Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation
oi
oo
K
K
]Cl[P]Na[P][P
]Cl[P]Na[P][Pln
F
RTV
CliNaK
iClNaK
m ???
???
??
???
Experiments Data
Active Ion Pumping
? Na+,K+ -ATPase
? Pump is electrogenic
? K+ equilibrium potential
H-H 方程
h)h1(
dt
dh
m)m1(
dt
dm
n)n1(
dt
dn
g)VV(hmg)VV(ng)VV(
t
V
CI
hh
mm
nn
LL
3
NaNa
4
k
k
??
??
??
???
???
???
??????
?
?
?
Organization of Nerve System
? Interaction of the Sensory,Motor,and
Motivational Systems is Essential for Even
Simple Behavior
Four Principles
? (1) Relay Centers
? (2) distinct Pathways
? (3) Each Pathway is Topographically
Organized
? (4) Most Pathways Cross the Body’s
Midline
Each System Is Composed of
Several Distinct Pathways
? (1) Sensory system
? (2) Motor system
? (3) Motivational system
Development of the Nervous System
? (1) Neural Cell Identity is controlled by Cell
Lineage and Inductive Interactions
? (2) Axonal Pathways Are Formed in Response to
Local Guidance Cues
? (3) Synapse Formation at the Neuromuscular
Junction Involves Inductive interactions Between
the Motor Nerron and the Muscle Cell
? (4) Survival of Neurons Is Regulated by
Interactions with Their Targets
Brain,input/output relations
+ emerging properties
Input
Output
The knee-jerk response (the myotatic reflex)
The brain developps from a hollow tube
Melanocytes
Adrenal gland
Dorsal root
ganglion
Autonomic system
The spinal cord
8
12
5
5
White and Gray matters Metameres
Cerebrum
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
+
Spinal cord
the endocrine
brain
Inputs/Outputs
Bone supports
the central nervous system
A diagram + the bones!
A metameric organization
The cerebrospinal
fluid
And Choroid Plexuses
The meninges
The ventricles
Blood supply
(and stroke)
a B-B-B though,the brain-blood-barrier
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Brain stem
Hin
dbr
ain
Injuries,war casualties
Stroke and blood supply of specific areas
EEG brain recording,deep recording electrodes
Brain imaging
Computarized tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
oi
oo
K
K
]Cl[P]Na[P][P
]Cl[P]Na[P][Pln
F
RTV
CliNaK
iClNaK
m ???
???
??
???
Experiments Data
Active Ion Pumping
? Na+,K+ -ATPase
? Pump is electrogenic
? K+ equilibrium potential
H-H 方程
h)h1(
dt
dh
m)m1(
dt
dm
n)n1(
dt
dn
g)VV(hmg)VV(ng)VV(
t
V
CI
hh
mm
nn
LL
3
NaNa
4
k
k
??
??
??
???
???
???
??????
?
?
?
Organization of Nerve System
? Interaction of the Sensory,Motor,and
Motivational Systems is Essential for Even
Simple Behavior
Four Principles
? (1) Relay Centers
? (2) distinct Pathways
? (3) Each Pathway is Topographically
Organized
? (4) Most Pathways Cross the Body’s
Midline
Each System Is Composed of
Several Distinct Pathways
? (1) Sensory system
? (2) Motor system
? (3) Motivational system
Development of the Nervous System
? (1) Neural Cell Identity is controlled by Cell
Lineage and Inductive Interactions
? (2) Axonal Pathways Are Formed in Response to
Local Guidance Cues
? (3) Synapse Formation at the Neuromuscular
Junction Involves Inductive interactions Between
the Motor Nerron and the Muscle Cell
? (4) Survival of Neurons Is Regulated by
Interactions with Their Targets
Brain,input/output relations
+ emerging properties
Input
Output
The knee-jerk response (the myotatic reflex)
The brain developps from a hollow tube
Melanocytes
Adrenal gland
Dorsal root
ganglion
Autonomic system
The spinal cord
8
12
5
5
White and Gray matters Metameres
Cerebrum
Brain Stem
Cerebellum
+
Spinal cord
the endocrine
brain
Inputs/Outputs
Bone supports
the central nervous system
A diagram + the bones!
A metameric organization
The cerebrospinal
fluid
And Choroid Plexuses
The meninges
The ventricles
Blood supply
(and stroke)
a B-B-B though,the brain-blood-barrier
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Brain stem
Hin
dbr
ain
Injuries,war casualties
Stroke and blood supply of specific areas
EEG brain recording,deep recording electrodes
Brain imaging
Computarized tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
