Media (2)
Chapter 16
Xiao Huiyun
December,2005
Introduction
? The growth of mass circulation news-papers
in Britain was a direct result of the process of
industrialisation during the 18th and 19th
centuries,
? During the 18th century,newspaper
readership had been largely confined to the
upper classes and wealthier sections of the
middle class
? In the early years the newspaper industry
was subject to a great deal of govern-mental
control
Introduction
? However,in the years following the French
Revolution (1789),a radical press developed
in Britain,concerned to propagate ideas of
social reform and social justice.
? The radical papers were developing at the
same time as the Trade Unions,and were
often used as their mouthpieces and as a
means of political education,
National Newspapers
? The Guardian
The Observer.co.uk
The Independent
The Times
The Sunday Times
Daily Telegraph
Financial Times
Daily Express
Daily Mail
Daily Mirror Sunday Mirror
Daily Star
News of The World
The Sun
Ownership– from Press Barons to
Media Moghuls
? Private,not public,ownership
? The press in Britain,unlike broadcasting,
has always been wholly privately owned
and thus is a commercial enterprise rather
than a public service,
? At the beginning of this century
newspaper ownership was in the hands of
powerful men,such as Lord Northcliffe,
who were known as Press Barons,They
were in the newspaper business both to
make money and,to be influential.
?
Ownership– from Press Barons to
Media Moghuls
? Commercial media ownership has
increasingly tended towards concentration
and conglomeration,
? News International (see p 259) is one
example of a global multi - media
conglomerate,
? Its owner,Rupert Murdoch,also has interests
in computer software,energy and transport,
as well as book publishing
How the Press is Funded
? The two main sources of revenue are,
? the cover price, the tabloids are
cheaper but,because of their wider
circulation,a larger percentage of their
revenue comes from this source;
? advertising, this is the main source of
revenue for most publications
?
The Code of Advertising Practice
? Advertising in the press has to conform to
certain standards of the Code of Advertising
Practice.
? The Code’s basic principles require adverts
to be:
? legal,honest and truthful
? to observe a sense of responsibility to the
consumer and society
? to conform to the principles of fair
competition as generally accepted in
business
Types of Newspapers -- Range
? There are 10 major national daily papers and
10 major Sunday papers,and about 2,000
smaller weekly papers,
? More national and regional daily newspapers
are sold in Britain than in most other
developed countries.
? Other examples are,Provincial Mornings,
Local Evenings,Local weeklies,
Political Press,Community Press,etc
?
Quality Press and Popular Press
? The two types of papers are different in cost,size,
content,style and purpose,P260
? Quality papers -- Telegraph,Independent,
Guardian,The Times,Financial Times,Sunday
Telegraph,Observer
? Popular papers --Sun,Mirror,Express,Mail,Star,
News of the World,Sunday Mirror,Sunday
Express,Mail on Sunday,Sunday People,News on
Sunday
Quality Press and Popular Press
? The quality papers are serious,with long informative
articles
? The popular papers are less serious,contain less
news and have more human interest stories.
? The quality papers contain about 45 pages ),the
quality papers (tabloids) about 60.
? Some of the quality papers have weekend magazine
supplements,with special interest articles on food,
travel and leisure activities
? Tabloids often contain national bingo games Some
are also famous for their photographs of topless
women
Who Reads What?
? Tabloid readers are
usually from the
middle or lower class,
only slightly more
male readers than
female,clerical,
skilled or unskilled
workers,unemployed,
old people and
pensioners
? Quality paper readers
are usually from the
middle-class,
professional and
managerial jobs,more
male readers than
female,and more live
in the South of
England,
Circulation of some
National Dailies
4.22
3.16
1.76
1.64
1.13
1.13
0.44 0.44
0.39
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
SUN MIRROR MAIL EXPRESS EXPRESS TELEGRAPH GUARDIAN THE TIMES INDEPENDENT
Circulation
Influences on the Press
? The press differs from broadcasting in the
following ways:
? It is a self-regulating industry with no
governmental regulation,
? There is little regulation of content,within certain
legal constraints (see below)
? There is no obligation to give a balanced account
? Nevertheless there are financial,professional and
legal constraints operating upon the industry (see
diagram,p262)
Influences on the Press
? There is complex involvement at all levels:
? Owners have financial control but also have other business
interests.
