在职硕士英语考试试卷：在职硕士英语冲刺教程

在职硕士英语听力语音突破的技巧 许多学生在备考在职硕士英语听力时，常常发出这样的疑问：怎么一个对话听了这么多遍还是没听懂，可一看文字答案却发现很简单，既没有生词，也没有陌生场景和题型；还有同学，听美国人说话，觉得别人嘴上抹了油，几秒钟，好几个单词就从嘴里溜了出来，自己却舌头发硬，想跟读模仿也跟不上。其实这些都是因为一些基本的语音问题所造成的。下面结合在职硕士英语听力原句，帮助大家突破语音难关。 语音问题的突破分三个方面：一、连读；二、失去爆破；三、英美音的区别。 1、连读 （1）正常的美国人说话必然有连读。许多同学听不出连读的关键词，造成失分。如真题中有这样一句话：My pen is out of ink again. 考生都是因为听不懂句中的连读而失分的。所以，掌握连读的基本规律，有的放矢地进行跟读练习是突破连读句的有效方法。从上面的例子中可以看出，只要两个或两个以上的单词在同一个意群内，前面一个单词以辅音结尾，后面一个单词以元音开头，这两个或几个单词就可以连读。下面再提供几个例子： rush hour not at all call in sick half an hour sell out （2）击穿轻辅音???的连读。 for him sell her books visit her I lent him a book. I must have left my keys at my sister's home. 2、失去爆破 在辅音当中，有六个爆破音。??????????????????????? 当一个单词以这六个爆破音结尾，而后面的单词以一些辅音开头，如爆破音、舌边音、鼻音等，前一个单词结尾的爆破音不发音，我们称之为失去爆破。如： I think you've got the battery upside down. She asked me for the bike key. contact lenses sit down at last good night 同学们在备考中应有意识地跟读模仿，加强训练。 3、语调 语调可以影响句意，如： I did?—I did. What.—What? 4、重音 语调也可以影响句意，如： I don't want to go to the movie on Sunday with you. 5、英美音的区别 在职硕士英语听力英音、美音都考，而许多考生学的是英音。但要掌握英美音的基本区别，是不用畏惧的。对听力考试构成障碍的区别有： 单词的末尾音节有???的英音中不发音，美音则要发出来。如： doctor color picture later 英音中的某些音在美音中发音不同，如： fast class glass clock impossible modern 另外还有些单词，本身在英美音中发音不同，如： either adult garage laboratory 掌握了这些规律还远远不够。同学们就在备考过程中多听，进行针对性地模仿练习，才能增加实力，攻克听力难关，还可以一并提高自己的口语水平。 在职硕士英语冲刺词汇语法讲义 查漏补缺，“补丁”词汇系列 total up to 196 words Part 1 1) be reliable for _______________ 2) be reliable to _______________ 3) linger 1: 留恋徘徊 2 linger on 继续留存，缓慢消失 4) livelihood _______________ 5) magistrate _______________ 6) maneuver p254 _______________ 7) masculine masculinity feminine femininity 8) maturity（支票债券等）到期 9) merger _______________ 10) microprocessor _______________ Part 2 1) minor 未成年人 兼修学科 2) minute 微小的，详细地 3) live a moderate life _______________ 4) module _______________ 5) mortgage n. & vt. _______________ 6) negative 底片 负数 7) net income 净收入 8) nomination _______________ 9) notorious 臭名昭彰的，臭名远扬的 10) he is a hard nut to crack _______________ Part 3 1) obscure _______________ 2) obligation a 义务 b 恩惠 3) onlooker _______________ 4) opening 职位的空缺，空地 5) opener _______________ 6) orthodox _______________ 7) oscillate _______________ 8) outstanding a: 杰出的 b: 未解决的，未支付的 9) overall _______________ 10) overt _______________ Part 4 1) overtake _______________ 2) paralyze 1 使瘫痪 2 使呆若木鸡 3) despair is the parent of rebellion _______________ 4) perpendicular _______________ 5) perplex confuse bewilder _______________ 6) polish 使优美，使润色 7) practitioner _______________ 8) prey on _______________ 9) propaganda _______________ 10) provoke Part 5 1) reactionary _______________ 2) reassure reassuring _______________ 3) recession _______________ 4) rectangular _______________ 5) redundancy 1 过多，多余 2 多余得事物 6) referee 裁判，公断人 7) reincarnation 1 转世，再投胎 2 化身而成的生物，转世的生命 8) reinforce _______________ 9) renaissance 1 the Renaissance 欧洲文艺复兴2 文学，艺术等的再生 10) reproach 责备，批评 Part 6 1) resent vt. _______________ 2) resort to peaceful means _______________ resort n. _______________ 3) rest on 依靠 calculate on/learn on/depend on/n/reckon on/count on 4) retard n. 阻止，延迟 vt. 妨碍，使减速 5) retrospect n. 回顾 6) rouge n. 胭脂，口红，vt. 在……上涂上胭脂 7) salvation ___________ the salvation from the Bible _______________ 8) sanction 1 认可，许可，批准 2 支持，赞成 9) scenario n. 剧本，脚本 2 概要 10) segment _______________ Part 7 1) seminar 1 _______________ 2 大学的研究班 2) setback _______________ = drawback 3) shabby 1 _______________ 2 卑鄙的，不公正的 4) shatter _______________ 5) shed, shed tears ___________ shed skins (often snake) ________ shed weight ___________ 6) this is sheer nonsense _______________ 7) show gifts on someone _______________ shower affections on someone _______________ a shower of questions _______________ 8) signify 表示……的意思，预示 9) simultaneously spontaneously instantaneous homogeneous heterogeneous 10) slump 1突然倒下，跌落 2（物价，景气，名气等）暴跌，萧条，骤然低落 Part 8 1) soluble 可溶的2 ________ 2) speculation 深思2 ________ 3) spill v. ________ 4) sponsorship 保证人身份，发起人身份 5) stand by ________ 6) stationary ________ 7) stationery ________ 8) stern ________ 9) striking ________ 10) subscription 1 2 Part 9 1) vitamin supplement ________ 2 ________ 2) tangle with 3) terminal exam ________ terminal cancer ________ 4) therapy/vitamin/physical/chemical therapy psychotherapy 心理疗法 5) throne 6) tilt at full tilt 7) uncertainty ________ 8) unanimous ________ 9) version English version ________ Chinese version ________ 10) vicinity 周围地区，临近地区in the vicinity of ________ Part 10 1) waterproof 耐水的，放水的 2) watertight 不透水的，不漏水的2无懈可击的 3) wipe out 彻底摧毁，消灭 4) withstand ________ withstand the test of time, withstand the severe cold 5) observation 1 观察资料，观察力_ 2 言论，评论 I wish to make several observations about your work so far. 6) parameter 1 参数 2 界限，范围 There is plenty of scope for experimentation. provided we remain within the parameters of the budget. 只要我们不超过预算的范围，试验的机会是很多 的。 7) lift 1 云雾消失，消散 2 给（脸部）整容 She is no better than before though she has her face lifted. 8) invent 1 发明，创造 2 捏造，虚构 He invented an excuse for his being late. 9) intrigued 1 阴谋，诡，密谋 2 激起……的好奇心，兴趣，迷住You once wrote something that always intrigued me. 10) Identify 1 辩认，识别 2 (with) 把……和……看成一样，打成一片one can not identify happiness with wealth. (total up to 105 words) Part 11 1) abortion 流产 2) academic 1 学术的2 学院的3（贬义）________ 3) accord 给予，使一致we accorded him a hearty welcome. Accord with ...... ________ 4) acknowledge 1 ________ 2 ________ 3 告知收到信件 5) act 法令，条例 2 戏剧的一幕 6) address vt. ________. 2 写姓名地址 7) administer 1 给予，用药等。2 管理 3 实施administer the medicine to this lonely old man/~ law/ the country _______________/____________/______________. 8) adopt 选定（道路，职业等） 9) advance 预付款 10）aesthetic/esthetic 美学的，审美的2 悦目的，雅致的 Part 12 1) afford can afford ...... 有……的资格I can afford to be critical of his behavior 2) ambiguous 3) amplitude 4) appalling 5) appetite 1 2 爱好 3 欲望 6) articulate a. vt. 7) Aspiration 强烈的愿望，志向，抱负/热望，渴望 8) Assassination 9) Asylum 10) Attachment 1 附件 2 依附，依恋 Part 13 1) auction 拍卖 2) authentic 1 真实的 2 ________ 3) awkward hands ________/awkward stairs ________ an awkward question ________ 4) balance 5) bear he bears grudge against me because I took his place in the office. 6) blunder make a terrible blunder 7) bond 1 联合，结合 2 粘合剂 3 ________________, liabilities ________ 8) border vi. Border on his words bordered on rudeness. ________________ 9) Brand 铭记，铭刻 使留下烙印 prison has branded him for life. 10) Breach 破坏，违反，不履行 in breach of you company is in breach of the contract. Part 14 1) brood on/over深思= ponder on = meditate on（尤其宗教）= dwell on = speculate on/upon = contemplate 冥思苦想，久久的考虑vt. 2) bruise 使受伤“不如死” 3) cabinet 1橱，柜 2 内阁 4) candidate 1 2 5) a capital crime ________ 6) a card of admission 入场券 7) cell 小牢房，单人房间 电池 _stem cell ________ 8) champion 1 冠军 2 拥护者，捍卫者 9) chaos ________ remain in chaos chaotic 10) check up 1 ________ 2 ________ Part 15 1) cherish 抱有，怀有希望，想法，感情等 2) clamp down on they clamp down on the newspapers 施加压力压制，制止，取缔 3) clash with 与……冲突，不一致/发出铿锵有力的声音 4) cling to 1 依恋，依靠 2 坚信，坚持 the baby clings to his mother; cling to the outdated custom ________________________/________________________ 5) closet 把……引进密室会谈 6) cloudy 模糊不清的 7) cognitive 认知的 8) compile compel 编辑，汇编/强迫，迫使 9) concede 给予，让步，割让 make a concession 10) condemn be condemned to 11) consensus consensus management 12) constant supporter ________________________ 13) contemplate ________________________ 14) converge ________________________ 15) a cool million ________________________ 16) coverage ________________________ 17) credit 1 ________ 2 ________ 3 ________ 18) cybernetics ________________________ 19) cynical ________________________ 20) delivery deliver a baby/a letter/a speech 21) demolish 22) detrimental 有害的 instrumental 有帮助的 23) dilute ________________________ 24) dilemma ________________________ 25) discipline 惩罚________________________ 26) disrupt a state ________________________ 27) disseminate 散布，传播 ________________ 28) dubious dynamite embargo embed empirical ethos exasperate explicit 2 exquisite 2 3 fund 2 3 gallery 3 game hamper 29) heritage hierarchy hormone inaugurate a president/a community center 30) inherent adherent coherent 31) jeopardize judicial lame (what a lame excuse!) leave out 遗漏，省略 (total up to 91 words) + 105 words = 196 words 词汇练习题： 11) You can ________ the video camera on a tripod（三脚架）, so that you don't have to worry about holding it steady while you ask questions. A) withstand B) mount C) implement D) dwell 12) ________ students should be motivated by a keen interest in theatre and should have some familiarity with plays in production. A) prospective B) responsible C)ethnic D) realistic 13) As he walked out of the court, he was ________ with frustration and rage. A) applauding B) quivering C) paralyzing D)limping 14) AIDS activists permanently changed and shortened America's ________ process for testing and approving new drugs of all kinds, for all diseases. A) efficient B) effective C) intricate D) appropriate 15) The doctor ________ Billy's operation with x---rays and special exercise to make his foot stronger. A) went after B) followed up C) started up D) took up 16) People from different cultures have different ________ of the world. A) Impressions B) complications C) foundations D) conceptions 