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2002 7
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Bruce EckelFG (H I J K ( L ( M N O PA ! Q
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Bruce Eckel? (′?,?,1000V W? ˉ? ˙? = G ¨ XD E? m3 m ˇ( 8? Y — (?
The
genesis of the computer revolution was in a machine,The genesis of our
programming languages thus tends to look like that machine.ˇ 3 w Z | ′,; $ X O
Bruce% ( ˉ 3 K ( — 1 F – J ( 1 (?; a B,V ` J J? ' ( X X? ‰ ( f o ( M % (r?F V,X ; F K c o ; K? ^ ( X ^ X b,(,
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a = x + y - 2/2 + z;
3 h i · J e z 3 Su,m{ | X (? } 0
a = x + (y - 2)/(2 + z);
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//,c03:Assignment.java
// Assignment with objects is a bit tricky,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Number {
int i;
}
public class Assignment {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
Number n1 = new Number();
Number n2 = new Number();
n1.i = 9;
n2.i = 47;
System.out.println("1,n1.i," + n1.i +
",n2.i," + n2.i);
n1 = n2;
System.out.println("2,n1.i," + n1.i +
",n2.i," + n2.i);
n1.i = 27;
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System.out.println("3,n1.i," + n1.i +
",n2.i," + n2.i);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"1,n1.i,9,n2.i,47",
"2,n1.i,47,n2.i,47",
"3,n1.i,27,n2.i,27"
});
}
} ///:~
~ / ′? 3 K ( 3 0
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
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` ￥? ' ￡ e? F e( m Z 3 0
static Test monitor = new Test();
A,§ currency1 3
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monitor.expect(new String[] {
"1,n1.i,9,n2.i,47",
"2,n1.i,47,n2.i,47",
"3,n1.i,27,n2.i,27"
});
"z h ( (? @ ' ! ( M X,P' ! ],! Q,? A "z 1 8 E X x )?”? ˉ g,
Y A fi O,N ' ! (
; fl ￡?< g x (' !,
e ) t § currency1,e e(?] !
" A W ( T ~ J,X (L | P " ~? ! `
! F V ( E? | ! " –,? e (￥ _ F
‘ ) ￥ ( ~ L
E < ! ￥ !(,g " · !
"? e y 3 ￥ _ /Y F
! ( y ( L (￥ _ F~ L ^
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* T,? J T,A D y (Y ￥ _,T,? … ‰? ￠?
_? T U
v ￥ _ (G? ˉ? | `
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n1.i = n2.i;
ˉ? 3 ￥ _ `
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P￥ _? ( M [,m
(c d 0
//,c03:PassObject.java
// Passing objects to methods may not be what
// you're used to,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Letter {
char c;
}
public class PassObject {
static Test monitor = new Test();
static void f(Letter y) {
y.c = 'z';
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Letter x = new Letter();
x.c = 'a';
System.out.println("1,x.c," + x.c);
f(x);
System.out.println("2,x.c," + x.c);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"1,x.c,a",
"2,x.c,z"
});
}
} ///:~
F V
#,FA (1?￥ "$ %1 3 (
D E?
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y.c = 'z';
J,
# ‰? (￥ _ (' ! E,3C
! < § ￡ N > (4 d | W % g,5 !,1c? ' ￡? F m c d?,? g3? ˇ
F ′ V " G ("F? > (0
P
R Q A,…? "> Ru (o "? ">R,P O ˉ( "C? c {? X 1? t
[ m E ( @ ~ L ()? S A 3 - SQ h F
* h ; 3 a r ) D m( % m?,
8 % " | ` ~ 0
],"F ( 0
//,c03:MathOps.java
// Demonstrates the mathematical operators,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
import java.util.*;
public class MathOps {
static Test monitor = new Test();
// Shorthand to print a string and an int,
static void printInt(String s,int i) {
System.out.println(s + " = " + i);
}
// Shorthand to print a string and a float,
static void printFloat(String s,float f) {
System.out.println(s + " = " + f);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a random number generator,
// seeds with current time by default,
Random rand = new Random();
int i,j,k;
// Choose value from 1 to 100,
j = rand.nextInt(100) + 1;
k = rand.nextInt(100) + 1;
printInt("j",j); printInt("k",k);
i = j + k; printInt("j + k",i);
i = j - k; printInt("j - k",i);
i = k / j; printInt("k / j",i);
i = k * j; printInt("k * j",i);
i = k % j; printInt("k % j",i);
j %= k; printInt("j %= k",j);
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// Floating-point number tests,
float u,v,w; // applies to doubles,too
v = rand.nextFloat();
w = rand.nextFloat();
printFloat("v",v); printFloat("w",w);
u = v + w; printFloat("v + w",u);
u = v - w; printFloat("v - w",u);
u = v * w; printFloat("v * w",u);
u = v / w; printFloat("v / w",u);
// the following also works for
// char,byte,short,int,long,
// and double,
u += v; printFloat("u += v",u);
u -= v; printFloat("u -= v",u);
u *= v; printFloat("u *= v",u);
u /= v; printFloat("u /= v",u);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"%% j = -?\\d+",
"%% k = -?\\d+",
"%% j \\+ k = -?\\d+",
"%% j - k = -?\\d+",
"%% k / j = -?\\d+",
"%% k \\* j = -?\\d+",
"%% k % j = -?\\d+",
"%% j %= k = -?\\d+",
"%% v = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)?",
"%% w = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)?",
"%% v \\+ w = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% v - w = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% v \\* w = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% v / w = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% u \\+= v = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% u -= v = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% u \\*= v = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% u /= v = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)"
});
}
} ///:~
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[ E $ )
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‘ ) g, " ' ! (O ˉ”3 currency1 3 currency1 X 3? D E
X ; ` }^ + Y? 3 X r #?,' ! Z,%￡ N c d
g3 # $ " D t( T U s h i · (K (p
F% % & ’ u e( p,
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,% | c?,￡ R? #? (
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ˉ?m Y Z A F? (>? ˇ8? % h 3 ; m[ ; m(? S? E F? S? 3 c S }? 0
-?
h? " h 3 V " F s h i · * "
[,\h ( F ( ` 3 ; PA? ˇ 3 0[
.,\ % F s h i ·?h?3 V (h i · ˇ? [
\ D E % h ; m PS 1,3 " ˇ 0
-?\\d+
J? Y (
( 3
( * a ([/ / \? 3?,(
X ) s h i · D ( Y A h Q ( 3 s h i · D E
(? < X gM ( s h i · ( § A % A X ) s h i · p m(? % c?
D E 3 0
%% j = -?\\d+
[
) \”T x? F L [) * \ ([ \ ( [
+\3? F s h i ·?A [ 3 p q 1 u i? v w ; < =,? ˉ? (
g,s h i · (K p ( W,` 1 ￡
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t (PS
S PS S c >?,^ (hi · Q n o gh t ( ( ]? h i ·
x = -a;
(? } w ‰? [ E ! 0
x = a * -b;
￡ (“,D E 0
x = a * (-b);
t PSh? " mt PS mt ( S X 9 ^ 1
3 g? )? )? E ˙? 9 Q ) t – ) Q Z? Y <
P
[ T U 1?,ˇ? P
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[ 1? / … ` @? ] 0
//,c03:AutoInc.java
// Demonstrates the ++ and -- operators,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
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public class AutoInc {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 1;
System.out.println("i," + i);
System.out.println("++i," + ++i); // Pre-
increment
System.out.println("i++," + i++); // Post-
increment
System.out.println("i," + i);
System.out.println("--i," + --i); // Pre-
decrement
System.out.println("i--," + i--); // Post-
decrement
System.out.println("i," + i);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"i,1",
"++i,2",
"i++,2",
"i,3",
"--i,2",
"i--,2",
"i,1"
});
}
} ///:~
E < g ( M? D g(? ^ @ (L
(? D g( ( ^ ￠ (L 3 3 R,~ L u ‰
m§ A,( 1 [ $ X % A Q ( @ % A Q 1 "
[
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! *,& / (§ currency1 u 3 $?
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X g?8 ) t V ˇ(r?
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e$(O ˉ A W,n o 1 "(L (′ #? ˉ # % s # h i · …
ˉ # s …
# # m ) 0 ′ ) 1 ) - ) 0 ′ ) - )
1 > - E < X - 2 D m( "#e$? ; 8 > -
3 X - 3 ￥ e$ R,> - X - (u ‰ § A 8? (
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# ; ) D m￥ _ A W (? },PK &W? ’ (? 3 ] 0
//,c03:Equivalence.java
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class Equivalence {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer n1 = new Integer(47);
Integer n2 = new Integer(47);
System.out.println(n1 == n2);
System.out.println(n1 != n2);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"false",
"true"
});
}
} ///:~
h i ·
%,,! ",P8 O ˉ(
L ],! Q | ‘ ) e & ￥ _ c > ( ' ! O ˉv w /
# | | ￥ _ (? R ˇ > A W (
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D E? (' ! v w / # ￥ K & W |,) 3 * (
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w? 0
//,c03:EqualsMethod.java
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class EqualsMethod {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer n1 = new Integer(47);
Integer n2 = new Integer(47);
System.out.println(n1.equals(n2));
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"true"
});
}
} ///:~
F(O ˉ - *(
,,Y Z ) t? ˉ? § currency1,(e 8 $? 0
//,c03:EqualsMethod2.java
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import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Value {
int i;
}
public class EqualsMethod2 {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
Value v1 = new Value();
Value v2 = new Value();
v1.i = v2.i = 100;
System.out.println(v1.equals(v2));
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"false"
});
}
} ///:~
/,3 0 … Q,0O ˉ
# 0 (1 8
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0? ;? X 6 4 ′ V "
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7 8
5 5 6 6 fl 2,9 # "(7 8 # J 0 3
# ( L? # 7 8 (] 0
//,c03:Bool.java
// Relational and logical operators,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Bool {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
Random rand = new Random();
int i = rand.nextInt(100);
int j = rand.nextInt(100);
System.out.println("i = " + i);
System.out.println("j = " + j);
System.out.println("i > j is " + (i > j));
System.out.println("i < j is " + (i < j));
System.out.println("i >= j is " + (i >= j));
System.out.println("i <= j is " + (i <= j));
System.out.println("i == j is " + (i == j));
System.out.println("i != j is " + (i != j));
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// Treating an int as a boolean is not legal
Java,
//! System.out.println("i && j is " + (i && j));
//! System.out.println("i || j is " + (i || j));
//! System.out.println("!i is " + !i);
System.out.println("(i < 10) && (j < 10) is "
+ ((i < 10) && (j < 10)) );
System.out.println("(i < 10) || (j < 10) is "
+ ((i < 10) || (j < 10)) );
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"%% i = -?\\d+",
"%% j = -?\\d+",
"%% i > j is (true|false)",
"%% i < j is (true|false)",
"%% i >= j is (true|false)",
"%% i <= j is (true|false)",
"%% i == j is (true|false)",
"%% i != j is (true|false)",
"%% \\(i < 10\\) && \\(j < 10\\) is
(true|false)",
"%% \\(i < 10\\) \\|\\| \\(j < 10\\) is
(true|false)"
});
}
} ///:~
F
( s h i ·? 3 S Q h i · z ( [
1\h 7 8? ˇ D E 0
(true|false)
h ( ; [
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!7 ˇ? ˇ fl?7 8 ˇ ; ) L? X; }
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L ￠ [, g,6 ; (< ￠? T Y S?,b h i ·,/ # ( 8 ` 7 8 @ 8 O ˉ(L
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L 1 Q ( A,T = > v (
FJ E P
= R u ‰ (^ "# Y Z > C "(8? @? ( e "u 4A B mh b L (Y 3 mB [,?X - ˇ( 3 " % m3 X
C Y A X C
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￠ 7 8 ( M,D g3 E?F
’ ˇ( _ [ $ % ; x r? h i · %? G 1 ! no? m ;,! @ 7 8 h i · ( H ; 1 ! n o
(? 3 F (] 0
//,c03:ShortCircuit.java
// Demonstrates short-circuiting behavior,
// with logical operators,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class ShortCircuit {
static Test monitor = new Test();
static boolean test1(int val) {
System.out.println("test1(" + val + ")");
System.out.println("result," + (val < 1));
return val < 1;
}
static boolean test2(int val) {
System.out.println("test2(" + val + ")");
System.out.println("result," + (val < 2));
return val < 2;
}
static boolean test3(int val) {
System.out.println("test3(" + val + ")");
System.out.println("result," + (val < 3));
return val < 3;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
if(test1(0) && test2(2) && test3(2))
System.out.println("expression is true");
else
System.out.println("expression is false");
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"test1(0)",
"result,true",
"test2(2)",
"result,false",
"expression is false"
});
}
} ///:~
,? ￠ "? ( 8 | …
‰ A,],3 E w T N,,? (h i · (? ￠ 0
if(test1(0) && test2(2) && test3(2));?,| | r L? ￠? % 3 I ' ! (O ˉJ h
w? fl? 3? ￠ …,D E h i · % (
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a0 15
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e$("# e "(> ￥ v ( ( O P § O ˉ (O ˉ
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T 1 %V t W X? (? Y Z Q? @ ( D E ˙ 3 h [ \ ; m fl ( X ^? ′ V 6?,Q
ˉ' t? 3 s?
2 ˇ” … 3 2 s C ' t (e * % m3 3 s?
1 ˇ” … 3 me? C( M A … C? ˉ' t (e *m m3 3 s?]
