构词法 词缀法/派生法 后缀 suffix 常见的构成名词的后缀 -ability inability instability availability washability -age leakage shortage shrinkage drainage milage voltage postage orphanage -al denial dismissal renewal withdrawal burial betrayal rental portrayal -an American Russian Asian Indian African Korean Italian Huangarian -ance admittance attendance endurance performance entrance alliance guidance assistance -ant accountant attendant contestant pollutant immigrant participant consultant applicant -ary missionary adversary beneficiary dignitary boundary documentary dictionary commentary -ate electorate consulate doctorate directorate -ation examination imagination relaxation education plantation temptation decoration transportation -cy privacy accuracy efficiency pregnancy presidency privacy -dom freedom wisdom boredom stardom kingdom -ee employee nominee examinee trainee trustee addressee refugee absentee -eer engineer mountaineer profiteer -ence difference existence dependence competence indulgence preference interference reference absence innocence violence diligence -er farmer driver reporter observer leader player waiter winner computer recorder mixer -ery bribery mockery machinery jewellery scenery -ese Chinese Japanese Portuguese -ess princess actress empress goddess heiress hostess mistress waitress tigress -hood childhood manhood motherhood maidenhood neighborhood brotherhood -ian magician musician historian politician physician technician comedian -ibility possibility responsibility flexibility visibility feasibility credibility -ing feeling reading cooking shopping ending washing writing cleaning sightseeing -ion action contribution exhibition production conclusion decision -ism Marxism socialism realism idealism optimism terrorism heroism capitalism nationalism -ist activist idealist capitalist communist Methodist socialist terrorist racist artist novelist scientist tourist -ity prosperity equality formality hostility generosity simplicity superiority -let piglet starlet booklet -man fireman businessman milkman policeman fisherman cameraman seaman gunman gentleman chairman -ment achievement development agreement argument arrangement excitement assignment improvement payment -ness happiness sadness goodness boldness madness sickness tenderness weakness bitterness -or actor conductor inspector instructor creator editor sailor visitor director supervisor -ry jewelry slavery rivalry bravery imagery recovery flattery -ship friendship ownership authorship professorship leadership workmanship sportsmanship scholarship -ty loyalty safety penalty -ure departure failure exposure pleasure pressure -ware software hardware silverware kitchenware glassware ironware silverware kitchenware -work housework needlework metalwork brainwork homework -y modesty difficulty discovery treasury treaty expiry 常见的构成形容词的后缀 -able advisable admirable lovable comfortable valuable miserable suitable available fashionable -al national cultural musical historical original additional classical educational globe logical political -an,ian American Cuban Russian Asian Canadian African Korean Norwegian -ant tolerant reluctant dominant triumphant important pleasant ignorant significant -ary momentary voluntary fragmentary customary honorary imaginary legendary secondary -ate fortunate affectionate passionate collegiante -ed excited bored amazed retired bearded doomed beloved -en woolen earthen golden wooden waxen silken leaden ashen -ent different dependent insistent persistent consistent existent correspondent -ese Chinese Japanese Burmese Vietnamese -ful beautiful hopeful helpful dutiful joyful graceful successful shameful -ible permissible divisible contemptible collapsible forcible admissible comprehensible -ic enthusiastic realistic poetic historic magnetic pessimistic optimistic economic idiotic democratic -ical historical economical classical geographical -ing amusing disgusting frightening surprising amazing misleading convincing prevailing trying -ish Irish Polish Swedish Spanish Boyish selfish bookish Childish foolish -ive active aggressive effective creative attractive competitive comprehensive constructive -less endless restless useless careless heartless nameless homeless meaningless spotless harmless -like childlike honey-like prison-like ladylike dreamlike warlike lifelike businesslike -ly friendly lovely lively costly orderly lonely manly leisurely fatherly daily kindly lowly -ous courageous furious dangerous famous various nervous continuous advantageous adventurous mysterious -some tiresome troublesome awesome wholesome loathsome -wide worldwide nationwide countrywide company-wide campus-wide society-wide -worthy trustworthy praiseworthy noteworthy creditworthy applause-worthy -y rainy dirty dusty thirsty flowery bloody cloudy foggy sunny muddy mighty 构成副词的后缀 -ly clearly slowly obviously naturally exactly finally gradually rapidly normally badly seriously perfectly . -down head-down palm-down belly-down face-down -first head-first heel-first nose-first feet-first -ward(s) homeward westward(s) onward(s) backward(s) skyward(s) downward(s) -wise likewise clockwise anticlockwise vote-wise 构成动词的后缀 -ate activate originate motivate hyphenate -en widen hasten lengthen strengthen sweeten sharpen shorten deepen loosen quicken brighten -ify simplify intensify clarify notify purify qualify terrify horrify personify justify identify amplify -ize apologize moralize emphasize criticize symbolize sympathize subsidize characterize terrorize legalize modernize standardize 构成数词的后缀 -teen thirteen sixteen fifteen -ty twenty eighty -th fifth twelfth thirtieth 一些次要的后缀 *一些构成名词的后缀： -archy anarchy hierarchy oligarchy monarchy -arian librarian vegetarian humanitarian parliamentarian -cide suicide homicide genocide pesticide -craft aircraft hovercraft spacecraft handicraft -ette cigarette kitchenette usherette leatherette -folk menfolk countryfolk townsfolk womenfolk -gram diagram telegram kilogram milligram -graph autoraph paragraph telegraph photograph -hand farm-hand factory-hand garage-hand deckhand -head spearhead pinhead letterhead bridgehead -aholic alcoholic workaholic chocoholic cashaholic -ial denial burial editorial memorial -itis arthritis hepatitis bronchitis appendicitis -logue dialogue catalogue epilogue monologue -mania kleptomania egomania nymphomania dipsomania -mate schoolmate roommate classmate playmate -meter barometer speedometer acidimeter thermometer -monger fishmonger warmonger rumormonger whoremonger -ocracy aristocracy autocracy bureaucracy democracy -ocrat aristocrat bureaucrat democrat technocrat -ology biology archaeology psychology ecology -phone earphone saxophone telephone -scape landscape seascape moonscape river-scape 一些构成形容词的后缀 -based market-based class-based community-based coal-based -bound duty-bound housebound westbound London-bound -conscious self-conscious class-conscious safety-conscious ecology-conscious -fold twofold threefold eightfold tenfold -free carefree tax-free risk-free pollution-free -headed hot-headed clear-headed muddle-headed bald-headed -led market-led state-led consumer-led government-led -made hand-made home-made man-made US-made -minded open-minded absent-minded liberal-minded practical-minded -most innermost topmost foremost outmost -ological biological ecological ideological archaeological -poor nutrient-poor oxygen-poor nitrogen-poor resource-poor -proof waterproof soundproof fireproof bullet-proof -related job-related age-related drug-related race-related -rich carbon-rich fibre-rich fat-rich protein-rich -side bedside fireside lakeside riverside -sized apple-sized fist-sized pea-sized postcard-sized -stricken panic-stricken horror-stricken grief-stricken poverty-stricken -ular muscular molecular curricular triangular 前缀 prefix 改变词类的前缀： 加在名词前构成形容词或副词： asleep aboard aside ashore ablaze be- 加在名词或形容词前构成动词： belittle befriend behead bewitch bedim em- 加在名词等前构成动词： embark embed embody empower embitter en- 加在名词或形容词前构成动词： endanger encourage enrage enforce enslave enrich enlarge enable out- 加在名词或形容词前构成动词： outflank outmumber outpace outplay outsmart outwit