2012-3-21 1
大学英语精品课程
英语阅读
English Reading
Skills for Scet-3
2012-3-21 2
介绍
英语阅读在考试中了占很大的比例。
同样，也是应用英语的一门很重要的技巧。
当然，这种语言的感觉是经过长期阅读实
践得来。英语与其他学科不一样，不需要
呆在实验室，或在工地上去实习，但它也
需应用，对于把英语作为第二语言的学习
者来讲，通过来自国外的英语资料的阅读，
这是我们了解这门语言的主要途径。从阅
读中可以把所学到的几乎所有的英语技能
应用其中。我们在阅读的同时同样也可体
会到另一种语言的迷人之处。
2012-3-21 3
介绍
那么怎样才能提高自己的英语阅读技
巧呢？我非常喜欢何其莘的一段话，就是
通过大量阅读，用英文思维去看书，原文
如下：, 用英文思维是许多英语学习者都
希望达到的一种境界，因为这是用英语流
畅地表达思想的基础。对于一个生活在非
英语环境中的中国学生来说，要做到部分
或全部用英文来思考确有很大难度，但也
不是可望而不可及。从自己学习英语的经
历中，我体会到坚持大量阅读是实现这一
目标最有效的途径之一。
2012-3-21 4
介绍
■ 首先要选好难易程度适中的原文书籍：
一般以每页（大 32开）不超过八个生词为
宜。其次是阅读方法：要像读中文小说那
样快速浏览，不默读，不查字典，更不通
过翻译来理解原文的意思。遇见不认识的
生词，要根据上下文来推测。第三是要坚
持天天都读，而且要给自己规定每天必须
完成的阅读任务。只要坚持下去，几个月，
半年之后，肯定会看到成效, 何老师说
得相当精辟，在阅读中学单词，语法，这
种效果是最好的。
2012-3-21 5
介绍
在接下来的文章里我会结合一
些专家的资料和自己一些学习英语
体会，谈一谈阅读理解的 9种常见的
技巧。
2012-3-21 6
英语阅读技巧
? 识别难字（ Word Attack
Strategies ）
? 确认暗含意（ indentifying the
implied idea）
? 得出推论（ Making Inferences）
? 理解论点（ Reading Arguments）
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英语阅读技巧
? 区别观点和事实（ Distinguishing
Fact from Opinion）
? 找出作者意图（ Identifying
Author’s Purpose）
? 文章连贯（ Text Coherence）
? 概括主题（ Recognizing
generalizations）
? 做结论（ Making Conclusions）
2012-3-21 8
识别难字（ Word Attack Strategies ）
? 阅读时你也许常会遇到生单词或短
语，通过对文章内容的理解你有可
能知道其含义 ----比如，利用这句
话其他单词，其他段落句子，或者
按常理推断。这里有 4种很典型的类
型。
2012-3-21 9
识别难字（ Word Attack Strategies ）
? When you come across a new word
or expression while reading,
you can often figure out its
meaning by using the context -
the other words in the sentence
and the other sentences in the
paragraph,or your own
knowledge about the world,
There are,at least,four major
types of context clues,
2012-3-21 10
识别难字（ Word Attack Strategies ）
? 1.定义以及重述（ Definition and
restatement）
? Example,Modern medicine
and new methods of food
production allow adults to live
longer and babies to survive,
not die soon after birth,
此时重述, not die” 的使用
使我们得知 survive（生存）的含义。
2012-3-21 11
识别难字（ Word Attack Strategies）
? 同样，在（）,——，，，或
者短语, that is”,”ie”之后也常使
用定义以及重述，对前面生词解释 。
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识别难字（ Word Attack Strategies ）
?, 2.具有相反意思的生词（ Words with
opposite meaning）
Example,Most of us see
everything as independent from one
another,But the reality is that
everything is part of one
interconnected,interrelated whole,
通过, But”,我们能推测
interconnected, interrelated 一定
与 independent 有相反的含义。
2012-3-21 13
识别难字（ Word Attack Strategies ）
? 3,举列（ Examples)
? Example,The simplest way to
help the environment is not to
impact on it,Tread as lightly as
you can,taking as little as
possible,and putting back as much
as you can,
Impact 能通过下一句的列子
treading lightly,taking little and
putting back much（轻走，不拿，多给）
得出含义；影响，作用。
2012-3-21 14
识别难字（ Word Attack Strategies ）
? 4,按常理（ Common Sense）
Example,Trees bring water
up from the ground,allowing
water to evaporate into the
atmosphere,
按常理 evaporate 肯定是, to
change from a liquid state to a
gas.”即：蒸发。
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确认暗含意（ indentifying the
implied idea）
? 要明白作者声明以及暗含的相关含
义，得首先回答两个问题, What
is the topic of the paragraph?”