3 ˇ” … 3 fl 4 [ T U
3 t A % 3 " § A (?
fl,￥ ' t C 3 3 C 7 8 > ( S D E W u ￠ ‘ Q ^ _ Y
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3? b ( – ) 4 A c | 3 t [ X %? F3 9,
5 e$”T 1 m3 (L D E A V 6 mC X? E ( E < ] X ; ( fl;,d + 7 8fl > e f
￥ ) 7 8 (F\ ; J > ( A mF ‰
(?m3 7 8 D m(]
L X ; g – ) Z g W h J '
g [ 3 A ; )? "$(
"# g,P
6 6 1 Y 1 " g A 1 Y "D h ( " Q Ci j
S( g,P 7 7 1 Y 1 " g A 1 Y "D h ( " S( g
7 7?9 #? SQ k "
ˇ(r s 0? ˉ L ( s l 3 m i C? ˉ L? ( s l c i 3
[ mX? S( g
7 7 7 A (?3 m C Q k " ˇ(r s 0X n? S l? i C 3
m(
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a0 16
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ˉ￥ 8 % 8 (,g A W,T / =
(O ˉ[,( 1 Y " mQ m,d + g ( "{ ^
( "? ˉ 1 "
Y Z O ˉ[ 1 Y "(Q o m? g ( " X,{ ^
( " g E - Sa 9 Q
6 6 7 7 7 7 g,
u,T ` ( X S( g - Sa ( M,m3 c d? ˉ 1 "
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` ( g K ~ L? / ( L T { F D E g Q g + O ˉ?
!?,ˉ0
//,c03:URShift.java
// Test of unsigned right shift,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class URShift {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = -1;
System.out.println(i >>>= 10);
long l = -1;
System.out.println(l >>>= 10);
short s = -1;
System.out.println(s >>>= 10);
byte b = -1;
System.out.println(b >>>= 10);
b = -1;
System.out.println(b>>>10);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"4194303",
"18014398509481983",
"-1",
"-1",
"4194303"
});
}
} ///:~
b 3 currency1 g mP O ˉ~?
],! Q,D E A x (
],D m 1 > ( ( 0
//,c03:BitManipulation.java
// Using the bitwise operators,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
import java.util.*;
public class BitManipulation {
static Test monitor = new Test();
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public static void main(String[] args) {
Random rand = new Random();
int i = rand.nextInt();
int j = rand.nextInt();
printBinaryInt("-1",-1);
printBinaryInt("+1",+1);
int maxpos = 2147483647;
printBinaryInt("maxpos",maxpos);
int maxneg = -2147483648;
printBinaryInt("maxneg",maxneg);
printBinaryInt("i",i);
printBinaryInt("~i",~i);
printBinaryInt("-i",-i);
printBinaryInt("j",j);
printBinaryInt("i & j",i & j);
printBinaryInt("i | j",i | j);
printBinaryInt("i ^ j",i ^ j);
printBinaryInt("i << 5",i << 5);
printBinaryInt("i >> 5",i >> 5);
printBinaryInt("(~i) >> 5",(~i) >> 5);
printBinaryInt("i >>> 5",i >>> 5);
printBinaryInt("(~i) >>> 5",(~i) >>> 5);
long l = rand.nextLong();
long m = rand.nextLong();
printBinaryLong("-1L",-1L);
printBinaryLong("+1L",+1L);
long ll = 9223372036854775807L;
printBinaryLong("maxpos",ll);
long lln = -9223372036854775808L;
printBinaryLong("maxneg",lln);
printBinaryLong("l",l);
printBinaryLong("~l",~l);
printBinaryLong("-l",-l);
printBinaryLong("m",m);
printBinaryLong("l & m",l & m);
printBinaryLong("l | m",l | m);
printBinaryLong("l ^ m",l ^ m);
printBinaryLong("l << 5",l << 5);
printBinaryLong("l >> 5",l >> 5);
printBinaryLong("(~l) >> 5",(~l) >> 5);
printBinaryLong("l >>> 5",l >>> 5);
printBinaryLong("(~l) >>> 5",(~l) >>> 5);
monitor.expect("BitManipulation.out");
}
static void printBinaryInt(String s,int i) {
System.out.println(
s + ",int," + i + ",binary,");
System.out.print(" ");
for(int j = 31; j >= 0; j--)
if(((1 << j) & i) != 0)
System.out.print("1");
else
System.out.print("0");
System.out.println();
}
static void printBinaryLong(String s,long l) {
System.out.println(
s + ",long," + l + ",binary,");
System.out.print(" ");
for(int i = 63; i >= 0; i--)
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if(((1L << i) & l) != 0)
System.out.print("1");
else
System.out.print("0");
System.out.println();
}
} ///:~
O p O (e
5 %&
5 %$ A W? T " | / ],3 $ w ( ` E ( ! ( · ],! " F? E X q A Z? (
,? g? (
%,,X
%,,X,= D E A ; ˙? i currency1 ' ! 3
(
3 T 1 " A,T? @ (Oˉ
§ * E m [ E m s h i · ￥ ) Y O ˉ q X r s tF?( T? T (k "?
$ ˇ A [ fl ￡ E
u mv w ( E ] T < < gh ' ! Z
R,,￥
( ˉ,
(b L b ′ L,(e ( ! h i x ·? l h S0
9h S h? S (' !? (0
-1,int,-1,binary,
11111111111111111111111111111111
+1,int,1,binary,
00000000000000000000000000000001
maxpos,int,2147483647,binary,
01111111111111111111111111111111
maxneg,int,-2147483648,binary,
10000000000000000000000000000000
i,int,59081716,binary,
00000011100001011000001111110100
~i,int,-59081717,binary,
11111100011110100111110000001011
-i,int,-59081716,binary,
11111100011110100111110000001100
j,int,198850956,binary,
00001011110110100011100110001100
i & j,int,58720644,binary,
00000011100000000000000110000100
i | j,int,199212028,binary,
00001011110111111011101111111100
i ^ j,int,140491384,binary,
00001000010111111011101001111000
i << 5,int,1890614912,binary,
01110000101100000111111010000000
i >> 5,int,1846303,binary,
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00000000000111000010110000011111
(~i) >> 5,int,-1846304,binary,
11111111111000111101001111100000
i >>> 5,int,1846303,binary,
00000000000111000010110000011111
(~i) >>> 5,int,132371424,binary,
00000111111000111101001111100000
e ( ! h i · T U
m y X A mL 1 " A x? 3 … L (
3 C 3,' (,X h i · (x ·? (0
boolean-exp? value0,value1
ˉ
n o s @ | L (O ˉ? ˉ
# s @ (L |? A (O ˉ
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#?,' L ) z B
w ( E A 3 ) z ( {
t L 1 m l | (? } F}? ( M % A m ;,~ (
c E A (V 1 [ E % g3 L
3 Q $ L m mL A,> (r? 3 ] 0
static int ternary(int i) {
return i < 10? i * 100,i * 10;
}; < g ￡ % 8 X L (,,V 0
static int alternative(int i) {
if (i < 10)
return i * 100;
else
return i * 10;
}
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9 Q ) t [ V X,i D E L ( M 3 O % L } 3 Q $ Fe 3 ( 8 b ￠ (
F
SX T ) "( " 3 a ~ L
3 ( 3 3 P S (r,' (
#
F
S 3 mp q ( 0 ( A ; a | ; J ( m X 3?
( 8 | (? @
( M ′? ; u
v w 3 X (?,p A ˙ % ; i j D m(? J p (? } X ( % %? @ (e? ( M u E <
(§ A 3 o!,A ^ ),? ˉ
| u (,8
) t,V? @ W p,( % X ; }
( % Y? + u S
F J ( M,mw? ˉh i · E ( Y Z D m?,( 1 "?
Y Z?,P S3 9 Q ( =
( 0
int x = 0,y = 1,z = 2;
String sString = "x,y,z ";
System.out.println(sString + x + y + z);
,P % 9? = A W ( x · X / PA W 9 Q ` =? ˉ 0
System.out.println(x + sString);
Y Z
,P = ! " # ! " # ! " # ! " #
b? ( X ; c fi O h i ·,? P3 S?
, [ 3?
m3 ! | l ( 0
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while(x = y) {
//,..,
}
w % | 1 > - (? ￠
X ~ L F %
%X - ) C ~ L O ˉ A ;,x 3 o F
F- 3 L h i · (O ˉX
X,P =
( M A,D E,F ( M T ! Q
[ X,0 e 3 3 X,g? ( x
% % 3 b (h i · FJ ￡ * m ;
m3 e (c d Y (? ˇ? ˇ 7 8 (? ˇ? ˇ m3
2 1 7 8 % me
22 11 3? 3? e ( R S e,
` 3 currency1 p ! AX,˙? r 3 e$ 1 3 e$Q
$ % & ’ $ % & ’ $ % & ’ $ % & ’
(? }?P g?ˇ % b r,( 3 "#e$( = 3 "#e$ 8 $ P? "L ~?> C ( M?,
= # D g3 X,( = ( ( M? [ E w x r # A ( = !( e$ =
% ( =? P"#(A e$
2 3 D m( k ( 1 (3 S ] 0
void casts() {
int i = 200;
long l = (long)i;
long l2 = (long)200;
}
D < g(? c E ￥ "L [ E ￥ ( = F
( e =? V o ( 3 m %?,M
X ^,V o ( = u ￡,? Fm,% ˙ ￡ ;? ^ = ; (,
F
e$ = 3 T ˙,a ( (e$ =s c ( D gD (
( & [ $? 3 ; V? ("#e$ = 3 X,Z V
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("#e$ A,J 0 3 ],!? w x r ( =? J A (￠ ￡ Z T ;? ￥? ˉ? 3 O % T Y Z w x r # ˇ ￥ )
X ( · =,K e$ E 8? e$ V (? D E Z? ˉ X,
§,? ￥ R u ‰ (§ A e$("#( ^?( =
s 9 X ; = e X §,= ( % ˙ A W >¨ = % mp q (
3 p ] ‰?,' D m￥ _? E FA (e#
! ! J
,; currency1 ' E T g u [ E A X ;? 3 e#(e$ 8?
( ; ! ! ! !
, L ( M? ; x r Z e$
( Fm e$? e ( D g ( M? ; t? L > ( Q? ‰? E Q fi,0
//,c03:Literals.java
public class Literals {
char c = 0xffff; // max char hex value
byte b = 0x7f; // max byte hex value
short s = 0x7fff; // max short hex value
int i1 = 0x2f; // Hexadecimal (lowercase)
int i2 = 0X2F; // Hexadecimal (uppercase)
int i3 = 0177; // Octal (leading zero)
// Hex and Oct also work with long,
long n1 = 200L; // long suffix
long n2 = 200l; // long suffix (but can be
confusing)
long n3 = 200;
//! long l6(200); // not allowed
float f1 = 1;
float f2 = 1F; // float suffix
float f3 = 1f; // float suffix
float f4 = 1e-45f; // 10 to the power
float f5 = 1e+9f; // float suffix
double d1 = 1d; // double suffix
double d2 = 1D; // double suffix
double d3 = 47e47d; // 10 to the power
} ///:~
h
,( ! "( M % < <= ] a? J < > ′ E (
# D m(? "e$? ; E,( ! (x · E ￠ %? 3 8 e$(b ′ L ′ ("Q f * (
X " E A x · h (
,3? 3 F? (? W!,
8 % E < 8 D ; h (b ′ (L?
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ˉ{ !,?,r L = | #? ~ L M (
)? ^,;( ! " ‘ 9?,3 9,4(" z ( me ( !? L (h
F? L? (Y " w,A (e$ ′ (
$h
′ (’h # ′ ()h
' gy "( M fl m – F y · [
\h | ￥ "(h " ′
($ 4 ; (? 8,@,?! 3 x(
L } $ < - a3
a4 a5? (y "h x ·? J
$ < - ($ 4 ;a3
a4 a5? @
= 8 !7 ( M? @ W Q h W? (?
9(? ˇ (N O = 8 !7 y @? @ (? @,% F t e ( M v w? ￥
a6 a7 a5 a8 X Z $,g,
E < F(
D E? ˉ ; ) P 1 | ￥ "(h "( Y Z <g
(!,A> B # 3? …,? J A h
$ < - 9a3
a4 a5
‰ 3? ˉ? ; x O "#(e$ Y? X ` J?
,8? 0
long n3 = 200;
m” e (r D E
(99? (> V o (? ˉ
float f4 = 1e-47f; // 10 to the power
(,,P y "h ("
D E? ˉ m? ( ( A, 3? #
= # " #" #" #" #
,? ˉ ￥ 8
("# [ 8 % 8 $("#
( "F ( L,/ T M g $` ( D E (O ˉ |
D E? P L ~?Y (e$? ( e$ =
‘ ) PL ~?3 (e$,ˉ 6?
fl u h i · b ′ (Y "#(e$”
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N O h i · (O ˉ("#e$? ˉ? 3 # 3 (` g(O ˉ[
ˉ? 3 3 ( Oˉ[
( )( )( )( )
( 9 # mp q (0A,#? "#% ′ V 6 (
% m 9 # (b % (,g? > ("#e$FX (? J ;,X 3? D E % F( "#′ > ( 1 u /,￡ 3 e$mV ′ 8? 3 ￡ @
<(? " 3 ￡,% E F? Y ￡ ′ (" ;? [? g,￥
( % Q $ g? 3 T a (
mg? (c d X % 9 # D m"#e$FD m(? J? > (? X R (g? q A? T (,
* + * +* +* +
3 currency1 4 J m F 0 ˉ g F? ˙ (k / R mV U Y ( M X
} ¨ r?!,3 _ Y ! & > * ! $ ˇ
,%,
t? &
! – ! ’ E < g / 6 6 7 7
& # 7 6 7 6
> * 7 8 > E < 22 11 2 1 3
u T L ( 7 5 C = D E
! > ~ L ! E < } x · (~ L |? ˉPg J ( X 3 (_ Y?,
ˉX? ( A X,-,-,-,-
,
"#? E A ( G J X e$("# 3 ] ‘ ) mc d (￡?
