Chapter 2
Family & Personal
Relationships (1)
Sept,2005
Xiao Huiyun
A 1 The Family
?In modern Britain post WW2,
the amount of the diverse
families has grown due to
changes over time
?Nuclear family ( 3 types )
?Lone-parent family
?Cohabiting couple
A 1 The Family cont.
One-parent families & their
dependent children
0, 0
0, 2
0, 4
0, 6
0, 8
1, 0
1, 2
1, 4
1, 6
1, 8
2, 0
2, 2
2, 4
2, 6
2, 8
3, 0
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
E
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
(
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
)
D e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n i n
o n e - p a r e n t f a m i l i e s
O n e - p a r e n t f a m i l i e s
A 1 Family cont.
? Almost half of all marriages fail,
? If present divorce rates continue,more than one
child in four will experience the divorce of their
parents before they reach age sixteen,
? Britain has one of the highest divorce rates in
Europe,
? Lone parenting has increased three-fold in the last
twenty years,
? 1 in 10 families is a lone parent family
? 4 in 10 people are born outside marriage
? 1 in 10 of Britons cohabiting
? Annual marriage rates are at their lowest since
records began in 1840
A 1 Family cont.
? From all these facts and figures,it appears that the
traditional family is in decline,But is this really so?
? According to the Soul of Britain survey:
? 80% of Britons believe that marriage is not out-dated
? 76% of Britons expect our marriages to last for life
? 46% of Britons disapprove of lone parenting as a
lifestyle choice
? Columnist Melanie Phillips argues that the traditional
nuclear family has been at the root of their
democracy,because it leads to the formation of
people who are secure,stable,inner-directed and
self-confident,and who have a sense of duty and
responsibility to each other.
A 1 Family cont.
? Traditional families are better for children
? Bob Rowthorne,professor of economics at Cambridge
University challenged the propaganda that the blended
family or step family ‘at its best’ can provide a good
alternative to the traditional family,He claimed that
there is overwhelming evidence that on average (rather
than ‘at the best’) step families are very dangerous
places for children to be,The level of child murder is
many times higher in step families than in traditional
married couples.
? Rowthorne also pointed out that children do not do as
well in lone-parent families or in cohabiting families as
they do in stable married couples.
? The phenomena of lone- parent families in contemporary
British society have led to an increase in poverty and
social problems related to poverty.
A 1 The Family
Home is Where the Heart is
? Stable marriage will be the most important ingredient
for a happy home life in Millennium Britain,according
to a new Alliance & Leicester public opinion poll by
MORI.
? The survey asked 1,938 people what would be the
most important ingredient to family life in 25 years
time,Key findings included,
? Stable marriage and less divorce topped the poll with
more than one in four people (26 per cent),The
importance attached to stable marriage was
consistent across all age groups,dispelling the
possibility that the findings on marriage were simply
a symptom of youthful idealism,
A 2 Youth
? Youth is not simply an age group,but a social
organization,In Britain in the 1950s things
happened that changed the way that young people
thought about themselves and the way they
behaved,For about ten years after the end of the
Second World War in 1945 there was a rise in the
birth rate,There were more young people around
with money to spend,Companies started to
manufacture things - music,films,clothes -
especially for young people
? Existing in the British culture this kind of age
group is a subdivision of the national culture,
hence the term ‘youth subculture’.
A2 Youth
Youth Subcultures
? Subculture, a ‘cultural group within a larger culture
often having beliefs or interests at variance with
those of the larger culture (COD)
? Youth subcultures have a distinct individual style –
certain ways of dressing,speaking,listening to
music and gathering in similar places.
? Youth subculture can be described as the way of life
shared by young people.
? Youth subcultures are inevitable products of affluent
society,( e.g,The Teddy Boys )
? The majority of people leave the subcultures at some
later point,often at the point of marriage.
A 2 Youth
? The 1950s was the Rock 'n' Roll era,This
music was originally made by black people
in the USA,When copied by white musicians
like Elvis,it became popular with white
audiences - especially white teenagers,
? British kids loved it too and one of the first
post-War teenage cults,the Teddy Boys or
'Teds',adopted it as their music,Teds had
slicked-back 'quiffs' or 'DA' haircuts,They
wore narrow 'drainpipe' trousers,'drape'
jackets,fancy shirts and 'bootlace' ties,They
had a reputation for violence
A 2 Youth
Teddy Boys cont.