outrank outclass 构成反义词的前缀： de- 非…… de-emphasize decentralize demilitarize demobilize declassify dehydrate dis- 不……构成动词： disappear disobey disapprove disagree dislike displease distrust disbelieve disarm 构成名词： discontent dishonor discomfort disobedience 构成形容词 disloyal dishonest disinterested discourteous dissimilar il- illegal illogical illiterate im- impatient impolite impossible immature in- incapable informal inadequate independent inability injustice inadequacy insecurity ir- irresolute irresponsible irresistible irregular non- （非） non-essential non-economic non-violent non-competitive non-smoker non-profit non-resident un- 形容词： unable uncertain untidy unsafe unconscious unemployed unfortunate 副词： unluckily unhappily unusually unwillingly unfortunately unnaturally uncomfortably 名词： uncertainty unacceptability unfairness unpleasantness 动词： undress uncover undo unwrap unpack unbutton untie unlock 分词： unexpected unfinished unprepared unprecedented unchanging unhesitating uninviting untrusting 常见的表示特定意思的前缀： all- 纯，全是 all-wool all-steel all-female all-new 各种（个） all-age all-season all-purpose all-weather anti- 反, 抗 anti-fascist anti-racist anti-war anti-abortion anti-cancer anti-pollution anti-biotic arch- 大 archbishop archdeacon 头号的 arch-enemy arch-rival arch-villian arch-traitor auto- 自动的 automatic auto-timer auto-rexord -auto-reverse 自己的 autobiography autograph autonomous 汽车的 automobile auto-industry auto-work autosport bi- 双，二 bilingual bilateral bigamy bifocals bio- 生物的 biochemical biological biology biotechnology centi- 百分之一，百 centimeter centigram centiliter centigrade co- 共同（做某事） co-author co-chair co-pilot co-founder co-direct co-operate co-exist co-edit counter- 反 counter-measure counter-attack counter-strike double- 双 double-decker double-barrelled double-breasted double-bed down- 往下 dounhill downward(s) downriver downstairs 恶化 downturn downfall downgrade downcast ever- 一直，不断 ever-present everlasting ever-widening ever-growing 越来越 ever-stronger ever-bolder -ever-greater ever-faster ex- 以前的 ex-president ex-husband ex-lover ex-wife extra- 特别…… extra-bright extra-strong extra-large extra-thin 以外的 extra-curricular extra-mural extra-marital fore- 前部的 foredeck forehead foreleg forearm 预先的 foresight foretell forecast foresee free- 自由的 free-flowing free-moving free-floating free-running full- 完全 full-scale full-speed full-grown full-strength 全部 full-time full-year full-size full-page half- 半 half-asleep half-melted half-finished half-empty half-truth half-moon half-circle half-pay half-French half-sister half-brother hand- 用手的 hand-made hand-operated handwritten hand-wash 手提(推)的 handbag handcart hand-gun handbook handbill handshake home- 在家里 home-made home-baked home-woven home-dyed 家（庭）的 home-owner home-buyer home-town homework hydro- 水力的，水的 hydro-power hydro-electric hydro-energy hydro-phobia ill- 不好的 ill-health ill-humor ill-luck ill-will ill-tempered ill-natured ill-bred 不适宜的 ill-timed ill-informed ill-educated ill-chosen inter- 之间的 international inter-city inter-racial intercontinental 相互的 interchange interact interlink interrelate kilo- 千 kilogram kilowatt kilometer kilohertz mal- 不良的 maladjusted malnourished malformed malfunction malnutrition man- 由人……， man-made man-devised mankind 人对人 man-killer man-eating manhunt manslaughter mid- 中间（指时间） midday mid-summer midnight mid-century 中间（指空间） midair Mid-Europe midocean mid-Wales milli- 千分之一 milligram millimeter milliliter milliamp mini- 小，微型的 minicab minibus mini-computer mini-skirt mis- 错误的 misjudge misunderstand misuse misprint misinformation misunderstanding misconception new- 新近 newborn new-found new-wedded new-baked news- 新闻，报纸 newscast newletter newspaper news-stand over- 过分的 overeat over-react overdo oversesimate 过于 over-anxious over-eager over-cautious over-confident 过量的 overdose overcharge overweight overwork 压倒 overcome overpower overthrow overrule 其他意思 oversee overseas overlook overcoat post- ……之后 post-election post-liberation 的邮(政) postmark postcard post-box postcode pre- ……之前 pre-war premarital pre-revolution 的预先 prejudge