,? T X,mc d (
//,c03:AllOps.java
// Tests all the operators on all the primitive data
types
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// to show which ones are accepted by the Java
compiler,
public class AllOps {
// To accept the results of a boolean test,
void f(boolean b) {}
void boolTest(boolean x,boolean y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
//! x = x * y;
//! x = x / y;
//! x = x % y;
//! x = x + y;
//! x = x - y;
//! x++;
//! x--;
//! x = +y;
//! x = -y;
// Relational and logical,
//! f(x > y);
//! f(x >= y);
//! f(x < y);
//! f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
f(!y);
x = x && y;
x = x || y;
// Bitwise operators,
//! x = ~y;
x = x & y;
x = x | y;
x = x ^ y;
//! x = x << 1;
//! x = x >> 1;
//! x = x >>> 1;
// Compound assignment,
//! x += y;
//! x -= y;
//! x *= y;
//! x /= y;
//! x %= y;
//! x <<= 1;
//! x >>= 1;
//! x >>>= 1;
x &= y;
x ^= y;
x |= y;
// Casting,
//! char c = (char)x;
//! byte B = (byte)x;
//! short s = (short)x;
//! int i = (int)x;
//! long l = (long)x;
//! float f = (float)x;
//! double d = (double)x;
}
void charTest(char x,char y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = (char)(x * y);
x = (char)(x / y);
x = (char)(x % y);
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x = (char)(x + y);
x = (char)(x - y);
x++;
x--;
x = (char)+y;
x = (char)-y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
x= (char)~y;
x = (char)(x & y);
x = (char)(x | y);
x = (char)(x ^ y);
x = (char)(x << 1);
x = (char)(x >> 1);
x = (char)(x >>> 1);
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
x <<= 1;
x >>= 1;
x >>>= 1;
x &= y;
x ^= y;
x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
byte B = (byte)x;
short s = (short)x;
int i = (int)x;
long l = (long)x;
float f = (float)x;
double d = (double)x;
}
void byteTest(byte x,byte y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = (byte)(x* y);
x = (byte)(x / y);
x = (byte)(x % y);
x = (byte)(x + y);
x = (byte)(x - y);
x++;
x--;
x = (byte)+ y;
x = (byte)- y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
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f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
x = (byte)~y;
x = (byte)(x & y);
x = (byte)(x | y);
x = (byte)(x ^ y);
x = (byte)(x << 1);
x = (byte)(x >> 1);
x = (byte)(x >>> 1);
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
x <<= 1;
x >>= 1;
x >>>= 1;
x &= y;
x ^= y;
x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
char c = (char)x;
short s = (short)x;
int i = (int)x;
long l = (long)x;
float f = (float)x;
double d = (double)x;
}
void shortTest(short x,short y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = (short)(x * y);
x = (short)(x / y);
x = (short)(x % y);
x = (short)(x + y);
x = (short)(x - y);
x++;
x--;
x = (short)+y;
x = (short)-y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
x = (short)~y;
x = (short)(x & y);
x = (short)(x | y);
x = (short)(x ^ y);
x = (short)(x << 1);
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x = (short)(x >> 1);
x = (short)(x >>> 1);
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
x <<= 1;
x >>= 1;
x >>>= 1;
x &= y;
x ^= y;
x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
char c = (char)x;
byte B = (byte)x;
int i = (int)x;
long l = (long)x;
float f = (float)x;
double d = (double)x;
}
void intTest(int x,int y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = x * y;
x = x / y;
x = x % y;
x = x + y;
x = x - y;
x++;
x--;
x = +y;
x = -y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
x = ~y;
x = x & y;
x = x | y;
x = x ^ y;
x = x << 1;
x = x >> 1;
x = x >>> 1;
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
x <<= 1;
x >>= 1;
x >>>= 1;
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x &= y;
x ^= y;
x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
char c = (char)x;
byte B = (byte)x;
short s = (short)x;
long l = (long)x;
float f = (float)x;
double d = (double)x;
}
void longTest(long x,long y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = x * y;
x = x / y;
x = x % y;
x = x + y;
x = x - y;
x++;
x--;
x = +y;
x = -y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
x = ~y;
x = x & y;
x = x | y;
x = x ^ y;
x = x << 1;
x = x >> 1;
x = x >>> 1;
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
x <<= 1;
x >>= 1;
x >>>= 1;
x &= y;
x ^= y;
x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
char c = (char)x;
byte B = (byte)x;
short s = (short)x;
int i = (int)x;
float f = (float)x;
double d = (double)x;
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}
void floatTest(float x,float y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = x * y;
x = x / y;
x = x % y;
x = x + y;
x = x - y;
x++;
x--;
x = +y;
x = -y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
//! x = ~y;
//! x = x & y;
//! x = x | y;
//! x = x ^ y;
//! x = x << 1;
//! x = x >> 1;
//! x = x >>> 1;
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
//! x <<= 1;
//! x >>= 1;
//! x >>>= 1;
//! x &= y;
//! x ^= y;
//! x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
char c = (char)x;
byte B = (byte)x;
short s = (short)x;
int i = (int)x;
long l = (long)x;
double d = (double)x;
}
void doubleTest(double x,double y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = x * y;
x = x / y;
x = x % y;
x = x + y;
x = x - y;
x++;
x--;
x = +y;
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x = -y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
//! x = ~y;
//! x = x & y;
//! x = x | y;
//! x = x ^ y;
//! x = x << 1;
//! x = x >> 1;
//! x = x >>> 1;
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
//! x <<= 1;
//! x >>= 1;
//! x >>>= 1;
//! x &= y;
//! x ^= y;
//! x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
char c = (char)x;
byte B = (byte)x;
short s = (short)x;
int i = (int)x;
long l = (long)x;
float f = (float)x;
}
} ///:~
(o ! (? ; ~?A # e L ;? ￠ A (%? X ; P
L 9 Q ( § A Z 1
[ < g,( "F ( M
8 % E < 8?,/( M O ˉ[
ˉ| PA ~? / Y ( w x r ( e$ =
),ˉ 6? (
￥ )? ` 1 =,A?,X ^ [ ′?,? ˉ? Pe? ′ (
Q 9 Q O ˉ,!?,0
//,c03:Overflow.java
// Surprise! Java lets you overflow,
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import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class Overflow {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
int big = 0x7fffffff; // max int value
System.out.println("big = " + big);
int bigger = big * 4;
System.out.println("bigger = " + bigger);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"big = 2147483647",
"bigger = -4"
});
}
} ///:~
[ #? ( M [? ! ]?
′ m ′ gY z
– 3?
8 % 8 F( e b ~ L
( M [,T M J X % ( e$ = 3? X 1 e$ = [,￡ ) t; < g R,
u ‰ D m( e$? ; T = §A (
e$ m F( @ ( M? ￥ A ( ˉm? 2 s?,F = ^ *X X r ˉ,
c ˇ ( ! D E? ˉ? m ( Y Z? v w ￥?' ( —,′ V "^? m3 ! u 4[ m V (r
( m
# F8 F8 # E < F 8 (
m fl ( §? A,￡ N c d (’
E } Y? F?g * * (o ! % 8 / (
V V
,
D m(u T? u T h i · D … (O ˉQ n o v w A u
] A 5 3 u T h i · h i ·,u T
% %% %% %% % Q n o (L 2 5(L > - h i ·,…
#? F < g^ (D m #? ; ) u T?
X,§,? P" 1 ( B §,Z T
fl C L h C h #? ˉ? % ￥ fl
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# [,b G ( ! ( D E #? J me 0
if(Boolean-expression)
statement
if(Boolean-expression)
statement
else
statement
u T n o
ˇ % ; J 0 3 O ˉ
c E E Sh O () t [ E 3S3 9 Q ( b % g?
ˇ h A c E ) t [ E b
3
(]? (,# (" ′) ) - ) " 0
//,c03:IfElse.java
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class IfElse {
static Test monitor = new Test();
static int test(int testval,int target) {
int result = 0;
if(testval > target)
result = +1;
else if(testval < target)
result = -1;
else
result = 0; // Match
return result;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(test(10,5));
System.out.println(test(5,10));
System.out.println(test(5,5));
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"1",
"-1",
"0"
});
}
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} ///:~
￥ ! ( 3 O (T? ; ˙ R
S r < ! ( O
me 1 0~ / A,#? % … A L? ˉX
+ … $( § currency1 A,? … Y L W E X p Y
0
//,c03:IfElse2.java
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class IfElse2 {
static Test monitor = new Test();
static int test(int testval,int target) {
if(testval > target)
return +1;
else if(testval < target)
return -1;
else
return 0; // Match
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(test(10,5));
System.out.println(test(5,10));
System.out.println(test(5,5));
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"1",
"-1",
"0"
});
}
} ///:~
X `
,u O,/ 0 1 2/ 0 1 2/ 0 1 2/ 0 1 2
^
F8 F8 E < # Q ! ( A W T,U
,X o + g
5 F8 (
while(Boolean-expression)
statement
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,currency1 u? % n o | currency1
u % ` 1 n o 1 ) t (,X r 0 " gA? x u T 0
//,c03:WhileTest.java
// Demonstrates the while loop,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class WhileTest {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
double r = 0;
while(r < 0.99d) {
r = Math.random();
System.out.println(r);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"%% \\d\\.\\d+E?-?\\d*"
},Test.AT_LEAST);
}
}
} ///:~
A
8 e? ( ( Q 0 9g u 4(
L 2 3 9 X 2 3 F8 (u T h i · (? }? % L 8
9$? 3 1 + ˇ,currency1 ( M A (' !? X (
,< g F
(? t (?,3
,G $@ Y mi ; § ( Y § *u 3 A h 3 v w – 6 3 currency1 | E § A
,? A (? } v w – 6 ; < g3
L ˇ
F8 (x ·
do
statement
while(Boolean-expression);
F8 F8 ( 3 3 currency1 n o (O ˉ
F8 ( [,– 6 3 currency1 FF8 *? ˉ 3 currency1 n o
Y Z ` [?,, ( M
F8,8 F8 V
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#,F 3 currency1 ( t u / T f * ` 1 u T n o,currency1 u % m3 ( N? ˇ
# ( 0
for(initialization; Boolean-expression; step)
statement
f * ( u T? ￠ E <
( N E,currency1 u A,? ￠
% 3 < gA # A,* ! +? (?,currency1 u A %
#? T )?@ "ˇ(^ 0
//,c03:ListCharacters.java
// Demonstrates "for" loop by listing
// all the lowercase ASCII letters,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class ListCharacters {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i = 0; i < 128; i++)
if(Character.isLowerCase((char)i))
System.out.println("value," + i +
" character," + (char)i);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"value,97 character,a",
"value,98 character,b",
"value,99 character,c",
"value,100 character,d",
"value,101 character,e",
"value,102 character,f",
"value,103 character,g",
"value,104 character,h",
"value,105 character,i",
"value,106 character,j",
"value,107 character,k",
"value,108 character,l",
"value,109 character,m",
"value,110 character,n",
"value,111 character,o",
"value,112 character,p",
"value,113 character,q",
"value,114 character,r",
"value,115 character,s",
"value,116 character,t",
"value,117 character,u",
"value,118 character,v",
"value,119 character,w",
"value,120 character,x",
"value,121 character,y",
"value,122 character,z"
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});
}
} ///:~
F % gA (r F (? ! h i ·
- ˇ O ( X F a r Fh ( 3 S? O (
(1 m# Z ′ g,
* +,,H 8?@ ˇe A X,P
( 8 2 ( ￥ _,3 ((? g,
( $ F H Q? X?(
u e(,(^,% D m(? F3 ( a O § currency1 ( M,4 F
E F^? r w? ; | ￡ ( [ l,
E F
#?O V > e$(
for(int i = 0,j = 1; i < 10 && j != 11; i++,j++)
// body of for loop
F
#?O ( 2 3 * m# mF? ! h i· ˇ?O (; a F§ A? Z T
& & & &
F?(? \? g^
F3 r? S ˇ
X? S ˇ Q O "*( (
0F (? ! h i · ˇ? F? ! hi · ˇ(f *? ( N E? V S (,? l o currency1? ￡ g,p
` 3 ] 0
//,c03:CommaOperator.java
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class CommaOperator {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i = 1,j = i + 10; i < 5;
i++,j = i * 2) {
System.out.println("i= " + i + " j= " + j);
}
monitor.expect(new String[] {
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"i= 1 j= 11",
"i= 2 j= 4",
"i= 3 j= 6",
"i= 4 j= 8"
});
}
} ///:~
E < gFf *? ( N ( ‰ f
* E O ^? " ( 3 e$(
,? [ E F (?; ! (;,( ￡ _ !,* ^ (￡ *o currency1 ` ( t 3 @ (
,? F
# F8 * ;
0
//,c03:BreakAndContinue.java
// Demonstrates break and continue keywords,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class BreakAndContinue {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
if(i == 74) break; // Out of for loop
if(i % 9 != 0) continue; // Next iteration
System.out.println(i);
}
int i = 0;
// An "infinite loop",
while(true) {
i++;
int j = i * 27;
if(j == 1269) break; // Out of loop
if(i % 10 != 0) continue; // Top of loop
System.out.println(i);
}
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"0",
"9",
"18",
"27",
"36",
"45",
"54",
"63",
"72",
"10",
"20",
"30",
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"40"
});
}
} ///:~
F
#? [ gX,99 - g4"( M ; *+,3 Q $ mFX ; /? *o u T Z M 0 (,?; (1 % X ;?R
A ˙ K 3?,? ˉ;? R
P L ],! Q,D (? o ˇ ￠ n J ',(
+ A m ; *o ( ; ‰?,< g
,* ^ ( K 3? F? m;? R 9( M,m],‰ 9[ T ],! Q,
9B 9- ) 9 m3 x · ( o
#? ￥ F8 # 3 X ( D E A (c d
’ ( ) * ’ ( ) *’ ( ) *’ ( ) * +
,m,? m,
J F? ￡ ! (? x 0 ˉu T
! s * g? 2 s * gY?ˇ? J? b,0 ( ￡ D E? ˉ? ^ ￡ (?,< g?j,*
,J 0 A ( ￡ ˇ ￡ F
J X F %? S T J
s fl ￡ R J (*?A Q ~ (%? ˉ fl?* gY? Y X m Z + ; K? ￠ ￡ ˙ AX % Y Z?* ˇ′,
C ) * Y? — (?D
’ ˇ(n ( h % g,? B (r? Y 9 ￥
( ],3? – m,% PA N ! +
§?D g * u b c d X F)
F) X,
F3 p q (? J b ( !
