纳米材料简介
An Introduction to Nanomaterials
李彦北京大学化学学院 材料化学系李彦
Tel,62756773
Email,yanli@chem.pku.edu.cn
http://www.chem.pku.edu.cn/liy/
一、引言及纳米材料概述二、纳米材料的特性三、纳米材料的制备四、纳米材料的表征五、纳米材料的应用六、纳米材料之星 —单壁碳纳米管一、引言及纳米材料概述
1,纳米科技研究的重要性
2,什么是纳米材料
3,纳米科技发展历史回顾
4,自然界的纳米材料
5,纳米材料的分类
6,纳米材料的组装体及超晶格和阵列
Why moving into nanoworld
A.Intellectual drive
Miniaturization is of interest
Less space,faster,less materials,less energy
More important:
Novel properties/phenomena/process
-New structure and functions;Engineering beyond nature
Unity and generality
-At the building blocks of all natural/artificial things,systems
Most efficient length scale for manufacturing
-Less energy than for subatomic or macroscopic
Transcendent effects,at the confluence of steams
-S&T; Living/non-living;interdisciplinary; Relevance areas
B.Promise of nanotechnology
(example of societal implications)
Knowledge base:better comprehension of nature,life
A new world of products,-$1trillion/ y in 10-15years
-Materials beyond what chemistry can do:$340B/y in 10 years for
materials and processing,(estimation by industry group)
- Electronnics in 10-15 years,$300B/Y for semiconductor industry,times
more for global integrated circuts (estimation by SIA)
- Pharmaceutics in 10-15 years about half of production will depend on
nanotechnology,affecting about $180B/Y
– Chemical plants in 10-15years:nanostructured catalysts in petroleum and
chemical processing about $100B/Y
–Aerospace,about $70B/Y in 10 years
–Tools(measurement,simulation)--$22B/Y in 10y
Improved healthcare:extend life-span,its quality,human physical
capabilities(- $31B in tools for healthcare in 10 years )
Sustainability,agriculture,water,energy( -45B/y in 10 years)
materials,environment,exiting lighting energy reduction –10% or $100B/Y
什么是纳米材料？什么是纳米科学？
Noble Prize laureate,Feynman,in his 1960
article,There’s plenty room at the bottom”
discussed the advantages that could be
provided by controlling the structure of matter
atom by atom,For example,he pointed out
that if a bit of information requires only 100
atoms,then all the books ever written could
be stored in a cube with sides 0.02 in long.
纳米纪事
?最早的纳米材料：
中国古代的铜镜的保护层：纳米氧化锡中国古代的墨及染料
?1857年，法拉第制备出金纳米颗粒
?1861年，胶体化学的的建立
?1962年，久保 (Kubo)提出了著名的久保理论
?上世纪七十年代末至八十年代初，开始较系统的研究
?1985年,Kroto和 Smalley等人发现 C
60
?1990年 7月，在美国巴尔的摩召开第一届纳米科技会议
?1994年，在波士顿召开的 MRS秋季会议上正式提出纳米材料工程
STM操纵原子和分子
Xe on Ni
CO
iron atom on copper
(1)纳米物理学； (2)纳米化学；
(3)纳米材料学； (4)纳米生物学；
(5)纳米电子学； (6)纳米加工学；
(7)纳米力学； (8) 纳米机电系统
……
自然界的纳米材料
9人体和兽类的牙齿
9海洋中的生命粒子
9蜜蜂的,罗盘,—腹部的磁性纳米粒子
9螃蟹的横行 — 磁性粒子,指南针,定位作用的紊乱
9海龟在大西洋的巡航 — 头部磁性粒子的导航纳米材料的分类按结构,
零维纳米材料：量子点 纳米粒子一维纳米材料：如纳米线 (量子线 )、纳米管二维纳米材料：薄层纳米孔材料：如介孔分子筛按组成,
金属纳米材料、半导体纳米材料、有机和高分子纳米材料,复合纳米材料 ……
复合纳米材料：
无机纳米粒子与有机高分子符合材料无机半导体的核壳结构量子阱 (超晶格 )材料
…………
纳米材料的组装体及纳米材料的阵列和超晶格
SCHEME,Solvent Evaporation from
Nanocrystal Dispersion on a Substrate,
Entropy Drives the Ordering of Hard
Spheres When the Particle Volume
Fraction Exceeds a Critical Value,0.49
TEM images of a two-dimensional
hcp silver nanocrystal superlattice
(left),and the 2-D Fourier transform
power spectrun of the image
J,Phys,Chem,B 1998,102,8379-8378
TEM micrograph of
monolayer films of 3.7
nm Au clusters
Self-assembly of a LCN
(Science V273,1690-1693,1996)
Assemble and compress nanoparticles by L-B films
TEM images of compressed
films consisting of Ag particles,
27A in diameter (A) separated
by 6A,(B) by 12A
(Science,277,1978-1980,1997)
利用 DNA片段的碱基配对作用来带动纳米粒子的组装
Alivisatos et al.,Nature,1996,382,609
C,A,Mirkin et al.,Nature,1996,382,607