preview predetermine predecease 事前已经 pre-arranged pre-paid pre-planned pre-fabricated pro- 支持的 pro-government pro-communist pro-abortion re- 重新，再次 re-open rewrite remarry rebuild reappear rediscover reconsider reconstruct remarriage recreation redistribution re-examination self- 自我…… self-educated self-employed self-appointed 的自己的 self-interested self-defence self-control self-criticism self-portrait self-love self-reliance self-analysis 自动……的 self-locking self-winding self-regulating semi- 半……的 semi-automatic semi-liquid semi-naked 半 semicircle semi-annual semiconductor semi-darkness sub- 次，下一级的 subcontinent sub-committee subdivision sub-heading 下面的 subway subcurrent subconscious submarine 不够……的 subnormal subfertile substandard subliteracy super- 极……的 super-clever super-cheap super-sensitive 超级的 superpower supermarket superstar superman 超……的 supersonic supernatural supernormal supernational 其他意思 superfluous superstition supervise superstructure tele- 远距离的 telephone telescope television telecommunication too- 过于 too-tight too-cold too-intimate too-rigid trans- 从……到 transport transfer transplant transmit translate transform transcribe transition 穿越 trans-America trans-Atlantic trans-Siberian Trans-Alaska under- 不足 under-developed under-fianced undernourished underestimate 下面的 underground underwear underline undersigned 下一级的 undergraduate under-secretary under-librarian under-manager 其他意思 understand undertake undermine underworld uni- 单一的 unilateral unisex unify unity up- 在（向）上方 upside uphill upriver upstairs 改进，上升 update upgrade uprate upsurge 打乱 upset uproar uptoot uprising 其他意思 upright uphold upheaval upbringing vice- 副的 vice-chairman vice-premier vice-minister vice-consul well- ……得好的 well-behaved well-dressed well-educated 很…… well-known well-deserved well-loved well-respected 其他意思 well-read well-informed well-paid well-received 较不常见的前缀： aero- 空中的 aeroplane aerodynamic aeronautics aerospace agro- 农业的 agrology agronomy agronomist agrochemical ante- 在…..前的 anteroom antedate antechamber antecedent astro- 太空的asronaut astronomy astrology astrophysics audio- 听觉的 audio-visual audio-tape audio-cassette audio-typist cardi- 心脏 cardiac cardiologist cardiograph cardiogram chron- 时间chronic chronology chronicle chronometer contra- 反，防 contrary contradiction contraceptive contravene cross- 横跨 cross-country cross-channel cross-harbour cross-border deci- 十进，十分之一 decimal decimeter deciliter decibel eco- 生态的ecology ecologist ecosystem eco-technological electro- 电的，电子的 electronic electrocute electrolyte electrode Euro- 欧洲的 Euro-bank Wuro-currency Euro-policy Europarliament fresh- 刚刚……的 fresh-cut fresh-baked fresh-fried fresh-made geo- 与地有关的 geology geography geothermal geophysics homo- 相同的 homogeneous homosexual homonym homogenous hyper- 极为……的 hyper-modern hypercreative hyper-alert mega- 非，极大的 megahertz megaton megastar megaloss micro- 微…..的microscope microfilm micro-organism mock- 假装的 mock-fight mock-modesty mock-sadness mock-childish mono- 单一的 monologue monosyllabic monogamy monotonous multi- 多……的 multilateral multinational multi-party multi-purpose neo- 新 neo-classical new-colonialism neo—Nazism now-Gothic neur(o)-神经的 neurology neuronatomy neurobiologist neurobiologist neurosurgeon once- 一度…… once-famous once-popular once-fashionable pan- 泛 pan-American pan-Arab pan-continental pan-European para- 副，准空降…… paratyphoid paratrooper paramilitary para-professional parachute paratrooper paragliding phon- 声音的 phonetics phonology phonograph phoneme poly- 多……的 polysyllabic polytechnic polygon polygamy pseudo- 仿……，假 pseudo-metal pseudo-modern pseudo-friend quadr-(quadri-) 四……的 quadrangle quadrilateral quadruped quasi- 近似……的 quasi-academic quasi-official quasi-legal socio- 社会 sociological socio-economic socio-political sociolinguistic sur- 超过 surcharge surplus surpass surmount sym(n)- 相同 synonym sympathy synchronize synthesis tech- 技术（艺） technical technician technique technology therm- 热的 thermotherapy thermometer thermonuclear thermoelectric tri- 三 triangle tripartite trilateral trilogy ultra- 极，外 ultra-secret ultra-smart ultra-tiny ultraviolet video- 图像的 videotape videodisc video-recorder video-cassette 合成法 合成名词 n.