B
( ˙? A PA 1 ( + m m,; e A x?; T ! 3 e *
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( ˉ X *? J 3 * ! ( u D E,PA W
> n A W,> (? ! 0 3? m S( I }? 0
label1,
F
3 ; k (r F (‰? k F u 4X ; m^ Z T ( 3 ￠ ‘?,V m V [?;,*o,u A,_ g
D F(r 0
label1,
outer-iteration {
inner-iteration {
//..,
break; // 1
//..,
continue; // 2
//..,
continue label1; // 3
//..,
break label1; // 4
}
}
F> ]
* ; *o,( _ g‰ > ] (*
,K g g (b F> ] <*
!”F*o ( *o ‰ ` 3 _ g
! | a currency1 ‰ ` > ] "*; ![,_ g ! A X,` ( t? J A _ ! e
# ] 0
//,c03:LabeledFor.java
// Java's "labeled for" loop,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class LabeledFor {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;
outer,// Can't have statements here
for(; true ;) { // infinite loop
inner,// Can't have statements here
for(; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println("i = " + i);
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if(i == 2) {
System.out.println("continue");
continue;
}
if(i == 3) {
System.out.println("break");
i++; // Otherwise i never
// gets incremented,
break;
}
if(i == 7) {
System.out.println("continue outer");
i++; // Otherwise i never
// gets incremented,
continue outer;
}
if(i == 8) {
System.out.println("break outer");
break outer;
}
for(int k = 0; k < 5; k++) {
if(k == 3) {
System.out.println("continue inner");
continue inner;
}
}
}
}
// Can't break or continue to labels here
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"i = 0",
"continue inner",
"i = 1",
"continue inner",
"i = 2",
"continue",
"i = 3",
"break",
"i = 4",
"continue inner",
"i = 5",
"continue inner",
"i = 6",
"continue inner",
"i = 7",
"continue outer",
"i = 8",
"break outer"
});
}
} ///:~
3;,_ ! # X? 3? (# 1 X,0 ‘ ); * ^,h i · % F % %% %% %% % A( M (,1 F
B ( M (
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[ t,b l [ ( [ * ^,D E [ % (
ˉX;? 9 + _ g
(‰? ; ; _ ! _ ! b [ (
[ 3? |? ˉ_ ! ( % _ !? E
( (; F8 3 9 ( ˉ0
//,c03:LabeledWhile.java
// Java's "labeled while" loop,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class LabeledWhile {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;
outer,
while(true) {
System.out.println("Outer while loop");
while(true) {
i++;
System.out.println("i = " + i);
if(i == 1) {
System.out.println("continue");
continue;
}
if(i == 3) {
System.out.println("continue outer");
continue outer;
}
if(i == 5) {
System.out.println("break");
break;
}
if(i == 7) {
System.out.println("break outer");
break outer;
}
}
}
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Outer while loop",
"i = 1",
"continue",
"i = 2",
"i = 3",
"continue outer",
"Outer while loop",
"i = 4",
"i = 5",
"break",
"Outer while loop",
"i = 6",
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"i = 7",
"break outer"
});
}
} ///:~
r s [ r )
F8 0
$ M (,_ g (b |
($ (,* g K ( t F? (
<$ ;,(?h ! + ˇ
4,( ;,‘ I ( (?h ! + ˇ Y,F; ˙? ( 3 ￠ ‘ FV m ( %; _ ! V [ F
) * Y ’ ˇ(n? G w x ￥ ( X
G (" j ("? q ( ‘ )
F ( - ’? t,( fl? U
J m c d A W (k m@? o ! ( X ; ) g ( ! ‰? m3 fl? mw ( _ W o !,(
p A | m,
m
F 8,T F 8,9 # "h i ·
- ˇ(L N O v w A ￡ A (x · 0
switch(integral-selector) {
case integral-value1,statement; break;
case integral-value2,statement; break;
case integral-value3,statement; break;
case integral-value4,statement; break;
case integral-value5,statement; break;
//,.,
default,statement;
}
" 3,J 0? "L (h i · F 8,L? (
N 1 8? ˉ? g,? ( A,>v (
) t ( b (? ˉ m? g? ( s
# (
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,FJ? Y?,(b? m ;? > y? u,* !
F 8 F 8 (3 x· X ^; (? ˉ m ;,3
(y? gA ; |? X,\ ; m( % ;,? b Y F
#? ( A m; g? Q X *?,_ g 3 r? ˉ? |,3? [ E P; k g # (b? 3 C ~ [ m
F 8 ; mu ￠ r? V V * 3
| A % 3 ; J 0 } 8? (? "L ( u T > C "1 u T Y Z
F 8 X ;? y1,￥ ) fl? "(e$? ; 3 a (
#? (,/ 0 3 | ` n o G W 6 6 0
//,c03:VowelsAndConsonants.java
// Demonstrates the switch statement,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class VowelsAndConsonants {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
char c = (char)(Math.random() * 26 + 'a');
System.out.print(c + ",");
switch(c) {
case 'a',
case 'e',
case 'i',
case 'o',
case 'u',System.out.println("vowel");
break;
case 'y',
case 'w',System.out.println("Sometimes a
vowel");
break;
default,System.out.println("consonant");
}
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"%% [aeiou],vowel|[yw],Sometimes a vowel|"
+
"[^aeiouyw],consonant"
},Test.AT_LEAST);
}
}
} ///:~
‘ )
8,0 ( 9g u 4(L? / Q E (′
h m(,| ` J g [ " b (Y
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a0 45
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| < J + W 9 # Q N O *? J F 8 ( (? "L F
t S3 9 Q ( F ) 8 ( M,…? "L
3,˙ 3 ￡? V x
ˇ(?v w; k FA (? % ( 2 s,^ + 3
(
( s h i · [1\h L ; [I J \,(3?z ˇ s h i · ( D E 3 ;?
*4(3 J 3 S | t? [
@ \ˇ ; &
@ | 0?/ @ $ ˇ Fb 3 ;? [
E\ a A h?X F ( ˇD E A h? fl 6 (
-,/-,/-,/-,/
u 0
char c = (char)(Math.random() * 26 + 'a');
L W? < <
8,0 3 D E (:,/ T =
` ( Q ) (O ˉ[ [ $ [
\ T = ; ( % e$ = P
(O ˉ = 8 =
8 (^ *m1,Z ′?[ $? ˉL
( $ 4 Y Z? PA * 8 ( M PA <9 ( ′,#? = > 0
//,c03:CastingNumbers.java
// What happens when you cast a float
// or double to an integral value?
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class CastingNumbers {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
double
above = 0.7,
below = 0.4;
System.out.println("above," + above);
System.out.println("below," + below);
System.out.println("(int)above," + (int)above);
System.out.println("(int)below," + (int)below);
System.out.println("(char)('a' + above)," +
(char)('a' + above));
System.out.println("(char)('a' + below)," +
(char)('a' + below));
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monitor.expect(new String[] {
"above,0.7",
"below,0.4",
"(int)above,0",
"(int)below,0",
"(char)('a' + above),a",
"(char)('a' + below),a"
});
}
} ///:~
D E = >
# =? "( M A fl §? ( "{ +
c d
8,m A,0 3 9g u 4(L L 2 X 2 3 [
\? "F – A 9A F9A G
9A G F9A? 3 Sh 2 3 3 Sh?X 2 3 ˇ W ` 3? ￠ Q? = > 0
//,c03:RandomBounds.java
// Does Math.random() produce 0.0 and 1.0?
// {RunByHand}
public class RandomBounds {
static void usage() {
System.out.println("Usage,\n\t" +
"RandomBounds lower\n\tRandomBounds upper");
System.exit(1);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
if(args.length != 1) usage();
if(args[0].equals("lower")) {
while(Math.random() != 0.0); // Keep trying
System.out.println("Produced 0.0!");
}
else if(args[0].equals("upper")) {
while(Math.random() != 1.0); // Keep trying
System.out.println("Produced 1.0!");
}
else
usage();
}
} ///:~
%? F? ' t 0
java RandomBounds lower
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a0 47
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java RandomBounds upper
n? A u? b? X X & D E < J +
8,c X,J 0 9$ 9[ X,0 $ 9( (3 ˉ?
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= 8 !7? 3 c ′? ( ; @ (' t · (W
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C\[ ′? ( Q m | ￥ "([ \e f ^ [
C\ ) t (h y " – ) § h " W (@ "/ # D (
9 Y % [ ;( ! B Q < gm,Z ^? ˉ < gy " m;( ! ("(,A E ; h ( Y 3 currency1 < gy "? ([
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= 8 !7 m,? 9( A X 3 m(? J? ˉ% h | ￥ "( W? "( X ^ [ ′? ( ˇ
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2002 7
chinapub ! " # $ % ! & ’ ( ) *+,-,&/ 0 (1 2
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6 7,8 9 3,) ; < =,> 8 (? @ A B 3 C D E
Bruce EckelFG (H I J K ( L ( M N O PA ! Q
$ $ R S T T U 3
1000V W ( X Y Z R S ( @ 4 [ \ ] ^ _‘ a b,c ! Q,d (e f 9 g
7 h i j kl,D m(n o 4 c p q r s t ( u * v w $ x y 1 (Uz { !,(| }
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Bruce Eckel? (′?,?,1000V W? ˉ? ˙? = G ¨ XD E? m3 m ˇ( 8? Y — (?
The
genesis of the computer revolution was in a machine,The genesis of our
programming languages thus tends to look like that machine.ˇ 3 w Z | ′,; $ X O
Bruce% ( ˉ 3 K ( — 1 F – J ( 1 (?; a B,V ` J J? ' ( X X? ‰ ( f o ( M % (r?F V,X ; F K c o ; K? ^ ( X ^ X b,(,
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shhgs
2003 9 8
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D (G H I
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(N X O ˉ > ( P Q R
E < - S ( § A? c > 1 ) 1 "
,J 0 3 L ‰ T ) 1 "(L T U V 1
W < g( Q 1 "( 1 X,V 1? v w Y Z T D J 0 (L [ E ( A Y mV 1 ( 3
i j D m(? ; 1 )
[ \ [ \ E <[
\ ] ‰ A W E 1 ) ^ ￥ _ ‘ [ ￥ _? 3 ˙,a b (c d
‰ e[ f g [ \ [ \
3 h i · 2 j V ( M (k / l,N O w? @
h i · (L m3 m n o @ l (p q r s § *b ) t(3 u?/ Q R Pˇ % W,P§ o (k / lv,D E? v w 3 SQ w x (y w @ (l ]? 0
a = x + y - 2/2 + z;
3 h i · J e z 3 Su,m{ | X (? } 0
a = x + (y - 2)/(2 + z);
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~ L (
A (? }? ! - S 1 (L? U
| g- S( 1? U ˇ E ^? ; J 0 L (h i ·
s ; 3 w x( m (
[ $ % m3 ￠ 4Q L
8 E? ~? 0
a = 4;
X ; L ~ [ $? X ;
(? X; $
~ L 8 ) t ( ‘ ) g m(FF(L X y ￥ _ (
~ L ( M? R 3 r g 3 r?
ˉ? $
Y Z ( R,T g? ˉ Q?,
Y Z | X,g ( ￥ ) % Q $ F ′ V " G W D % (
￥ _ ~ L ( M mD X,%? | ￥ _?
^ Q ( 1 D EF￥ _ u 4ˇ( ~ L ( M? J? F A (
[ $? ˉ? ￥_? $
O ˉ,? y / m y,(Y ￥_,? (],0
//,c03:Assignment.java
// Assignment with objects is a bit tricky,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Number {
int i;
}
public class Assignment {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
Number n1 = new Number();
Number n2 = new Number();
n1.i = 9;
n2.i = 47;
System.out.println("1,n1.i," + n1.i +
",n2.i," + n2.i);
n1 = n2;
System.out.println("2,n1.i," + n1.i +
",n2.i," + n2.i);
n1.i = 27;
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System.out.println("3,n1.i," + n1.i +
",n2.i," + n2.i);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"1,n1.i,9,n2.i,47",
"2,n1.i,47,n2.i,47",
"3,n1.i,27,n2.i,27"
});
}
} ///:~
~ / ′? 3 K ( 3 0
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
A t,)? ￠ ￡ (?
ˇe? W,g
` ￥? ' ￡ e? F e( m Z 3 0
static Test monitor = new Test();
A,§ currency1 3
(( e(?]