? Characteristics of Teddy boys:
? Group-mindedness – a reaffirmation of traditional working
class values and the strong sense of territory,They
demonstrated working class resistance through rituals.
? Extreme touchiness to insults – this over-sensitivity
became attached to the distinctive dress and appearance
of the group
? Conditions for its formation – extensive welfare provision
(social security,health,housing),European economic
boom with Marshall plan,abolishing of draft,introduction of
hire purchase
? Teddy Boys drastically and fundamentally altered the
concept of the adolescent and introduced the concept
of a youth subculture
A 2 Youth cont.
Teddy Boys in the 1950s
A 2 Youth cont.
The Beatniks
? Beatniks - Members of the,beat” movement in
the United States in the 1950s,Beatniks frequently
rejected middle-class American values,customs,
and tastes in favor of radical politics and exotic
jazz,art,and literature,
? Their visual symbols - jazz,poetry,marijuanna
were exported to Britain & became the hallmarks
of British Beatniks,a section of middle-class youth
? The Beatniks therefore constituted a counter-
culture in the decade.
A 2 Youth
Beatniks cont
? Characteristics
? Extremely pessimistic about future & possibilities of
progress
? Aspired for freedom and the anguish of being alone,
undecided and separate
? Their central ideology did not gain wide popularity in Britain
until mid-1960s,when it was further developed with the
coming of the Hippies
A 2 Youth
The Beatniks
A 2 Youth
Mods and Rockers
? The 1960s
? Rock 'n' roll rebellion faded away a little between 1958 and 1963,
But then,as a new mood of optimism and change began to sweep
through British society,the young brought rebellion back,With a
bang,In the early sixties there were the mods and the rockers,
Rockers liked rock 'n' roll and big motorbikes,and they 'dressed
down' in leather jackets and denim,Mods liked American rhythm
and blues music and rode scooters,They 'dressed up' in sharp
suits and ties (Italian style),
? Like the Teddy Boys,Rockers came from working class,but far
more butch and masculinity driven than the former.,
? The Mods were from working-class backgrounds but worked in non-
traditional clerical or service jobs
A 2 Youth
Rockers and their motor-bikes
A 2 Youth
The Beatles
A 2 Youth
Mods and their scootors
A2 Youth
The Hippies
? In addition to Mods and Rockers,there were the Hippies
and Skinheads,
? The term ?hippie? covers a wide range of bohemian,
student and radical subcultures.
? They are critical of growing dominance of technology &
bureaucracy of capitalist societies.
? They distrusted establishment.
? They criticised inequality and affluence of society and
sought social change through peaceful means.
? The subculture contains contradictions – they scorned
materialism,yet lived to share the fruits of affluence,
They preached egalitarianism,but remain reactionary,
A 2 Youth
Skinheads cont,
? Unlike Beats and Hippies,Skinheads largely came from
the unskilled working-class community.
? Their lifestyle was centred round working-class activities,
located around the pubs,football and streets,associated
with football hooliganism.
? Hallmarks
? Dress – big industrial boots & jeans rolled up high to reveal
them
? Skinheads appeared towards the end of the 1960s,the
result of relative worsening of situation of working-class,
? Appearance –hair cut to the skull
? Emphasis on collectivity,physical toughness,,and local
rivalry; this explained why hippies became targets for the
aggression of skinheads
A2 Youth cont.
Hippies (left) Skin heads (right)
A2 Youth
Punks
? The 1970s
? The seventies can be characterised by Punk,Heavy Metal
and Rastafarianism,Punk was youth culture in the
extreme,With their spiked hair,ripped and outlandishly
customized clothing and much-publicized obscene
language,Punks tried to both cut themselves off from
society and also to shock it into action,Heavy Metal
music first appeared in the sixties,but really grew in the
seventies,when bikers - descendants of the rockers who
still had a taste for motorbikes and long hair - took to it,It
has increased in popularity since then and the music has
been adopted by other cults,Rastafarianism is a
philosophy and a religion originating in Jamaica,It
became popular in black Britain in the seventies,It was
popularised in the rest of British society through the
reggae music of Bob Marley,
A 2 Youth cont.
