Thinking in Java 3rd Edition
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致读者,
我从2002年7月开始翻译这本书,当时还是第二版。但是翻完前言和介绍部分后,chinapub就登出广告,说要出版侯捷的译本。于是我中止了翻译,等着侯先生的作品。
我是第一时间买的 这本书,但是我失望了。比起第一版,我终于能看懂这本书了,但是相比我的预期,它还是差一点。所以当Bruce Eckel在他的网站上公开本书的第三版的时候,我决定把它翻译出来。
说说容易,做做难。一本1000多页的书不是那么容易翻的。期间我也曾打过退堂鼓,但最终还是全部翻译出来了。从今年的两月初起,到7月底,我几乎放弃了所有的业余时间,全身心地投入本书的翻译之中。应该说,这项工作的难度超出了我的想像。
首先,读一本书和翻译一本书完全是两g11733g1119。g14533g16833g994中g7003是两g12193不g2528的g16833言,
g11004g14533g16833说g5483g5468g11033的g2489g4388,翻g6116中g7003之后就完全g11784了相。有时我g5483g14469g3921几分g19059,
g11004中g7003g18337g17860一g2489我能g11004几g12198g19059读懂的g2489g4388。g7368g1321g1929作g1038读g13785,一两g2489g16817g8821g6642
懂,g5194不g5445g2721g1332g10714g16311g6984本书,但g4557译g13785来说,这就不一g7691了。
g1866g8437,这是一本g16774g14533g16833的g1166g1901g13485g16774g14533g16833的g1166的书,所以g2528g5468多要g10043g20050g19762g14533g16833读
g13785的g6228g7427g7003g7735不g2528,它在g11004g16801,g2489g5347g7053g19766g19762g5132g19555g5859。g14533g16833读g13785g1262g5468g8439g17187这一点,但是g4557g3818g3281读g13785来说,这就是g17139g6297了。
g1889有,Bruce Eckel这g7691的g3835g10287g1166,g1901了1000多页,g3926g7536g18129g16765g1332读懂,他g4694不是
g3838g8821g19766g4388g731所以,书g18336还有一g1135g5468有g256g12121g5859g257的g2489g4388。比g3926那g2489g14891g2529的g256The
genesis of the computer revolution was in a machine,The genesis of our
programming languages thus tends to look like that machine.g257我就一g11464g8821g2519g1946该g5602
么翻译。我想g3835g8022g8821g1166能g2519g1946,说不定Bruce要的就是这g1022g6940g7536。
这是一本公g16760的g2529g14891,作g13785在g6228g7427上的g17908g16823g7092g2499g6373g2088。g13792作g1038译g13785,我的g13546g12255
能g2159差了g5468多。g1889g2164上上g19766g16774的这g1135g2419g3252,g1363g5483我不g5483不g7696g3818的g16892g5922。当我g18337
读初g12307的时候,我g2469g10628g19668要g1474g6925的地g7053g4466在g3838多了。g3252g8504,我不能g10628在就公开全部译g12307,我g2494能公开g5062g13475g1474g6925过的部分。不过这不是最终的版本,我还g1262g13499
g13505g1474g16758的。
本来,我g1946g3803到10月g1233,等我g1474g6925完前7g12468之后g1889公开。但是,我g2469g10628我g2460有点要放弃了,g3252g8504我决定g13485g14270g5061一点压g2159,g10628在就公开。以后,我将g1474g6925完一
g12468就公开一g12468,请关注www.wgqqh.com/shhgs/tij.html。
g3926g7536g1332觉g5483g3921,请g13485告诉我,g1332的鼓励是我工作的动g2159;g3926g7536g1332觉g5483不g3921,那就g7368应该告诉我了,我g1262参考g1332的g5859见作g1474g6925的。我希望能通过这g12193g7053法,译出一本配g5483上g2419g14891的书。
shhgs
2003年9月8日
Chapter 6,Reusing Classes
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6,复用类
Java最令g1166心动的特性就是它的代g11733复g11004了。但是仅仅拷贝源代g11733g1889作
g1474g6925是不能被称g1038g256革命g257的。
那是C之类的过g12255g16833言所采g11004的办法,g13792且也不g5602么g6116功。就像Javag18336
的一切,要g16311决这g1022问题还要靠类。g1332g2499以利g11004别g1166g1901g3921的、g5062g13475测试通过的类来创建新的类,不必一切g18129从零开始。
这么做的诀窍就是,要在不g6925动g2419有代g11733的前提下g1363g11004类。本g12468g1262介绍两
g12193做法。第一g12193g19762g5132简单:在新的类g18336g11464接创建旧的类的g4557象。这被称g1038
合g6116(compostion),g3252g1038新的类是由旧的类合g6116g13792来的。g1332所复g11004的g2494
是代g11733的功能,g13792不是它的形g5347。
第二g12193g7053法g7368g1038精妙。它g1262创建一g1022新的,g994g2419来那g1022类g2528属一g12193类型的类。g1332全盘接受了旧类的形g5347,在g8821有g4557它做g1474g6925的情g1929下往g18336g19766添g2164了新的代g11733。这g12193神奇的做法就被称g1038g13499承(inheritance)。g13546译器g1262承g6297
绝g3835部分的工作。g13499承是g19766向g4557象g13546g12255的基石,它还有一g1135额g3818的含义,
g4557g8504我们g1262在第7g12468g1889做探讨。
合g6116g994g13499承在g16833法和行g1038上有许多相似之处(这g5468g3921g10714g16311,g3252g1038它们g18129是在g2419有类的基础上创建新类)。g1332g1262在本g12468学到这g1135代g11733复g11004的机制。
合成所使用的语法
g4466际上我们g5062g13475看到g5468多合g6116的案例了。g2494要把g4557象的referenceg11464接放到新的类g18336g19766就行了。假设,g1332要创建一g1022新的类,g1866中有几g1022
Stringg4557象,几g1022primitive数据,以及一g1022别的什么类型的g4557象。g4557
于g19762primitive的g4557象,g1332g2494要把它的reference放到类g18336就行了,但是
g4557于primitive,g1332就g2494能g11464接定义了,
//,c06:SprinklerSystem.java
// Composition for code reuse,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class WaterSource {
private String s;
WaterSource() {
System.out.println("WaterSource()");
s = new String("Constructed");
}
public String toString() { return s; }
}
public class SprinklerSystem {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
private String valve1,valve2,valve3,valve4;
Thinking in Java 3rd Edition
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private WaterSource source;
private int i;
private float f;
public String toString() {
return
"valve1 = " + valve1 + "\n" +
"valve2 = " + valve2 + "\n" +
"valve3 = " + valve3 + "\n" +
"valve4 = " + valve4 + "\n" +
"i = " + i + "\n" +
"f = " + f + "\n" +
"source = " + source;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SprinklerSystem sprinklers = new
SprinklerSystem();
System.out.println(sprinklers);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"valve1 = null",
"valve2 = null",
"valve3 = null",
"valve4 = null",
"i = 0",
"f = 0.0",
"source = null"
});
}
} ///:~
这两g1022类g18129定义了一g1022特殊的g7053法:toString( )。以后g1332就g1262知道,所有g19762primitiveg4557象g18129有一g1022toString( )g7053法,当g13546译器g19668要一g1022
Stringg13792它却是一g1022g4557象的时候,g13546译器就g1262g14270动调g11004这g1022g7053法。所以当g13546译器从SprinklerSystem.toString( )的,
"source = " + source;
中看到,g1332想把Stringg2528WaterSouce相g2164的时候,它就g1262说g256由于Stringg2494能g2528String相g2164,g3252g8504我要调g11004source的
toString( ),g3252g1038g2494有这g7691才能把它转换g6116String!g257。 于是它就把这两g1022String连起来,然后g1889String的形g5347把结g7536返还g13485
System.out.println( )。g3926g7536g1332想g16765g1332g1901的类也具g3803这g1022功能,g2494要
g1901一g1022toString( )g7053法就行了。
我们g5062g13475在第2g12468g16774过,当primitive数据作g1038类的g6116员的时候,g1262被g14270
动地初始化g1038零。g13792g4557象的reference则g1262被初始化g1038null,g3926g7536这时,g1332去调g11004这g1022g4557象的g7053法,就g1262g5483到异g5132。能把它打印出来g13792不抛出异g5132,这真是g3838g3921了(g13792且也g5468g4466g11004)。
Chapter 6,Reusing Classes
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g256g13546译器不g1038referenceg1946g3803默g16760g4557象g257的这g12193做法,g4466际上也是g5468合乎逻g17765的。g3252g1038在g5468多情g1929下,这么做g1262g5353g2469不必要的性能开g19156。g3926g7536g1332
