3.1
fuel and lubricating
oil treatment
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? To ensure good combustion in diesel engines and
reduce wear and corrosion in this type of engine
it may be necessary to remove certain impurities
from fuel and lubricating oils.
? These include ash,various salts and water
present in fuel oil and carbonaceous matter,
metals,acids and water present in used
lubricating oil.
carbonaceous
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? When the impurities are heterogeneous i.e.
suspended solids or immiscible liquids,they can
be removed reasonably successfully by one or
more of a number of methods.
? The main methods used at sea are centrifuging,
filtration and coalescing,Of these three methods
centrifuging is the most widely used.
heterogeneous suspended
immiscible coalescing
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.1 gravity separation formula
? It was shown in the section on oil/water
separators how liquids with a specific gravity
difference can be separated by gravity,The
process was expressed mathematically as
gDF s )(6 3 ?? ??? ??
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.2 centrifugal force formula
?Cleary in a standing vessel the acceleration cannot be
altered to enhance the separation force Fs,but by
subjecting the operation to centrifugal force the above
expression can be replaced by
where:
? = angular velocity
? = effective radius
rDF s 23 )(6 ???? ?? ??
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.3 Centrifugal force can be great
– Both the rotational speed and the effective
radius are controllable within certain
engineering limitations.
– Thus if our standing vessel is replaced by a
rotating cylinder the separating force and
hence the speed of separation can be increased.
– This effectively is what happens in a
centrifuge.
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.4 batch operation
– For many years marine centrifuges were designed for
batch operation,which is the machines were run for a
period during which solids accumulated in the bowl.
– The machine was stopped when the accumulated
solids began to impair its performance and the solids
were removed.
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.5 Lub,Oil batch centrifuging
– Batch centrifuging is still commonly used especially
for lubricating oil purification,but many machines
capable of continuous or semi-continuous sludge
discharge are now at sea.
– Two distinct types of batch operated machines have
been used.
– These are illustrated in Figure 3.1 and classified in
Table 3.1.
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
Maximum
centrifugal
force
Bowl dia.
(mm)
Length/dia.
(of bowl) Drive
Batch
tubular
Bowl
type
13,000–20,000 * g Up to 180 Up to 7 Bowl suspended from above
Batch
disc
bowl
type
5,000–8000 * g Up to,say 600 Generally ?1 Bowl supported form below
Table 3.1 Details of tubular and disc type centrifuges used for batch
treatment of liquids
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.4 tubular bowl machine
– The tubular bowl machine is
physically able to withstand higher
angular velocities than the wide or
disc bowl type,hence a higher
centrifugal force can be applied.
– The heavier phase only has a short
distance to travel before coming to the
bowl wall where the solids are
deposited and the heavy phase liquid
is guided to the water discharge if the
machine is so set up.
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.5 Centrifuges
– On the other hand the sludge
retention volume and liquid
detention time for a given
throughput can only be increased
by lengthening the bowl,
– This gives rise to bowl balancing
and handling problems.
Retention volume
Detention time
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– The wide bowl type can
retain more sludge before its
performance is drastically
impaired and can be cleaned
in situ.
– Thus it has no handling
problems.
– On the other hand settling
characteristics in a wide
bowl machine are relatively
poor towards the bowl
centre and the distance the
heavy phase has to travel
before reaching the bowl
wall is great,drastically
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– To overcome these problems
a stack of conical discs,
spaced about 2 - 4 mm apart
is arranged in the bowl,
– The liquid is fed into the
stack either from the outer
edge of the discs or via
distribution holes towards the
periphery of the discs
depending on the make of the
machine,and flows along the
spaces between adjacent
plates,
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– The plates then act as an
extended settling surface,the
heavy phase particles passing
through the light phase as
shown in Figure and impinging
on the under surfaces of the
discs.
– Once the particles have
impinged on the disc surface
they are able to accumulate and
eventually slide along the discs
towards the periphery,
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
ll
h
e
water
oil
Figure 3.2 Hydrostatic situation in a gravity
settling tank
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
oilwater
Figure 3.3
Hydrostatic
seal in a
disc type
centrifugal
bowl
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– At the periphery of the disc the
water globules and solid
particles leave the stack.
– The heavier solid particles pass
to the bowl wall,and the water
is sandwiched between the
solids and the oil,which
orientates itself towards the
bowl centre.
– The boundaries at which
substances meet are known as
interfaces.
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– The oil/water interface is very
distinct and is known as the e -
line.
– To gain the fullest advantage
from the disc stack,the e - line
should be located outside of it.