17) Don't let his criticism ________ you; he belongs to that kind of people who take delight in finding fault with others' work. A) discourage B) concern C) dictate D) paralyze 18) The survey found 80 percent of viewers were ________ by the violent scenes in the film. A) irritated B) alerted C) offended D) discouraged 19) The mayor promised to trim the city budget without cutting ________ services. A) essential B) appropriate C) equivalent D) lucrative 20) This disease ________ in Africa but has now spread to many parts of the world. A) derived B) originated C) sparkled D) dwelled 21) "Have you any ________ plans for your future now that you've completed your graduate studies?" A) decisive B) exact C) precise D) definite 22) The Israeli troops ________ by launching a bombing attack on the Palestinian-controlled area. A) crack down B) drew back C) took revenge D) follow up 23) He should ________ what he's good at, and not switch to something he knows about. A) take on B) stick to C) go after D) live on 24) There are still some ________ for students of science and engineering, but those in arts and humanities have been filled. A) positions B) vacancies C) categories D) applications 25) The plants are in a(n) ________ plastic box, so the children can observe how the roots grow with time. A) appropriate B) intricate C) transparent D) waterproof 26) People under a lot of ________ may experience headaches, minor pains and sleeping difficulties. A) stress B) exposure C) endurance D) endeavor 27) His total worldly possessions ________ little more than the clothes he stood up in. A) amounted to B) settled for C) turned up D) came at 28) A UN official said aid program will be ________ until there is adequate protection for relief personnel. A) multiplied B) spanned C) arrested D) came at 29) Many social problems are caused by the uneven ________ of wealth. A) equality B) justice C) distribution D) volume 30) The shopkeepers are complaining that business has been reduced to a ________ of what it was before the outbreak of war. A) fraction B) section C) portion D) trifle 在职硕士英语阅读理解冲刺班讲义 Passage One There seems never to have been a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to five children something to do. In the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world. What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. The changes have been mostly in terms of craftsmanship, mechanics, and technology. It is the universality of toys with regard to their development in all part of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic （北极的）peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles. Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of ascent （进步）. The progress from a rattle （拨浪鼓） used by a baby in 3,000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the products of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of available materials. 1. The reason why the toys most boys play with are different from those that girls play with is that ________. A) their social roles are rigidly determined B) most boys would like to follow their fathers' professions C) boys like to play with their fathers while girls with their mothers D) they like challenging activities 2. One aspect of "the universality of toys" lies in the fact that ________. A) technological advances have greatly improved the durability of toys B) the improvement of craftsmanship in making toys depends on the efforts of universities C) the exploration of the universe has led to the creation of new kinds of toys D) the basic characteristics of toys are the same the world over 3. Which of the following is the author's view on the historical development of toys? A) The craftsmanship in toy-making has remained essentially unchanged. B) Toys have remained basically the same all through the centuries. C) The toy industry has witnessed great leaps in technology in recent years. D) Toys are playing an increasingly important role in shaping a child's character. 4. Regarded as a kind of art form, toys ________. A) follow a direct line of ascent B) also appeal greatly to adults C) are not characterized by technological progress D) reflect the pace of social progress 5. The author uses the example of a rattle to show that ________. A) in toy-making there is a continuity in the use of materials B) even the simplest toys can reflect the progress of technology C) it often takes a long time to introduce new technology into toy-making D) even a simple toy can mirror the artistic tastes of the time Passage Two Believe it or not, optical illusion （错觉） can cut highway crashes. Japan is a case in point. It has reduce automobile crashes on some roads by nearly 75 percent using a simple optical illusion. Bent stripes, called chevrons （人字形）, painted on the roads make drivers think that they are driving faster than they really are, and thus drivers slow down. Now the American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D.C. is planning to repeat Japan's success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes. Excessive speed plays a major role in as much as one fifth of all fatal traffic accidents, according to the foundation. To help reduce those accidents, the foundation will conduct its tests in areas where speed-related hazards are the greatest—curves, exit slopes, traffic circles, and bridges. Some studies suggest that straight, horizontal bars painted across roads can initially cut the average speed of drivers in half. However, traffic often returns to full speed within months as drivers become used to seeing the painted bars. Chevrons, scientists say, not only give drivers the impression that they are driving faster than they really are but also make a lane appear to be narrower. The result is a longer lasting reduction in highway speed and the number of traffic accidents. 6. The passage mainly discusses ________. A) a new way of highway speed control B) a new pattern for painting highways C) a new approach to training driver D) a new type of optical illusion 7. On roads painted with chevrons drivers tend to feel that ________. A) they should avoid speed-related hazards B) they are driving in the wrong lane C) the should slow down their speed D) they are approaching the speed limit 8. The advantage of chevrons over straight, horizontal bars is that the former ________. A) can keep drivers awake B) can cut road accidents in half C) will have a longer effect on drivers D) will look more attractive 9. The American Automobile Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to ________. A) try out the Japanese method in certain areas B) change the road signs across the country C) replace straight, horizontal bars with chevrons D) repeat the Japanese road patterns 10. What does the author say about straight, horizontal bars painted across roads? A) They are falling out of use in the United States. B) They tend to be ignored by drivers in a short period of time. C) They are applicable only on broad roads. D) They cannot be applied successfully to traffic circles. Passage Three In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger. 11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ________. A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced 12. If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn through ________ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. A) classical conditioning C) neither of them B) operant conditioning D) some other sorts of conditioning 13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning through ________. A) classical conditioning C) both of them B) operant conditioning D) neither of them 14. In the third paragraph, the author is ________ A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning 15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss ________. A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings B) the third kind of learning C) further examples of learning through operant conditioning D) none of the above Passage Four Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States? Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible （可减税的）. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least. Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes. 16. It is surprising that Americans who worship variety and individuality ________. A) still judge a man by his clothes B) hold the uniform in such high regard C) enjoy having a professional identity D) will respect an elevator operator as much as a general in uniform 17. People are accustomed to think that a man in uniform ________. A) suggests quality work B) discards his social identity C) appears to be more practical D) looks superior to a person in civilian clothes 18. The chief function of a uniform is to ________. A) provide practical benefits to the wearer B) make the wearer catch the public eye C) inspire the wearer's confidence in himself D) provide the wearer with a professional identity 19. According to the passage, people wearing uniforms ________. A) are usually helpful B) have little or no individual freedom C) tend to lose their individuality D) enjoy greater popularity 20. The best title for this passage would be ________. A) Uniforms and Society B) The Importance of Wearing a Uniform C) Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform D) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms Passage Five Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do — especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come across his desk every day. "It's amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves," he says. "Résumés（简历）arrive with stains. Some candidates don't bother to spell the company's name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate," Crossley concludes. "if they cannot take care of these details, why should we trust them with a job?" Can we pay too much attention to details? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. "To keep from losing the forest for the trees," says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco. "We must constantly ask ourselves how the details we're working on fit into the larger picture. If they don't, we should drop them and move to something else." Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. "The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time," says Garfield. "But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary. "Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake. Too often we believe what accounts for others' success is some special secret or a lucky break（机遇）. But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow. 21. According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected ________. A) because they eliminated their names from the applicants' list themselves B) because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume C) because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their applications D) because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume 22. The word "perfectionists" (Para. 3, Line 1) refers to those who ________. A) pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectives B) know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances C) demand others to get everything absolutely right D) are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do 23. Which of the following is the author's advice to the reader? A) Careless applicants are not to be trusted. B) Don't forget details when drawing pictures. C) Be aware of the importance of a task before undertaking it D) Although too much attention to details may be costly, they should not be overlooked. 24. The example of the Apollo II moon launch is given to illustrate that ________. A) minor mistakes can be ignored in achieving major objectives B) keeping one's goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlooked C) adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any work D) failure is the mother of success 25. The best title for this passage would be ________. A) Don't Be a Perfectionist C) Importance of Adjustments B) Details and Major Objectives D) Hard Work Plus Good Luck Passage Six Where do pesticides（杀虫剂）fit into the picture of environmental disease? We have seen that they now pollute soil, water, and food, that they have the power to make our streams fishless and our gardens and woodlands silent and birdless. Man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature. Can he escape a pollution that is now so thoroughly distributed throughout our world? We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposed to sufficient quantities of pesticides is very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world. Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative (累积的) over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his lifetime. For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored. It is human nature to shake off what may seem to us a threat of future disaster. "Men are naturally most impressed by diseases which have obvious signs," says a wise physician, Dr. Rene Dubos, "yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed." 26. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the sentence "Man, ... is part of nature." (Para. 1, Lines 3-4)? A) Man appears indifferent to what happens in nature. B) Man acts as if he does not belong to nature. C) Man can avoid the effects of environmental pollution. D) Man can escape his responsibilities for environmental protection. 27. What is the author's attitude towards the environmental effects of pesticides? A) Pessimistic. C) Concerned. B) Indifferent. D) Defensive. 28. In the author's view, the sudden death caused by exposure to large amounts of pesticides ________. A) now occurs most frequently among all accidental deaths B) is not the worst of the negative consequences resulting from the use of pesticides C) has sharply increased so as to become the center of public attention D) is unavoidable because people can't do without pesticides in farming 29. People tend to ignore the delayed effects of exposure to chemicals because ________. A) the danger does not become apparent immediately B) the present is more important for them than the future C) limited exposure to them does little harm to people's health D) humans are capable of withstanding small amounts of poisoning 30. It can be concluded from Dr. Dubos' remarks that ________. A) people find invisible diseases difficult to deal with B) attacks by hidden enemies tend to be fatal C) people tend to overlook hidden dangers caused by pesticides D) diseases with obvious signs are easy to cure Passage Seven It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as "hard", the social sciences as "soft", and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earth's social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience. In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, or even of earth's geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data comes in and new theories are worked out. If we define the "security" our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme. Even in regard to such a close neighbour as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure. 31. The word "paradox" (Para. 1, Line 1) means "________" A) implication B) contradiction C) interpretation D) confusion 32. According to the author, we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences as "hard" and the social sciences as "soft" because ________. A) a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciences B) our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systems C) our understanding of the social systems is approximately correct D) we are better able to investigate social phenomena than physical phenomena 33. The author believes that our knowledge of social systems is more secure than that of physical systems because ________. A) it is not based on personal experience B) new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciences C) it is based on a fairly representative quantity of data D) the records of social systems are more reliable 34. The chances of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are the biggest because ________. A) contradictory theories keep emerging all the time B) new information is constantly coming in C) the direction of their development is difficult to predict D) our knowledge of the physical world is inaccurate 35. We know less about the astronomical universe than we do about any social system because ________. A) theories of its origin and history are varied B) our knowledge of it is highly insecure C) only a very small sample of it has been observed D) few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy Passage Eight It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant; that they do not trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems — and that they have no sense of humour, at least in parent-child relationships. I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young. Young people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turns out that them music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, this gives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that they are leaders in style and taste. Sometimes you are resistant, and proud because you do not want your parents to approve of what you do. If they did approve, it looks as if you are betraying your own age group. But in that case, you are assuming that you are the underdog: you can't win but at least you can keep your honour. This is a passive way of looking at things. It is natural enough after long years of childhood, when you were completely under your parents' control. But it ignores the fact that you are now beginning to be responsible for yourself. If you plan to control your life, co-operation can be part of that plan. You can charm others, especially your parents, into doing things the way you want. You can impress others with your sense of responsibility and initiative, so that they will give you the authority to do what you want to do. 36. The author is primarily addressing ________. A) parents of teenagers C) teenagers B) newspaper readers D) those who give advice to teenagers 37. The first paragraph is mainly about ________. A) the teenagers' criticism of their parents B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents C) the dominance of the parents over their children D) the teenagers' ability to deal with crises 38. Teenagers tend to have strange clothes and hairstyles because they ________. A) want to irritate their parents B) have a strong desire to be leaders in style and taste C) have no other way to enjoy themselves better D) want to show their existence by creating a culture of their own 39. Teenagers do not want their parents to approve of whatever they do because they ________. A) have a desire to be independent B) feel that they are superior in a small way to the adults C) are not likely to win over the adults D) have already been accepted into the adult world 40. To improve parent-child relationships, teenagers are advised to be ________. A) obedient C) independent B) responsible D) co-operative Passage Nine The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U.S. advice to poor countries that they restrain their births. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have deaths, and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the baby boom are now an exceptionally large group of married couples. It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set an example for developing nations. We are more affected by women's liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid jobs and careers available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive. And to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties introduced by divorce; couples are increasingly unwilling to subject children to the terrible experience of marital (婚姻的) breakdown and themselves to the difficulty of raising a child alone. These circumstances — women working outside the home and the instability of marriage — tend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries during the remainder of this century. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world. a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century. Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the good harvests of 1976 and 1977 have been consumed. Urbanization is likely to continue, with the cities of the developing nations struggling under the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2000. The presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed place of women, and they incidentally are setting an example of restraint to the rest of the world. Industrial society will spread to the poor countries, and aspirations （渴望） will exceed resources. All this will lead to a population in the twenty-first century that is smaller than was feared a few years ago. For those anxious to see world population brought under control the news is encouraging. 41. During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the United States ________. A) increased C) experienced both falls and rises B) was reduced D) remained stable 42. What influences the birth rate most in the United States is ________. A) highly paid jobs C) expenses of child raising B) women's desire for independence D) high divorce rate 43. The sentence "From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive." (Line 4. Para.2) implies that ________. A) food and clothing for babies are becoming incredibly expensive B) prices are going up dramatically all the time C) to raise children women have to give up interesting and well-paid jobs D) social development has made child-raising inexpensive 44. A chief factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century is ________. A) birth control C) the instability of marriage B) the desire to seek fortune in cities D) the changed place of women 45. The population in the 21st century, according to the writer, A) will be smaller than a few years ago B) will not be as small as people expect C) will prove to be a threat to the world D) will not constitute as serious a problem as expected Passage Ten Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judge are softer on attractive defendants （被告）. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability. While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman. Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success. Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factor such as luck. All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes. Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be more feminine and an attractive man more masculine than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the "masculine" qualities required. This is true even in politics. "When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently." says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them. The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes. 46. The word "liability" (Para.1, Line 5) most probably means "________." A) misfortune C) disadvantage B) instability D) burden 47. In traditionally female jobs, attractiveness ________. A) reinforces the feminine qualities required B) makes women look more honest and capable C) is of primary importance to women D) often enables women to succeed quickly 48. Bowman's experiment reveals that when it comes to politics, attractiveness ________. A) turns out to be an obstacle to men B) affects men and women alike C) has as little effect on men as on women D) is more of an obstacle than a benefit to women 49. It can be inferred from the passage that people's views on beauty are often ________. A) practical C) old-fashioned B) prejudiced D) radical 50. The author writes this passage to ________. A) discuss the negative aspects of being attractive B) give advice to job-seekers who are attractive C) demand equal rights for women D) emphasize the importance of appearance 在职硕士英语完型填空冲刺班讲义 Passage One In country after country, talk of nonsmoker's right is in the air. While a majority of countries have taken little 1 no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislated steps to control smoking. Many law have been introduced in other countries to 2 clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption. Smoking is harmful 3 the health of people. World governments should conduct serious campaigns against it. 4 on cigarette advertisements, plus health warnings on packages and ban on public smoking in certain places, 5 as theatres, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nation in 6 of nonsmokers or in controlling smoking. But world attention also is focusing on another step 7 will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit. Great efforts should be made to 8 young people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit. And cigarette price should be raised. In the long run, 9 is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether but many people are not 10 for such drastic action. 1. A. and B. but C. or D. too  2. A. assist B. help C. disgust D. impact  3. A. in B. with C. to D. on  4. A. Restrictions B. Lectures C. Remarks D. Comments  5. A. such B. even C. so D. not  6. A. short B. support C. some D. any  7. A. so B. as C. which D. such  8. A. demonstrate B. inform C. indicate D. illustrate  9. A. that B. this C. there D. here  10. A. early B. late C. lately D. ready   Passage Two When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to 1 themselves to the new medium were technical. When working 2 radio, for example, they had become accustomed to seeing on behalf of the listener. This 3 of seeing for other means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. 4 all, he has to be able to create a continuous sequence of visual images which 5 meaning to the sounds which the listeners hear. In the 6 of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is completely different. He is there to make 7 that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him focus on particular things, and to 8 the images on the television screen. 9 his radio colleagues, he must know the value of silence and how to use it at those moments 10 the pictures speak for themselves. 1. A. turn B. adapt C. alter D. modify  2. A. on B. at C. with D. behind  3. A. efficiency B. technology C. art D. performance  4. A. Of B. For C. Above D. In  5. A. add B. apply C. affect D. reflect  6. A. occasion B. event C. fact D. case  7. A. definite B. possible C. sure D. clear  8. A. exhibit B. demonstrate C. expose D. interpret  9. A. Like B. Unlike C. As D. For  10. A. if B. when C. which D. as   Passage Three Sleep is divided into periods of so called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is all well-understood, but REM is 2 to sever some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as those 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep. For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats. Yet, 7 examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A research has now 8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rat 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their systems—the self-protecting mechanism against diseases—had crashed. 