想g4557referenceg17839行初始化,那么g2499以在以下几g1022时间g17839行,
1,在定义g4557象的时候。这就g5859g2631着在g7512g17908g2001数调g11004之前,它们g5062g13475初始化完g8617了。
2,在这g1022类的g7512g17908g2001数g18336。
3,在g2375将g1363g11004那g1022g4557象之前。这g12193做法通g5132被称g1038g256g1611g6054初始化(lazy
initialization)g257。g3926g7536g11908到创建g4557象的代g1227g5468g20652,g6122g13785不是g8611g8437g18129g19668要创建g4557象的时候,这g12193做法就能g19489g1314g12255g5219的开g19156了。
下g19766这g8585g12255g5219把这三g12193办法g18129g9448g12046一g17953,
//,c06:Bath.java
// Constructor initialization with composition,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Soap {
private String s;
Soap() {
System.out.println("Soap()");
s = new String("Constructed");
}
public String toString() { return s; }
}
public class Bath {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
private String // Initializing at point of
definition,
s1 = new String("Happy"),
s2 = "Happy",
s3,s4;
private Soap castille;
private int i;
private float toy;
public Bath() {
System.out.println("Inside Bath()");
s3 = new String("Joy");
i = 47;
toy = 3.14f;
castille = new Soap();
}
public String toString() {
if(s4 == null) // Delayed initialization,
s4 = new String("Joy");
return
"s1 = " + s1 + "\n" +
"s2 = " + s2 + "\n" +
"s3 = " + s3 + "\n" +
"s4 = " + s4 + "\n" +
"i = " + i + "\n" +
"toy = " + toy + "\n" +
"castille = " + castille;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Bath b = new Bath();
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System.out.println(b);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Inside Bath()",
"Soap()",
"s1 = Happy",
"s2 = Happy",
"s3 = Joy",
"s4 = Joy",
"i = 47",
"toy = 3.14",
"castille = Constructed"
});
}
} ///:~
注g5859,Bath的g7512g17908g2001数g1262先打印一g7477g9052g5699g1889g17839行初始化。g3926g7536g1332不在定义g4557象的时候g17839行初始化,那么g8821g1166g2499以g6297g1457,在向这g1022g4557象的
referenceg2469g17877g9052g5699的时候,它g5062g13475被初始化了g252g252g2465g1510是g1262有异g5132来告诉g1332,它还g8821有初始化,。
调g11004toString( )的时候它g1262先g1038s4g17183一g1022g1552,这g7691它就不g1262g7422g13475初始化g13792被g1363g11004了。
继承所使用的语法
g13499承是Java(也是所有OOPg16833言)不g2499分g2118的一部分。g4466际上当g1332创建类的时候,g1332就是在g13499承,要么是g7186g5347地g13499承别的什么类,要么是g19556含地g13499
承了g7643g1946Javag7693类,Object。
合g6116的g16833法g5468g5191g9141,但g13499承就有所不g2528了。g13499承的时候,g1332g5483先g3780g7138g256新类和旧类是一g7691的。g257g17331g5191g5132一g7691,g1332g5483先在g12255g5219g18336g1901上类的g2529g4395,但是在开始定义类之前,g1332还g5483g2164上extends关g19202g16801和基类(base class)的
g2529g4395。做完这g1135之后,新类就g1262g14270动g14731g5483基类的全部g6116员和g7053法。下g19766就是一g1022例g4388,
//,c06:Detergent.java
// Inheritance syntax & properties,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Cleanser {
protected static Test monitor = new Test();
private String s = new String("Cleanser");
public void append(String a) { s += a; }
public void dilute() { append(" dilute()"); }
public void apply() { append(" apply()"); }
public void scrub() { append(" scrub()"); }
public String toString() { return s; }
public static void main(String[] args) {
Cleanser x = new Cleanser();
x.dilute(); x.apply(); x.scrub();
Chapter 6,Reusing Classes
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System.out.println(x);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Cleanser dilute() apply() scrub()"
});
}
}
public class Detergent extends Cleanser {
// Change a method,
public void scrub() {
append(" Detergent.scrub()");
super.scrub(); // Call base-class version
}
// Add methods to the interface,
public void foam() { append(" foam()"); }
// Test the new class,
public static void main(String[] args) {
Detergent x = new Detergent();
x.dilute();
x.apply();
x.scrub();
x.foam();
System.out.println(x);
System.out.println("Testing base class:");
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Cleanser dilute() apply() " +
"Detergent.scrub() scrub() foam()",
"Testing base class:",
});
Cleanser.main(args);
}
} ///:~
这g8585g12255g5219能告诉我们g5468多g1008g16211。首先Cleanser的append( )g7053法g11004
+= g17828g12651g12538将Stingg2528sg13864接起来。Java的设g16757g13785们g256g18337g17745g257了这g1022g6817
作g12538,g1363之能作g11004于String。
第二,Cleanser和Detergentg18129有一g1022main( )g7053法。g1332g2499以g1038g8611
g1022类g18129创建一g1022main( ),g13792且这也是一g12193g1552g5483提g1525的g13546g12255g7053法,g3252g1038
这g7691一来,测试代g11733就能g18129放g17839类g18336了。g2375g1363g12255g5219g2265g6336了g5468多类,它也g2494
g1262调g11004g1332在命令行下g13485出的那g1022类的main( )g7053法。(g2494要main( )是
public的就行了,g14279于类是不是public的,g5194不g18337要。)于是,当g1332g17767
入java Detergent的时候,它就g1262调g11004Detergent.main( )。g15441
然Cleanser不是public的,但是g1332也g2499以g11004java Cleanser来调
g11004Cleanser.main( )。这g12193往g8611g1022类g18336g18129放一g1022main( )的做法,能
g16765类的单g1815测试g2476g5483g7368容易一g1135。做完测试之后,g1332也不必g12239g19512
main( );g11053下它g2499以g1391以后的测试g11004。
这g18336,Detergent.main( )g11464接调g11004了Cleanser.main( ),g5194且把命令行参数g2419g4565不动地g1268g13485了它(g4466际上g2499以g1363g11004g1231g1321String数g13464)。
Thinking in Java 3rd Edition
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有一点g5468g18337要,那就是Cleanser的g7053法g18129是public的。g16772g1315,g3926g7536
g1332不g1901g16787问g6523制g12538,g6116员就g1262被默g16760地g17183g1116packageg7447g19492,于是g2528一g1022
packageg1881的g1231g1321类就g18129能g16787问这g1135g7053法了。Detergentg8821问题。但是,g3926g7536别的packageg18336有一g1022g13499承了Cleanser的类,那它就g2494能g16787
问Cleanser的public的g6116员了。(我们以后g1262g16774,g8978生类g2499以g16787问基类的protected的g6116员。)所以g13499承设g16757g7053g19766有一g7477通g11004g1946则,那就是把数据g18129设g6116private的,把g7053法g18129设g6116public的。当然g11908到特殊情
g1929还要g17839行调g6984,但是这还是一g7477g19762g5132有g11004的g1946则。
注g5859,Cleanser的接g2487g2265g6336了一g13464g7053法:append(),dilute(),