An Introduction to Nanomaterials
李彦北京大学化学学院 材料化学系李彦
Tel,62756773
Email,yanli@chem.pku.edu.cn
http://www.chem.pku.edu.cn/liy/
一、引言及纳米材料概述二、纳米材料的特性三、纳米材料的制备四、纳米材料的表征五、纳米材料的应用六、纳米材料之星 —单壁碳纳米管一、引言及纳米材料概述
1,纳米科技研究的重要性
2,什么是纳米材料
3,纳米科技发展历史回顾
4,自然界的纳米材料
5,纳米材料的分类
6,纳米材料的组装体及超晶格和阵列
Why moving into nanoworld
A.Intellectual drive
Miniaturization is of interest
Less space,faster,less materials,less energy
More important:
Novel properties/phenomena/process
-New structure and functions;Engineering beyond nature
Unity and generality
-At the building blocks of all natural/artificial things,systems
Most efficient length scale for manufacturing
-Less energy than for subatomic or macroscopic
Transcendent effects,at the confluence of steams
-S&T; Living/non-living;interdisciplinary; Relevance areas
B.Promise of nanotechnology
(example of societal implications)
Knowledge base:better comprehension of nature,life
A new world of products,-$1trillion/ y in 10-15years
-Materials beyond what chemistry can do:$340B/y in 10 years for
materials and processing,(estimation by industry group)
- Electronnics in 10-15 years,$300B/Y for semiconductor industry,times
more for global integrated circuts (estimation by SIA)
- Pharmaceutics in 10-15 years about half of production will depend on
nanotechnology,affecting about $180B/Y
– Chemical plants in 10-15years:nanostructured catalysts in petroleum and
chemical processing about $100B/Y
–Aerospace,about $70B/Y in 10 years
–Tools(measurement,simulation)--$22B/Y in 10y
Improved healthcare:extend life-span,its quality,human physical
capabilities(- $31B in tools for healthcare in 10 years )
Sustainability,agriculture,water,energy( -45B/y in 10 years)
materials,environment,exiting lighting energy reduction –10% or $100B/Y
什么是纳米材料？什么是纳米科学？
Noble Prize laureate,Feynman,in his 1960
article,There’s plenty room at the bottom”
discussed the advantages that could be
provided by controlling the structure of matter
atom by atom,For example,he pointed out
that if a bit of information requires only 100
atoms,then all the books ever written could
be stored in a cube with sides 0.02 in long.
纳米纪事
?最早的纳米材料：
中国古代的铜镜的保护层：纳米氧化锡中国古代的墨及染料
?1857年，法拉第制备出金纳米颗粒
?1861年，胶体化学的的建立
?1962年，久保 (Kubo)提出了著名的久保理论
?上世纪七十年代末至八十年代初，开始较系统的研究
?1985年,Kroto和 Smalley等人发现 C
60
?1990年 7月，在美国巴尔的摩召开第一届纳米科技会议
?1994年，在波士顿召开的 MRS秋季会议上正式提出纳米材料工程
STM操纵原子和分子
Xe on Ni
CO
iron atom on copper
(1)纳米物理学； (2)纳米化学；
(3)纳米材料学； (4)纳米生物学；
(5)纳米电子学； (6)纳米加工学；
(7)纳米力学； (8) 纳米机电系统
……
自然界的纳米材料
9人体和兽类的牙齿
9海洋中的生命粒子
9蜜蜂的,罗盘,—腹部的磁性纳米粒子
9螃蟹的横行 — 磁性粒子,指南针,定位作用的紊乱
9海龟在大西洋的巡航 — 头部磁性粒子的导航纳米材料的分类按结构,
零维纳米材料：量子点 纳米粒子一维纳米材料：如纳米线 (量子线 )、纳米管二维纳米材料：薄层纳米孔材料：如介孔分子筛按组成,
金属纳米材料、半导体纳米材料、有机和高分子纳米材料,复合纳米材料 ……
复合纳米材料：
无机纳米粒子与有机高分子符合材料无机半导体的核壳结构量子阱 (超晶格 )材料
…………
纳米材料的组装体及纳米材料的阵列和超晶格
SCHEME,Solvent Evaporation from
Nanocrystal Dispersion on a Substrate,
Entropy Drives the Ordering of Hard
Spheres When the Particle Volume
Fraction Exceeds a Critical Value,0.49
TEM images of a two-dimensional
hcp silver nanocrystal superlattice
(left),and the 2-D Fourier transform
power spectrun of the image
J,Phys,Chem,B 1998,102,8379-8378
TEM micrograph of
monolayer films of 3.7
nm Au clusters
Self-assembly of a LCN
(Science V273,1690-1693,1996)
Assemble and compress nanoparticles by L-B films
TEM images of compressed
films consisting of Ag particles,
27A in diameter (A) separated
by 6A,(B) by 12A
(Science,277,1978-1980,1997)
利用 DNA片段的碱基配对作用来带动纳米粒子的组装
Alivisatos et al.,Nature,1996,382,609
C,A,Mirkin et al.,Nature,1996,382,607
