蛋白质结构
Protein structure
Properties of Proteins
Proteins Have Many Different Biological
Functions
Enzymes
Transport Proteins
Nutrient and Storage Proteins
Contractile or Motile Proteins
Structural Proteins
Defense Proteins
Regulatory Proteins
Other Proteins
Functions of proteins,The light produced by fireflies is the
result of a light-producing reaction involving luciferin and
ATP that is catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase
Enzyme
Transport Proteins
Erythrocytes contain large amounts of the
oxygen-transporting protein hemoglobin.
The movement of cilia in protozoans
depends on the action of the protein dynein
Contractile or Motile Proteins
Structural Proteins
The protein fibroin is the
major structural component
of spider webs
Castor beans contain a highly
toxic protein called ricin.
Defense Proteins
Proteins Are Very Large Molecules
Proteins Have Characteristic Amino Acid
Compositions
Some Proteins Contain Chemical Groups
Other Than Amino Acids
The Function of a Protein
Depends on Its Amino Acid
Sequence!!!
氨基酸 ----组成蛋白质的单体氨基酸的结构特点
除脯氨酸以外,蛋白质中发现的所有氨基酸都有一个共同的结构,即与一个羧基相连的
α -碳原子、一个氨基、一个质子和一个随氨基酸不同而异的侧链
除了甘氨酸以外,所有的 α -碳原子均有手性,
因此氨基酸存在成对的光学活性立体异构体
(蛋白质中仅有 L-型)
在水溶液中氨基酸可以呈酸性和碱性
侧链可以在大小、形状、电荷和化学性质上不同,导致了不同蛋白质的性质各异非极性脂肪族侧链
Gly- 甘氨酸
Ala- 丙氨酸
Val- 纈氨酸
Leu- 亮氨酸
Ile- 异亮氨酸
Pro- 脯氨酸芳香族氨基酸
Phe- 苯丙氨酸
Try- 酪氨酸
Trp- 色氨酸不带电极性侧链
Ser- 丝氨酸
Thr- 苏氨酸
Cys- 半胱氨酸
Met- 甲硫氨酸
Asn- 天冬酰胺
Gln- 谷氨酰胺带正电侧链
Lys- 赖氨酸
Arg- 精氨酸
His- 组氨酸带负电侧链
Asp- 天冬氨酸
Glu- 谷氨酸带电荷的侧链
天冬氨酸、谷氨酸-带离子化的额外的羧基(带负电)
赖氨酸(亚氨基)、精氨酸(胍基)、组氨酸(咪唑基)是碱性氨基酸不带电的极性侧链
丝氨酸、苏氨酸-羟基
半胱氨酸-巯基非极性脂肪烃侧链
甘氨酸-氢原子,不具光学活性
脯氨酸-亚氨基酸
丙氨酸、纈氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸-疏水烷基
甲硫氨酸-硫原子芳香族氨基酸
苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、色氨酸-较大的疏水侧链,
280nm有最大吸收
酪氨酸的酚羟基也能形成氢键蛋白质的结构和功能大小与形状一级结构二级结构三级结构四级结构辅基功能蛋白质的大小与形状蛋白质可以分为两类,即球蛋白和纤维蛋白分子量范围:几千到几百万道尔顿
The structure of the enzyme chemotropic,a globular protein.
蛋白质的结构蛋白质的一级结构 (primary structure)
组成蛋白质的氨基酸之间以肽键( 氨基酸的 α –羧基和下一个氨基酸的 α –氨基的共价结合)相连,形成了多肽骨架,多肽是有方向性的,即 N-端和 C-端肽键中羰基和氨基等基团的高极性性质使 C-N
键具有部分双键性质,使得肽键单元有刚性和平面性,尽管相邻肽键间存在自由旋转这种极性有利于在适当的空间和方向上的肽键单元间形成氢键,因此多肽链能够折叠成几种由氢键维持的规则结构
α螺旋 (α helix )
β 折叠 (βconformation )
蛋白质的二级结构
α 螺旋,肽链骨架形成每周 3.6个氨基酸的右手螺旋,每个肽的 N-H基团都与相距 3个氨基酸残基的 C=O基团间形成氢键影响 α 螺旋的主要因素
the electrostatic repulsion (or attraction)
between amino acid residues with charged R
groups
the bulkiness of adjacent R groups
the interactions between amino acid side
chains spaced three (or four) residues apart
the occurrence of Pro residues
the interaction between amino acids at the
ends of the helix and the electric dipole
inherent to this structure.