apply(),scrub(),以及toString()。由于Detergent是由
Cleanserg8978生出来的(通过extends关g19202g16801),所以g4625g12661它g8821有g7138g11842地定义这g1135g7053法,它还是g14270动g14731g5483了这g1022接g2487的所有g7053法。由g8504,g1332g2499以将
g13499承g10714g16311g6116类的复g11004。
g8503g3926scrub( )所g6593g12046的,g1332g2499以在g8978生类g18336g1474g6925一g1022在基类g18336的定义的
g7053法。这时,g1332有g2499能要在新g7053法g18336调g11004基类的g7053法。但是g1332不能在
scrub( )g18336g19766g11464接调g11004scrub( ),g3252g1038这是g17894g5414,g1332要的应该不是这
g1022g2555。g1038g16311决这g1022问题,Java提g1391了一g1022g15932g12046当前类所g13499承的那g1022g256超类(superclass)g257的super关g19202g16801。于是super.scrub( )就g1262调g11004基类的scrub( )g7053法了。
g13499承g5194不g1262g19492定g1332g2494能g1363g11004基类的g7053法。g1332也g2499以往g8978生类g18336g2164g17839新的g7053
法,就像往g7234通的类g18336g2164g7053法一g7691:g11464接定义就是了。foam( )就是一例。
从Degergent.main( )g2499以看出,Detergentg4557象g7094有Cleanser
的g7053法,也有它g14270g5061的g7053法(就是foam())。
基类的初始化
g10628在要创建g8978生类g4557象g5062g13475不是一g1022类的g1119情了,它g1262g10313g9053到两g1022类g252g252
基类和g8978生类,g3252g8504要g6642g9177g7982它g12362g12467是g5602么创建的,就有点难度了。从g4628
g3818g1166的g16294度来看,新类具g3803了和旧类完全相g2528的接g2487,g5194且还有g2499能g1262有一g1135它g14270g5061的g7053法和数据。但g13499承g5194不仅仅是拷贝基类的接g2487。当g1332创建一g1022g8978生类g4557象的时候,这g1022g4557象g18336g19766还有一g1022基类的g4388g4557象
(subobject)。这g1022g4388g4557象g2528基类g14270g5061创建的g4557象g8821什么两g7691。g2494是从g3818
g19766看来,这g1022g4388g4557象被g2265g16077在g8978生类的g4557象g18336g19766。
当然,基类g4388g4557象的g8503g11842初始化也是g19762g5132g18337要的,g13792且g2494有一g1022办法能g1457
g16789这一点:调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001数来g17839行初始化,g3252g1038g2494有它才g6496g6581g5602g7691才能g8503g11842地g17839行初始化的g1461g5699和g7447g19492。Javag1262g16765g8978生类的g7512g17908g2001数g14270动地调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001数。下g19766这g8585g12255g5219就g9448g12046了它在三g13435g13499承g1319g13007下是g3926g1321
g17828作的,
Chapter 6,Reusing Classes
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g12544 8 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
//,c06:Cartoon.java
// Constructor calls during inheritance,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Art {
Art() {
System.out.println("Art constructor");
}
}
class Drawing extends Art {
Drawing() {
System.out.println("Drawing constructor");
}
}
public class Cartoon extends Drawing {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
public Cartoon() {
System.out.println("Cartoon constructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Cartoon x = new Cartoon();
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Art constructor",
"Drawing constructor",
"Cartoon constructor"
});
}
} ///:~
g2499以看到,g7512g17908行g1038是从基类g256向g3818g257g2469g4649的,所以基类g1262在g8978生类的g7512
g17908g2001数g16787问它之前先g17839行初始化。g2375g1427g1332不创建Cartoon( )的g7512g17908g2001
数,g13546译器也g1262g1038g1332g17908一g1022默g16760的g7512g17908g2001数,然后g1889由它去调g11004基类的g7512
g17908g2001数。
带参数的构造函数
在上g17860例g12255中,g7512g17908g2001数g18129是默g16760的;也就是不g5114参数的。g4557g13546译器来说,调g11004这g12193g7512g17908g2001数g1262g19762g5132简单,g3252g1038g7693本就g8821有要g1268g2750g1135参数的问题。但是g3926g7536类g8821有默g16760的g7512g17908g2001数(也就是g7092参数的g7512g17908g2001数),g6122g13785g1332
要调g11004的基类g7512g17908g2001数是g5114参数的,g1332就必g20047g11004super关g19202g16801以及合g17878
的参数g7138g11842地调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001数,
//,c06:Chess.java
// Inheritance,constructors and arguments,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Game {
Game(int i) {
System.out.println("Game constructor");
}
}
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class BoardGame extends Game {
BoardGame(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("BoardGame constructor");
}
}
public class Chess extends BoardGame {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
Chess() {
super(11);
System.out.println("Chess constructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Chess x = new Chess();
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Game constructor",
"BoardGame constructor",
"Chess constructor"
});
}
} ///:~
g3926g7536g1332不在BoardGame( )g18336g19766调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001数,g13546译器就g1262g6265g19181
说它g6226不到Game( ) 形g5347(译g13785注:g2375默g16760)的g7512g17908g2001数。g8504g3818,g4557g8978生类g7512g17908g2001数g13792言,调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001数应该是它做的第一g1226g1119。(g3926g7536g1332
做g19181了,g13546译器就g1262提g18278g1332。)
捕获基类构造函数抛出的异常
我们g2030说了,g13546译器g1262g5390制g1332将基类g7512g17908g2001数的调g11004放在g8978生类的g7512g17908g2001
数的最前g19766。也就是说,在它之前不能有g1231g1321g1008g16211。等到第9g12468g1332就g1262知道,这么做g1262g3964g11873g8978生类的g7512g17908g2001数g6441g14731基类抛出的异g5132。这一点有时g1262
g5468不g7053g1427。
把合成和继承结合起来
g2528时g1363g11004合g6116和g13499承的g10628象是g5468g7234g17953的。下g19766这g8585g12255g5219g9448g12046了,g5602g7691g1363g11004
合g6116和g13499承,以及利g11004g7512g17908g2001数来g17839行初始化这一必不g2499g4581的g8505骤,来创建一g1022较g1038复杂的类,
//,c06:PlaceSetting.java
// Combining composition & inheritance,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Plate {
Plate(int i) {
System.out.println("Plate constructor");
}
}
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g12544 10 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
class DinnerPlate extends Plate {
DinnerPlate(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("DinnerPlate constructor");
}
}
class Utensil {
Utensil(int i) {
System.out.println("Utensil constructor");
}
}
class Spoon extends Utensil {
Spoon(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("Spoon constructor");
}
}
class Fork extends Utensil {
Fork(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("Fork constructor");
}
}
class Knife extends Utensil {