(3 e F (b?,< g0
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"1,n1.i,9,n2.i,47",
"2,n1.i,47,n2.i,47",
"3,n1.i,27,n2.i,27"
});
"z h ( (? @ ' ! ( M X,P' ! ],! Q,? A "z 1 8 E X x )?”? ˉ g,
Y A fi O,N ' ! (
; fl ￡?< g x (' !,
e ) t § currency1,e e(?] !
" A W ( T ~ J,X (L | P " ~? ! `
! F V ( E? | ! " –,? e (￥ _ F
‘ ) ￥ ( ~ L
E < ! ￥ !(,g " · !
"? e y 3 ￥ _ /Y F
! ( y ( L (￥ _ F~ L ^
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* T,? J T,A D y (Y ￥ _,T,? … ‰? ￠?
_? T U
v ￥ _ (G? ˉ? | `
v w Z 1 ′ E ( 3? ￥? /("# % ( ~ L 0
n1.i = n2.i;
ˉ? 3 ￥ _ `
! " g 3 ￥ _ > 8? ; ˙e > ¨ (￥ _,X ^? C,￥ _ ("# ( m
@ ( s 4 d X 3 e ; '( D E W PA k g,5
!? W,FY ˇ ( F @ 4? % ￥ _ ~ L ;,? (f — ′ >,
P￥ _? ( M [,m
(c d 0
//,c03:PassObject.java
// Passing objects to methods may not be what
// you're used to,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Letter {
char c;
}
public class PassObject {
static Test monitor = new Test();
static void f(Letter y) {
y.c = 'z';
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Letter x = new Letter();
x.c = 'a';
System.out.println("1,x.c," + x.c);
f(x);
System.out.println("2,x.c," + x.c);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"1,x.c,a",
"2,x.c,z"
});
}
} ///:~
F V
#,FA (1?￥ "$ %1 3 (
D E?
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y.c = 'z';
J,
# ‰? (￥ _ (' ! E,3C
! < § ￡ N > (4 d | W % g,5 !,1c? ' ￡? F m c d?,? g3? ˇ
F ′ V " G ("F? > (0
P
R Q A,…? "> Ru (o "? ">R,P O ˉ( "C? c {? X 1? t
[ m E ( @ ~ L ()? S A 3 - SQ h F
* h ; 3 a r ) D m( % m?,
8 % " | ` ~ 0
],"F ( 0
//,c03:MathOps.java
// Demonstrates the mathematical operators,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
import java.util.*;
public class MathOps {
static Test monitor = new Test();
// Shorthand to print a string and an int,
static void printInt(String s,int i) {
System.out.println(s + " = " + i);
}
// Shorthand to print a string and a float,
static void printFloat(String s,float f) {
System.out.println(s + " = " + f);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a random number generator,
// seeds with current time by default,
Random rand = new Random();
int i,j,k;
// Choose value from 1 to 100,
j = rand.nextInt(100) + 1;
k = rand.nextInt(100) + 1;
printInt("j",j); printInt("k",k);
i = j + k; printInt("j + k",i);
i = j - k; printInt("j - k",i);
i = k / j; printInt("k / j",i);
i = k * j; printInt("k * j",i);
i = k % j; printInt("k % j",i);
j %= k; printInt("j %= k",j);
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// Floating-point number tests,
float u,v,w; // applies to doubles,too
v = rand.nextFloat();
w = rand.nextFloat();
printFloat("v",v); printFloat("w",w);
u = v + w; printFloat("v + w",u);
u = v - w; printFloat("v - w",u);
u = v * w; printFloat("v * w",u);
u = v / w; printFloat("v / w",u);
// the following also works for
// char,byte,short,int,long,
// and double,
u += v; printFloat("u += v",u);
u -= v; printFloat("u -= v",u);
u *= v; printFloat("u *= v",u);
u /= v; printFloat("u /= v",u);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"%% j = -?\\d+",
"%% k = -?\\d+",
"%% j \\+ k = -?\\d+",
"%% j - k = -?\\d+",
"%% k / j = -?\\d+",
"%% k \\* j = -?\\d+",
"%% k % j = -?\\d+",
"%% j %= k = -?\\d+",
"%% v = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)?",
"%% w = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)?",
"%% v \\+ w = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% v - w = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% v \\* w = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% v / w = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% u \\+= v = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% u -= v = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% u \\*= v = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)",
"%% u /= v = -?\\d+\\.\\d+(E-?\\d)"
});
}
} ///:~
~ / < g( e O (],0
&,/ ],3
| ` 3 ’,/ ],3
` ],3 # / § currency1 3
( ￥ _ E J 0 " ‘ ) § currency1 ^ * m "
,( 41 "0 (
( ￥ _ ( & ’ 0,V X e( "
[ E $ )
, "0 J 0 (" o ! F 1 "P3 ( u
(
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‘ ) g, " ' ! (O ˉ”3 currency1 3 currency1 X 3? D E
X ; ` }^ + Y? 3 X r #?,' ! Z,%￡ N c d
g3 # $ " D t( T U s h i · (K (p
F% % & ’ u e( p,
B W % g (?,c? 3 8 ′ (y ˉ?X 1 (? < +,A? % ; =
,% | c?,￡ R? #? (
* +,,,- s h i · 3 – ( E $ 0
ˉ?m Y Z A F? (>? ˇ8? % h 3 ; m[ ; m(? S? E F? S? 3 c S }? 0
-?
h? " h 3 V " F s h i · * "
[,\h ( F ( ` 3 ; PA? ˇ 3 0[
.,\ % F s h i ·?h?3 V (h i · ˇ? [
\ D E % h ; m PS 1,3 " ˇ 0
-?\\d+
J? Y (
( 3
( * a ([/ / \? 3?,(
X ) s h i · D ( Y A h Q ( 3 s h i · D E
(? < X gM ( s h i · ( § A % A X ) s h i · p m(? % c?
D E 3 0
%% j = -?\\d+
[
) \”T x? F L [) * \ ([ \ ( [
+\3? F s h i ·?A [ 3 p q 1 u i? v w ; < =,? ˉ? (
g,s h i · (K p ( W,` 1 ￡
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t (PS
S PS S c >?,^ (hi · Q n o gh t ( ( ]? h i ·
x = -a;
(? } w ‰? [ E ! 0
x = a * -b;
￡ (“,D E 0
x = a * (-b);
t PSh? " mt PS mt ( S X 9 ^ 1
3 g? )? )? E ˙? 9 Q ) t – ) Q Z? Y <
P
[ T U 1?,ˇ? P
,ˇ e 8 ()? P(
A (? }?P 3 t ˇ A (?}? 3 t ˇ 8 $
3 Y Z? J
! - ( PX (L,P L …?
e me [? g(
-
-? ˇ(? } ! F h i · (
ˇ(? }
! F h i · ( P
ˇ y ! F h i · ( P
ˇ(? } ! F h i · (? ￥ ) P
[ 1 ^,/@ ` … ￥ ) P
[ 1? / … ` @? ] 0
//,c03:AutoInc.java
// Demonstrates the ++ and -- operators,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
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public class AutoInc {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 1;
System.out.println("i," + i);
System.out.println("++i," + ++i); // Pre-
increment
System.out.println("i++," + i++); // Post-
increment
System.out.println("i," + i);
System.out.println("--i," + --i); // Pre-
decrement
System.out.println("i--," + i--); // Post-
decrement
System.out.println("i," + i);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"i,1",
"++i,2",
"i++,2",
"i,3",
"--i,2",
"i--,2",
"i,1"
});
}
} ///:~
E < g ( M? D g(? ^ @ (L
(? D g( ( ^ ￠ (L 3 3 R,~ L u ‰
m§ A,( 1 [ $ X % A Q ( @ % A Q 1 "
[
( u 3 A (8 ( 3? ˇ F @ (
! *,& / (§ currency1 u 3 $?
,,ˇ ( P G (? } 3 + R,*V o( ( A 3 ) t (?,(( "?,< g V r? ) t,
X g?8 ) t V ˇ(r?
#,J 0
e$(O ˉ A W,n o 1 "(L (′ #? ˉ # % s # h i · …
ˉ # s …
# # m ) 0 ′ ) 1 ) - ) 0 ′ ) - )
1 > - E < X - 2 D m( "#e$? ; 8 > -
3 X - 3 ￥ e$ R,> - X - (u ‰ § A 8? (
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# ; ) D m￥ _ A W (? },PK &W? ’ (? 3 ] 0
//,c03:Equivalence.java
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class Equivalence {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer n1 = new Integer(47);
Integer n2 = new Integer(47);
System.out.println(n1 == n2);
System.out.println(n1 != n2);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"false",
"true"
});
}
} ///:~
h i ·
%,,! ",P8 O ˉ(
L ],! Q | ‘ ) e & ￥ _ c > ( ' ! O ˉv w /
# | | ￥ _ (? R ˇ > A W (
X 8 ( ￥ _ (
D E? (' ! v w / # ￥ K & W |,) 3 * (
% | 8 e ￥ _ (? R w Z + ′?,e? m
( ( 0 m
w? 0
//,c03:EqualsMethod.java
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class EqualsMethod {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer n1 = new Integer(47);
Integer n2 = new Integer(47);
System.out.println(n1.equals(n2));
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"true"
});
}
} ///:~
F(O ˉ - *(
,,Y Z ) t? ˉ? § currency1,(e 8 $? 0
//,c03:EqualsMethod2.java
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import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Value {
int i;
}
public class EqualsMethod2 {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
Value v1 = new Value();
Value v2 = new Value();
v1.i = v2.i = 100;
System.out.println(v1.equals(v2));
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"false"
});
}
} ///:~
/,3 0 … Q,0O ˉ
# 0 (1 8
D E Rfl? FK e
0 2 s? 3? @ ( ˉ 4 5 W % g 4?,' g % g
,'? x r O 0 F @ 4 ˙?
0? ;? X 6 4 ′ V "
e? (e,0 D E A W,8 ￥ _ ( R X
7 8
5 5 6 6 fl 2,9 # "(7 8 # J 0 3
# ( L? # 7 8 (] 0
//,c03:Bool.java
// Relational and logical operators,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Bool {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
Random rand = new Random();
int i = rand.nextInt(100);
int j = rand.nextInt(100);
System.out.println("i = " + i);
System.out.println("j = " + j);
System.out.println("i > j is " + (i > j));
System.out.println("i < j is " + (i < j));
System.out.println("i >= j is " + (i >= j));
System.out.println("i <= j is " + (i <= j));
System.out.println("i == j is " + (i == j));
System.out.println("i != j is " + (i != j));
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// Treating an int as a boolean is not legal
Java,
//! System.out.println("i && j is " + (i && j));
//! System.out.println("i || j is " + (i || j));
//! System.out.println("!i is " + !i);
System.out.println("(i < 10) && (j < 10) is "
+ ((i < 10) && (j < 10)) );
System.out.println("(i < 10) || (j < 10) is "
+ ((i < 10) || (j < 10)) );
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"%% i = -?\\d+",
"%% j = -?\\d+",
"%% i > j is (true|false)",
"%% i < j is (true|false)",
"%% i >= j is (true|false)",
"%% i <= j is (true|false)",
"%% i == j is (true|false)",
"%% i != j is (true|false)",
"%% \\(i < 10\\) && \\(j < 10\\) is
(true|false)",
"%% \\(i < 10\\) \\|\\| \\(j < 10\\) is
(true|false)"
});
}
} ///:~
F
( s h i ·? 3 S Q h i · z ( [
1\h 7 8? ˇ D E 0
(true|false)
h ( ; [
\ [# \ ‘ ) m F sh i · mp q? D E % ˙ A W F s h i · *h § Q ( [
..\￥ A W ( 7 8?
!7 ˇ? ˇ fl?7 8 ˇ ; ) L? X; }
Y? F7 8 h i · Pfl (L 1
L ￠ [, g,6 ; (< ￠? T Y S?,b h i ·,/ # ( 8 ` 7 8 @ 8 O ˉ(L
%? ˉP
L 1 Q ( A,T = > v (
FJ E P
= R u ‰ (^ "# Y Z > C "(8? @? ( e "u 4A B mh b L (Y 3 mB [,?X - ˇ( 3 " % m3 X
C Y A X C
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￠ 7 8 ( M,D g3 E?F
’ ˇ( _ [ $ % ; x r? h i · %? G 1 ! no? m ;,! @ 7 8 h i · ( H ; 1 ! n o
(? 3 F (] 0
//,c03:ShortCircuit.java
// Demonstrates short-circuiting behavior,
// with logical operators,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class ShortCircuit {
static Test monitor = new Test();
static boolean test1(int val) {
System.out.println("test1(" + val + ")");
System.out.println("result," + (val < 1));
return val < 1;
}
static boolean test2(int val) {
System.out.println("test2(" + val + ")");
System.out.println("result," + (val < 2));
return val < 2;
}
static boolean test3(int val) {
System.out.println("test3(" + val + ")");
System.out.println("result," + (val < 3));
return val < 3;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
if(test1(0) && test2(2) && test3(2))
System.out.println("expression is true");
else
System.out.println("expression is false");
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"test1(0)",
"result,true",
"test2(2)",
"result,false",
"expression is false"
});
}
} ///:~
,? ￠ "? ( 8 | …
‰ A,],3 E w T N,,? (h i · (? ￠ 0
if(test1(0) && test2(2) && test3(2));?,| | r L? ￠? % 3 I ' ! (O ˉJ h
w? fl? 3? ￠ …,D E h i · % (
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+? ￠ …,# $? h i · (O ˉfi O
# Y Z Z % n o + ′? Z 1 K L,? J F (f—? ˉ;? 3 7 8 n o ;,g M; ˙? N
e$("# e "(> ￥ v ( ( O P § O ˉ (O ˉ
^ Q ( m3 Q R (p C? E A + ! S T? %? S T (U,b
T 1 %V t W X? (? Y Z Q? @ ( D E ˙ 3 h [ \ ; m fl ( X ^? ′ V 6?,Q
ˉ' t? 3 s?