an和, What does the author
want me to know about that
topic?” 也许第二个问题的答案不
好找，文章中没现成的答案。那么，
这就要你推断作者的隐含义了。
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确认暗含意（ identifying the
implied idea）
? 在含有隐含义的段落中，作者
虽然不会明讲，往往会给出一
些细节。此时，需要你仔细阅
读找出连接文章的连接点。
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确认暗含意（ identifying the
implied idea）
? Sometimes,however,when
you express the answer to the
second question in your own
words,you may not find a
sentence in the paragraph that
is similar to your answer,In
this instance,you are probably
dealing with an implied idea,
2012-3-21 18
确认暗含意（ identifying the
implied idea）
? In a paragraph that has an implied
main idea,the author indirectly
suggests or hints at what you need
to know about the topic of the
paragraph by giving details that
point to a main idea rather than
directly stating one,In such cases,
you must read the details very
carefully and look in the sentences
that make up the paragraph for a
common idea about the topic that
links together,
比如，有一个例子,
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确认暗含意（ indentifying the
implied idea）
? 比如,
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确认暗含意（ indentifying the
implied idea）
? For example,
direct marketing today occurs
either in the form of a direct
response,which requires a
salesperson to complete the sale,or
by direct order,which is a sale
made without a personal sales call,
More broadly,direct marketing is
the selling of products without a
shop,as with Avon,Com or Amway,
Com products,Telemarketing,catalog
shopping,personalized mailings,and
trial offers are all ways to conduct
direct marketing,
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确认暗含意（ indentifying the
implied idea）
? What is the topic of the
paragraph?
Direct marketing
what does the author want you
to know about direct marketing?
IMPLIED MAIN IDEA,direct
marketing is the way online
companies often conduct their
business
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得出推论（ Making Inferences）
? 推论不仅使我们明白作者所义，
而且还会使我们更能体会文章主旨。
它要求我们通过表面的词句，发现
内含义，联系明示和暗示，追求作
者没有直接表达的意思
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得出推论（ Making Inferences）
? Making inferences helps us not
only to understand better but also
to appreciate more fully what we
read,It asks us to read beyond the
lines,seeing ideas implied through
the words,and to bridge the gap
between the obvious and the
suggested,thus obtaining much more
information that the writer doesn’t
tell us directly,For instance,
suppose a writer describes a
character,
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得出推论（ Making Inferences）
比如，在描述人物中，有段话,
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得出推论（ Making Inferences）
In the mirror john bell noticed
that his hair was graying at
the temples,As he picked up
the morning paper,he realized
that he could no longer see
well at all without his
glasses,Looking at the hands
holding the paper he saw that
they were wrinkled,
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得出推论（ Making Inferences）
从作者描述此人物方式，你可推断他
意识到自己正在变老了，但是作者
并没明讲，全靠你从作者提供的事
实，你才得知得。
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得出推论（ Making Inferences）
From the way the author describes the
character,you may infer that the
person is realizing that he is
aging,However,notice that the
author does not mention aging at
all,But from the facts the author
provides,you are led to infer that
the character is thinking about
aging,
2012-3-21 28
理解论点（ Reading Arguments）
? 找到阅读材料的论点对于读者理解
他的观点是很重要的。把作者的论
点放在脑子里面，去找到其他的一
些论据，能更好地把握作者的本意。
2012-3-21 29
理解论点（ Reading Arguments）
? Finding or recognizing the argument
of a reading material is very
helpful for the reader to understand
the viewpoint of the author,to know
clearly where the author stands,
what he approves and disapproves of,
Having the argument in mind also
helps the reader to recognize the
supporting evidence so that he or
she can better comprehend the
author’s idea,
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理解论点（ Reading Arguments）
? 例如,Here is an example,
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理解论点（ Reading Arguments）
? If women are mercilessly exploited
year after year,they have only
themselves to blame,Because they