Knife(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("Knife constructor");
}
}
// A cultural way of doing something,
class Custom {
Custom(int i) {
System.out.println("Custom constructor");
}
}
public class PlaceSetting extends Custom {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
private Spoon sp;
private Fork frk;
private Knife kn;
private DinnerPlate pl;
public PlaceSetting(int i) {
super(i + 1);
sp = new Spoon(i + 2);
frk = new Fork(i + 3);
kn = new Knife(i + 4);
pl = new DinnerPlate(i + 5);
System.out.println("PlaceSetting constructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
PlaceSetting x = new PlaceSetting(9);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Custom constructor",
"Utensil constructor",
"Spoon constructor",
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"Utensil constructor",
"Fork constructor",
"Utensil constructor",
"Knife constructor",
"Plate constructor",
"DinnerPlate constructor",
"PlaceSetting constructor"
});
}
} ///:~
g15441然g13546译器g1262g5390制g1332g4557基类g17839行初始化,g5194且g1262要求g1332在g7512g17908g2001数的开始部分完g6116初始化,但是它不g1262检查g1332是不是g17839行了g6116员g4557象的初始化,g3252
g8504g1332g2494能g14270g5061g11053神了。
确保进行妥善地清理
拆g7512g2001数(destructor)是C++g18336g19766的g8022念,它是一g12193能在g9177g10714g4557象的时候g14270动调g11004的g7053法,Javag18336g19766g8821有这g12193g8022念。g2419g3252g2499能是Java处g10714这类问题的时候,g2494是简单地把g4557象放到一边,然后g11053g13485垃圾回收器去处
g10714,它不g1262去主动地g17839行g9177g10714。
在g3835多数情g1929下,这g12193做法也g5468不g19181,但是有时候,g1262遇到一g1135特殊的类,在g9177g10714它们的g4557象的时候g1262g19668要g17839行一g1135额g3818的g6817作。g8503g3926第4g12468所说的,g1332g7094不知道垃圾回收器什么时候启动,也不知道它g1262不g1262启动。所以g3926g7536要g17839行g9177g10714,g1332就必g20047g7138g11842地g1901一g1022专门干这g1226g1119的g7053法,然后告诉客户g12255g5219员们去调g11004这g1022g7053法。做了这g1135还不够g252g252到第9g12468(g256g11004异
g5132处g10714g19181误g257)还要g16774g252g252g1038了应付异g5132,g1332还要把它放到finallyg4388g2489
g18336g19766。
就拿g16757g12651机辅助设g16757g13007统举例,我们要在屏幕上画一点g1008g16211,
//,c06:CADSystem.java
// Ensuring proper cleanup,
package c06;
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
import java.util.*;
class Shape {
Shape(int i) {
System.out.println("Shape constructor");
}
void dispose() {
System.out.println("Shape dispose");
}
}
class Circle extends Shape {
Circle(int i) {
super(i);
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g12544 12 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
System.out.println("Drawing Circle");
}
void dispose() {
System.out.println("Erasing Circle");
super.dispose();
}
}
class Triangle extends Shape {
Triangle(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("Drawing Triangle");
}
void dispose() {
System.out.println("Erasing Triangle");
super.dispose();
}
}
class Line extends Shape {
private int start,end;
Line(int start,int end) {
super(start);
this.start = start;
this.end = end;
System.out.println("Drawing Line,"+ start+ ",
"+ end);
}
void dispose() {
System.out.println("Erasing Line,"+ start+ ",
"+ end);
super.dispose();
}
}
public class CADSystem extends Shape {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
private Circle c;
private Triangle t;
private Line[] lines = new Line[5];
public CADSystem(int i) {
super(i + 1);
for(int j = 0; j < lines.length; j++)
lines[j] = new Line(j,j*j);
c = new Circle(1);
t = new Triangle(1);
System.out.println("Combined constructor");
}
public void dispose() {
System.out.println("CADSystem.dispose()");
// The order of cleanup is the reverse
// of the order of initialization
t.dispose();
c.dispose();
for(int i = lines.length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
lines[i].dispose();
super.dispose();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
CADSystem x = new CADSystem(47);
try {
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// Code and exception handling..,
} finally {
x.dispose();
}
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Shape constructor",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Line,0,0",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Line,1,1",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Line,2,4",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Line,3,9",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Line,4,16",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Circle",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Triangle",
"Combined constructor",
"CADSystem.dispose()",
"Erasing Triangle",
"Shape dispose",
"Erasing Circle",
"Shape dispose",
"Erasing Line,4,16",
"Shape dispose",
"Erasing Line,3,9",
"Shape dispose",
"Erasing Line,2,4",
"Shape dispose",
"Erasing Line,1,1",
"Shape dispose",
"Erasing Line,0,0",
"Shape dispose",
"Shape dispose"
});
}
} ///:~
这g1022g13007统g18336的所有g1008g16211g18129是Shape(g13792Shape本身g2460是Object,g3252g1038
它是g19556含地g13499承g14270g7693类) 。各g1022类在覆g1901Shape的dispose( )g7053法的时候,g19512了g11004super调g11004基类的dispose( ) 之g3818,还要完g6116它g14270g5061的
g9177g10714活动。具g1319的Shape类g252g252Circle,Triangle以及Lineg252g252g18129
有g1262把g14270g5061g256画出来g257的g7512g17908g2001数,但g4466际上,g4557象的生命周期g1881调g11004的
g1231g1321g7053法,g18129g2499能g1262g17908g6116一g1135g19668要g17839行g9177g10714的后g7536。g8611g1022类g18129有它g14270g5061
的,g11004来恢复g1881存以g3818的资源状态的dispose( )g7053法。
main( )g18336g19766有两g1022我们要到第9g12468才g1262g8503g5347介绍的新关g19202g16801:try和
finally。tryg15932g12046下g19766这g8585g12255g5219(由g14469g6336号g19492定)是一g1022g19668要g13485g1116特殊关注的受g1457护的区域(guarded region)。所谓的特殊关注就是,g7092论以g1321
g12193g7053g5347退出try区块,g18129必g20047执行g17331在这g1022受g1457护区域后g19766的finallyg4388
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g12544 14 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
g2489。(g4557于异g5132处g10714来说,g1262有g5468多g19762g8503g5132退出try区块的情g1929。)这g18336