1. A. Either B. Neither C. Each D. Any  2. A. intended B. required C. assumed D. inferred  3. A. subtle B. obvious C. mysterious D. doubtful  4. A. maintained B. described C. settled D. afforded  5. A. in the light B. by virtue C. with the exception D. for the purpose  6. A. reduction B. destruction C. deprivation D. restriction  7. A. upon B. by C. through D. with  8. A. paid attention to B. caught sight of C. laid emphasis D. cast light on  9. A. develop B. produce C. stimulate D. induce  10. A. if B. as if C. only if D. if only   Passage Four Directions Of the fifteen words given, choose ten words which best fill in the ten numbered blanks of the following passage. Each word can be used only once. Change the form where necessary. learn ideal minimum how if why source too such approach therefore origin maximum distribute response Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. (1) a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The (2) student is considered to be one who is motivated（激发）to learn for the sake of (3), not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is (4) for learning the material assigned. When research is assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with (5) guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain (6) a university library works; the expect students, particularly graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference (7) in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer that their students not to be (8) dependent on them. In the United States, professors have many other duties besides teaching, such as administrative or research work.. (9) the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either (10) a professor during office hours or make an appointment. Passage Five Directions Of the fifteen words given, choose ten words which best fill in the ten numbered blanks of the following passage. Each word can be used only once. Change the form where necessary. servant service vary late early inside outside while and but convenient popular draw attract start Shopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the 20th century. (1) in the 1900s most American towns and cities had a Main Street. Main Street was always in the heart of a town. This street was lined on both sides with (2) businesses. Here, shoppers walked into store to look at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture, hardware, groceries. In addition, some shops offered (3). These shops included drugstores, restaurants, shoe-repair stores, and barber or hairdressing shops. (4) in the 1950s, a change began to take place. Too many automobiles had crowded into Main Street (5) too few parking places were available to shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look with interest at the open space (6) the city limits. Open space is what their car-driving customers needed. And open space is what they got when the first shopping center was built. Shopping centers, or rather malls, (7) as a collection of small new stores away from crowded city centers. (8) by hundreds of free parking space, customers were drawn away from downtown areas to outlying malls. And the growing (9) of shopping centers led in turn to the building of bigger and betterstocked stores. By the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almost developed into small cities themselves. In addition to providing the (10) of one-stop shopping, malls were transformed into landscaped parks, with benches, fountains, and outdoor entertainment. 在职硕士英语翻译技巧 Section A 英译汉 1. Billions of business dollars are lost each year because executives don't understand the customs and traditions of their guest country. As an international manager who has conducted more than 1,000 deals in 51 countries, I have observed numerous cultural differences and how they can impact on business and personal lives. While you cannot know the customs of every country you visit, you can be sensitive to basic cultural preferences. 2. The increased share of exports in the Finnish economy and the recent Finnish success in high-tech production reflects the excellent competitive position Finland has gained in the last few years. This competitiveness in a high-demand sector gives us confidence that the Finnish economy will continue developing steadily even in the environment of a gradual slowdown in global growth and increased downside risks. We can hope to have an annual average output growth rate of 3.5% in the medium term. In its economic policy the Finnish government attaches high priority to structural policy. Handing it well is seen as the key to future success. Further reforms to make markets work better are necessary in order to increase productivity and create room for the growth of potential output. 3. Fatigue is one of the most common complaints brought to doctors, friends and relatives. The causes of modern-day fatigue are diverse and only rarely related to excess physical exertion. The relatively few who do heavy labor all day long almost never complain about being tired, perhaps because they expect to be. Today, physicians report, tiredness is more likely a consequence of under-exertion than of wearing yourself down with over-activity. In fact, increased physical activity is often prescribed as a cure for sinking energy. 4. For a world that is 70% water, things are drying up fast. Only 2.5% of water is fresh, and only a fraction of that is accessible. (1) Meanwhile, each of us requires about 50 quarts per day for drinking, bathing, cooking and other basic needs. At present, 1.1 billion people lack access to clean drinking water and more than 2.4 billion lack adequate access to clean drinking water and more than 2.4 billion lack adequate sanitation. (2) "Unless we take swift and decisive action," says U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan, by 2025, two-thirds of the world's population may be living in countries that face serious water shortage." (3) The answer is to get smart about how we use water. (4) Agriculture accounts for about two-thirds of the fresh water consumed in the world. A report prepared for the summit thus endorses the "more crop per drop" approach, which calls for more efficient irrigation techniques, planting of drought-and salt-tolerant crop varieties that require less water and better monitoring of growing conditions, such as soil humidity levels. (5) Improving water-delivery systems would also help, reducing the amount that is lost on the way to the people who use it. One program winning quick support is dubbed Wash—for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All—a global effort that aims to provide water services and hygiene training to everyone who lacks them by 2015. Already, The U.N., 28 governments and many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have signed on. 5. (1) Even as the technological progress lightens some of the librarians' load, recent convention of the American Library Association showed that it brings complications, too. (2) As Ginnie Cooper put it, "It's more important to help people find what they want on the Net rather than decide what they can't see." (3) Even if your suggestions are not accepted, at least your boss knows that you're constantly working to improve things to make her/his job easier. (4) It is necessary to build up a commercial environment in which you must be able to react quickly to unpredictable changes in markets and customer needs. (5) The capital city of South Australia, Adelaide（阿德雷德）is really an elegant city, featuring traditional stone architecture with encircling wide grassland. Section B 汉译英 1．个人主义和集体主义渗透进（permeate）东西方文化的方方面面，影响着美国和中国的经济、政治、伦理道德和价值观，在交往方式上尤其如此。这一点是很重要的，因为调查研究已经证实，国际商务和国际关系上的失败，首要原因不是经济的也不是商务上的，而是跨国文化交流方面的。 2．埃德温·哈勃（Edwin Hubble）改变了我们对于宇宙和宇宙如何形成的看法。几乎没有任何其他科学家能如此突然地改变我们对自然的理解。他在20世纪20年代完成了他最重要的发现。今天，其他科学家正继续进行他所开创的工作。 3．过去的五十年其实并不是发明创新的黄金时期。从1900年到1950年，改变人类生活的发明有汽车、飞机、电话、收音机、电视机——当然还有核武器和计算机。而近五十年来，只有为数不多的发明。难道发明的源泉已经枯竭了吗？答案并非如此。事实上发明的新时代刚刚开始。 4． （1）万里长城是中华民族的象征，是世界各国人民所赞美的世界七大奇观之一。 （2）经过了25年的改革开放之后，中国的现代化建设已经发展到了关键的阶段。 （3）到国外去生活一段时间可以使人有机会亲身感受另一种文化。 （4）越来越多的优秀科学人才，特别是年轻的科研人员正在被吸引到这些正在发展的领域中去。 （5）他想写一篇文章，以引起公众对此事的注意。 5． （1）人类的种种技术，都是人的体力和智慧的延伸。 （2）咖啡是世界上最主要的经济作物之一，常常生长在生物多样性很高的地区。 （3）回首往事，我认识到，我们已经经历了一次深刻的体验，胜利来之不易。 （4）要记住，消遣对于人们的全面健康来说同工作一样重要。 （5）奇怪的是，他们两个看起来似乎像一对双胞胎，因为从外貌到动作都彼此相像。 参考答案： Section A 英译汉 1．在商界，因为公司主管们不熟悉客户所在国的风俗习惯和文化传统，每年都会损失掉好几十亿美元。我是一名主管国际业务的经理，在51个国家谈成过一千多笔交易。我注意到了许多文化差异的存在及其对商业和个人生活的影响。虽然你不可能了解你所到访的每个国家的风俗习惯，但是你对基本的文化偏爱要敏感。 2．出口在芬兰经济中增长的比重和最近芬兰在高科技产品方面的成功反映了芬兰近年来取得的极佳竞争地位。在高需求领域能具备竞争力给了我们信心，即使在全球经济发展逐渐放慢，并有下跌的危险的情况下，芬兰能够保持经济持续稳定的发展。我们预期中期的年平均产量增长率将达到3．5%。 在制定经济政策方面，芬兰政府高度重视结构性政策。处理好这种政策被看成是未来成功的关键。为了提高生产力，并为潜在的产值增长提供空间，需要进行深化改革，从而使市场更好地动作。 3．疲劳是人们向医生、朋友和亲人最常抱怨的问题之一。现代疲劳症的原因各种各样，只是很少与过多的体力消耗活动有关。相对人数不多的整天从事重体力劳动的那些人几乎从不抱怨劳累，也许因为他们知道本该那样的。今天，据医生们说，疲倦更可能是由于过少的活动所致，而不是过多的活动所引起的。其实，增加体力活动往往是治愈人们体力衰退的一个方法。 4． （1）与此同时，我们每一个每天都需要大约50夸脱的水，用于饮用、沐浴、做饭和满足其他的基本需要。 （2）联合国秘书长科菲·安南说，“除非做出快速果断的决定，否则，到2005年，世界上三分之二的人口将生活在严重缺水的国家里。” （3）对此的回答要学会巧妙地用水。 （4）农业消耗掉世界全部淡水用量的大约三分之二。 （5）改进水的输送系统，也会有所帮助，能够减少将水运送给用水人途中的浪费。 5． （1）即使随着技术的进步，图书管理人员的负担在一定程度上减轻了，美国图书馆协会最近的会议表明，技术的进步也带来了某些麻烦。 （2）如基尼·库伯所说，“更为重要的是帮助人们从网上找到他们想要阅读的东西而不是决定他们不该读什么。” （3）即使你的建议没有被采纳，至少你的老板会知道你在不断地设法改进工作，使他的工作做得更便捷。 （4）现在需要建立一种商业环境，在这个环境中你必须迅速对市场和顾客需要的难以预料的变化作出反应。 （5）作为南澳大利亚的首府，阿德雷德是一个真正典雅的城市，其特点是传统的石砌建筑，周围是广阔的草地。 