β –折叠,由肽键 N-H和 C=O基团与肽链上另一段互补的基团间形成氢键
NOTICE,fibrous proteins generally have only one type
of secondary structure
Structure of collagen,The collagen helix is a repeating secondary structure unique to this protein.
蛋白质的三级结构在上述二级结构和连接进一步折叠成的三维构象的组织水平即多肽的三级结构
在合适的条件下,大多数多肽均能自发折叠成正确的三级结构,
因为这通常是序列能量最低构象
如要实现正确折叠需,伴侣蛋白,的参与,其作用是蛋白质合成结束前阻止新生多肽的错误折叠
折叠过程-带有亲水侧链的氨基酸主要位于蛋白质外部,可与水或溶剂离子作用,而疏水氨基酸则主要位于蛋白质内部,使得结构总体上是稳定的
维系蛋白质三级结构的主要是非共价相互作用
范德华力
氢键
静电盐桥
疏水相互作用
The three-dimensional structures of three small proteins,cytochrome c,lysozyme,and ribonuclease,
For lysozyme and ribonuclease the active site of the enzyme faces the viewer,Key functional
groups (the heme in cytochrome c,and amino acid side chains in the active site of lysozyme and
ribonuclease) are shown in red; disulfide bonds are shown in yellow,‘two representations of each
protein are shown,a space-filling model and a ribbon representation,In the ribbon depictions,the β
structures are represented by flat arrows and the α helices by spiral ribbons; the orientation in each
case is the same as that of the space-filling model,to facilitate comparison.
Proteins Lose Structure and
Function on Denaturation
Boiling a protein solution disrupts a variety of weak
interactions,
Organic solvents,urea,and detergents act primarily
by disrupting the hydrophobic interactions that make
up the stable core of globular proteins.
extremes of pH alter the net charge on the protein,
causing electrostatic repulsion and disruption of some
hydrogen bonding,
no covalent bonds in the polypeptide chain are
broken,
蛋白质的四级结构许多蛋白质是由两个或多个亚基(多肽链)组成稳定三级结构的力同样可以维系亚基,包括不同肽链间中半胱氨酸间的二硫键这一组织水平被称之为四级结构重要性
可构成很大的蛋白质分子
通过复合不同活性于一个整体,赋予一个蛋白质以更多的功能
The three-dimensional (quaternaryl structure of deoxyhemoglobin,revealed by
x-ray diffraction analysis,showing how the four subunits are packed together,
(a) A ribbon representation,(b) A space-filling model,The α subunits are shown
in white and light blue; the β subunits are shown in pink and purple,Note that
the heme groups,shown in red,are relatively far apart.
酶与底物结合后构象的变化
Conformational changes induced in
hemoglobin when oxygen binds,(The
oxygen-bound form is shown at
bottom.) There are multiple structural
changes,some not visible here; most
of the changes are subtle,
辅基许多连接蛋白可与被成为辅基的小分子以共价或非共价键结合,给蛋白质提供氨基酸侧链所不能提供的功能,是许多酶催化反应中的辅因子
NAD+ —脱氢酶
磷酸吡哆醛 —转氨酶
血红素 —血红蛋白、细胞色素
金属离子蛋白质的功能酶 —除了少数有催化活性的 RNA以外,几乎所有的酶都是蛋白质信号传递 —受体蛋白转运与贮存 —血红蛋白、脂蛋白结构与运动 —胶原蛋白、角蛋白、肌动蛋白营养 —酪蛋白、卵清蛋白免疫 —抗原、抗体调节 —转录因子
Proteins in the plasma membrane serve as transporters,signal receptors,
and ion channels,Extracellular signals are amplified by receptors,
because binding of a single ligand molecule to the surface receptor causes
many molecules of an intracellular signal molecule to be formed,or many ions
to flow through the opened channel,Transporters carry substances into and
out of the cell,but do not act as signal amplifiers.