finally的g5859思是g256不论g2469生什么g1119情,g1332g18129必g20047调g11004x的
dispose( )g257。我们g1262在第9g12468g1889详细g16311释这两g1022关g19202g16801。
注g5859,在g9177g10714g7053法中,g3926g7536g4388g4557象之间有依赖关g13007,那么g1332还要g11053g5859g1866基类和g6116员g4557象的g9177g10714g7053法的调g11004顺g5219。总之,这g1022顺g5219g2528C++的g13546译器要求的拆g7512g2001数的执行顺g5219是一g7691的:先按g10043创建g4557象的相g2465顺g5219g17839行类的g9177g10714。(一般来说,这要求g11053着基类g4557象以g1391g16787问。)然后调g11004基类的g9177
g10714g7053法,就像这g18336所做的。
在g5468多情g1929下,g9177g10714g5194不是什么问题;把它g11053g13485垃圾回收器就行了。但是
g3926g7536g1332要g14270g5061做的g16817,那就g2494能辛苦一点了,g13792且还要g7696g3818小心,g3252g1038在垃圾回收g7053g19766,谁g18129帮不上g1332。垃圾回收器g2499能永远也不g1262启动。g2375g1427它启动了,g1332也g8821法g6523制它的回收顺g5219。最g3921不要依赖垃圾回收器去做g1231g1321
g994g1881存回收g7092关的g1119情。g3926g7536g1332要g17839行g9177g10714,一定要g14270g5061g1901g9177g10714g7053法,别去g11004finalize( )。
名字的遮盖
g3926g7536Java的基类g18336有一g1022被g18337g17745了g3921几g8437的g7053法,那么在g8978生类g18336g18337新定义那g1022g7053法,是不g1262把基类g18336定义的g1231g1321一g1022g13485遮盖掉的(这点g2528C++
不g2528)。g3252g8504,g7092论g7053法是在这一层还是在g1866基类定义的,g18337g17745g18129能起作
g11004,
//,c06:Hide.java
// Overloading a base-class method name in a derived
class
// does not hide the base-class versions,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Homer {
char doh(char c) {
System.out.println("doh(char)");
return 'd';
}
float doh(float f) {
System.out.println("doh(float)");
return 1.0f;
}
}
class Milhouse {}
class Bart extends Homer {
void doh(Milhouse m) {
System.out.println("doh(Milhouse)");
}
}
public class Hide {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
Bart b = new Bart();
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b.doh(1);
b.doh('x');
b.doh(1.0f);
b.doh(new Milhouse());
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"doh(float)",
"doh(char)",
"doh(float)",
"doh(Milhouse)"
});
}
} ///:~
g2499以看到,g4625g12661Bartg2460g18337g17745了一g17953,但Homer所g18337g17745的g7053法,在
Bartg18336依然有g6940(在C++g18336这么做的g16817,就g1262把基类g7053法全g18129g19556藏起来了)。到下一g12468g1332就g1262知道,在g8978生类g18336g11004相g2528的参数列g15932,相g2528的返回类型来覆g1901g7053法的这g12193做法,g4466在是g3838g7234通了。否则就g3838乱了(这也是g1038
什么C++不允许g1332这么做的g2419g3252g252g252要防止g1332去做g2499能g1262是g19181的g1119)。
用合成还是继承
合g6116g994g13499承g18129能g16765g1332将g4388g4557象植入新的类(合g6116是g7186g5347的,g13499承是g19556含的)。也许g1332想了g16311一下这两g13785有什么区别,以及该g3926g1321g17839行选择。
一般来说,合g6116g11004于新类要g1363g11004旧类的功能,g13792不是g1866接g2487的场合。也就是说,把g4557象嵌g17839去,g11004它来g4466g10628新类的功能,但是g11004户看到的是新类的接g2487,g13792不是嵌g17839去的g4557象的接g2487。g3252g8504,g1332g5483在新类g18336嵌入private
的旧类g4557象。
有时,g16765g11004户g11464接g16787问新类的各g1022g13464g6116部分也是合乎情g10714的;这就是说,
将g6116员g4557象定义g6116public。g6116员g4557象各g14270g18129有g256g19556藏g4466g10628g257的机制,g3252
g8504这么做也是安全的。g3926g7536g11004户知道g1332g11004了g2750g1135零g1226,那么接g2487g4557他们来说就g2476g5483g7368简单了。carg4557象就是一g1022g3921例g4388,
//,c06:Car.java
// Composition with public objects,
class Engine {
public void start() {}
public void rev() {}
public void stop() {}
}
class Wheel {
public void inflate(int psi) {}
}
class Window {
public void rollup() {}
public void rolldown() {}
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g12544 16 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
}
class Door {
public Window window = new Window();
public void open() {}
public void close() {}
}
public class Car {
public Engine engine = new Engine();
public Wheel[] wheel = new Wheel[4];
public Door
left = new Door(),
right = new Door(); // 2-door
public Car() {
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
wheel[i] = new Wheel();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Car car = new Car();
car.left.window.rollup();
car.wheel[0].inflate(72);
}
} ///:~
由于在这g1022例g4388g18336,car的各g1022g13464g6116部分(不仅仅是g1866底层g4466g10628的一部分)
还是一g1022分析问题的过g12255,g3252g13792将g6116员定义g6116public的,有助于客户g12255
g5219员g10714g16311该g3926g1321g1363g11004这g1022类,由g8504也g19489g1314了这g1022类g14270身的开g2469难度。但是要g16772g1315这g2494是一g1022特列,通g5132情g1929下,g1332g18129应该将g6116员数据定义g6116
private的。
g13499承则是要g4557g5062有的类做一番g6925g17908,以g8504g14731g5483一g1022特殊版本。简g13792言之,
g1332要将一g1022较g1038抽象的类g6925g17908g6116能g17878g11004于某g1135特定g19668求的类。稍微想一下就g1262知道,g11004vehicle(车辆)g4557象来合g6116一g1022car(轿车)是毫g7092g5859义的g252
g252car不g2265含vehicle,它本来就是vehicle。g13499承要g15932达的是一g12193g256是
(is-a)g257关g13007,g13792合g6116g15932达要g15932达的是g256有(has-a)g257关g13007。
protected
g10628在g1332g5062g13475知道g13499承了,g3252g8504关g19202g16801protected也有g5859义了。在g10714想情
g1929下private关g19202g16801g5062g13475够g11004了。但是在g4466际的项目中,g1332有时g1262g11908
到,要g16765一g1135g1008g16211g4557g3818部世界g19556藏,但是却要g4557它的g13499承类开放。
protected关g19202g16801就是这g12193g4466g11004主义的g1319g10628。它的g5859思是g256g4557g11004户g13792
言,它是private的,但是g3926g7536g1332想g13499承这g1022类,g6122g13785开g2469一g1022也属于这g1022package的类的g16817,就g2499以g16787问它了。g257(Java的protected也提g1391package的g7447g19492。)
最g3921的做法是,将数据g6116员设g6116private的;g1332应该永远g1457g11053g1474g6925底层
g4466g10628的g7447利。然后g11004protectedg7447g19492的g7053法来g6523制g13499承类的g16787问g7447g19492,
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//,c06:Orc.java
// The protected keyword,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
import java.util.*;
class Villain {
private String name;
protected void set(String nm) { name = nm; }
public Villain(String name) { this.name = name; }
public String toString() {
return "I'm a Villain and my name is " + name;
}
}
public class Orc extends Villain {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
private int orcNumber;
public Orc(String name,int orcNumber) {
super(name);
this.orcNumber = orcNumber;
}
public void change(String name,int orcNumber) {
set(name); // Available because it's protected