+ n. 可数名词：air-conditioner 空调机 air raid 空袭 alarm clock 闹钟 assembly line 装配线 baby-sitter 看孩子的人 bank account 银行户头 bus stop 公共汽车站 can opener 开罐器 heart attack 心脏病发作 credit card 信用卡 pen friend 笔友 package holiday 一揽子度假计划 tea-table 茶几 X-ray X光 不可数名词： physical punishment 体罚 blood pressure 血压 heart failure 心力衰竭 income tax 所得税 mineral water 矿泉水 pocket money 零用钱 常用于单数的合成词： arms race 军备竞赛 brain drain 人才流失 generation gap 代沟 greenhouse effect 温室效应 labor force 劳动力 mother-tongue 母语 adj.+ n. a. 可数名词 compact disc 激光唱盘 human being 人 nervous breakdown 神经失常 old hand 老手 b. 不可数名词 central heating 中央空调 common sense 见识，判断力 dry-cleaning 干洗 higher education 高等教育 social security 社会保险 remote control 遥控 c. 常用于单数 general public 公众 high jump 跳高 long jump 跳远 open air 露天 private sector 私营部分 public sector 公营部分 d. 常用于复数civil right 公民权利 current affairs 时事 French fries 炸薯条 human rights 人权 Natural resources 自然资源 social services 社会服务（事业） v.-ing/-ed + another word 可数名词 dining room 餐厅 drawing pin 图钉 driving license 驾照 guided missile 导弹 washing machine 洗衣机 zebra crossing 斑马线 b. 不可数名词 air-conditioning 空调 barbed wire 铁丝网 central-heating 集中供暖 data processing 数据处理 family planning 计划生育 lost property 失物招领 tracing paper 描图纸 washing powder 洗衣粉 chewing gum 口香糖 其他方式构成的合成名词 back-seat driver 指手画脚瞎指挥的人 comrade-in-arms 战友 cover-up 掩盖事实 fork-lift truck 叉车 looker-on 旁观者 one-parent family 单亲家庭 do-it-yourself 自己动手 show-off 爱卖弄的人 bride-to-be 准新娘 merry-go-round 旋转木马 go-between 中间人，媒人 get-together 联欢会 good-for-nothing 无用之人 touch-me-not 凤仙花 commander-in-chief 总司令 editor-in-chief 总编辑 合成形容词 合成形容词很多由过去分词或带-ed词尾的词构成，特别是品质形容词 absent-minded 心不在焉的 cold-blooded 冷血的 good-tempered 脾气好的 ill-advised 不明智的 light-hearted 心情轻松的 low-paid 工资很低的 newborn 新生的 one-sided 片面的 short-handed 人手短缺的 swollen-headed 自命不凡的 well-balanced 稳健的，均衡的 slow-witted 苯，蠢的 类属形容词 air-conditioned 有空调的 bow-legged 膝盖向外弯的 broken-hearted 心碎的 gray-haired 头发花白的 left-handed 用左手的 panic-stricken 惊惶失措的 right-angled 直角的 so-called 所谓的 remote-controlled 遥控的 mass-produced 成批生产的 v.-ing + another word close-fitting 紧身的 easy-going 好说话的 hard-wearing 耐磨的 long-lasting 耐用的 mouth-watering 令人垂涎的 face-saving 顾面子的 never-ending 没完没了的 hard-working 勤劳的 adj. + n. or n.+ adj. First-class 头等的 second-rated 二流的 Deep-sea 深海的 full-scale 全力（进攻）的 Loose-leaf 活页的 one-way 单向通行的 Top-secret 绝密的 full-length 全身（像）的 Brand-new 全新的 top-heavy 头重脚轻的 All-mighty 万能的 bullet-proof 防弹的 Duty-free 免税的 knee-deep 到膝盖深的 其他形式的合成形容词 v. + adv.: run-down 年久失修的 drive-in 开车进去的（电影院） broken-down 破旧不堪的 see-through 透明的 adv. + n.: off-guard 失去警惕的 off-peak 非高峰期的 off-campus 校园外的 outdoor 户外的 off-budget 预算外的 uphill 上山的 其它形式的： all-out 全力以赴的 well-off 富裕的 two-year-old 两岁大的 all-round 全面的 ever-victorious 常胜的 face-to-face 面对面的 out-and-out 彻头彻尾的 合成动词及形容词 合成动词： a. n.+ v.: caves-drop 偷听 sleep-walk 梦游 spoon-feed 用勺喂，灌输（知识）baby-sit 看孩子 b. adv.+ v.: overthrow 推翻 under go 经历 overcharge 超额收费 overhear 听见（别人讲话） uphold 维护 uplift 提起，振奋 c. adj./adv.+ v. white-wash 粉刷 blacklist 列入黑名单 ill-treat 虐待 cross-examined 盘问 backtrack 往回走 back-pedal 从……退缩 d. 其他形式的合成动词：blow-dry 吹干 spin-dry 甩干 stir-fry 炒 deep-fry 炸 court-martial 军法审判 tittle-tattle 闲聊 合成副词 maybe, forever, moreover, however, nevertheless, furthermore, single-handed(单独的，一个人的)， offhand(马上)，等等。 一些次要的构词法 截短法 (clipping)： 即把一个词截去一部分，构成一个新词，可以截去前面部分（a），也可截去后面部分（b）, 例如： a. telephone – phone aeroplane – plane helicopter – copter bicycle – cycle b. advertisement – ad exposition – expo gentleman’s – gents (男厕所) stereophonic – stereo (立体声的) mathematics – maths examination – exam laboratory – lab photograph – photo microphone – mike kilogram –kilo refrigerator – fridge influenza – flu (流感) 混合 （blend）：把两个词各取一部分混合在一起： news broadcast – newscast television broadcast – telecast breakfast and lunch – brunch Europe + Asia – Eurasia multi-university – multiversity (综合大学) 缩写 （abbreviation）：有些字可以缩写，其中有些按字母读音（a），有些像单词一样拼读在一起（b）： a. TV TB (肺结核) FBI（联邦调查局） CIA（中央情报局） KGB（克格勃，前苏联国家安全委员会） MIT（麻省理工学院） IMF（国际货币基金组织） WTO（世界贸易组织） b. NATO /neitu/