The punks
A2 Youth
Rastas
The Influence of Reggae on Punk
Search for authenticity
The romanticization of petty
criminality
“white translation of black
ethnicity” (Hebdige p.64)
Reggae music
Non-mainstream
Working class credentials
Political awareness
Music of the,outsider”
A 2 Youth
The Ravers
? The 1980s
? Cults of the eighties included,the New Romantics,
a short-lived cult of the late seventies and early
Eighties which involved wearing flamboyant
clothes often like those of the eighteenth century
'dandies'; Hip Hop,originating in the black
communities of the USA,takes in rap music,
graffiti art,sportswear-based dress and other
cultural elements; Rave,which grew out of the
'acid house' cult of 1988,Devotees favoured
American 'house' music,baggy colourful clothing
and taking drugs like LSD and Ecstacy,'Ravers'
go to all night dancing events called raves,These
were often held in remote out of the way places
A2 Youth
Ravers
A 2 Youth
Ragga & Jungle
? The 1990s
? The nineties,saw the emergence of Ragga and Jungle.
Predominantly black,ragga or raggamuffin culture
revolves around ragga music,a dance-oriented form of
reggae commonly with the lyric spoken or 'chatted',Many
young Asians who were born in Britain and now in their
teens and twenties have developed a similar culture often
referred to as 'bhangramuffin' after the Asian music,
Bhangra,Jungle,meanwhile,fuses ragga with elements
of house music and rave culture,and has become the
most innovative,original youth culture of the mid-1990s.
A 2 Youth
Millennial Tension
?Young males – postmodernity destroyed
traditional social role,respect,authority
?Erosion of ?masculine? forms of work,
sources of self-respect
A 2 Youth
Suicide Solution
?Massive
increases in
suicide
amongst young
males in UK
(5X higher than
young women
A 2 Youth
Conclusion
? Hunger for and exposure to commercial consumption of
youth has increased as society has aged
? Blurring of upper and lower boundaries of youth
? Consequently subcultures no longer so subcultural (or
oppositional) more escapist
? Absorption into mainstream has undermined exclusive
association of youth with styles
? BUT has reinforced expectation that youth will generate
consumer ideals
? Childhood associated with modernist optimism,youth
associated with postmodernist freedom and possibility
? But the real problems of youth are being forgotten
A 4 Marriage & Divorce
? Marriage and cohabitation
? In 2000,
? 54 per cent of men and 52 per cent of women aged 16
and over were married;
? 10 per cent of men and nine per cent of women were
cohabiting
? 27 per cent of men and 18 per cent of women were
single
? Three per cent of men and 12 per cent of women were
widowed
? Six per cent of men were either divorced or separated,
compared with nine per cent of women,
Sociological Explanations of the
Increase in Divorce
? The value of marriage
? Conflict between spouses
? The ease of divorce
? Women,paid employment and marital
conflict
? Income and class
? Age
? Marital status of parents
? Background and role expectations
? Occupation
Towards a More Civilised Society
? Most other European economies have fiscal
instruments of support for marriage,through joint
taxation.
? In Britain,family commitments have become largely
irrelevant to tax assessment,whereas in most of
Europe adults with families to support are paying tax
at much lower rates than single earners.
? It is time for the state to signal its approbation and
support for the structure most successful in
maintaining social stability,the married family.
? The nurture of children should be a primary objective
of every civilised society,-- Center for Policy Studies
Youth
Samuel Erman
?1,Youth is not a time of life,it is a
state of mind,it is not a matter of
rosy cheeks,red lips and supple
knees,it is a matter of the will,a
quality of the imagination,a vigor of
the emotions,it is the freshness of
the deep spring of life.
Youth cont
? 2,Youth means a temperamental
predominance of courage over timidity,of the
appetite for adventure over the love of ease,
This often exists in a man of 60 more than a
boy of 20,Nobody grows merely by a number
of years; we grow old by deserting our ideas.
? 3,Years may wrinkle the skin,but to give up
enthusiasm wrinkles the soul,Worry,fear,self-
distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit
back to dust.
Youth cont
?4,Whether 60 or 16,there is in every
human being’s heart the lure of wonders,
the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s
next and the joy of the game of living,In
the center of your heart and my heart
there is a wireless station,so long as it
receives messages of beauty,hope,
cheer,courage and power from man and
from the Infinite,so long as you are
young.
Youth cont
?5,When the aerials are down,and
your spirits are covered with snows
of cynicism and the ice of
pessimism,then you’ve grown old
even at 20,but as long as your
aerials are up to catch waves of
optimism,there’s hope you may die
young at 80.