– On the other hand if the e - line
is located outside the water
outlet baffle (top disc)
discharge of oil in the water
phase will take place.
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– Referring back to gravity
separation in a settling
tank,if the tank is
partitioned,as shown in
Figure,continuous
separation will take place.
– Since the arrangement is a
very crude U-tube
containing two liquids of
different Specific gravities,
the height of the liquid in
the two legs will have the
relationship
ll
h
e
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– where:
? ?l = density of oil
? ?h = density of water
)()( hele hl ??? ??
ll
h
e
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
22
22
he
le
l
h
?
??
?
?
or
A very similar arrangement is found in the centrifuge.
This is shown in Figure and the equation now
becomes
)()( 222222 hewle hl ??? ???
(7)
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– The mechanical design of the
centrifuge requires that the e -
line is confined within certain
strict limits.
– However variations in ρl will be
found depending upon the port
at which the vessel takes on
bunkers.
– It is necessary therefore to
provide means of varying h or l
to compensate for the variation
in specific gravity,
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
22
22
he
le
l
h
?
??
?
?
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– It is usually the dimension h which
is varied and this is done by the use
of dam rings (sometimes called
gravity discs) of different
diameters,
– Normally a table is provided with
the machine,giving the disc
diameter required for purifying oils
of various specific gravities.
– Alternatively the disc diameter Dh
may be calculated from the
following formula which is derived
from (7)
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
22
22
he
le
l
h
?
??
?
?
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– The dimension e can be taken as the mean radius of
one thin conical plate and the heavy top conical plate
(outlet baffle).
– If oil is discharging in the water outlet the gravity
disc is too large.
2 22 )1( ?
?
?
?
?
? ???
h
l
h
l
h elD ?
?
?
?
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– It is important to realize that variation in oil
temperature will cause a proportional variation in S.G.
and for this reason the feed temperature must remain
constant.
– To some extent,the feed rate will have an effect on the
e -line (because it can alter the overheight of the liquid
flowing over the lip of the gravity disc):
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– excessive feed should be
avoided in any event since
the quality of separation
deteriorates with increase of
throughput.
– To prevent oil passing out of
the water side on start up it
is necessary to put water into
the bowl until the water
shows at the water discharge.
– The bowl is then
hydraulically sealed.
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
fuel and lubricating
oil treatment
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? To ensure good combustion in diesel engines and
reduce wear and corrosion in this type of engine
it may be necessary to remove certain impurities
from fuel and lubricating oils.
? These include ash,various salts and water
present in fuel oil and carbonaceous matter,
metals,acids and water present in used
lubricating oil.
carbonaceous
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? When the impurities are heterogeneous i.e.
suspended solids or immiscible liquids,they can
be removed reasonably successfully by one or
more of a number of methods.
? The main methods used at sea are centrifuging,
filtration and coalescing,Of these three methods
centrifuging is the most widely used.
heterogeneous suspended
immiscible coalescing
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.1 gravity separation formula
? It was shown in the section on oil/water
separators how liquids with a specific gravity
difference can be separated by gravity,The
process was expressed mathematically as
gDF s )(6 3 ?? ??? ??
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.2 centrifugal force formula
?Cleary in a standing vessel the acceleration cannot be
altered to enhance the separation force Fs,but by
subjecting the operation to centrifugal force the above
expression can be replaced by
where:
? = angular velocity
? = effective radius
rDF s 23 )(6 ???? ?? ??
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.3 Centrifugal force can be great
– Both the rotational speed and the effective
radius are controllable within certain
engineering limitations.
– Thus if our standing vessel is replaced by a
rotating cylinder the separating force and
hence the speed of separation can be increased.
– This effectively is what happens in a
centrifuge.
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.4 batch operation
– For many years marine centrifuges were designed for
batch operation,which is the machines were run for a
period during which solids accumulated in the bowl.
– The machine was stopped when the accumulated
solids began to impair its performance and the solids
were removed.
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.5 Lub,Oil batch centrifuging
– Batch centrifuging is still commonly used especially
for lubricating oil purification,but many machines
capable of continuous or semi-continuous sludge
discharge are now at sea.
– Two distinct types of batch operated machines have
been used.
– These are illustrated in Figure 3.1 and classified in
Table 3.1.
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
Maximum
centrifugal
force
Bowl dia.
(mm)
Length/dia.
(of bowl) Drive
Batch
tubular
Bowl
type
13,000–20,000 * g Up to 180 Up to 7 Bowl suspended from above
Batch
disc
bowl
type
5,000–8000 * g Up to,say 600 Generally ?1 Bowl supported form below
Table 3.1 Details of tubular and disc type centrifuges used for batch
treatment of liquids
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.4 tubular bowl machine
– The tubular bowl machine is
physically able to withstand higher
angular velocities than the wide or
disc bowl type,hence a higher
centrifugal force can be applied.
