams are also measured in this way with goals and
performance measured for the team,
9-16
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Bureaucratic Control
? Control through a system of rules and standard operating
procedures (SOPs) that shape the behavior of divisions,
functions,and individuals,
?Rules and SOPs tell the worker what to do,
?Standardized actions so outcomes are predictable,
?Still need output control to correct mistakes,
? Problems of Bureaucratic Control,
?Rules easier to make than delete,Leads to,red tape”
?Firm can become too standardized and not flexible,
?Best used for routine problems,
9-17
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Organizational Culture & Clan Control
? Organizational culture is a collection of values,norms,
& behavior shared by workers that control the way
workers interact with each other,
? Clan Control,control through the development of an
internal system of values and norms,
?Both culture and clan control accept the norms and
values as their own and then work within them,
? Examples include dress styles,work hours,pride in work,
?These methods provide control where output and
behavioral control does not work,
?Strong culture and clan control help worker to focus on
the organization and enhance its performance,
9-18
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Values and Norms
? Organizational values and norms inform workers about
what goals they should peruse and how they should
behave to reach these goals,
?Some organizations work hard to create a culture that
encourages and rewards risk taking,
? Microsoft,Oracle seek innovation,
?Others,create an environment of caution,
? Oil refineries,nuclear power plants must focus on
caution,
9-19
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Creating Strong Organizational Culture
Values of Founder
Socialization Process
Ceremonies & Rites
Stories & Language
Organizational
Culture
Figure 9.5
9-20
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Organizational Culture
? Founder’s values are critical as they hire the
first set of managers,
? Founders likely hire those who share their vision,
? This develops the culture of the firm,
? Socialization Process,newcomers learn norms &
values,
? Learn not only because,they have to” but
because they want to,
? Organizational behavior,expectations,and
background is presented,
9-21
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Organizational Culture
?Ceremonies and Rites,formal events that focus on
important incidents,
? Rite of passage,how workers enter firm & advance,
? Rite of integration,build common bonds with office
parties,celebrations,
? Rites of enhancement,enhance worker commitment to
values,Promotions,awards dinners,
?Stories and Language,Organizations repeat stories
of founders or events,
? Show workers how to act and what to avoid,
? Stories often have a hero that workers can mimic,
? Most firms also have their own jargon that only
workers understand,
9-22
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ?The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2000
Culture & Managerial Action,
? Consider the four functions of management,
?Planning,in innovative firms,the culture will
encourage all managers to participate,
? Slow moving firms focus on the formal process rather
than the decision,
?Organizing,Creative firms will have organic,flexible
structures,
? Probably very flat with delegated authority,
?Leading,encourage leading by example,
? Top managers take risks and trust lower managers,
?Controlling,innovative firms choose controls that
match the structure,