Section B 汉译英 1.Individualism and collectivism have permeated every aspect of Eastern and Western culture, influencing American and Chinese economics, politics, morals and values, and especially communication patterns. This is important, for research has proved that the number one cause of failure in international business and relations is not economics or even business but cross-cultural communication. 2. Edwin Hubble changed out ideas about the universe and how it developed. The work of few other scientists changed our understanding of nature so suddenly. He made his most important discoveries in the 1920s. Today, other scientists continue the work he began back then. 3. Actually the last fifty years was not the golden age of invention and innovation. From 1900 to 1950, human life was transformed by such inventions as cars, airplanes, telephones, radios and television sets, not to mention nuclear weapons and the computer of course. In the recent 50 years since only a few inventions have been made. Has the wellspring of invention been drying up? Not likely. Indeed, a new age of invention is just beginning. 4. (1) The Great Wall is the symbol of Chinese nation and one of the "Seven Wonders" of the world, which is always admired by people of all countries. (2) China had now reached a critical stage in its modernization drive after 25 years' reforming and opening to the outside world. (3) Spending some time aboard gives a person a chance to experience another culture in person. (4) More and more of the best talents in science, particularly young researchers, are being drawn into these developing fields. (5) He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter. 5. (1) Various technologies in fact result the extensions of physical power and intelligence of human beings. (2) Coffee is one of world's largest agricultural commodities and is often grown in areas that have high biological diversity. (3) Looking back, I realize that at that moment we underwent a profound experience that it is not easy to win. (4) Don't forget, play can be just as important to your overall well-being as work. (5) Strangely, they looked as if they were twins, for they looked so much like each other both in appearance and in behaviors. 在职硕士英语写作冲刺班讲义 一、写作简介 根据《同等学力人员申请硕士学位外国语水平全国统一考试大纲》的规定，要求考生具备一定的写作能力，在25分钟内按要求写出一篇不少于150词的短文，形式可以是按所给的提纲进行写作、看图作文、描述图表或根据所给文章写出其内容提要。 本题15分。 二、写作评分标准 评判批改作文时，主要从内容和语言两个方面进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，和语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍有密切的关系。因此写作评分标准主要围绕四个方面：（1）内容切题；（2）能正确地表达思想；（3）意义连贯；（4）无重大语法错误。具体分为以下五个等次。 2分……条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分……基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。 8分……基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分……切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。 注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分，字数不足应酌情扣分。 累 计 字 数 140~149 130~139 120~129 110~119 100~109 90~99 80~89 <79  扣 分 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9   [注：]1．如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数 2．只写一段者：0~4分：只写两段者：0~9分（指规定三段的作文） 评分实例 Keeping Pets (1) When it comes to keeping pets. Opinions vary/differ from person to person. Some people claim that it is the keeping pets to relieve burden. nevertheless. other people argue that the keeping pets is not good thing. In my opinion that I agree with the first place. Keeping pets does a lot of advantages. They also claim that keeping pets make our lifes more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children. Keeping pets make the distance between man and animals. Such as I have a dog. Although she cannot speak. she knows my mood instinctively and always responds accordingly. She gives unquestioning loyalty and affection. And asks to little in return. in exchange for a little food. care. and love she gives life long devotion and would fight to the death to protect me if she had to. I am a firm believer in the old adage. "A dog is man's best friend". In view of what was mentioned above the advantages obviously offset the disadvantages. I am of the opinion. therefore. that it is desirable to keeping pets. Keeping Pets (2) When it comes to keeping pets, opinions differ from person to person. Some people claim that we should keep pets. First, pets such as dogs、cats、birds can relieve loneliness of senior citizens and those who can confined to their houses. for this reason or another. A case in point is that my grandpa is a lonely man, but after he feed a cat, he became optimistic. Second, we can shorten the distance between man and animal, so we may get along with them. Last but not least, those men who keep pets are often reliable、kindly and warmth. However, other people argue that the opposite is true. For one thing, pets can transmit disease. especially to those old or little people. For example, the bird flu is thought to be related with poultry. For another、keeping pets would cost our too much time. we would have no enough time to devote to working. Weighing the pros and cons of both sides, I'm inclined to agree to the latter point of view. Since in such a improving society, we should work hard to catch up with society and we should be health. 三、作文题型分类 （一）提纲作文 1．阐述观点型 模拟题1 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25 minutes to write a composition on the topic Boarding School or Day School? You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline below: 1. Some people think that children should go to the boarding school （寄读学校） 2. Others believe the day school （走读学校）is better for children. 3. Your opinion. 模拟题2 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25 minutes to write a composition on the topic Eating out or at Home? You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline below: 1. Some people prefer to eat out in restaurants. 2. Other people would rather cook and eat at home. 3. Your choice. 模拟题3 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25 minutes to write a composition on the topic Keeping Pets. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline below: 1. Some people are in favor of keeping pets 2. Other people are against it 3. Your opinion 模拟题4 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25 minutes to write a composition on the topic Where to Live -- in the City or in the County? You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline below: 1. Some people prefer to live in the city 2. Other people prefer to live in the country 3. Your choice 2．解决问题型 模拟题1 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25 minutes to write a composition on the topic On Water Shortage. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline below: 1. Water shortage is becoming an urgent problem 2. Possible solutions 模拟题2 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25 minutes to write a composition on the topic On Sandstorms. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline below: 1. There are many causes of sandstorms. 2. Possible solutions 模拟题3 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25 minutes to write a composition on the topic On Traffic Jams. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline below: 1. There are many causes of traffic jams 2. Possible solutions 3．谚语警句型 模拟题1 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25 minutes to write a composition on the topic Where There Is a Will, There Is a Way. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline below: 1. Why do we say "where there is a will, there is a way"? 2. Give an example or examples for this proverb （二）看图作文 1．图表作文 模拟题1 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25 minutes to write a composition on the topic Changes in Family Expenditure in China. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the table and the outline given below: Average Family Expenditure in China (%) ITEM 1963 1983 2003  Food and clothing 30 24 20  Housing 12 14 20  Fuel and power 5 7 8  Recreation, entertainment and education 7 9 14   1. Describe the changes as indicated by the graph 2. Give possible reasons for the changes 模拟题2 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25 minutes to write a composition on the topic Changes in the Ownership of Houses in China. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the graph and outline below:
1. Describe the changes as indicated by the graph 2. Give possible reasons for the changes 模拟题3 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Preferences. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the table and the outline given below: Reading preferences of students in an American university in 2002: Categories of books Percentage of book circulation in the library  Popular Fiction 65.9%  General Nonfiction 18.2%  Science/Technology/Education 10.8%  Art/Literature/Poetry 5.1%   1．根据上表，简要描述美国某大学学生借阅图书的分布情况： 2．你对于这些学生阅读偏爱的评论： 3．你通常喜欢阅读哪一类书籍？说明理由。 2．图画作文 Directions: Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should: (1) Describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning and (2) Point out its implications in our life. You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