蛋白质的分析方法蛋白质纯化蛋白质测序分子量的测定
X-射线晶体学与核磁共振功能分析蛋白质组学蛋白质纯化为了研究某一种蛋白质,必须首先将该蛋白质从其他蛋白质和非蛋白质分子中纯化出来用于分离蛋白质的最重要的特性有
分子大小
电荷
疏水性
亲和性依据蛋白质分子大小的分离方法凝胶过滤层析
(分子筛)
电荷差异亲和性亲和层析蛋白质测序蛋白质在测序之前首先需要经过水解,
得到小肽,然后用自动蛋白质测序仪用
Edman降解法测定氨基酸序列
Ed
ma
n
降解法原理蛋白质分子质量的测定等电点测定
Isoelectric focusing
Isoelectric focusing,This
technique separates proteins
according to their isoelectric
points,A stable pH gradient is
established in the gel by the
addition of appropriate
ampholytes,A protein mixture is
placed in a well on the gel,With
an applied electric field,
proteins enter the gel and
migrate until each reaches a pH
equivalent to its pI,Remember
that the net charge of a protein
is zero when pH = pI.
X-衍射晶体学和核磁共振用以确定蛋白质三维立体结构的有效方法
X-晶体衍射 ——X射线可与蛋白质中的电子作用得到特有的衍射图谱,可用于确定晶体中原子的位置功能分析基于氨基酸一级序列信息,利用计算机辅助方法进行蛋白质三维结构预测- 同源性分析遗传分析可揭示该蛋白质在细胞中的作用-某一蛋白质的基因可通过突变失活或用重组 DNA技术删除,进而研究其突变体的 表现型,揭示该蛋白质的作用蛋白质组学蛋白质组( proteome)用于描述一个细胞在它的生存期或它生存的任何一个时间内转录表达的全套蛋白蛋白质组学-用高分辨率的蛋白质分离和鉴定技术来研究蛋白质组
二维凝胶电泳
等电聚焦
多肽分子质量指纹图谱等电聚焦
SDS-PAGE
蛋白酶水解肽谱多肽分子质量图谱
Protein structure
Properties of Proteins
Proteins Have Many Different Biological
Functions
Enzymes
Transport Proteins
Nutrient and Storage Proteins
Contractile or Motile Proteins
Structural Proteins
Defense Proteins
Regulatory Proteins
Other Proteins
Functions of proteins,The light produced by fireflies is the
result of a light-producing reaction involving luciferin and
ATP that is catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase
Enzyme
Transport Proteins
Erythrocytes contain large amounts of the
oxygen-transporting protein hemoglobin.
The movement of cilia in protozoans
depends on the action of the protein dynein
Contractile or Motile Proteins
Structural Proteins
The protein fibroin is the
major structural component
of spider webs
Castor beans contain a highly
toxic protein called ricin.
Defense Proteins
Proteins Are Very Large Molecules
Proteins Have Characteristic Amino Acid
Compositions
Some Proteins Contain Chemical Groups
Other Than Amino Acids
The Function of a Protein
Depends on Its Amino Acid
Sequence!!!