Family & Personal
Relationships (1)
Sept,2005
Xiao Huiyun
A 1 The Family
?In modern Britain post WW2,
the amount of the diverse
families has grown due to
changes over time
?Nuclear family ( 3 types )
?Lone-parent family
?Cohabiting couple
A 1 The Family cont.
One-parent families & their
dependent children
0, 0
0, 2
0, 4
0, 6
0, 8
1, 0
1, 2
1, 4
1, 6
1, 8
2, 0
2, 2
2, 4
2, 6
2, 8
3, 0
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
E
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
(
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
)
D e p e n d e n t c h i l d r e n i n
o n e - p a r e n t f a m i l i e s
O n e - p a r e n t f a m i l i e s
A 1 Family cont.
? Almost half of all marriages fail,
? If present divorce rates continue,more than one
child in four will experience the divorce of their
parents before they reach age sixteen,
? Britain has one of the highest divorce rates in
Europe,
? Lone parenting has increased three-fold in the last
twenty years,
? 1 in 10 families is a lone parent family
? 4 in 10 people are born outside marriage
? 1 in 10 of Britons cohabiting
? Annual marriage rates are at their lowest since
records began in 1840
A 1 Family cont.
? From all these facts and figures,it appears that the
traditional family is in decline,But is this really so?
? According to the Soul of Britain survey:
? 80% of Britons believe that marriage is not out-dated
? 76% of Britons expect our marriages to last for life
? 46% of Britons disapprove of lone parenting as a
lifestyle choice
? Columnist Melanie Phillips argues that the traditional
nuclear family has been at the root of their
democracy,because it leads to the formation of
people who are secure,stable,inner-directed and
self-confident,and who have a sense of duty and
responsibility to each other.
A 1 Family cont.
? Traditional families are better for children
? Bob Rowthorne,professor of economics at Cambridge
University challenged the propaganda that the blended
family or step family ‘at its best’ can provide a good
alternative to the traditional family,He claimed that
there is overwhelming evidence that on average (rather
than ‘at the best’) step families are very dangerous
places for children to be,The level of child murder is
many times higher in step families than in traditional
married couples.
? Rowthorne also pointed out that children do not do as
well in lone-parent families or in cohabiting families as
they do in stable married couples.
? The phenomena of lone- parent families in contemporary
British society have led to an increase in poverty and
social problems related to poverty.
A 1 The Family
Home is Where the Heart is
? Stable marriage will be the most important ingredient
for a happy home life in Millennium Britain,according
to a new Alliance & Leicester public opinion poll by
MORI.
? The survey asked 1,938 people what would be the
most important ingredient to family life in 25 years
time,Key findings included,
? Stable marriage and less divorce topped the poll with
more than one in four people (26 per cent),The
importance attached to stable marriage was
consistent across all age groups,dispelling the
possibility that the findings on marriage were simply
a symptom of youthful idealism,
A 2 Youth
? Youth is not simply an age group,but a social
organization,In Britain in the 1950s things
happened that changed the way that young people
thought about themselves and the way they
behaved,For about ten years after the end of the
Second World War in 1945 there was a rise in the
birth rate,There were more young people around
with money to spend,Companies started to
manufacture things - music,films,clothes -
especially for young people
? Existing in the British culture this kind of age
group is a subdivision of the national culture,
hence the term ‘youth subculture’.
A2 Youth
Youth Subcultures
? Subculture, a ‘cultural group within a larger culture
often having beliefs or interests at variance with
those of the larger culture (COD)
? Youth subcultures have a distinct individual style –
certain ways of dressing,speaking,listening to
music and gathering in similar places.
? Youth subculture can be described as the way of life
shared by young people.
? Youth subcultures are inevitable products of affluent
society,( e.g,The Teddy Boys )
? The majority of people leave the subcultures at some
later point,often at the point of marriage.
A 2 Youth
? The 1950s was the Rock 'n' Roll era,This
music was originally made by black people
in the USA,When copied by white musicians
like Elvis,it became popular with white
audiences - especially white teenagers,
? British kids loved it too and one of the first
post-War teenage cults,the Teddy Boys or
'Teds',adopted it as their music,Teds had
slicked-back 'quiffs' or 'DA' haircuts,They
wore narrow 'drainpipe' trousers,'drape'
jackets,fancy shirts and 'bootlace' ties,They
had a reputation for violence
A 2 Youth
Teddy Boys cont.