tremble at the thought of being seen
in public in clothes that are out of
fashion,they are always taken
advantage of by the designers and
the big stores,Clothes which have
been worn only a few times have to
be put aside because of the change
of fashion,When you come to think
of it,only a women is capable of
standing in front of a wardrobe
packed full of clothes and
announcing sadly that she has
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理解论点（ Reading Arguments）
? 这个短文的论点很容易找到 if
women are mercilessly exploited
year after year,they have only
themselves to blame。那么剩下的
部分都是用来支持他这个观点的了。
2012-3-21 33
理解论点（ Reading Arguments）
? In this short paragraph,we
can read the argument,if women
are mercilessly exploited year
after year,they have only
themselves to blame,This is
the viewpoint of the author,
The rest of the paragraph
serves as supporting sentences
to illustrate his view,
2012-3-21 34
区别观点和事实（ Distinguishing Fact
from Opinion）
? 事实是那些可以被确认的真实的声
明。而观点用来表达主观感情，态
度或信仰，有待确定是否真实。
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区别观点和事实（ Distinguishing Fact
from Opinion）
? Facts are statements that can
be verified ─ that is,proven
to be true,Opinions are
statements that express
subjective feelings,attitudes,
or beliefs,Their truth will
have to be proven,
2012-3-21 36
区别观点和事实（ Distinguishing Fact
from Opinion）
? 比如,Here are a few examples
of each,
? Facts
? 1,The average American adults
spend 25 hours per week on
housework,
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区别观点和事实（ Distinguishing Fact
from Opinion）
? 2,U.S,military spending has
increased over the past ten
years,
? Opinions
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区别观点和事实（ Distinguishing Fact
from Opinion）
? 1,By the year 2020 tobacco
should have become illegal,as
various other drugs are
currently illegal,
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区别观点和事实（ Distinguishing Fact
from Opinion）
? 2,If John F,Kennedy had lived,
the United States would have
become quite different,
2012-3-21 40
区别观点和事实（ Distinguishing Fact
from Opinion）
? 只要事实来自于确认的信息，它即
可以被采纳。然而，观点不是可靠
的信息，因此，在接受之前，应该
先质疑和评判。一些作者在给出他
们的观点之前，会提示读者。
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区别观点和事实（ Distinguishing Fact
from Opinion）
? Facts,once verified or taken from a
reputable source,can be accepted
and regarded as reliable information,
Opinions,however,are not reliable
sources of information and should be
questioned and carefully evaluated,
Some authors are careful to signal
the reader when they are presenting
an opinion,
2012-3-21 42
区别观点和事实（ Distinguishing Fact
from Opinion）
? 比如，用下面一些方式,
– it is believed
? in my view
? it is likely that
2012-3-21 43
区别观点和事实（ Distinguishing Fact
from Opinion）
? Seemingly
? One explanation is
? Apparently
? Presumably
? In my opinion
? This suggests
? Possibly
2012-3-21 44
找出作者意图（ Identifying
Author’s Purpose）
? 要明白作者的意图，首先，应该弄
清文章主要内容，作者的意图往往
和内容相关。其次，根据内容不要
妄加想象推测意图。因此，了解文
章的大意是掌握作者意图的关键。
2012-3-21 45
找出作者意图（ Identifying
Author’s Purpose）
? Identifying the author’s purpose is
one of the reading skills to test
readers’ understanding on the
discourse level,When identifying
the author’s purpose,firstly,we
should know the main idea of the
passage,because the author’s
purpose is always related to the
major topic of the passage,Secondly,
we should only judge or identify the
author’s purpose according to the
text,rather than your own ideas,
Therefore,understanding the main
idea of a passage is essential for
identifying the author’s purpose
2012-3-21 46
找出作者意图（ Identifying
Author’s Purpose）
下面是一些常见的用来表达作者意图，
态度的词,
2012-3-21 47
找出作者意图（ Identifying
Author’s Purpose）
Following are the words often used to
identify the author’s purpose and
attitude,
比如,positive（积极） ; Negative,
（消极）,neutral（中立）,critical
（批判）,doubtful（怀疑）,
suspicious（怀疑）,indifferent（漠
然）,concerned（关心）,pessimistic
（悲观）,optimistic（乐观）,
factual（客观）,impartial（公正）,
objective（客观）,subjective（主
观）,ironic（讽刺）,cynical,
emotional（多感）,polite（礼貌）,
humorous（幽默）,etc,
2012-3-21 48
找出作者意图（ Identifying
Author’s Purpose）
下列的问题可以对你找到作者的意图
有些帮助；
2012-3-21 49
找出作者意图（ Identifying
Author’s Purpose）
The following questions can also
help you in finding out about
the author’s purposes,
比如,
1,Who is the intended audience?