氨基酸 ----组成蛋白质的单体氨基酸的结构特点
除脯氨酸以外,蛋白质中发现的所有氨基酸都有一个共同的结构,即与一个羧基相连的
α -碳原子、一个氨基、一个质子和一个随氨基酸不同而异的侧链
除了甘氨酸以外,所有的 α -碳原子均有手性,
因此氨基酸存在成对的光学活性立体异构体
(蛋白质中仅有 L-型)
在水溶液中氨基酸可以呈酸性和碱性
侧链可以在大小、形状、电荷和化学性质上不同,导致了不同蛋白质的性质各异非极性脂肪族侧链
Gly- 甘氨酸
Ala- 丙氨酸
Val- 纈氨酸
Leu- 亮氨酸
Ile- 异亮氨酸
Pro- 脯氨酸芳香族氨基酸
Phe- 苯丙氨酸
Try- 酪氨酸
Trp- 色氨酸不带电极性侧链
Ser- 丝氨酸
Thr- 苏氨酸
Cys- 半胱氨酸
Met- 甲硫氨酸
Asn- 天冬酰胺
Gln- 谷氨酰胺带正电侧链
Lys- 赖氨酸
Arg- 精氨酸
His- 组氨酸带负电侧链
Asp- 天冬氨酸
Glu- 谷氨酸带电荷的侧链
天冬氨酸、谷氨酸-带离子化的额外的羧基(带负电)
赖氨酸(亚氨基)、精氨酸(胍基)、组氨酸(咪唑基)是碱性氨基酸不带电的极性侧链
丝氨酸、苏氨酸-羟基
半胱氨酸-巯基非极性脂肪烃侧链
甘氨酸-氢原子,不具光学活性
脯氨酸-亚氨基酸
丙氨酸、纈氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸-疏水烷基
甲硫氨酸-硫原子芳香族氨基酸
苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、色氨酸-较大的疏水侧链,
280nm有最大吸收
酪氨酸的酚羟基也能形成氢键蛋白质的结构和功能大小与形状一级结构二级结构三级结构四级结构辅基功能蛋白质的大小与形状蛋白质可以分为两类,即球蛋白和纤维蛋白分子量范围:几千到几百万道尔顿
The structure of the enzyme chemotropic,a globular protein.
蛋白质的结构蛋白质的一级结构 (primary structure)
组成蛋白质的氨基酸之间以肽键( 氨基酸的 α –羧基和下一个氨基酸的 α –氨基的共价结合)相连,形成了多肽骨架,多肽是有方向性的,即 N-端和 C-端肽键中羰基和氨基等基团的高极性性质使 C-N
键具有部分双键性质,使得肽键单元有刚性和平面性,尽管相邻肽键间存在自由旋转这种极性有利于在适当的空间和方向上的肽键单元间形成氢键,因此多肽链能够折叠成几种由氢键维持的规则结构
α螺旋 (α helix )
β 折叠 (βconformation )
蛋白质的二级结构
α 螺旋,肽链骨架形成每周 3.6个氨基酸的右手螺旋,每个肽的 N-H基团都与相距 3个氨基酸残基的 C=O基团间形成氢键影响 α 螺旋的主要因素
the electrostatic repulsion (or attraction)
between amino acid residues with charged R
groups
the bulkiness of adjacent R groups
the interactions between amino acid side
chains spaced three (or four) residues apart
the occurrence of Pro residues
the interaction between amino acids at the
ends of the helix and the electric dipole
inherent to this structure.
β –折叠,由肽键 N-H和 C=O基团与肽链上另一段互补的基团间形成氢键
NOTICE,fibrous proteins generally have only one type
of secondary structure
Structure of collagen,The collagen helix is a repeating secondary structure unique to this protein.
蛋白质的三级结构在上述二级结构和连接进一步折叠成的三维构象的组织水平即多肽的三级结构
在合适的条件下,大多数多肽均能自发折叠成正确的三级结构,
因为这通常是序列能量最低构象
如要实现正确折叠需,伴侣蛋白,的参与,其作用是蛋白质合成结束前阻止新生多肽的错误折叠
折叠过程-带有亲水侧链的氨基酸主要位于蛋白质外部,可与水或溶剂离子作用,而疏水氨基酸则主要位于蛋白质内部,使得结构总体上是稳定的
维系蛋白质三级结构的主要是非共价相互作用
范德华力
氢键
静电盐桥
疏水相互作用
The three-dimensional structures of three small proteins,cytochrome c,lysozyme,and ribonuclease,
For lysozyme and ribonuclease the active site of the enzyme faces the viewer,Key functional
groups (the heme in cytochrome c,and amino acid side chains in the active site of lysozyme and
ribonuclease) are shown in red; disulfide bonds are shown in yellow,‘two representations of each
protein are shown,a space-filling model and a ribbon representation,In the ribbon depictions,the β
structures are represented by flat arrows and the α helices by spiral ribbons; the orientation in each
case is the same as that of the space-filling model,to facilitate comparison.