this.orcNumber = orcNumber;
}
public String toString() {
return "Orc " + orcNumber + "," +
super.toString();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Orc orc = new Orc("Limburger",12);
System.out.println(orc);
orc.change("Bob",19);
System.out.println(orc);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Orc 12,I'm a Villain and my name is
Limburger",
"Orc 19,I'm a Villain and my name is Bob"
});
}
} ///:~
g2499以看到change( )调g11004了set( ),g3252g1038它是protected的。 g8504g3818
还要注g5859一下Orc的toString( )g7053法,它g11004到了基类的toString( )
g7053法。
渐进式的开发
g13499承的优点之一就是,它支持渐g17839g5347的开g2469(incremental develop)。添
g2164新的代g11733的时候,不g1262g13485老代g11733g5114来bug;g4466际上新的bug全g18129被圈在新代g11733g18336。通过g13499承g5062有的,g5062g13475能g8503g5132工作的类,然后g1889添g2164一g1135数据g6116员和g7053法(以及g18337新定义一g1135g2419有的g7053法),g1332g2499以不去g1474g6925那g1135g2499能还有g1166在g11004的老代g11733,g3252g13792也就不g1262g17908g6116bug了。一旦g2469g10628了bug,g1332
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g12544 18 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
就知道它肯定是在新代g11733g18336。相比要去g1474g6925老代g11733,新代g11733g1262短g5468多,读起来也g7368简单。
类的隔离g12467g1262g3926g8504彻底,这真是g3838令g1166惊讶了。g1332甚g14279不g19668要源代g11733就能
g17839行复g11004。最多就是import一g1022package。(g4557于g13499承和合g6116g13792言g18129是这g7691。)
g1332g5483g7138白,g12255g5219开g2469就像g1166的学习一g7691,是一g1022渐g17839的过g12255。不论g1332作过多g4581分析,不g4466际做项目的g16817,还是g5483不到答案。g3926g7536g1332能摒弃像建玻璃摩天楼那g7691g8617g1866功于一役的开g2469g7053g5347,g13792采g11004类似生物g17839化的,g16765那g1022项目逐g8505的g256增长g257的开g2469g7053g5347,那么g1332就g1262g14731g5483g7368g3835的g6116功g252g252以及g7368多的及时g2465馈。
g4625g12661在试验g19466g8585,g13499承是一g12193g19762g5132有g11004的g6228g7427,但是当项目g17839入g12295定g19466g8585
之后,g1332就g5483g11004一g12193新的g11536g1821来g4469g16282类的g13499承g1319g13007了,g1332要把它压g13565g6116一
g1022合乎逻g17765的结g7512。g16772g1315,在这g1135g19181g13520复杂的关g13007后g19766,g13499承g4466g17148上是在
g15932达这g7691一g12193关g13007:g256新的类是一g12193旧的类g257。g12255g5219不应该g3272着bit转,
它应该从问题g12366间出g2469,通过创建和g6817g6523形形g14406g14406的g4557象来g15932达一g12193g16311决问题的g7053法。
上传
g13499承最g18337要的特g5461不在于它g1038新类提g1391了g7053法,g13792是它g15932达了新类g2528基类之间的关g13007。这g12193关g13007g2499以被g5414g13447g1038一g2489g16817g256新类就是一g12193g2419有的类。g257
这g5194不是在g12366g2487说白g16817g252g252g16833言g11464接g13485了支持。比g7053说,g15932g12046g1060器的基类
g2495Instrument,然后有一g1022g2495Wind的g8978生类。g13499承的g5859思就是基类有的g7053法g8978生类g18129有,g3252g8504g17877g13485基类的g9052g5699也g2499以g17877g13485g8978生类。g3926g7536
Instrument有一g1022play( )g7053法,那么Wind也有。也就是说,g1332g2499
以g5468有把g6581地说,Windg4557象也是一g12193Instrument。下g19766这g8585g12255g5219g9448
g12046了g13546译器是g5602g7691支持这g12193g16278念的,
//,c06:Wind.java
// Inheritance & upcasting,
import java.util.*;
class Instrument {
public void play() {}
static void tune(Instrument i) {
//,.,
i.play();
}
}
// Wind objects are instruments
// because they have the same interface,
public class Wind extends Instrument {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Wind flute = new Wind();
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Instrument.tune(flute); // Upcasting
}
} ///:~
这g1022例g4388g18336的tune( )g7053法g5468有g17271。它g19668要Instrument的reference
作参数,但是Wind.main( )g13485了它一g1022Wind的reference。我们知道Java的类型检查是g5468g6373g2088的,g3252g8504g3926g7536g1332不知道Windg4557象就是一g12193
Instrumentg4557象,g13792且g19512了Wind之g3818tune( )g8821有别的
Instrumentg2499调,g1332就g1262觉g5483g5468g3268g5797,g1038什么接受Instrument的
g7053法也g2499以接受Wind。tune( )的代g11733g2499以作g11004于Instrument,以及Instrument的g8978生类,g13792将Wind的reference转换g6116
Instrument的reference的这g12193做法就被称g1038g256上g1268
(upcasting)g257。
为什么叫“上传”?
这g1022g7427g16833是有g16774法的,它g13548于类的g13499承关g13007g3282的g1268统画法:将g7693g13634于g20042
g12483,然后向下g2469g4649(当然,g1332也g2499以按g10043g1332的习g5827来画。)Wind.java的
g13499承关g13007g3282就是,
把g8978生类g1268g13485基类就是g8851着g13499承g3282往上g17877,g3252g8504被称g1038g256上g1268
(upcasting)g257。上g1268总是安全的,g3252g1038g1332是把一g1022较具g1319的类型转换g6116
较g1038一般的类型。也就是说g8978生类是基类的超g19610(superset)。它g2499能g1262有一g1135基类所g8821有的g7053法,但是它最g4581要有基类的g7053法。在上g1268过g12255中,类的接g2487g2494g1262g1955小,不g1262增g3835。这就是g1038什么g13546译器g1262允许g1332不作g1231g1321g7138g11842
的类型转换g6122特殊g15932g12046就g17839行上g1268的g2419g3252了。
g1332也g2499以g17839行g2465向g1268g17894,这被称g1038g256下g1268(downcasting)g257,但是这时就
g1262有问题了。我们g1262在第10g12468g1889作g16774g16311。
合成还是继承,再探讨
在g19766相g4557象的g13546g12255中,最g5132见的g13546g12255和g1363g11004代g11733的g7053g5347还是将数据和g7053法简单地g4565g16025g6116类,然后g1889g1363g11004那g1022类的g4557象。g1332也g2499以通过合g6116,在g10628有的类的基础上创建新的类。g13499承则不g3838g5132g11004。所以,g15441然在OOP的学习中,g13499承g2356有g5468g18337要的地g1313,但这g5194不是在说g1332g2499以到处g9401g11004。相g2465,g17828
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g12544 20 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
g11004g13499承的时候,g1332应该g4625g2499能的g1457g4444,g2494有在它能g5114来g5468g7138g7186的g3921处的时候,g1332才能g11004。在g2040g7041该g1363g11004合g6116还是g13499承的时候,有一g1022最简单的办法,就是问一下g1332是不是g1262把新类上g1268g13485基类。g3926g7536g1332必g20047上g1268,那么g13499
承就是必g20047的,g3926g7536不g19668要上g1268,那么就该g1889看看是不是应该g11004g13499承了。
下一g12468(多态性)g1262g16774g1038什么要g11004上g1268,但是g3926g7536g1332还g16772g5483要问g14270g5061g256我g19668
要上g1268g2539g731g257,那么g1332就有了一g1226能帮g1332g2040g7041该g1363g11004合g6116还是g13499承的g3921工具了。
final 关键词
Java的关g19202g16801final的含义g1262g7693据上下g7003g11065有不g2528,但是总的来说,它的g5859思g18129是g256这g7691g1008g16211不允许g6925动g257。g1332g2499能g1262出于两点考g15397不想g16765别g1166
作g6925动:设g16757和g6940g10587。由于这两g1022g2419g3252差别g5468g3835,g3252g8504g5468g2499能g1262误g11004
final关g19202g16801。
下g19766的几g14422g1262讨论final的三g12193g11004g17896:数据(data),g7053法(method)和类
(class)。
Final的数据
g5468多g13546g12255g16833言g18129有通知g13546译器g256这是g8585g461g5132g18339(constant)g462 数据g257的g6175