2,What is the tone?
3,What is the point of view?
4,Does the author try to prove
anything about the subject? If
so,what?
2012-3-21 50
文章连贯（ Text Coherence）
? 连贯意味段落中句子意思地连贯表
达。段落中句子或者在逻辑，或者
在语法上是彼此联系的。通常，一
个段落中所有的句子都应给予同样
的关注。
2012-3-21 51
文章连贯（ Text Coherence）
? Coherence means a smooth flow of
meaning through the sentences in a
paragraph,A paragraph is coherent
when its sentences are related to
each other,both in logical meaning
and in grammatical structures and
choice of words,Usually,all the
sentences in a paragraph share the
same focus of attention,
2012-3-21 52
文章连贯（ Text Coherence）
? 比如，从下列短文看出连贯性
? Read the following paragraph
2012-3-21 53
找出作者意图（ Identifying
Author’s Purpose）
? ① Now,in Austin,there were
nightmares,② I would dream either
of friends being shot dead,or see
pools of blood spilling from bullet-
riddled bodies,or that I myself was
the target of gunfire,③ I would
wake up in a sweat,terrified of
going back to sleep,④ During the
day,the sound of police or
ambulance sirens made me jumpy,
2012-3-21 54
找出作者意图（ Identifying
Author’s Purpose）
? ⑤ Helicopters flying overhead made
me uneasy,⑥ I had to constantly
remind myself that these were most
often civilian and not military
helicopters,⑦ I had to remind
myself that the ambulances were not
rushing to evacuate wounded
demonstrators,
1,What is the paragraph mainly
about?
Reference key,my fear
2012-3-21 55
找出作者意图（ Identifying
Author’s Purpose）
2,How are the first three
sentences coherent with each
other?
Reference key,they are all
about nightmare I have
2012-3-21 56
概括主题（ Recognizing
generalizations）
? 概括是基于对整体中部分的观察和
实践而对整体做的评论 。 比如, 你
在校园里采访一部分同学, 问每一
位他们为什么上大学, 那么, 每个
人都说他 （ 她 ） 为了将来找个工作 。
当然, 直到你问完全校所有同学,
你是不会确信这种说法代表全部人
的意见 。
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概括主题（ Recognizing
generalizations）
? A generalization is a statement that
is made about a large group or a
class of items based on observation
of or experience with a part of that
group or class,Suppose you
interviewed a number of students on
campus,You asked each why he or she
was attending college,and each
indicated that he or she was
preparing for a career,Of course,
you might not be absolutely certain
that this statement is true until
you asked every college student,
2012-3-21 58
概括主题（ Recognizing
generalizations）
? 这里有些 概括有道理, 但另一些也
许你就不会同意 。
? Here are a few more
generalizations,Some may seem
very reasonable; You might
disagree with the others,
2012-3-21 59
概括主题（ Recognizing
generalizations）
? 比如
2012-3-21 60
概括主题（ Recognizing
generalizations）
? 1,All college freshmen are confused
and disoriented during their first
week on campus,
2,Most parents are concerned for
the happiness of their children,
3,Psychology instructors are
interested in the psychology of
learning,
4,College students are more
interested in social life than
scholarship,
2012-3-21 61
概括主题（ Recognizing
generalizations）
? 切记概括不是事实, 它仅代表作者
关 于 一 系 列 特 别 事 实 的 判 断 。
Remember that a generalization
is not a fact and it represents
the writer’s judgment only
about a particular set of facts,
2012-3-21 62
概括主题（ Recognizing
generalizations）
? 比如,
2012-3-21 63
概括主题（ Recognizing
generalizations）
? The wedding is a tradition that most
young adults still value,Most
engaged couples carefully plan their
wedding and regard it as an
important occasion in their life,
Couples are also very concerned that
their ceremony follows rules of
etiquette and that everything is
done,just so.” Most give a great
deal of attention to personalizing
their ceremony,including their own