2 ˇ” … 3 2 s C ' t (e * % m3 3 s?
1 ˇ” … 3 me? C( M A … C? ˉ' t (e *m m3 3 s?]
3 ˇ” … 3 fl 4 [ T U
3 t A % 3 " § A (?
fl,￥ ' t C 3 3 C 7 8 > ( S D E W u ￠ ‘ Q ^ _ Y
‘ 0 8? ˇ D E 3 E
a 9 Q E h ( @ ~ L 02 1
3? b ( – ) 4 A c | 3 t [ X %? F3 9,
5 e$”T 1 m3 (L D E A V 6 mC X? E ( E < ] X ; ( fl;,d + 7 8fl > e f
￥ ) 7 8 (F\ ; J > ( A mF ‰
(?m3 7 8 D m(]
L X ; g – ) Z g W h J '
g [ 3 A ; )? "$(
"# g,P
6 6 1 Y 1 " g A 1 Y "D h ( " Q Ci j
S( g,P 7 7 1 Y 1 " g A 1 Y "D h ( " S( g
7 7?9 #? SQ k "
ˇ(r s 0? ˉ L ( s l 3 m i C? ˉ L? ( s l c i 3
[ mX? S( g
7 7 7 A (?3 m C Q k " ˇ(r s 0X n? S l? i C 3
m(
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a0 16
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ˉ￥ 8 % 8 (,g A W,T / =
(O ˉ[,( 1 Y " mQ m,d + g ( "{ ^
( "? ˉ 1 "
Y Z O ˉ[ 1 Y "(Q o m? g ( " X,{ ^
( " g E - Sa 9 Q
6 6 7 7 7 7 g,
u,T ` ( X S( g - Sa ( M,m3 c d? ˉ 1 "
% 8 ( O ˉ X ￥,A W,T / M g
` ( g K ~ L? / ( L T { F D E g Q g + O ˉ?
!?,ˉ0
//,c03:URShift.java
// Test of unsigned right shift,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class URShift {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = -1;
System.out.println(i >>>= 10);
long l = -1;
System.out.println(l >>>= 10);
short s = -1;
System.out.println(s >>>= 10);
byte b = -1;
System.out.println(b >>>= 10);
b = -1;
System.out.println(b>>>10);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"4194303",
"18014398509481983",
"-1",
"-1",
"4194303"
});
}
} ///:~
b 3 currency1 g mP O ˉ~?
],! Q,D E A x (
],D m 1 > ( ( 0
//,c03:BitManipulation.java
// Using the bitwise operators,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
import java.util.*;
public class BitManipulation {
static Test monitor = new Test();
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public static void main(String[] args) {
Random rand = new Random();
int i = rand.nextInt();
int j = rand.nextInt();
printBinaryInt("-1",-1);
printBinaryInt("+1",+1);
int maxpos = 2147483647;
printBinaryInt("maxpos",maxpos);
int maxneg = -2147483648;
printBinaryInt("maxneg",maxneg);
printBinaryInt("i",i);
printBinaryInt("~i",~i);
printBinaryInt("-i",-i);
printBinaryInt("j",j);
printBinaryInt("i & j",i & j);
printBinaryInt("i | j",i | j);
printBinaryInt("i ^ j",i ^ j);
printBinaryInt("i << 5",i << 5);
printBinaryInt("i >> 5",i >> 5);
printBinaryInt("(~i) >> 5",(~i) >> 5);
printBinaryInt("i >>> 5",i >>> 5);
printBinaryInt("(~i) >>> 5",(~i) >>> 5);
long l = rand.nextLong();
long m = rand.nextLong();
printBinaryLong("-1L",-1L);
printBinaryLong("+1L",+1L);
long ll = 9223372036854775807L;
printBinaryLong("maxpos",ll);
long lln = -9223372036854775808L;
printBinaryLong("maxneg",lln);
printBinaryLong("l",l);
printBinaryLong("~l",~l);
printBinaryLong("-l",-l);
printBinaryLong("m",m);
printBinaryLong("l & m",l & m);
printBinaryLong("l | m",l | m);
printBinaryLong("l ^ m",l ^ m);
printBinaryLong("l << 5",l << 5);
printBinaryLong("l >> 5",l >> 5);
printBinaryLong("(~l) >> 5",(~l) >> 5);
printBinaryLong("l >>> 5",l >>> 5);
printBinaryLong("(~l) >>> 5",(~l) >>> 5);
monitor.expect("BitManipulation.out");
}
static void printBinaryInt(String s,int i) {
System.out.println(
s + ",int," + i + ",binary,");
System.out.print(" ");
for(int j = 31; j >= 0; j--)
if(((1 << j) & i) != 0)
System.out.print("1");
else
System.out.print("0");
System.out.println();
}
static void printBinaryLong(String s,long l) {
System.out.println(
s + ",long," + l + ",binary,");
System.out.print(" ");
for(int i = 63; i >= 0; i--)
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a1 a2 48 a1
if(((1L << i) & l) != 0)
System.out.print("1");
else
System.out.print("0");
System.out.println();
}
} ///:~
O p O (e
5 %&
5 %$ A W? T " | / ],3 $ w ( ` E ( ! ( · ],! " F? E X q A Z? (
,? g? (
%,,X
%,,X,= D E A ; ˙? i currency1 ' ! 3
(
3 T 1 " A,T? @ (Oˉ
§ * E m [ E m s h i · ￥ ) Y O ˉ q X r s tF?( T? T (k "?
$ ˇ A [ fl ￡ E
u mv w ( E ] T < < gh ' ! Z
R,,￥
( ˉ,
(b L b ′ L,(e ( ! h i x ·? l h S0
9h S h? S (' !? (0
-1,int,-1,binary,
11111111111111111111111111111111
+1,int,1,binary,
00000000000000000000000000000001
maxpos,int,2147483647,binary,
01111111111111111111111111111111
maxneg,int,-2147483648,binary,
10000000000000000000000000000000
i,int,59081716,binary,
00000011100001011000001111110100
~i,int,-59081717,binary,
11111100011110100111110000001011
-i,int,-59081716,binary,
11111100011110100111110000001100
j,int,198850956,binary,
00001011110110100011100110001100
i & j,int,58720644,binary,
00000011100000000000000110000100
i | j,int,199212028,binary,
00001011110111111011101111111100
i ^ j,int,140491384,binary,
00001000010111111011101001111000
i << 5,int,1890614912,binary,
01110000101100000111111010000000
i >> 5,int,1846303,binary,
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00000000000111000010110000011111
(~i) >> 5,int,-1846304,binary,
11111111111000111101001111100000
i >>> 5,int,1846303,binary,
00000000000111000010110000011111
(~i) >>> 5,int,132371424,binary,
00000111111000111101001111100000
e ( ! h i · T U
m y X A mL 1 " A x? 3 … L (
3 C 3,' (,X h i · (x ·? (0
boolean-exp? value0,value1
ˉ
n o s @ | L (O ˉ? ˉ
# s @ (L |? A (O ˉ
|? E M (
#?,' L ) z B
w ( E A 3 ) z ( {
t L 1 m l | (? } F}? ( M % A m ;,~ (
c E A (V 1 [ E % g3 L
3 Q $ L m mL A,> (r? 3 ] 0
static int ternary(int i) {
return i < 10? i * 100,i * 10;
}; < g ￡ % 8 X L (,,V 0
static int alternative(int i) {
if (i < 10)
return i * 100;
else
return i * 10;
}
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a0 20
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9 Q ) t [ V X,i D E L ( M 3 O % L } 3 Q $ Fe 3 ( 8 b ￠ (
F
SX T ) "( " 3 a ~ L
3 ( 3 3 P S (r,' (
#
F
S 3 mp q ( 0 ( A ; a | ; J ( m X 3?
( 8 | (? @
( M ′? ; u
v w 3 X (?,p A ˙ % ; i j D m(? J p (? } X ( % %? @ (e? ( M u E <
(§ A 3 o!,A ^ ),? ˉ
| u (,8
) t,V? @ W p,( % X ; }
( % Y? + u S
F J ( M,mw? ˉh i · E ( Y Z D m?,( 1 "?
Y Z?,P S3 9 Q ( =
( 0
int x = 0,y = 1,z = 2;
String sString = "x,y,z ";
System.out.println(sString + x + y + z);
,P % 9? = A W ( x · X / PA W 9 Q ` =? ˉ 0
System.out.println(x + sString);
Y Z
,P = ! " # ! " # ! " # ! " #
b? ( X ; c fi O h i ·,? P3 S?
, [ 3?
m3 ! | l ( 0
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while(x = y) {
//,..,
}
w % | 1 > - (? ￠
X ~ L F %
%X - ) C ~ L O ˉ A ;,x 3 o F
F- 3 L h i · (O ˉX
X,P =
( M A,D E,F ( M T ! Q
[ X,0 e 3 3 X,g? ( x
% % 3 b (h i · FJ ￡ * m ;
m3 e (c d Y (? ˇ? ˇ 7 8 (? ˇ? ˇ m3
2 1 7 8 % me
22 11 3? 3? e ( R S e,
` 3 currency1 p ! AX,˙? r 3 e$ 1 3 e$Q
$ % & ’ $ % & ’ $ % & ’ $ % & ’
(? }?P g?ˇ % b r,( 3 "#e$( = 3 "#e$ 8 $ P? "L ~?> C ( M?,
= # D g3 X,( = ( ( M? [ E w x r # A ( = !( e$ =
% ( =? P"#(A e$
2 3 D m( k ( 1 (3 S ] 0
void casts() {
int i = 200;
long l = (long)i;
long l2 = (long)200;
}
D < g(? c E ￥ "L [ E ￥ ( = F
( e =? V o ( 3 m %?,M
X ^,V o ( = u ￡,? Fm,% ˙ ￡ ;? ^ = ; (,
F
e$ = 3 T ˙,a ( (e$ =s c ( D gD (
( & [ $? 3 ; V? ("#e$ = 3 X,Z V
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("#e$ A,J 0 3 ],!? w x r ( =? J A (￠ ￡ Z T ;? ￥? ˉ? 3 O % T Y Z w x r # ˇ ￥ )
X ( · =,K e$ E 8? e$ V (? D E Z? ˉ X,
§,? ￥ R u ‰ (§ A e$("#( ^?( =
s 9 X ; = e X §,= ( % ˙ A W >¨ = % mp q (
3 p ] ‰?,' D m￥ _? E FA (e#
! ! J
,; currency1 ' E T g u [ E A X ;? 3 e#(e$ 8?
( ; ! ! ! !
, L ( M? ; x r Z e$
( Fm e$? e ( D g ( M? ; t? L > ( Q? ‰? E Q fi,0
//,c03:Literals.java
public class Literals {
char c = 0xffff; // max char hex value
byte b = 0x7f; // max byte hex value
short s = 0x7fff; // max short hex value
int i1 = 0x2f; // Hexadecimal (lowercase)
int i2 = 0X2F; // Hexadecimal (uppercase)
int i3 = 0177; // Octal (leading zero)
// Hex and Oct also work with long,
long n1 = 200L; // long suffix
long n2 = 200l; // long suffix (but can be
confusing)
long n3 = 200;
//! long l6(200); // not allowed
float f1 = 1;
float f2 = 1F; // float suffix
float f3 = 1f; // float suffix
float f4 = 1e-45f; // 10 to the power
float f5 = 1e+9f; // float suffix
double d1 = 1d; // double suffix
double d2 = 1D; // double suffix
double d3 = 47e47d; // 10 to the power
} ///:~
h
,( ! "( M % < <= ] a? J < > ′ E (
# D m(? "e$? ; E,( ! (x · E ￠ %? 3 8 e$(b ′ L ′ ("Q f * (
X " E A x · h (
,3? 3 F? (? W!,
8 % E < 8 D ; h (b ′ (L?
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ˉ{ !,?,r L = | #? ~ L M (
)? ^,;( ! " ‘ 9?,3 9,4(" z ( me ( !? L (h
F? L? (Y " w,A (e$ ′ (
$h
′ (’h # ′ ()h
' gy "( M fl m – F y · [
\h | ￥ "(h " ′
($ 4 ; (? 8,@,?! 3 x(
L } $ < - a3
a4 a5? (y "h x ·? J
$ < - ($ 4 ;a3
a4 a5? @
= 8 !7 ( M? @ W Q h W? (?
9(? ˇ (N O = 8 !7 y @? @ (? @,% F t e ( M v w? ￥
a6 a7 a5 a8 X Z $,g,
E < F(
D E? ˉ ; ) P 1 | ￥ "(h "( Y Z <g
(!,A> B # 3? …,? J A h
$ < - 9a3
a4 a5
‰ 3? ˉ? ; x O "#(e$ Y? X ` J?