Proteins Lose Structure and
Function on Denaturation
Boiling a protein solution disrupts a variety of weak
interactions,
Organic solvents,urea,and detergents act primarily
by disrupting the hydrophobic interactions that make
up the stable core of globular proteins.
extremes of pH alter the net charge on the protein,
causing electrostatic repulsion and disruption of some
hydrogen bonding,
no covalent bonds in the polypeptide chain are
broken,
蛋白质的四级结构许多蛋白质是由两个或多个亚基(多肽链)组成稳定三级结构的力同样可以维系亚基,包括不同肽链间中半胱氨酸间的二硫键这一组织水平被称之为四级结构重要性
可构成很大的蛋白质分子
通过复合不同活性于一个整体,赋予一个蛋白质以更多的功能
The three-dimensional (quaternaryl structure of deoxyhemoglobin,revealed by
x-ray diffraction analysis,showing how the four subunits are packed together,
(a) A ribbon representation,(b) A space-filling model,The α subunits are shown
in white and light blue; the β subunits are shown in pink and purple,Note that
the heme groups,shown in red,are relatively far apart.
酶与底物结合后构象的变化
Conformational changes induced in
hemoglobin when oxygen binds,(The
oxygen-bound form is shown at
bottom.) There are multiple structural
changes,some not visible here; most
of the changes are subtle,
辅基许多连接蛋白可与被成为辅基的小分子以共价或非共价键结合,给蛋白质提供氨基酸侧链所不能提供的功能,是许多酶催化反应中的辅因子
NAD+ —脱氢酶
磷酸吡哆醛 —转氨酶
血红素 —血红蛋白、细胞色素
金属离子蛋白质的功能酶 —除了少数有催化活性的 RNA以外,几乎所有的酶都是蛋白质信号传递 —受体蛋白转运与贮存 —血红蛋白、脂蛋白结构与运动 —胶原蛋白、角蛋白、肌动蛋白营养 —酪蛋白、卵清蛋白免疫 —抗原、抗体调节 —转录因子
Proteins in the plasma membrane serve as transporters,signal receptors,
and ion channels,Extracellular signals are amplified by receptors,
because binding of a single ligand molecule to the surface receptor causes
many molecules of an intracellular signal molecule to be formed,or many ions
to flow through the opened channel,Transporters carry substances into and
out of the cell,but do not act as signal amplifiers.
蛋白质的分析方法蛋白质纯化蛋白质测序分子量的测定
X-射线晶体学与核磁共振功能分析蛋白质组学蛋白质纯化为了研究某一种蛋白质,必须首先将该蛋白质从其他蛋白质和非蛋白质分子中纯化出来用于分离蛋白质的最重要的特性有
分子大小
电荷
疏水性
亲和性依据蛋白质分子大小的分离方法凝胶过滤层析
(分子筛)
电荷差异亲和性亲和层析蛋白质测序蛋白质在测序之前首先需要经过水解,
得到小肽,然后用自动蛋白质测序仪用
Edman降解法测定氨基酸序列
Ed
ma
n
降解法原理蛋白质分子质量的测定等电点测定
Isoelectric focusing
Isoelectric focusing,This
technique separates proteins
according to their isoelectric
points,A stable pH gradient is
established in the gel by the
addition of appropriate
ampholytes,A protein mixture is
placed in a well on the gel,With
an applied electric field,
proteins enter the gel and
migrate until each reaches a pH
equivalent to its pI,Remember
that the net charge of a protein
is zero when pH = pI.
X-衍射晶体学和核磁共振用以确定蛋白质三维立体结构的有效方法
X-晶体衍射 ——X射线可与蛋白质中的电子作用得到特有的衍射图谱,可用于确定晶体中原子的位置功能分析基于氨基酸一级序列信息,利用计算机辅助方法进行蛋白质三维结构预测- 同源性分析遗传分析可揭示该蛋白质在细胞中的作用-某一蛋白质的基因可通过突变失活或用重组 DNA技术删除,进而研究其突变体的 表现型,揭示该蛋白质的作用蛋白质组学蛋白质组( proteome)用于描述一个细胞在它的生存期或它生存的任何一个时间内转录表达的全套蛋白蛋白质组学-用高分辨率的蛋白质分离和鉴定技术来研究蛋白质组
二维凝胶电泳
等电聚焦
多肽分子质量指纹图谱等电聚焦
SDS-PAGE
蛋白酶水解肽谱多肽分子质量图谱