Marine Fuel
Handling and
Pre-treatment
Qingsong Lou,School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Wuhan University of Technology
Subject
?Bunking routines
?Fuel storage and pumping onboard
?Pre-treatment of marine fuels
?Fuel impact on diesel engines
2.1 Bunking routines
? Learning Objectives When you have
completed this section,you should be
familiar with:
?Pre-bunkering checking.
? Guidelines for bunkering of fuels.
?Health precautions.
Pre-bunkering Checking Check
List
? Oil spill response material in place
? Red flag (B) by day /red light at night.
? Sandpiper pump prepared with hoses
connected
? Deck to be drained for any water,Scupper
plugs to be replaced immediately (stand by
when draining of water).
? All scuppers on deck must be tightly plugged.
Pre-bunkering Checking check List
? Drip trays under the bunker manifold and
ventilation pipes from bunker tanks to be
drained for any water and the plugs to be
replaced immediately (Stand by when
draining of water).
? Anti-pollution prepared and ready for use.
? Oil absorbing material (sand,sawdust,etc.) to
be ready at the manifold and around oil
pollution drain.
? NO SMOKING? Sign to be displayed.
Pre-bunkering checking
check list
? Check that all bunker tank air pipes
are open and unblocked.
? Ensure that all sounding pipe caps are
tight,except when sounding tank.
? Reconfirm space remaining in all
bunker tanks to be filled.
? Fire extinguishers (powder and fire
hoses) to be prepared ready at the
manifold.
Pre-bunkering checking
check list
? Ensure that bunker hose is correctly and safely
connected.
? Ensure that all unused bunker manifolds on
booth sides of the vessel are secured and
blanked tightly with bolts in every flange hole.
? The required bunker specifications must be
obtained.
? Both the officer in charge and the assisting
crew must be familiar with the piping and
valve line up.
Pre-bunkering checking
check list
? The procedures for Emergency
Shutdown,Topping Tanks and
Draining of lines and hoses to be agreed
upon.
? Inspect hose and couplings for damages.
? Discuss bunkering plan with supplier
? Discuss vessel’s emergency response
procedures with supplier.
Pre-bunkering checking
check list
? Discuss supplier’s own emergency response
procedure.
? Establish signaling system with supplier,
Commence pumping – Reduce pumping
rate – Cease pumping – Emergency stop.
? Agree maximum pumping rate and pressure.
? Sampling prepared.
? Prepare filling line and open all relevant
lines.
Bunkering instructions
Mixing of fuels should be avoided due to
possible incompatibility problems,
Bunker tank utilization must be managed
in such a way that mixing of fuels from
different sources is reduced to a
minimum,It is also important to consider
the possible problems with slack tanks,
Mixing stable fuel oils with equal
performance may result in unstable fuel
oil with a total different performance.
Bunker delivery note,
?A bunker delivery note shall be presented to
the Bessel at the time of bunkering,specifying
the quantity and characteristics of the fuel by
reference to the agreed specification,A delivery
note will in most cases include the following
characteristics:
1,Density at 15℃
2,Viscosity in cSt at 50℃
3,Water content in % by volume
4,Flash point in ℃
Bunker delivery note:
If other units are used in the delivery
note for density and/or viscosity,the
conversion tales available must be
used,
The vessel’s hydrometer should be
used at all bunkering in order to
verify that the density in the delivery
note is correct.
Routines
?Commence bunkering at a minimum
pumping rate.
?Monitor supply line pressure.
?Examine hose connection for leakage.
?Reduce pumping rate and/or open next
tank before topping up.
?Close valves as each tank is completed,
Routines
?Ensure sufficient ullage in final tank for
hose draining/line blowing.
?Notify supplier when final tank is reached.
?Give supplier timely warning to reduce
pumping rate.
?Give supplier timely warning to stop
pumping.
?Drain hoses on completion of bunkering
and close all filling valves,
Soundings:
We have to accept that the quantity delivered will
be based on soundings or flowmeters on the
barges and/or flowmeters on shore installations.