? Advertisers have control of their bought space.
? Editors,appointed by owners,select stories and news
? Journalists find the stories and write the articles which are
then subject to editorial review.
? Editors and journalists have to take account of the laws of
libel.
? Newspapers do not want to alienate their readers.
Regulation of the Press
? the Press Complaints Commission -- made up of
editors of newspapers and magazines and people
outside the industry,
? It deals with complaints from the public about the
contents and conduct of the newspapers and
advises editors and journalists
? It has a code of practice agreed by editors
concerning journalist’s behaviour,references to
contentious issues such as race and religion and
respect for privacy.
? Its aim is to try to guarantee accuracy and fairness
of reporting.
The press,politics and bias
? The majority of the press in Britain shows a bias towards
conservative values in general,
? Because it does not have to remain neutral on political
issues it is easier to find evidence of political bias in
newspapers than in broadcasting.
? the national newspapers are biased towards certain political
views,The Daily Telegraph,the Sun,Daily Mail,and
Daily Express usually more overtly support the
Conservative Party;
? the Mirror and News on Sunday usually support the
policies of the Labour Party,
? Other papers such as the Guardian,Independent and
Today occupy a middle ground in the political spectrum,
Freedom of the press
? In a free press there often arises conflict between
the principles of freedom of access to information
and its publication in the interests of the public,
and the degree of reasonable protection for the
privacy of the individual or of the state.
? a) Privacy and the laws of libel
? the National Union of Journalists Code of
Conduct ; libel laws,the Obscene Publications
Freedom of the press
? b) Freedom of information and national
security
? Journalists in Britain often find that it is
difficult to report on matters of state if the
Government feels it would be against the
‘national interest’
? The Freedom of Information Act 2000
? The Official Secrets Act
Chapter 16
Xiao Huiyun
December,2005
Introduction
? The growth of mass circulation news-papers
in Britain was a direct result of the process of
industrialisation during the 18th and 19th
centuries,
? During the 18th century,newspaper
readership had been largely confined to the
upper classes and wealthier sections of the
middle class
? In the early years the newspaper industry
was subject to a great deal of govern-mental
control
Introduction
? However,in the years following the French
Revolution (1789),a radical press developed
in Britain,concerned to propagate ideas of
social reform and social justice.
? The radical papers were developing at the
same time as the Trade Unions,and were
often used as their mouthpieces and as a
means of political education,
National Newspapers
? The Guardian
The Observer.co.uk
The Independent
The Times
The Sunday Times
Daily Telegraph
Financial Times
Daily Express
Daily Mail
Daily Mirror Sunday Mirror
Daily Star
News of The World
The Sun
Ownership– from Press Barons to
Media Moghuls
? Private,not public,ownership
? The press in Britain,unlike broadcasting,
has always been wholly privately owned
and thus is a commercial enterprise rather
than a public service,
? At the beginning of this century
newspaper ownership was in the hands of
powerful men,such as Lord Northcliffe,
who were known as Press Barons,They
were in the newspaper business both to
make money and,to be influential.
?
Ownership– from Press Barons to
Media Moghuls
? Commercial media ownership has
increasingly tended towards concentration
and conglomeration,
? News International (see p 259) is one
example of a global multi - media
conglomerate,
? Its owner,Rupert Murdoch,also has interests
in computer software,energy and transport,
as well as book publishing
How the Press is Funded
? The two main sources of revenue are,
? the cover price, the tabloids are
cheaper but,because of their wider
circulation,a larger percentage of their
revenue comes from this source;
? advertising, this is the main source of
revenue for most publications
?
The Code of Advertising Practice
? Advertising in the press has to conform to
certain standards of the Code of Advertising
Practice.