g8585。g5132g18339能g11004于下列两g12193情g1929,
1,g2499以是g256g13546译时的g5132g18339(compile-time constant)g257,这g7691就g1889也不能
g6925了。
2,也g2499以是g17828行时初始化的g1552,这g1022g1552g1332以后就不想g1889g6925了。
g3926g7536是g13546译时的g5132g18339,g13546译器g1262把g5132g18339放到g12651g5347g18336g19766;这g7691g13546译的时候就能g17839行g16757g12651,g3252g8504也就g19489g1314了g17828行时的开g19156。在Java中这g12193g5132g18339必g20047是
primitive型的,g13792且要g11004final关g19202g16801g15932g12046。这g12193g5132g18339的g17183g1552必g20047在定义的时候g17839行。
一g1022g7094是staticg2460是final的数据g6116员g1262g2494g2356据一g8585g1881存,g5194且不g2499g1474
g6925。
当final不是g6363primitive,g13792是g11004于g4557象的reference的时候,g5859思就有点g6642了。g4557primitive来说,finalg1262将这g1022g1552定义g6116g5132g18339,但是g4557于
g4557象的referenceg13792言,final的g5859思则是这g1022reference是g5132g18339。初始化的时候,一旦将reference连到了某g1022g4557象,那么它就g1889也不能g6363
别的g4557象了。但是这g1022g4557象本身是g2499以g1474g6925的;Javag8821有提g1391将某g1022g4557
象作g6116g5132g18339的g7053法。(但是g1332g2499以g14270g5061g1901一g1022类,这g7691就能把类当做g5132g18339
了。)这g12193g4628g19492性也g1319g10628在数g13464上,g3252g1038它也是一g1022g4557象。
下g19766这g8585g12255g5219g9448g12046了final的数据g6116员,
Thinking in Java 3rd Edition
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//,c06:FinalData.java
// The effect of final on fields,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
import java.util.*;
class Value {
int i; // Package access
public Value(int i) { this.i = i; }
}
public class FinalData {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
private static Random rand = new Random();
private String id;
public FinalData(String id) { this.id = id; }
// Can be compile-time constants,
private final int VAL_ONE = 9;
private static final int VAL_TWO = 99;
// Typical public constant,
public static final int VAL_THREE = 39;
// Cannot be compile-time constants,
private final int i4 = rand.nextInt(20);
static final int i5 = rand.nextInt(20);
private Value v1 = new Value(11);
private final Value v2 = new Value(22);
private static final Value v3 = new Value(33);
// Arrays,
private final int[] a = { 1,2,3,4,5,6 };
public String toString() {
return id + "," + "i4 = " + i4 + ",i5 = " + i5;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
FinalData fd1 = new FinalData("fd1");
//! fd1.VAL_ONE++; // Error,can't change value
fd1.v2.i++; // Object isn't constant!
fd1.v1 = new Value(9); // OK -- not final
for(int i = 0; i < fd1.a.length; i++)
fd1.a[i]++; // Object isn't constant!
//! fd1.v2 = new Value(0); // Error,Can't
//! fd1.v3 = new Value(1); // change reference
//! fd1.a = new int[3];
System.out.println(fd1);
System.out.println("Creating new FinalData");
FinalData fd2 = new FinalData("fd2");
System.out.println(fd1);
System.out.println(fd2);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"%% fd1,i4 = \\d+,i5 = \\d+",
"Creating new FinalData",
"%% fd1,i4 = \\d+,i5 = \\d+",
"%% fd2,i4 = \\d+,i5 = \\d+"
});
}
} ///:~
由于VAL_ONE和VAL_TWOg18129是在g13546译时g17183g1552的final
primitive,g3252g13792它们g18129能被g11004作g13546译时的g5132g18339,这两g13785在所有g18337g3835的g7053
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g12544 22 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
g19766完全相g2528。VAL_THREE则g11004了一g12193g7368g5132见的g7053g5347来定义g5132g18339:
public,所以g2375g1363是在package的g3818g19766也能g11004,staticg5390调它g2494有这一g1022数据,g13792finalg15932g12046这是一g1022g5132g18339。注g5859,通g5132g13434定,被初始化g1038g5132
g18339g1552的final static的primitive的g2529g4395全g18129g11004g3835g1901,g16801g994g16801之间g11004下
g2022g13459分开。(这就g2528C的g5132g18339g5468相似了,g4466际上这g1022g13434定就是从C那g18336拿来的。)g2528g7691要知道i5的g1552在g13546译的时候是不知道的,g3252g8504不g19668要g3835g1901。
不能仅从某g7691g1008g16211是final的,就g2040g7041说g256它的g1552在g13546译的时候就g5062g13475g11842
定了g257。这一点g2499以从i4和i5的初始化上g5483到g16789g4466。它们g18129g1363g11004g19555机生
g6116的数g4395来g17839行初始化。这g8585例g12255还g9448g12046了将fianlg1552做g6116static和g19762
static的区别。这g12193差别g2494在g12255g5219执行初始化的时候才能g7186g10628出来,g3252
g1038g13546译器处g10714g256g13546译时的g1552(compile-time values)g257的g7053g5347是相g2528的。
(假设不存在优化的g16817。)g17828行g12255g5219的时候就能看出差别了。注g5859,fd1和
fd2的i4g1552是不g2528的,g13792创建第二g1022FinalDatag4557象的时候i5的g1552是不g2476的。这是g3252g1038它是static的,g3252g13792它是在g16025g17745类的时候,g13792不是创建g4557象的时候g17839行初始化的。
v1到v3的g2476g18339g9448g12046了final refeerence的含义。g8503g3926g1332在main( )
中所看到的,不g1262g3252g1038v2是final的就不g16765它g1474g6925g4557象的g1552。g3252g1038
final的是reference,它的g5859思是g1332不能把v2g13477到g1866它g4557象上。g4557于数g13464也是这g1022g5859思,g3252g1038它也是一g12193reference。(我不知道有什么办法把数g13464本身做g6116final的。)看来把reference作g6116final的不g3926把
primitive作g6116final的有g11004。
空白的final数据 (Blank finals)
Java能g16765g1332创建g256g12366白的final数据(blank finals)g257,也就是说把数据
g6116员g3780g7138g6116final的,但却g8821g13485初始化的g1552。g11908到这g12193情g1929,g1332必g20047先g17839
行初始化,g1889g1363g11004g12366白的final数据g6116员,g13792且g13546译器g1262g5390制g1332这么做。
不过,g12366白的final数据也提g1391了一g12193g7368g1038g9801活的g17828g11004final关g19202g16801g7053
法,比g7053说,g10628在g4557象g18336的final数据就能在g1457持不g2476性的g2528时g2460有所不
g2528了。下g19766就是一例,
//,c06:BlankFinal.java
// "Blank" final fields,
class Poppet {
private int i;
Poppet(int ii) { i = ii; }
}
public class BlankFinal {
private final int i = 0; // Initialized final
private final int j; // Blank final
private final Poppet p; // Blank final reference
// Blank finals MUST be initialized in the
constructor,
public BlankFinal() {
j = 1; // Initialize blank final
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p = new Poppet(1); // Initialize blank final
reference
}
public BlankFinal(int x) {
j = x; // Initialize blank final
p = new Poppet(x); // Initialize blank final
reference
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new BlankFinal();