?Both soundings of barges and readings from
flowmeters must be checked by the vessel,
before and after bunkerings,The suppliers
cannot object to this procedure.
?The supplier should be invited to witness
sounding of the vessel’s tanks before and after
bunkering,
Soundings
? Any disputes arisen during the bunkering should
be reported and noted in the log book.
? This also applies to discrepancies as to quantity
of fuel supplied,where also a,Letter of protest”
should be handed over to the supplier.
?It is the responsibility of the Master to ensure that
soundings,taken during bunkering and during
topping up of tanks,are correct,This is to prevent
overflow,To rely entirely on remote soundings is
not advisable,
Sampling,
The most crucial aspect of fuel quality monitoring
is that of taking representative samples.
?It is the responsibility of the vessel to obtain
representative,labeled and sealed samples.
?The form,REQUEST TO WITNESS
SAMPLING” is to be handed over to the
supplier/barge representative,prior to bunkering,
This has to be signed by both parties,If the
request is not accepted,a note of this must be
made on the same paper and in the log book.
?It is of great importance to flush the valve
before sampling.
?The fuel sampling should be taken close to
the bunkering connection by means of a
continuous drip throughout the bunkering.
Sampling
Sampling arrangement and routines:
? The sampler container of about 5 liters
capacity should be thoroughly cleaned
before use,Aluminum container should not
be used,and other metallic containers
should be free of corrosion and surface
defects,The same container should always
be covered with an appropriate lid during
the sampling operation to avoid any dust or
rain.
Sampling arrangement and routines:
? Flush through the sampling valve before sampling starts,
After sampling,stir well in the container for 1- 2 minutes
to ensure that the fuel is mixed completely,With high-
viscosity fuel,it may be necessary to heat the container
before stirring.
? Pour the fuel into three plastic bottles,Label the bottles.
? Hand over 1(one) sample - bottle to the supplier’s
representative,If rejected,the fact is noted in the log book,
1(one) sample-bottle should be kept onboard for at least 3
(three) months,The third bottle is to be sent to laboratory
for analysis.
On completion of Bunkering:
?Close and blank off manifold connections.
?Blank off disconnected hose connections.
?Reconfirm that all bunker line and tank filling
valves are secure.
?Reconfirm all bunker tank soundings.
?Check,agree and record all shore/barge meter
readings.
?Verify that all bunker receipt details are correct.
?Complete entry in Oil Record Book,
Health precautions
Great care must be taken when handling fuel oils,
Fuel oils of today might be found to contain both
used lubricants and/or various types of chemical
waste,The fuels must be expected to be both toxic
and hazardous to handle.
?Use working procedures which will minimize skin
or eye contact.
?Wear adequate protective clothing such as
impermeable gloves when appropriate,
Health precautions
?Remove any clothing that has become oil
soaked and wash skin that has been in
contact with oil thoroughly,with soap and
water.
?Do not put oil soaked rags or oily tools into
overall pockets.
Change working clothes regularly.
?Do not use hydrocarbon solvents,e.g,petrol
and kerosene for washing oil from the skin.
Avoid inhaling oil mist or vapors,
References,
For further information see:
? Health and safety,
? Marine Fuels and Lubricants,
? Fuel oil Handbook,
2.2 Fuel storage and pumping Onboard
? Learning Objectives The learning objectives of
this section are to make all engineers,engine
cadets and other crew members who are
involved in the handling of fuels onboard,
familiar with:
– How to handle the fuel.
– Take the necessary simple precautions by following
test procedures.
– To evaluate and find the correct temperatures of the
fuel related to storing and pumping.
– To undertake the correct operation when performing
stripping and trimming.
2.2 Fuel storage and pumping Onboard
Storage temperatures
1,In general,bunkers should be stored at
temperatures that allow reliable pumping
while preventing build-up of wax in tank
bottoms.
2,The use of bunker tanks for water ballast
should be avoided.
3,The storage tanks should be maintained at a
temperature that allows the fuel to be pumped
or moved by gravity,without undue difficulty.
4,A temperature of about 45℃ will normally
ensure good flow and pumping conditions.