? The Code’s basic principles require adverts
to be:
? legal,honest and truthful
? to observe a sense of responsibility to the
consumer and society
? to conform to the principles of fair
competition as generally accepted in
business
Types of Newspapers -- Range
? There are 10 major national daily papers and
10 major Sunday papers,and about 2,000
smaller weekly papers,
? More national and regional daily newspapers
are sold in Britain than in most other
developed countries.
? Other examples are,Provincial Mornings,
Local Evenings,Local weeklies,
Political Press,Community Press,etc
?
Quality Press and Popular Press
? The two types of papers are different in cost,size,
content,style and purpose,P260
? Quality papers -- Telegraph,Independent,
Guardian,The Times,Financial Times,Sunday
Telegraph,Observer
? Popular papers --Sun,Mirror,Express,Mail,Star,
News of the World,Sunday Mirror,Sunday
Express,Mail on Sunday,Sunday People,News on
Sunday
Quality Press and Popular Press
? The quality papers are serious,with long informative
articles
? The popular papers are less serious,contain less
news and have more human interest stories.
? The quality papers contain about 45 pages ),the
quality papers (tabloids) about 60.
? Some of the quality papers have weekend magazine
supplements,with special interest articles on food,
travel and leisure activities
? Tabloids often contain national bingo games Some
are also famous for their photographs of topless
women
Who Reads What?
? Tabloid readers are
usually from the
middle or lower class,
only slightly more
male readers than
female,clerical,
skilled or unskilled
workers,unemployed,
old people and
pensioners
? Quality paper readers
are usually from the
middle-class,
professional and
managerial jobs,more
male readers than
female,and more live
in the South of
England,
Circulation of some
National Dailies
4.22
3.16
1.76
1.64
1.13
1.13
0.44 0.44
0.39
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
SUN MIRROR MAIL EXPRESS EXPRESS TELEGRAPH GUARDIAN THE TIMES INDEPENDENT
Circulation
Influences on the Press
? The press differs from broadcasting in the
following ways:
? It is a self-regulating industry with no
governmental regulation,
? There is little regulation of content,within certain
legal constraints (see below)
? There is no obligation to give a balanced account
? Nevertheless there are financial,professional and
legal constraints operating upon the industry (see
diagram,p262)
Influences on the Press
? There is complex involvement at all levels:
? Owners have financial control but also have other business
interests.
? Advertisers have control of their bought space.
? Editors,appointed by owners,select stories and news
? Journalists find the stories and write the articles which are
then subject to editorial review.
? Editors and journalists have to take account of the laws of
libel.
? Newspapers do not want to alienate their readers.
Regulation of the Press
? the Press Complaints Commission -- made up of
editors of newspapers and magazines and people
outside the industry,
? It deals with complaints from the public about the
contents and conduct of the newspapers and
advises editors and journalists
? It has a code of practice agreed by editors
concerning journalist’s behaviour,references to
contentious issues such as race and religion and
respect for privacy.
? Its aim is to try to guarantee accuracy and fairness
of reporting.
The press,politics and bias
? The majority of the press in Britain shows a bias towards
conservative values in general,
? Because it does not have to remain neutral on political
issues it is easier to find evidence of political bias in
newspapers than in broadcasting.
? the national newspapers are biased towards certain political
views,The Daily Telegraph,the Sun,Daily Mail,and
Daily Express usually more overtly support the
Conservative Party;
? the Mirror and News on Sunday usually support the
policies of the Labour Party,
? Other papers such as the Guardian,Independent and
Today occupy a middle ground in the political spectrum,
Freedom of the press
? In a free press there often arises conflict between
the principles of freedom of access to information
and its publication in the interests of the public,
and the degree of reasonable protection for the
privacy of the individual or of the state.
? a) Privacy and the laws of libel
? the National Union of Journalists Code of
Conduct ; libel laws,the Obscene Publications
Freedom of the press
? b) Freedom of information and national
security
? Journalists in Britain often find that it is
difficult to report on matters of state if the
Government feels it would be against the
‘national interest’
? The Freedom of Information Act 2000
? The Official Secrets Act