vows,songs,and symbols,
2012-3-21 64
概括主题（ Recognizing
generalizations）
? 注意上述短文的第一句就是对年轻
人对婚礼的看法的概括, 其他句子
都是对这一看法的支持的事实 。
? Notice that the first sentence
in the above paragraph is the
generalization the author
provides about how young adults
feel about their weddings,All
the other sentences are
supporting facts,
2012-3-21 65
做结论（ Making Conclusions）
? 合理的结论是基于事实和证据，而
不应取决于自己的观点及喜好。细
心的读者阅读时一定常会想他们读
的是什么，试着解释和理解文章所
出现的文字，这样的话，他们就可
以基于作者的言论而得出自己的结
论。
2012-3-21 66
做结论（ Making Conclusions）
? Reasonable conclusions are built
upon facts or evidence,and not upon
our own opinions,likes,or dislikes,
Careful and thoughtful readers
always think about what they are
reading,trying to interpret ---
explain and understand --- the ideas
presented in a reading passage,In
doing so they are able to draw
conclusions based on what the author
tells them,
2012-3-21 67
做结论（ Making Conclusions）
? 比如
? For instance,
2012-3-21 68
做结论（ Making Conclusions）
? The attitude of the teacher toward
his/her pupils does much to form the
opinion that they have of themselves,
If he/she expresses faith in his/her
pupils,recognizes their strong
points,and adjusts the work to
their capacities,he/she is apt to
condition them to have desirable
attitudes about themselves and their
work,
2012-3-21 69
做结论（ Making Conclusions）
? On the other hand,if he/she
displays contempt for their
abilities,minimizes their efforts,
and is inflexible in his/her
requirements,he/she will help
develop associations that may give
rise to unhappy emotional states,
When these associations come to mind,
the emotions surrounding them will
be restored to the former state,The
emotions may be either stimulating
or depressing,
2012-3-21 70
做结论（ Making Conclusions）
? 下面通过上述方法思考几道问题
2012-3-21 71
做结论（ Making Conclusions）
1,It can be concluded from the
passage that a student’s attitude
toward a subject is most strongly
influenced by _____,
A) the student’s likes and dislikes
of the subject itself
B) the teacher’s likes and dislikes
about the subject
C) the teacher’s reactions to the
student
D) the student’s capacity for
emotional control
2,The passage describes two types
of teacher,The author seems to
______,
2012-3-21 72
做结论（ Making Conclusions）
? 第一句就告诉大家，老师对学生的态度能
使学生形成自己的态度和情感。接下来的
文字又讲到了老师的两种类型的态度。因
此，这个开场白就阐述了这篇短文的主要
观点。所以，学生的态度被老师影响，他
对一事物的反映会看老师的脸色。因此，
问题 1中 C为正确的答案。虽然，文章描述
了两种老师，但都是很客观的，因此，问
题 2中,D为正确答案。
2012-3-21 73
做结论（ Making Conclusions）
? The opening sentence tells the
reader that the teacher’s attitude
toward her pupils helps form the
pupils’ attitudes and emotions,And
the following sentences describe two
types of teacher’s attitude,So the
opening sentence expresses the main
idea of this passage,
2012-3-21 74
做结论（ Making Conclusions）
? Since the student’s attitude is
influenced by the teacher’s attitude,
his attitude toward a subject is
influenced by the teacher’s reactions
to him,So in question 1,C) is the
right answer,
Though the passage describes two
types of teacher,the author depicts
them objectively,so in question 2,
D) is the correct answer,
2012-3-21 75
结束语（ Final statement)
? 其实讲了这么多的阅读技巧, 只不
过是给同学们一些参考的建议 。 只
要读多了, 无论用什么诀窍, 都能
明白作者的意图 。
2012-3-21 76
结束语（ Final statement)
? 从每次阅读中来学习新单词, 把每一次所
遇到的难点弄明白 。 其中, 句子复杂结构
此类问题是较容易解决的 ------从复杂句子
的主干入手 。 其他有关英语生僻的表述方
式, 如俚语等, 就需要一个一个记了 。 最
后, 平时广泛涉猎各种知识也是很有必要
的 。 每一篇阅读或者讲人文, 或地理, 或
科技等等 。 也许, 有时真正难于理解的不
是 英语, 而是它所表达的汉语了, 如果汉
语都不知, 如何理解它的英语版本了 。
2012-3-21 77
结束语（ Final statement)
? 读多了, 你自然会发现：英语其实
很有趣 。
? 如对英语阅读还有什么建议或问题,
不妨给我发邮件,
? 我的地址,Abel_kane@eyou.com