Table 2.1 Heating requirements for pumping
the
Handling and
Pre-treatment
Qingsong Lou,School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Wuhan University of Technology
Subject
?Bunking routines
?Fuel storage and pumping onboard
?Pre-treatment of marine fuels
?Fuel impact on diesel engines
2.1 Bunking routines
? Learning Objectives When you have
completed this section,you should be
familiar with:
?Pre-bunkering checking.
? Guidelines for bunkering of fuels.
?Health precautions.
Pre-bunkering Checking Check
List
? Oil spill response material in place
? Red flag (B) by day /red light at night.
? Sandpiper pump prepared with hoses
connected
? Deck to be drained for any water,Scupper
plugs to be replaced immediately (stand by
when draining of water).
? All scuppers on deck must be tightly plugged.
Pre-bunkering Checking check List
? Drip trays under the bunker manifold and
ventilation pipes from bunker tanks to be
drained for any water and the plugs to be
replaced immediately (Stand by when
draining of water).
? Anti-pollution prepared and ready for use.
? Oil absorbing material (sand,sawdust,etc.) to
be ready at the manifold and around oil
pollution drain.
? NO SMOKING? Sign to be displayed.
Pre-bunkering checking
check list
? Check that all bunker tank air pipes
are open and unblocked.
? Ensure that all sounding pipe caps are
tight,except when sounding tank.
? Reconfirm space remaining in all
bunker tanks to be filled.
? Fire extinguishers (powder and fire
hoses) to be prepared ready at the
manifold.
Pre-bunkering checking
check list
? Ensure that bunker hose is correctly and safely
connected.
? Ensure that all unused bunker manifolds on
booth sides of the vessel are secured and
blanked tightly with bolts in every flange hole.
? The required bunker specifications must be
obtained.
? Both the officer in charge and the assisting
crew must be familiar with the piping and
valve line up.
Pre-bunkering checking
check list
? The procedures for Emergency
Shutdown,Topping Tanks and
Draining of lines and hoses to be agreed
upon.
? Inspect hose and couplings for damages.
? Discuss bunkering plan with supplier
? Discuss vessel’s emergency response
procedures with supplier.
Pre-bunkering checking
check list
? Discuss supplier’s own emergency response
procedure.
? Establish signaling system with supplier,
Commence pumping – Reduce pumping
rate – Cease pumping – Emergency stop.
? Agree maximum pumping rate and pressure.
? Sampling prepared.
? Prepare filling line and open all relevant
lines.
Bunkering instructions
Mixing of fuels should be avoided due to
possible incompatibility problems,
Bunker tank utilization must be managed
in such a way that mixing of fuels from
different sources is reduced to a
minimum,It is also important to consider
the possible problems with slack tanks,
Mixing stable fuel oils with equal
performance may result in unstable fuel
oil with a total different performance.
Bunker delivery note,
?A bunker delivery note shall be presented to
the Bessel at the time of bunkering,specifying
the quantity and characteristics of the fuel by
reference to the agreed specification,A delivery
note will in most cases include the following
characteristics:
1,Density at 15℃
2,Viscosity in cSt at 50℃
3,Water content in % by volume
4,Flash point in ℃
Bunker delivery note:
If other units are used in the delivery
note for density and/or viscosity,the
conversion tales available must be
used,
The vessel’s hydrometer should be
used at all bunkering in order to
verify that the density in the delivery
note is correct.
Routines
?Commence bunkering at a minimum
pumping rate.
?Monitor supply line pressure.
?Examine hose connection for leakage.
?Reduce pumping rate and/or open next
tank before topping up.
?Close valves as each tank is completed,
Routines
?Ensure sufficient ullage in final tank for
hose draining/line blowing.
?Notify supplier when final tank is reached.
?Give supplier timely warning to reduce
pumping rate.
?Give supplier timely warning to stop
pumping.
?Drain hoses on completion of bunkering
and close all filling valves,
Soundings:
We have to accept that the quantity delivered will
be based on soundings or flowmeters on the
barges and/or flowmeters on shore installations.
?Both soundings of barges and readings from
flowmeters must be checked by the vessel,
before and after bunkerings,The suppliers
cannot object to this procedure.