,8? 0
long n3 = 200;
m” e (r D E
(99? (> V o (? ˉ
float f4 = 1e-47f; // 10 to the power
(,,P y "h ("
D E? ˉ m? ( ( A, 3? #
= # " #" #" #" #
,? ˉ ￥ 8
("# [ 8 % 8 $("#
( "F ( L,/ T M g $` ( D E (O ˉ |
D E? P L ~?Y (e$? ( e$ =
‘ ) PL ~?3 (e$,ˉ 6?
fl u h i · b ′ (Y "#(e$”
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a1 a2 48 a1
N O h i · (O ˉ("#e$? ˉ? 3 # 3 (` g(O ˉ[
ˉ? 3 3 ( Oˉ[
( )( )( )( )
( 9 # mp q (0A,#? "#% ′ V 6 (
% m 9 # (b % (,g? > ("#e$FX (? J ;,X 3? D E % F( "#′ > ( 1 u /,￡ 3 e$mV ′ 8? 3 ￡ @
<(? " 3 ￡,% E F? Y ￡ ′ (" ;? [? g,￥
( % Q $ g? 3 T a (
mg? (c d X % 9 # D m"#e$FD m(? J? > (? X R (g? q A? T (,
* + * +* +* +
3 currency1 4 J m F 0 ˉ g F? ˙ (k / R mV U Y ( M X
} ¨ r?!,3 _ Y ! & > * ! $ ˇ
,%,
t? &
! – ! ’ E < g / 6 6 7 7
& # 7 6 7 6
> * 7 8 > E < 22 11 2 1 3
u T L ( 7 5 C = D E
! > ~ L ! E < } x · (~ L |? ˉPg J ( X 3 (_ Y?,
ˉX? ( A X,-,-,-,-
,
"#? E A ( G J X e$("# 3 ] ‘ ) mc d (￡?
,? T X,mc d (
//,c03:AllOps.java
// Tests all the operators on all the primitive data
types
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// to show which ones are accepted by the Java
compiler,
public class AllOps {
// To accept the results of a boolean test,
void f(boolean b) {}
void boolTest(boolean x,boolean y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
//! x = x * y;
//! x = x / y;
//! x = x % y;
//! x = x + y;
//! x = x - y;
//! x++;
//! x--;
//! x = +y;
//! x = -y;
// Relational and logical,
//! f(x > y);
//! f(x >= y);
//! f(x < y);
//! f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
f(!y);
x = x && y;
x = x || y;
// Bitwise operators,
//! x = ~y;
x = x & y;
x = x | y;
x = x ^ y;
//! x = x << 1;
//! x = x >> 1;
//! x = x >>> 1;
// Compound assignment,
//! x += y;
//! x -= y;
//! x *= y;
//! x /= y;
//! x %= y;
//! x <<= 1;
//! x >>= 1;
//! x >>>= 1;
x &= y;
x ^= y;
x |= y;
// Casting,
//! char c = (char)x;
//! byte B = (byte)x;
//! short s = (short)x;
//! int i = (int)x;
//! long l = (long)x;
//! float f = (float)x;
//! double d = (double)x;
}
void charTest(char x,char y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = (char)(x * y);
x = (char)(x / y);
x = (char)(x % y);
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x = (char)(x + y);
x = (char)(x - y);
x++;
x--;
x = (char)+y;
x = (char)-y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
x= (char)~y;
x = (char)(x & y);
x = (char)(x | y);
x = (char)(x ^ y);
x = (char)(x << 1);
x = (char)(x >> 1);
x = (char)(x >>> 1);
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
x <<= 1;
x >>= 1;
x >>>= 1;
x &= y;
x ^= y;
x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
byte B = (byte)x;
short s = (short)x;
int i = (int)x;
long l = (long)x;
float f = (float)x;
double d = (double)x;
}
void byteTest(byte x,byte y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = (byte)(x* y);
x = (byte)(x / y);
x = (byte)(x % y);
x = (byte)(x + y);
x = (byte)(x - y);
x++;
x--;
x = (byte)+ y;
x = (byte)- y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
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f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
x = (byte)~y;
x = (byte)(x & y);
x = (byte)(x | y);
x = (byte)(x ^ y);
x = (byte)(x << 1);
x = (byte)(x >> 1);
x = (byte)(x >>> 1);
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
x <<= 1;
x >>= 1;
x >>>= 1;
x &= y;
x ^= y;
x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
char c = (char)x;
short s = (short)x;
int i = (int)x;
long l = (long)x;
float f = (float)x;
double d = (double)x;
}
void shortTest(short x,short y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = (short)(x * y);
x = (short)(x / y);
x = (short)(x % y);
x = (short)(x + y);
x = (short)(x - y);
x++;
x--;
x = (short)+y;
x = (short)-y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
x = (short)~y;
x = (short)(x & y);
x = (short)(x | y);
x = (short)(x ^ y);
x = (short)(x << 1);
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x = (short)(x >> 1);
x = (short)(x >>> 1);
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
x <<= 1;
x >>= 1;
x >>>= 1;
x &= y;
x ^= y;
x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
char c = (char)x;
byte B = (byte)x;
int i = (int)x;
long l = (long)x;
float f = (float)x;
double d = (double)x;
}
void intTest(int x,int y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = x * y;
x = x / y;
x = x % y;
x = x + y;
x = x - y;
x++;
x--;
x = +y;
x = -y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
x = ~y;
x = x & y;
x = x | y;
x = x ^ y;
x = x << 1;
x = x >> 1;
x = x >>> 1;
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
x <<= 1;
x >>= 1;
x >>>= 1;
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x &= y;
x ^= y;
x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
char c = (char)x;
byte B = (byte)x;
short s = (short)x;
long l = (long)x;
float f = (float)x;
double d = (double)x;
}
void longTest(long x,long y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = x * y;
x = x / y;
x = x % y;
x = x + y;
x = x - y;
x++;
x--;
x = +y;
x = -y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
x = ~y;
x = x & y;
x = x | y;
x = x ^ y;
x = x << 1;
x = x >> 1;
x = x >>> 1;
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
x <<= 1;
x >>= 1;
x >>>= 1;
x &= y;
x ^= y;
x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
char c = (char)x;
byte B = (byte)x;
short s = (short)x;
int i = (int)x;
float f = (float)x;
double d = (double)x;
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}
void floatTest(float x,float y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = x * y;
x = x / y;
x = x % y;
x = x + y;
x = x - y;
x++;
x--;
x = +y;
x = -y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
//! x = ~y;
//! x = x & y;
//! x = x | y;
//! x = x ^ y;
//! x = x << 1;
//! x = x >> 1;
//! x = x >>> 1;
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
//! x <<= 1;
//! x >>= 1;
//! x >>>= 1;
//! x &= y;
//! x ^= y;
//! x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
char c = (char)x;
byte B = (byte)x;
short s = (short)x;
int i = (int)x;
long l = (long)x;
double d = (double)x;
}
void doubleTest(double x,double y) {
// Arithmetic operators,
x = x * y;
x = x / y;
x = x % y;
x = x + y;
x = x - y;
x++;
x--;
x = +y;
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x = -y;
// Relational and logical,
f(x > y);
f(x >= y);
f(x < y);
f(x <= y);
f(x == y);
f(x != y);
//! f(!x);
//! f(x && y);
//! f(x || y);
// Bitwise operators,
//! x = ~y;
//! x = x & y;
//! x = x | y;
//! x = x ^ y;
//! x = x << 1;
//! x = x >> 1;
//! x = x >>> 1;
// Compound assignment,
x += y;
x -= y;
x *= y;
x /= y;
x %= y;
//! x <<= 1;
//! x >>= 1;
//! x >>>= 1;
//! x &= y;
//! x ^= y;
//! x |= y;
// Casting,
//! boolean b = (boolean)x;
char c = (char)x;
byte B = (byte)x;
short s = (short)x;
int i = (int)x;
long l = (long)x;
float f = (float)x;
}
} ///:~
(o ! (? ; ~?A # e L ;? ￠ A (%? X ; P
L 9 Q ( § A Z 1
[ < g,( "F ( M
8 % E < 8?,/( M O ˉ[
ˉ| PA ~? / Y ( w x r ( e$ =
),ˉ 6? (
￥ )? ` 1 =,A?,X ^ [ ′?,? ˉ? Pe? ′ (
Q 9 Q O ˉ,!?,0
//,c03:Overflow.java
// Surprise! Java lets you overflow,
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import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class Overflow {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
int big = 0x7fffffff; // max int value
System.out.println("big = " + big);
int bigger = big * 4;
System.out.println("bigger = " + bigger);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"big = 2147483647",
"bigger = -4"
});
}
} ///:~
[ #? ( M [? ! ]?
′ m ′ gY z
– 3?
8 % 8 F( e b ~ L
( M [,T M J X % ( e$ = 3? X 1 e$ = [,￡ ) t; < g R,
u ‰ D m( e$? ; T = §A (
e$ m F( @ ( M? ￥ A ( ˉm? 2 s?,F = ^ *X X r ˉ,
c ˇ ( ! D E? ˉ? m ( Y Z? v w ￥?' ( —,′ V "^? m3 ! u 4[ m V (r
( m
# F8 F8 # E < F 8 (
m fl ( §? A,￡ N c d (’
E } Y? F?g * * (o ! % 8 / (
V V
,
D m(u T? u T h i · D … (O ˉQ n o v w A u
] A 5 3 u T h i · h i ·,u T
% %% %% %% % Q n o (L 2 5(L > - h i ·,…
#? F < g^ (D m #? ; ) u T?
X,§,? P" 1 ( B §,Z T
fl C L h C h #? ˉ? % ￥ fl
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(L (? ￠ 8? #? ^ } #
<? (u T h i · / A = L
# [,b G ( ! ( D E #? J me 0
if(Boolean-expression)
statement
if(Boolean-expression)
statement
else
statement
u T n o
ˇ % ; J 0 3 O ˉ
c E E Sh O () t [ E 3S3 9 Q ( b % g?
ˇ h A c E ) t [ E b
3
(]? (,# (" ′) ) - ) " 0
//,c03:IfElse.java
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class IfElse {
static Test monitor = new Test();
static int test(int testval,int target) {
int result = 0;
if(testval > target)
result = +1;
else if(testval < target)
result = -1;
else
result = 0; // Match
return result;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(test(10,5));
System.out.println(test(5,10));
System.out.println(test(5,5));
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"1",
"-1",
"0"
});
}
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} ///:~
￥ ! ( 3 O (T? ; ˙ R
S r < ! ( O
me 1 0~ / A,#? % … A L? ˉX
+ … $( § currency1 A,? … Y L W E X p Y
0
//,c03:IfElse2.java
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class IfElse2 {
static Test monitor = new Test();
static int test(int testval,int target) {
if(testval > target)
return +1;
else if(testval < target)
return -1;
else
return 0; // Match
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(test(10,5));
System.out.println(test(5,10));
System.out.println(test(5,5));
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"1",
"-1",
"0"
});
}
} ///:~
X `
,u O,/ 0 1 2/ 0 1 2/ 0 1 2/ 0 1 2
^
F8 F8 E < # Q ! ( A W T,U
,X o + g
5 F8 (
while(Boolean-expression)
statement
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,currency1 u? % n o | currency1
u % ` 1 n o 1 ) t (,X r 0 " gA? x u T 0
//,c03:WhileTest.java
// Demonstrates the while loop,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class WhileTest {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
double r = 0;
while(r < 0.99d) {
r = Math.random();
System.out.println(r);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"%% \\d\\.\\d+E?-?\\d*"
},Test.AT_LEAST);
}
}
} ///:~
A
8 e? ( ( Q 0 9g u 4(
L 2 3 9 X 2 3 F8 (u T h i · (? }? % L 8
9$? 3 1 + ˇ,currency1 ( M A (' !? X (
,< g F
(? t (?,3
,G $@ Y mi ; § ( Y § *u 3 A h 3 v w – 6 3 currency1 | E § A
,? A (? } v w – 6 ; < g3
L ˇ
F8 (x ·
do
statement
while(Boolean-expression);
F8 F8 ( 3 3 currency1 n o (O ˉ
F8 ( [,– 6 3 currency1 FF8 *? ˉ 3 currency1 n o
Y Z ` [?,, ( M
F8,8 F8 V
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#,F 3 currency1 ( t u / T f * ` 1 u T n o,currency1 u % m3 ( N? ˇ
# ( 0
for(initialization; Boolean-expression; step)
statement
f * ( u T? ￠ E <
( N E,currency1 u A,? ￠
% 3 < gA # A,* ! +? (?,currency1 u A %
#? T )?@ "ˇ(^ 0
//,c03:ListCharacters.java
// Demonstrates "for" loop by listing
// all the lowercase ASCII letters,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class ListCharacters {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i = 0; i < 128; i++)
if(Character.isLowerCase((char)i))
System.out.println("value," + i +
" character," + (char)i);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"value,97 character,a",
"value,98 character,b",
"value,99 character,c",
"value,100 character,d",
"value,101 character,e",
"value,102 character,f",
"value,103 character,g",
"value,104 character,h",
"value,105 character,i",
"value,106 character,j",
"value,107 character,k",
"value,108 character,l",
"value,109 character,m",
"value,110 character,n",
"value,111 character,o",
"value,112 character,p",
"value,113 character,q",
"value,114 character,r",
"value,115 character,s",
"value,116 character,t",
"value,117 character,u",
"value,118 character,v",
"value,119 character,w",
"value,120 character,x",
"value,121 character,y",
"value,122 character,z"
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});
}
} ///:~
F % gA (r F (? ! h i ·
- ˇ O ( X F a r Fh ( 3 S? O (
(1 m# Z ′ g,
* +,,H 8?@ ˇe A X,P
( 8 2 ( ￥ _,3 ((? g,
( $ F H Q? X?(
u e(,(^,% D m(? F3 ( a O § currency1 ( M,4 F
E F^? r w? ; | ￡ ( [ l,
E F
#?O V > e$(
for(int i = 0,j = 1; i < 10 && j != 11; i++,j++)
// body of for loop
F
#?O ( 2 3 * m# mF? ! h i· ˇ?O (; a F§ A? Z T
& & & &
F?(? \? g^
F3 r? S ˇ
X? S ˇ Q O "*( (
0F (? ! h i · ˇ? F? ! hi · ˇ(f *? ( N E? V S (,? l o currency1? ￡ g,p
` 3 ] 0
//,c03:CommaOperator.java
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class CommaOperator {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i = 1,j = i + 10; i < 5;
i++,j = i * 2) {
System.out.println("i= " + i + " j= " + j);
}
monitor.expect(new String[] {
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"i= 1 j= 11",
"i= 2 j= 4",
"i= 3 j= 6",
"i= 4 j= 8"
});
}
} ///:~
E < gFf *? ( N ( ‰ f
* E O ^? " ( 3 e$(
,? [ E F (?; ! (;,( ￡ _ !,* ^ (￡ *o currency1 ` ( t 3 @ (
,? F
# F8 * ;
0
//,c03:BreakAndContinue.java
// Demonstrates break and continue keywords,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class BreakAndContinue {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
if(i == 74) break; // Out of for loop
if(i % 9 != 0) continue; // Next iteration
System.out.println(i);
}
int i = 0;
// An "infinite loop",
while(true) {
i++;
int j = i * 27;
if(j == 1269) break; // Out of loop
if(i % 10 != 0) continue; // Top of loop
System.out.println(i);
}
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"0",
"9",
"18",
"27",
"36",
"45",
"54",
"63",
"72",
"10",
"20",
"30",
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"40"
});
}
} ///:~
F
#? [ gX,99 - g4"( M ; *+,3 Q $ mFX ; /? *o u T Z M 0 (,?; (1 % X ;?R
A ˙ K 3?,? ˉ;? R
P L ],! Q,D (? o ˇ ￠ n J ',(
+ A m ; *o ( ; ‰?,< g
,* ^ ( K 3? F? m;? R 9( M,m],‰ 9[ T ],! Q,
9B 9- ) 9 m3 x · ( o
#? ￥ F8 # 3 X ( D E A (c d
’ ( ) * ’ ( ) *’ ( ) *’ ( ) * +
,m,? m,
J F? ￡ ! (? x 0 ˉu T
! s * g? 2 s * gY?ˇ? J? b,0 ( ￡ D E? ˉ? ^ ￡ (?,< g?j,*
,J 0 A ( ￡ ˇ ￡ F
J X F %? S T J
s fl ￡ R J (*?A Q ~ (%? ˉ fl?* gY? Y X m Z + ; K? ￠ ￡ ˙ AX % Y Z?* ˇ′,
C ) * Y? — (?D
’ ˇ(n ( h % g,? B (r? Y 9 ￥
( ],3? – m,% PA N ! +
§?D g * u b c d X F)
F) X,
F3 p q (? J b ( !