（图）温室花朵经不起风雨 （三）摘要作文 模拟题1 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25 minutes to write a summary of the following passage. You should write at least 150 words and remember to write clearly on the COMPOSITION SHEET. The Leaning Tower of Pisa The leaning tower has never been straight. Not long after work began in 1173, the foundation settled unevenly, and the tower started inclining toward the north. Evidence for this initial incline can be seen in the design of the tower itself: to keep the first few stories level, worker, make the columns and arched of the third story on the sinking northern side just slightly taller than the features on the southern side. Political unrest in Pisa halted construction in 1178, in the middle of work on the fourth level. Work resumed almost 100 years later, in 1272, and by that time, the tower had tilted to the south — the direction it still points today. Again, designer hoped to correct the lean, this time by adjusting the height of the fifth story, making the southern side somewhat taller than the northern side. In 1278. with seven stories completed. work on the tower ceased once again because of political unrest. By 1292. the tower's tilt was so obvious that a group of masons （石匠） were asked to investigate the problem — the first of many commissions to study the tower appointed over the past 700 years. The eighth story and final addition, the bell chamber, was built between 1360 and 1370. Once more, architects attempted to correct for the southward lean, this time by angling the bell chamber northward. These efforts, combined with the slow time scale of construction, have so far prevented the tower from topping （倒塌） over. Throughout the monument's history, architects and engineers have attempted to halt the lean, but since regular monitoring began in 1911, the offset （偏移） at the top of the tower has increased at a fairly consistent rate of about 1.2 millimeters each year. Today the top of the tower is 5.227 meters off-center, visibly leaning south. Fears about the safety of the landmark became acute when a similarly constructed bell tower at the Cathedral at Pavia collapsed suddenly in 1989. Shortly thereafter, the tower at Pisa was closed to visitors. In 1990, a special commission, composed of Italian and foreign experts in the fields of structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, history of art and restoration of monuments, was brought together by the Italian government to determine new ways to save the tower. The Tower of Pisa Project Consortium has supervised several projects that have stabilized the structure and slowed the rater of its incline. Initial efforts focused on the exterior of the tower, but in the next few months, other, more radical techniques will be tried to halt the tower's lean. There methods will be applied directly to the soil, modifying the tower's footing. Large-scale filed trials are now under way at the Miracle Square, where the tower stands, but all work is being done far from the monument itself to guard against the possibility that altering the ground too close to the tower could eventually damage the building. The ultimate goal is not to straighten the tower. Because the structure tilted in different direction during the early stages of construction, it became curved like a banana and will never stand truly upright. Instead. the experts and engineers hope to ease its top back some 10 or 20 centimeters. With luck, their efforts will keep the landmark standing into the next century, when a new generation of scientists will tackle the 800-year-old problem of the leaning tower of Pisa. （四）书信作文 模拟题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 25 minutes to write a letter of invitation. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline given below: Suppose you are Li Ming, director of Human Resources Department in your company and your company is going to hold an English speech contest. Please write a letter to Professor Bush in Beijing Foreign Studies University and invite him to work as a judge. 四、作文范文 1. Keeping Pets ________________________________________________________________. _________________________________________________________________. _____________ pets, like cast and dogs, can help relieve the loneliness suffered by senior citizens and other social members who are confined to their homes for this reason or that. ______________ keeping pets helps mankind understand animals' world and develop positive feelings toward them. ______________________________________________________________. They regard keeping pets as a useless but harmful thing to do. ___________, pets can transmit diseased. ______________, the noises and dung of pets are sources of pollution. __________________, as many rare birds and animals are kept as pets, they will surely be hunted on a large scale, which means a threat to the balance of the ecosystem. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________, Anyway, we can lessen our loneliness and express our love toward animals in other ways. And I believe that only by placing man and other species on an equal basis can we expect to have a lively and colorful world. 2. Where to Live — in the City or in the Country? ____________________________________________________________, Some ______ to live in the city. One reason is that they might be near to where they work thus don't have to worry too much about the traffic. Secondly, living in the city means one can have lots of supermarkets and shopping centers in short distance so one can do shopping conveniently. Last but not least, people living in the city ______________ to bars, cinemas and other facilities for entertainment. Others, however, _____________ living in the countryside. One ____________ is the peacefulness that you can hardly find elsewhere. You don't have to be disturbed by the traffic and the crowd. ______________, you can enjoy the sweet songs of the birds and occasional barks of dogs. Another __________ to living in the country is the fresh air there, which is a luxury to most city residents. ______________________________________________________. In this way, I can enjoy both groups of advantages. And added attraction of living in the suburb is the low price of housing. Of course, you will need convenient traffic between your home and office. But the expanding traffic system is making this possible. 3. Traffic Jams ________________________________________________________________. It has been a headache for many years and it is never too hard to see automobiles waiting in long lines on the road, especially during rush hours. Actually, traffic jams have become so frequent and have reached so large a scale that they have ___________ __________ peoples' daily life and ___________ the development of the city. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. First, along with the development of automobile industry and the rising of people's living standards all over the world, automobiles have become a household item in many countries, especially in the cities of these countries. The fast increasing number of motor vehicles are obviously the leading cause of traffic jams. Secondly, the relative backwardness in the construction of roads and highways also contributes to the problem. What's worse, incompetent new drivers and rule-breaking pedestrian aggravate the situation. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ to limit the number of private cars. At the same time, drivers and pedestrians ________________________________________. Besides, ___________________________________ to avoid rush hours. __________________________ ______________________________________________________. 4. Population Explosion Population explosion is an urgent problem with which the world is confronted. Reports are often heard upon the growth of population in many countries and areas. It really seems that the earth is going to explode under the pressure of so large a population. Several factors account for the sharp increase of population. First, the improved living conditions and advanced medical science and technology have helped reduce the infant mortality and prolong people's life expectancy. Secondly, people around the world have been attaching greater importance to physical exercises and healthcare, thus reducing the general death rate. Last but not least, births in some counties and areas are out of control, which contribute mightily to the growth of population. In view of the seriousness of the problem, it is essential that laws and regulations should be worked out and enforced to control births. Meanwhile, residents in backward areas should be educated about the importance of birth control and should be provided with the means to plan their families. With these measures taken, we can expect population explosion to become a thing of the past. 5. Where There Is a Will, There Is a Way __________________________________________________ one can find a way to success as long as he or she has a strong 0will. With a strong will, one can focus all his energy on one point, which makes success possible. With a strong will, one can find any chance possible and make the best use of it. Also with a strong will, one can move people around him or her, thus obtaining help and hints from them. ________________________________________________ strong-willed figures winning success. __________________________________________________ Gou Jian, king of Yue in ancient China. After defeated by Fu Chai, king of Wu, Gou tried every means possible to steel his will. Eventually, with the help of Fan Li and Xi Shi, he managed to rebuild his country and his armies and had Fu Chai taste the bitterness of failure. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. One should lose no chance to strength his will and remember, God helps those who help themselves. 6. Practice Makes Perfect A famous saying goes that "practice makes perfect". It means that one can achieve the best result in doing a thing through continuous practice. Or in other words, practice is the ladder to success. It is practice that enables us to build up speed and efficiency. Take English study for example. It does not take too much intelligence to be a successful learner. Most of what you have to do is to practice. Only through persistent practice can you have a good command of pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar rules. By contrast, lack of practice would result in awkward pronunciation and errors in spelling and writing. Another example is sports. A pause in physical exercises for even a short period of time would lead to a fall in your speed or accuracy. Only through regular practice can you maintain your health and fitness. In short, continuous practice is essential if we want to make achievements in our studies or work, or indeed in any other aspect of our lives. Therefore, in doing everything we should do away with laziness and spare no effect to practice. And remember, no pains, no gains. 7. Changes in the Ownership of Houses _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________, ____________________________________ changes have happened in the ownership of houses in China. From 1950's to 1990's, the percentage of state-owned houses ___________________________ from about 70% to 20%. Meanwhile, that of private houses ___________________________ from about 30% to 80%. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ First, with the development of market economy in this country, houses have become a kind of commodity that can be freely sold and bought. Secondly, the employers are willing to rid themselves of the burden of building or buying houses for their employees. Thirdly, the government encourages citizens to buy their own houses by providing low-interest loans and building economical and functional apartments. Last but not least, the increased income of the people makes it possible for individuals to buy their own houses. While enjoying the freedom of choosing our own dwelling places, we are also confronted with a series of problems, such as the financial burden on some low-income families, the poor quality of some commercial houses, etc. But we have reasons to believe that these problems with be solved along with the development of the economy as a whole. 8. Reading Preferences The statistics in the table indicate the reading preferences of students in an American university in 2002. It is evident that popular fiction was their favorite, accounting for 65.9 percent of book circulation in the library. General nonfiction ranked second, with 18.2 percent. Books on science, technology and education altogether accounted for 10.8 percent. Art, literature and poetry proved to be the least popular. (From the table above, we can see that in the American university, popular fiction takes an overwhelming superiority to those books about technology and literature in book circulation in the library. To some extent, the data speaks for itself: popular fictions prevail among American students while books on literature and science are in a neglected position.) What should we say about the students overwhelming preference to popular fiction and their neglect of science of science and art? Several factors may account for his phenomenon. First, popular fiction appeals to the mentality of the young who tend to be indulged in imagination. Secondly, under the pressure from study and competition, the students choose the resort to popular fiction for relaxation and entertainment. Last but not least, with more people than before preferring to seek material returns than spiritual cultivation, it is not difficult to understand why books on science and technology are losing their attraction. As far as I am concerned, I prefer to read about history and geography in my free time. By reading about history, I can understand men's past and future better. By reading about geography, I can learn about our environment and a world far beyond that --- the universe. 9. Greenhouse Flowers Cannot Survive Rain and Storms The two drawings are simple but meaningful. In the first one, the flower grows well and blooms in the green house. In the second drawing, however, after moved out of the greenhouse, the flower perishes in the rain and storm. It is obvious that flowers grown in the greenhouse cannot withstand rain and storms. But the deeper meaning of the two drawings is that children brought up in this way will meet the same fate. The two drawings are especially thought provoking when we think of the education of the young in China. Nowadays, a number of Chinese children are just like the flower in the greenhouse, living under protection of their parents. Having only one child, many parents exert their efforts to provide whatever the child demands. Meanwhile, they try the best to solve nearly every problem their child meets. As a result, many children grow up selfish and spoilt. They get lost when stepping into the complex society and cannot face any hardships by themselves. Fortunately, child education has aroused the attention of the whole society. But continuous efforts should be made to change parents' concept and way of teaching. 10. The Leaning Tower of Pisa The tower of Pisa has never been upright. Its leaning can date back to the time not long after it was built in 1173. First, the tower tilted towards the north. Then during the prolonged process of construction till 1370, the tower had always been leaning to the south. Throughout the monument's history, many efforts have been made to halt the lean. These efforts have so far helped prevented the tower from topping over. But since 1911, the offset at the top of the tower has increased at a fairly consistent rate. Shortly after 1989, for the sake of safety, the tower at Pisa was closed to visitors. In 1990, a special commission was organized to find new ways to save the tower. At first the commission worked mainly on the outside of the tower, but in the next few months, more radical techniques will be tried to stop the tower's lean. The ultimate goal is not to straighten the tower but to ease its top back a little. With luck, the landmark can stand into the next century. 11. A Letter of Invitation Dear Mr. Bush, I am Liming, director of the Department of Human Resources in Microsoft China, and I am writing to invite you to an English Speech Contest to be held among the working staff of this company on April 1th, 2004. The contest is an important annual activity in this company. It has been held for 5 years running. The purpose of the contest is to create a favorable atmosphere for English study within the company. Experience shows that such contests contribute a lot to the improvement of the employees' spoken English. To make sure the contest is a fair and just one, and to obtain more instructions, experienced native speakers are invited to work as referees. That is the reason why I am writing to you. It is my knowledge that you are an excellent English teacher and are always ready to offer help to English learners. Therefore, I earnestly request you to do us the favor by working as a referee if you happen to have no other plans for April 1th. I appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience. Best wishes. Yours sincerely Liming 五、改正下列句子中的错误 1. There are many people like to go to the movies. _____________________________________________________ 2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people. _____________________________________________________ 3. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster. _____________________________________________________ 4. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities. _____________________________________________________ 5. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek. _____________________________________________________ 6. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard. _____________________________________________________ 7. As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society. _____________________________________________________ 8. It is known to us, practice makes perfect. _____________________________________________________ 9. Although we cannot live without money, but there are some more meaningful things than it. _____________________________________________________ 10. If a student only cares about money, will lead to be unhappy all his life. _____________________________________________________