? Characteristics of Teddy boys:
? Group-mindedness – a reaffirmation of traditional working
class values and the strong sense of territory,They
demonstrated working class resistance through rituals.
? Extreme touchiness to insults – this over-sensitivity
became attached to the distinctive dress and appearance
of the group
? Conditions for its formation – extensive welfare provision
(social security,health,housing),European economic
boom with Marshall plan,abolishing of draft,introduction of
hire purchase
? Teddy Boys drastically and fundamentally altered the
concept of the adolescent and introduced the concept
of a youth subculture
A 2 Youth cont.
Teddy Boys in the 1950s
A 2 Youth cont.
The Beatniks
? Beatniks - Members of the,beat” movement in
the United States in the 1950s,Beatniks frequently
rejected middle-class American values,customs,
and tastes in favor of radical politics and exotic
jazz,art,and literature,
? Their visual symbols - jazz,poetry,marijuanna
were exported to Britain & became the hallmarks
of British Beatniks,a section of middle-class youth
? The Beatniks therefore constituted a counter-
culture in the decade.
A 2 Youth
Beatniks cont
? Characteristics
? Extremely pessimistic about future & possibilities of
progress
? Aspired for freedom and the anguish of being alone,
undecided and separate
? Their central ideology did not gain wide popularity in Britain
until mid-1960s,when it was further developed with the
coming of the Hippies
A 2 Youth
The Beatniks
A 2 Youth
Mods and Rockers
? The 1960s
? Rock 'n' roll rebellion faded away a little between 1958 and 1963,
But then,as a new mood of optimism and change began to sweep
through British society,the young brought rebellion back,With a
bang,In the early sixties there were the mods and the rockers,
Rockers liked rock 'n' roll and big motorbikes,and they 'dressed
down' in leather jackets and denim,Mods liked American rhythm
and blues music and rode scooters,They 'dressed up' in sharp
suits and ties (Italian style),
? Like the Teddy Boys,Rockers came from working class,but far
more butch and masculinity driven than the former.,
? The Mods were from working-class backgrounds but worked in non-
traditional clerical or service jobs
A 2 Youth
Rockers and their motor-bikes
A 2 Youth
The Beatles
A 2 Youth
Mods and their scootors
A2 Youth
The Hippies
? In addition to Mods and Rockers,there were the Hippies
and Skinheads,
? The term ?hippie? covers a wide range of bohemian,
student and radical subcultures.
? They are critical of growing dominance of technology &
bureaucracy of capitalist societies.
? They distrusted establishment.
? They criticised inequality and affluence of society and
sought social change through peaceful means.
? The subculture contains contradictions – they scorned
materialism,yet lived to share the fruits of affluence,
They preached egalitarianism,but remain reactionary,
A 2 Youth
Skinheads cont,
? Unlike Beats and Hippies,Skinheads largely came from
the unskilled working-class community.
? Their lifestyle was centred round working-class activities,
located around the pubs,football and streets,associated
with football hooliganism.
? Hallmarks
? Dress – big industrial boots & jeans rolled up high to reveal
them
? Skinheads appeared towards the end of the 1960s,the
result of relative worsening of situation of working-class,
? Appearance –hair cut to the skull
? Emphasis on collectivity,physical toughness,,and local
rivalry; this explained why hippies became targets for the
aggression of skinheads
A2 Youth cont.
Hippies (left) Skin heads (right)
A2 Youth
Punks
? The 1970s
? The seventies can be characterised by Punk,Heavy Metal
and Rastafarianism,Punk was youth culture in the
extreme,With their spiked hair,ripped and outlandishly
customized clothing and much-publicized obscene
language,Punks tried to both cut themselves off from
society and also to shock it into action,Heavy Metal
music first appeared in the sixties,but really grew in the
seventies,when bikers - descendants of the rockers who
still had a taste for motorbikes and long hair - took to it,It
has increased in popularity since then and the music has
been adopted by other cults,Rastafarianism is a
philosophy and a religion originating in Jamaica,It
became popular in black Britain in the seventies,It was
popularised in the rest of British society through the
reggae music of Bob Marley,
A 2 Youth cont.