– The heavier phase only has a short
distance to travel before coming to the
bowl wall where the solids are
deposited and the heavy phase liquid
is guided to the water discharge if the
machine is so set up.
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
? 3.1.5 Centrifuges
– On the other hand the sludge
retention volume and liquid
detention time for a given
throughput can only be increased
by lengthening the bowl,
– This gives rise to bowl balancing
and handling problems.
Retention volume
Detention time
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– The wide bowl type can
retain more sludge before its
performance is drastically
impaired and can be cleaned
in situ.
– Thus it has no handling
problems.
– On the other hand settling
characteristics in a wide
bowl machine are relatively
poor towards the bowl
centre and the distance the
heavy phase has to travel
before reaching the bowl
wall is great,drastically
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– To overcome these problems
a stack of conical discs,
spaced about 2 - 4 mm apart
is arranged in the bowl,
– The liquid is fed into the
stack either from the outer
edge of the discs or via
distribution holes towards the
periphery of the discs
depending on the make of the
machine,and flows along the
spaces between adjacent
plates,
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– The plates then act as an
extended settling surface,the
heavy phase particles passing
through the light phase as
shown in Figure and impinging
on the under surfaces of the
discs.
– Once the particles have
impinged on the disc surface
they are able to accumulate and
eventually slide along the discs
towards the periphery,
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
ll
h
e
water
oil
Figure 3.2 Hydrostatic situation in a gravity
settling tank
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
oilwater
Figure 3.3
Hydrostatic
seal in a
disc type
centrifugal
bowl
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– At the periphery of the disc the
water globules and solid
particles leave the stack.
– The heavier solid particles pass
to the bowl wall,and the water
is sandwiched between the
solids and the oil,which
orientates itself towards the
bowl centre.
– The boundaries at which
substances meet are known as
interfaces.
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– The oil/water interface is very
distinct and is known as the e -
line.
– To gain the fullest advantage
from the disc stack,the e - line
should be located outside of it.
– On the other hand if the e - line
is located outside the water
outlet baffle (top disc)
discharge of oil in the water
phase will take place.
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– Referring back to gravity
separation in a settling
tank,if the tank is
partitioned,as shown in
Figure,continuous
separation will take place.
– Since the arrangement is a
very crude U-tube
containing two liquids of
different Specific gravities,
the height of the liquid in
the two legs will have the
relationship
ll
h
e
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– where:
? ?l = density of oil
? ?h = density of water
)()( hele hl ??? ??
ll
h
e
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
22
22
he
le
l
h
?
??
?
?
or
A very similar arrangement is found in the centrifuge.
This is shown in Figure and the equation now
becomes
)()( 222222 hewle hl ??? ???
(7)
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– The mechanical design of the
centrifuge requires that the e -
line is confined within certain
strict limits.
– However variations in ρl will be
found depending upon the port
at which the vessel takes on
bunkers.
– It is necessary therefore to
provide means of varying h or l
to compensate for the variation
in specific gravity,
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
22
22
he
le
l
h
?
??
?
?
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– It is usually the dimension h which
is varied and this is done by the use
of dam rings (sometimes called
gravity discs) of different
diameters,
– Normally a table is provided with
the machine,giving the disc
diameter required for purifying oils
of various specific gravities.
– Alternatively the disc diameter Dh
may be calculated from the
following formula which is derived
from (7)
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
22
22
he
le
l
h
?
??
?
?
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– The dimension e can be taken as the mean radius of
one thin conical plate and the heavy top conical plate
(outlet baffle).
– If oil is discharging in the water outlet the gravity
disc is too large.
2 22 )1( ?
?
?
?
?
? ???
h
l
h
l
h elD ?
?
?
?
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– It is important to realize that variation in oil
temperature will cause a proportional variation in S.G.
and for this reason the feed temperature must remain
constant.
– To some extent,the feed rate will have an effect on the
e -line (because it can alter the overheight of the liquid
flowing over the lip of the gravity disc):
3.1 fuel and lubricating oil
treatment
– excessive feed should be
avoided in any event since
the quality of separation
deteriorates with increase of
throughput.
– To prevent oil passing out of
the water side on start up it
is necessary to put water into
the bowl until the water
shows at the water discharge.
– The bowl is then
hydraulically sealed.
e e
r r
r 1
r 1
l l
h h