B
( ˙? A PA 1 ( + m m,; e A x?; T ! 3 e *
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( ˉ X *? J 3 * ! ( u D E,PA W
> n A W,> (? ! 0 3? m S( I }? 0
label1,
F
3 ; k (r F (‰? k F u 4X ; m^ Z T ( 3 ￠ ‘?,V m V [?;,*o,u A,_ g
D F(r 0
label1,
outer-iteration {
inner-iteration {
//..,
break; // 1
//..,
continue; // 2
//..,
continue label1; // 3
//..,
break label1; // 4
}
}
F> ]
* ; *o,( _ g‰ > ] (*
,K g g (b F> ] <*
!”F*o ( *o ‰ ` 3 _ g
! | a currency1 ‰ ` > ] "*; ![,_ g ! A X,` ( t? J A _ ! e
# ] 0
//,c03:LabeledFor.java
// Java's "labeled for" loop,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class LabeledFor {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;
outer,// Can't have statements here
for(; true ;) { // infinite loop
inner,// Can't have statements here
for(; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println("i = " + i);
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if(i == 2) {
System.out.println("continue");
continue;
}
if(i == 3) {
System.out.println("break");
i++; // Otherwise i never
// gets incremented,
break;
}
if(i == 7) {
System.out.println("continue outer");
i++; // Otherwise i never
// gets incremented,
continue outer;
}
if(i == 8) {
System.out.println("break outer");
break outer;
}
for(int k = 0; k < 5; k++) {
if(k == 3) {
System.out.println("continue inner");
continue inner;
}
}
}
}
// Can't break or continue to labels here
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"i = 0",
"continue inner",
"i = 1",
"continue inner",
"i = 2",
"continue",
"i = 3",
"break",
"i = 4",
"continue inner",
"i = 5",
"continue inner",
"i = 6",
"continue inner",
"i = 7",
"continue outer",
"i = 8",
"break outer"
});
}
} ///:~
3;,_ ! # X? 3? (# 1 X,0 ‘ ); * ^,h i · % F % %% %% %% % A( M (,1 F
B ( M (
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[ t,b l [ ( [ * ^,D E [ % (
ˉX;? 9 + _ g
(‰? ; ; _ ! _ ! b [ (
[ 3? |? ˉ_ ! ( % _ !? E
( (; F8 3 9 ( ˉ0
//,c03:LabeledWhile.java
// Java's "labeled while" loop,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class LabeledWhile {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 0;
outer,
while(true) {
System.out.println("Outer while loop");
while(true) {
i++;
System.out.println("i = " + i);
if(i == 1) {
System.out.println("continue");
continue;
}
if(i == 3) {
System.out.println("continue outer");
continue outer;
}
if(i == 5) {
System.out.println("break");
break;
}
if(i == 7) {
System.out.println("break outer");
break outer;
}
}
}
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Outer while loop",
"i = 1",
"continue",
"i = 2",
"i = 3",
"continue outer",
"Outer while loop",
"i = 4",
"i = 5",
"break",
"Outer while loop",
"i = 6",
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"i = 7",
"break outer"
});
}
} ///:~
r s [ r )
F8 0
$ M (,_ g (b |
($ (,* g K ( t F? (
<$ ;,(?h ! + ˇ
4,( ;,‘ I ( (?h ! + ˇ Y,F; ˙? ( 3 ￠ ‘ FV m ( %; _ ! V [ F
) * Y ’ ˇ(n? G w x ￥ ( X
G (" j ("? q ( ‘ )
F ( - ’? t,( fl? U
J m c d A W (k m@? o ! ( X ; ) g ( ! ‰? m3 fl? mw ( _ W o !,(
p A | m,
m
F 8,T F 8,9 # "h i ·
- ˇ(L N O v w A ￡ A (x · 0
switch(integral-selector) {
case integral-value1,statement; break;
case integral-value2,statement; break;
case integral-value3,statement; break;
case integral-value4,statement; break;
case integral-value5,statement; break;
//,.,
default,statement;
}
" 3,J 0? "L (h i · F 8,L? (
N 1 8? ˉ? g,? ( A,>v (
) t ( b (? ˉ m? g? ( s
# (
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a1 a2 48 a1
,FJ? Y?,(b? m ;? > y? u,* !
F 8 F 8 (3 x· X ^; (? ˉ m ;,3
(y? gA ; |? X,\ ; m( % ;,? b Y F
#? ( A m; g? Q X *?,_ g 3 r? ˉ? |,3? [ E P; k g # (b? 3 C ~ [ m
F 8 ; mu ￠ r? V V * 3
| A % 3 ; J 0 } 8? (? "L ( u T > C "1 u T Y Z
F 8 X ;? y1,￥ ) fl? "(e$? ; 3 a (
#? (,/ 0 3 | ` n o G W 6 6 0
//,c03:VowelsAndConsonants.java
// Demonstrates the switch statement,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class VowelsAndConsonants {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
char c = (char)(Math.random() * 26 + 'a');
System.out.print(c + ",");
switch(c) {
case 'a',
case 'e',
case 'i',
case 'o',
case 'u',System.out.println("vowel");
break;
case 'y',
case 'w',System.out.println("Sometimes a
vowel");
break;
default,System.out.println("consonant");
}
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"%% [aeiou],vowel|[yw],Sometimes a vowel|"
+
"[^aeiouyw],consonant"
},Test.AT_LEAST);
}
}
} ///:~
‘ )
8,0 ( 9g u 4(L? / Q E (′
h m(,| ` J g [ " b (Y
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| < J + W 9 # Q N O *? J F 8 ( (? "L F
t S3 9 Q ( F ) 8 ( M,…? "L
3,˙ 3 ￡? V x
ˇ(?v w; k FA (? % ( 2 s,^ + 3
(
( s h i · [1\h L ; [I J \,(3?z ˇ s h i · ( D E 3 ;?
*4(3 J 3 S | t? [
@ \ˇ ; &
@ | 0?/ @ $ ˇ Fb 3 ;? [
E\ a A h?X F ( ˇD E A h? fl 6 (
-,/-,/-,/-,/
u 0
char c = (char)(Math.random() * 26 + 'a');
L W? < <
8,0 3 D E (:,/ T =
` ( Q ) (O ˉ[ [ $ [
\ T = ; ( % e$ = P
(O ˉ = 8 =
8 (^ *m1,Z ′?[ $? ˉL
( $ 4 Y Z? PA * 8 ( M PA <9 ( ′,#? = > 0
//,c03:CastingNumbers.java
// What happens when you cast a float
// or double to an integral value?
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
public class CastingNumbers {
static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
double
above = 0.7,
below = 0.4;
System.out.println("above," + above);
System.out.println("below," + below);
System.out.println("(int)above," + (int)above);
System.out.println("(int)below," + (int)below);
System.out.println("(char)('a' + above)," +
(char)('a' + above));
System.out.println("(char)('a' + below)," +
(char)('a' + below));
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monitor.expect(new String[] {
"above,0.7",
"below,0.4",
"(int)above,0",
"(int)below,0",
"(char)('a' + above),a",
"(char)('a' + below),a"
});
}
} ///:~
D E = >
# =? "( M A fl §? ( "{ +
c d
8,m A,0 3 9g u 4(L L 2 X 2 3 [
\? "F – A 9A F9A G
9A G F9A? 3 Sh 2 3 3 Sh?X 2 3 ˇ W ` 3? ￠ Q? = > 0
//,c03:RandomBounds.java
// Does Math.random() produce 0.0 and 1.0?
// {RunByHand}
public class RandomBounds {
static void usage() {
System.out.println("Usage,\n\t" +
"RandomBounds lower\n\tRandomBounds upper");
System.exit(1);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
if(args.length != 1) usage();
if(args[0].equals("lower")) {
while(Math.random() != 0.0); // Keep trying
System.out.println("Produced 0.0!");
}
else if(args[0].equals("upper")) {
while(Math.random() != 1.0); // Keep trying
System.out.println("Produced 1.0!");
}
else
usage();
}
} ///:~
%? F? ' t 0
java RandomBounds lower
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java RandomBounds upper
n? A u? b? X X & D E < J +
8,c X,J 0 9$ 9[ X,0 $ 9( (3 ˉ?
a9 a10 a11 a12
9g u 4m(
a13 a14 X (L D E% ￠?Q L ;,B @ – 1 ￠?(,( #
8,”0 9$ 9 "F – A (L
F9A
3?',′ V "( m(G p 0@ 1 k /
R e$ = F T?,; ( 3 ¨? ￥ _? (,3? W,' ￡? | ￥ _ (f *? ￠ u e( ′ c d
% 3 ! L ;
u # $
# $ % & ’ (W? J? m3 ; d (= >
F (?k / R ˇ3 *me u h i · P e u h i · kg?+ E,G W,J 0 X (O ˉ
P T 3 ; (
ˇ? ˇe (e ˙ A n o X F "
u 4 2 3
3,],g (L (
,; ( ˙ A F ( M _ ! ` ￠,
Q ￡ "
3? e T "( ( 8 e
| PO ˉ],! Q T 8 ( M %
1 8 F i X ( N
3, 0 L ( n o L ′ ) ) - ) 3 0 (L
,; (? o ˇ( Q 2 # ; Q *o,
3 V m e [ ( Q $ " | PA ],! Q
D $ " y ; T A? R( | "
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3 ˙ A,],3 %? | P k (
E? ￠,/? ￠, m ( | P
&,` < < O ˉ”?
a9 a10 a15 a12
’ # * ’,( FH,,(9J
= 8 !7 H H T @ Y? –?,9 49 ￡
= 8 !7? 3 c ′? ( ; @ (' t · (W
(,? m? (;a h y "([
C\[ ′? ( Q m | ￥ "([ \e f ^ [
C\ ) t (h y " – ) § h " W (@ "/ # D (
9 Y % [ ;( ! B Q < gm,Z ^? ˉ < gy " m;( ! ("(,A E ; h ( Y 3 currency1 < gy "? ([
\ F 49 ￡ fl? ’ c d
= 8 !7 m,? 9( A X 3 m(? J? ˉ% h | ￥ "( W? "( X ^ [ ′? ( ˇ
a9 a10 a11 a12
’ * !? 0> C "#,; h ( z
"? ! 3 ! ! § *
h "? ( y z 9( ! (p "? b ′ (y"
b (y " H CCC 4 " 0
!<" AK !<" " K L AK " D E " E m( "
" !<" A !<" " ! " 3L "
" " 3!< ! " 3!< ! " 3L "
" 3!< ! " 3L
" 3M " 3L " (3 H
F h h § y " FF,9((A 9G,8
c 2 3 "[ 2 3? " D E h i · ( I " [ (E,(,
(E ( ′ (E,(,FF9A u 4 < < F
’ J I I @@@$ ’ $ I 99,$ ’ h ((b