The punks
A2 Youth
Rastas
The Influence of Reggae on Punk
Search for authenticity
The romanticization of petty
criminality
“white translation of black
ethnicity” (Hebdige p.64)
Reggae music
Non-mainstream
Working class credentials
Political awareness
Music of the,outsider”
A 2 Youth
The Ravers
? The 1980s
? Cults of the eighties included,the New Romantics,
a short-lived cult of the late seventies and early
Eighties which involved wearing flamboyant
clothes often like those of the eighteenth century
'dandies'; Hip Hop,originating in the black
communities of the USA,takes in rap music,
graffiti art,sportswear-based dress and other
cultural elements; Rave,which grew out of the
'acid house' cult of 1988,Devotees favoured
American 'house' music,baggy colourful clothing
and taking drugs like LSD and Ecstacy,'Ravers'
go to all night dancing events called raves,These
were often held in remote out of the way places
A2 Youth
Ravers
A 2 Youth
Ragga & Jungle
? The 1990s
? The nineties,saw the emergence of Ragga and Jungle.
Predominantly black,ragga or raggamuffin culture
revolves around ragga music,a dance-oriented form of
reggae commonly with the lyric spoken or 'chatted',Many
young Asians who were born in Britain and now in their
teens and twenties have developed a similar culture often
referred to as 'bhangramuffin' after the Asian music,
Bhangra,Jungle,meanwhile,fuses ragga with elements
of house music and rave culture,and has become the
most innovative,original youth culture of the mid-1990s.
A 2 Youth
Millennial Tension
?Young males – postmodernity destroyed
traditional social role,respect,authority
?Erosion of ?masculine? forms of work,
sources of self-respect
A 2 Youth
Suicide Solution
?Massive
increases in
suicide
amongst young
males in UK
(5X higher than
young women
A 2 Youth
Conclusion
? Hunger for and exposure to commercial consumption of
youth has increased as society has aged
? Blurring of upper and lower boundaries of youth
? Consequently subcultures no longer so subcultural (or
oppositional) more escapist
? Absorption into mainstream has undermined exclusive
association of youth with styles
? BUT has reinforced expectation that youth will generate
consumer ideals
? Childhood associated with modernist optimism,youth
associated with postmodernist freedom and possibility
? But the real problems of youth are being forgotten
A 4 Marriage & Divorce
? Marriage and cohabitation
? In 2000,
? 54 per cent of men and 52 per cent of women aged 16
and over were married;
? 10 per cent of men and nine per cent of women were
cohabiting
? 27 per cent of men and 18 per cent of women were
single
? Three per cent of men and 12 per cent of women were
widowed
? Six per cent of men were either divorced or separated,
compared with nine per cent of women,
Sociological Explanations of the
Increase in Divorce
? The value of marriage
? Conflict between spouses
? The ease of divorce
? Women,paid employment and marital
conflict
? Income and class
? Age
? Marital status of parents
? Background and role expectations
? Occupation
Towards a More Civilised Society
? Most other European economies have fiscal
instruments of support for marriage,through joint
taxation.
? In Britain,family commitments have become largely
irrelevant to tax assessment,whereas in most of
Europe adults with families to support are paying tax
at much lower rates than single earners.
? It is time for the state to signal its approbation and
support for the structure most successful in
maintaining social stability,the married family.
? The nurture of children should be a primary objective
of every civilised society,-- Center for Policy Studies
Youth
Samuel Erman
?1,Youth is not a time of life,it is a
state of mind,it is not a matter of
rosy cheeks,red lips and supple
knees,it is a matter of the will,a
quality of the imagination,a vigor of
the emotions,it is the freshness of
the deep spring of life.
Youth cont
? 2,Youth means a temperamental
predominance of courage over timidity,of the
appetite for adventure over the love of ease,
This often exists in a man of 60 more than a
boy of 20,Nobody grows merely by a number
of years; we grow old by deserting our ideas.
? 3,Years may wrinkle the skin,but to give up
enthusiasm wrinkles the soul,Worry,fear,self-
distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit
back to dust.
Youth cont
?4,Whether 60 or 16,there is in every
human being’s heart the lure of wonders,
the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s
next and the joy of the game of living,In
the center of your heart and my heart
there is a wireless station,so long as it
receives messages of beauty,hope,
cheer,courage and power from man and
from the Infinite,so long as you are
young.
Youth cont
?5,When the aerials are down,and
your spirits are covered with snows
of cynicism and the ice of
pessimism,then you’ve grown old
even at 20,but as long as your
aerials are up to catch waves of
optimism,there’s hope you may die
young at 80.