?The supplier should be invited to witness
sounding of the vessel’s tanks before and after
bunkering,
Soundings
? Any disputes arisen during the bunkering should
be reported and noted in the log book.
? This also applies to discrepancies as to quantity
of fuel supplied,where also a,Letter of protest”
should be handed over to the supplier.
?It is the responsibility of the Master to ensure that
soundings,taken during bunkering and during
topping up of tanks,are correct,This is to prevent
overflow,To rely entirely on remote soundings is
not advisable,
Sampling,
The most crucial aspect of fuel quality monitoring
is that of taking representative samples.
?It is the responsibility of the vessel to obtain
representative,labeled and sealed samples.
?The form,REQUEST TO WITNESS
SAMPLING” is to be handed over to the
supplier/barge representative,prior to bunkering,
This has to be signed by both parties,If the
request is not accepted,a note of this must be
made on the same paper and in the log book.
?It is of great importance to flush the valve
before sampling.
?The fuel sampling should be taken close to
the bunkering connection by means of a
continuous drip throughout the bunkering.
Sampling
Sampling arrangement and routines:
? The sampler container of about 5 liters
capacity should be thoroughly cleaned
before use,Aluminum container should not
be used,and other metallic containers
should be free of corrosion and surface
defects,The same container should always
be covered with an appropriate lid during
the sampling operation to avoid any dust or
rain.
Sampling arrangement and routines:
? Flush through the sampling valve before sampling starts,
After sampling,stir well in the container for 1- 2 minutes
to ensure that the fuel is mixed completely,With high-
viscosity fuel,it may be necessary to heat the container
before stirring.
? Pour the fuel into three plastic bottles,Label the bottles.
? Hand over 1(one) sample - bottle to the supplier’s
representative,If rejected,the fact is noted in the log book,
1(one) sample-bottle should be kept onboard for at least 3
(three) months,The third bottle is to be sent to laboratory
for analysis.
On completion of Bunkering:
?Close and blank off manifold connections.
?Blank off disconnected hose connections.
?Reconfirm that all bunker line and tank filling
valves are secure.
?Reconfirm all bunker tank soundings.
?Check,agree and record all shore/barge meter
readings.
?Verify that all bunker receipt details are correct.
?Complete entry in Oil Record Book,
Health precautions
Great care must be taken when handling fuel oils,
Fuel oils of today might be found to contain both
used lubricants and/or various types of chemical
waste,The fuels must be expected to be both toxic
and hazardous to handle.
?Use working procedures which will minimize skin
or eye contact.
?Wear adequate protective clothing such as
impermeable gloves when appropriate,
Health precautions
?Remove any clothing that has become oil
soaked and wash skin that has been in
contact with oil thoroughly,with soap and
water.
?Do not put oil soaked rags or oily tools into
overall pockets.
Change working clothes regularly.
?Do not use hydrocarbon solvents,e.g,petrol
and kerosene for washing oil from the skin.
Avoid inhaling oil mist or vapors,
References,
For further information see:
? Health and safety,
? Marine Fuels and Lubricants,
? Fuel oil Handbook,
2.2 Fuel storage and pumping Onboard
? Learning Objectives The learning objectives of
this section are to make all engineers,engine
cadets and other crew members who are
involved in the handling of fuels onboard,
familiar with:
– How to handle the fuel.
– Take the necessary simple precautions by following
test procedures.
– To evaluate and find the correct temperatures of the
fuel related to storing and pumping.
– To undertake the correct operation when performing
stripping and trimming.
2.2 Fuel storage and pumping Onboard
Storage temperatures
1,In general,bunkers should be stored at
temperatures that allow reliable pumping
while preventing build-up of wax in tank
bottoms.
2,The use of bunker tanks for water ballast
should be avoided.
3,The storage tanks should be maintained at a
temperature that allows the fuel to be pumped
or moved by gravity,without undue difficulty.
4,A temperature of about 45℃ will normally
ensure good flow and pumping conditions.
Table 2.1 Heating requirements for pumping
the