new BlankFinal(47);
}
} ///:~
g1332一定g5483g1038final数据g17183g1552,要么是在定义数据的时候g11004一g1022g15932达g5347g17183
g1552,要么是在g7512g17908g2001数g18336g19766g17839行g17183g1552。g1038了g11842g1457final数据在g1363g11004之前g5062
g13475g17839行了初始化,这一要求是g5390制性的。
Final的参数
Java允许g1332在参数g15932中g3780g7138参数是final的,这g7691参数也g13546g12255final
了。也就是说,g1332不能在g7053法g18336g16765参数referenceg6363向g2490一g1022g4557象了,
//,c06:FinalArguments.java
// Using "final" with method arguments,
class Gizmo {
public void spin() {}
}
public class FinalArguments {
void with(final Gizmo g) {
//! g = new Gizmo(); // Illegal -- g is final
}
void without(Gizmo g) {
g = new Gizmo(); // OK -- g not final
g.spin();
}
// void f(final int i) { i++; } // Can't change
// You can only read from a final primitive,
int g(final int i) { return i + 1; }
public static void main(String[] args) {
FinalArguments bf = new FinalArguments();
bf.without(null);
bf.with(null);
}
} ///:~
f( )和g( )g9448g12046了把primitive参数做g6116final的g6940g7536:g1332g2499以读,但是不能g6925参数。这g12193功能g3921像也g8821什么g3835g11004,也许也不是g1332所g19668要的。
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g12544 24 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
Final方法
g1363g11004finalg7053法的目的有二。第一,g1038g7053法上g256g19157g257,g12117止g8978生类g17839行g1474
g6925。这是出于设g16757考g15397。当g1332希望某g1022g7053法的功能,能在g13499承过g12255中被g1457
g11053下来,g5194且不被覆g1901,就g2499以g1363g11004这g1022g7053法。
第二g1022g2419g3252就是g6940g10587。g3926g7536g7053法是final的,那么g13546译器就g1262把调g11004转换
g6116g256g1881g13864的(inline)g257。当g13546译器看到要调g11004finalg7053法的时候,它就g1262
(g7693据g2040g7041)g14305弃g7234通的,g256g6566入g7053法调g11004代g11733的g257g13546译机制(将参数压入
g7644,然后g17351去执行要调g11004的g7053法的代g11733,g1889g17351回来g9177g12366g7644,g1889处g10714返回
g1552),相g2465它g1262g11004g7053法本身的拷贝来代g7379g7053法的调g11004。当然g3926g7536g7053法g5468
g3835,那么g12255g5219就g1262g14204g13972g5483g5468g5567,于是g1881g13864也不g1262g5114来什么性能的g6925g2904,g3252
g1038这g12193g6925g2904相比g12255g5219处g10714所g13803g11004的时间是微不g17287道的。Java的设g16757g13785们
g7275g12046过,Java的g13546译器有这g1022功能,g2499以g7246能地g2040g7041是不是应该将
finalg7053法做g6116g1881g13864的。不过,最g3921还是把g6940g10587问题g11053g13485g13546译器和JVM
去处g10714,g13792g2494把finalg11004于要g7138g11842地g12117止覆g1901的场合。[31]
final和private
privateg7053法g18129g19556含有final的g5859思。由于g1332不能g16787问private的g7053
法,g3252g8504g1332也不能覆g1901它。g1332g2499以g13485privateg7053法g2164一g1022finalg1474g20292
g12538,但是这g7691做什么g5859义也g8821有。
这g1022问题有g2499能g1262g17908g6116g9163乱,g3252g1038g2375g1363g1332覆g1901了一g1022privateg7053法(它g19556
含有final的g5859思),看上去它还是g2499以g17828行的,g13792且g13546译器也不g1262g6265
g19181,
//,c06:FinalOverridingIllusion.java
// It only looks like you can override
// a private or private final method,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class WithFinals {
// Identical to "private" alone,
private final void f() {
System.out.println("WithFinals.f()");
}
// Also automatically "final",
private void g() {
System.out.println("WithFinals.g()");
}
}
class OverridingPrivate extends WithFinals {
private final void f() {
System.out.println("OverridingPrivate.f()");
}
private void g() {
System.out.println("OverridingPrivate.g()");
}
}
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class OverridingPrivate2 extends OverridingPrivate {
public final void f() {
System.out.println("OverridingPrivate2.f()");
}
public void g() {
System.out.println("OverridingPrivate2.g()");
}
}
public class FinalOverridingIllusion {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
OverridingPrivate2 op2 = new
OverridingPrivate2();
op2.f();
op2.g();
// You can upcast,
OverridingPrivate op = op2;
// But you can't call the methods,
//! op.f();
//! op.g();
// Same here,
WithFinals wf = op2;
//! wf.f();
//! wf.g();
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"OverridingPrivate2.f()",
"OverridingPrivate2.g()"
});
}
} ///:~
g2494有是基类接g2487g18336的g1008g16211才能被g256覆g1901g257。也就是说,g4557象应该g2499以被上
g1268到基类,然后g1889调g11004g2528一g1022g7053法(这一点要到下一g12468才能g16774g5483g7368g9177g7982。)
g3926g7536g7053法是private的,那它就不属于基类的接g2487。它g2494能g12651是被类g19556
藏起来的,g8503g3921有着相g2528的g2529g4395的代g11733。g3926g7536g1332在g8978生类g18336创建了g2528g2529的
publicg6122protected,g6122packageg7447g19492的g7053法,那么它们g2528基类中g2499
能g2528g2529的g7053法,g8821有g1231g1321g13864g13007。g1332g5194g8821有覆g1901那g1022g7053法,g1332g2494是创建了一
g1022新的g7053法。由于privateg7053法是g7092法g16787问的,g4466际上是看不见的,g3252
g8504这么作g19512了g1262g5445g2721类的代g11733结g7512,g1866它什么g5859义g18129g8821有。
Final类
把g6984g1022类g18129定义g6116final 的(把final关g19202g16801放到类的定义部分的前g19766)就等于在g4471g5079,g1332不g1262去g13499承这g1022类,g1332也不允许别g1166去g13499承这g1022类。换言之,出于类的设g16757考g15397,它g1889也不g19668要作g1474g6925了,g6122g13785从安全g16294度出g2469,
g1332不希望它g1889生出g4388类。
//,c06:Jurassic.java
// Making an entire class final,
class SmallBrain {}
Chapter 6,Reusing Classes
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final class Dinosaur {
int i = 7;
int j = 1;
SmallBrain x = new SmallBrain();
void f() {}
}
//! class Further extends Dinosaur {}
// error,Cannot extend final class 'Dinosaur'
public class Jurassic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Dinosaur n = new Dinosaur();
n.f();
n.i = 40;
n.j++;
}
} ///:~
注g5859,final类的数据g2499以是final的,也g2499以不是final的,这要由g1332
来决定。g7092论类是不是final的,这一g7477g18129g17878g11004于g256将finalg11004于数据的g257场合。但是,由于final类g12117止了g13499承,覆g1901g7053法g5062g13475不g2499能了,g3252
g8504所有的g7053法g18129g19556含地g2476g6116final了。g1332g2499以g1038final类的g7053法g2164一g1022
finalg1474g20292g12538,但是这一g7691g8821什么g5859义。
小心使用final
看来,设g16757类的时候将g7053法定义g6116final的,g1262是一g1022g5468g7138g7246的决定。g2499
能g1332g1262觉g5483g8821g1166g1262要覆g1901g1332的g7053法。有时g11842g4466是这g7691。
但是g1332这么假设的时候一定要g19762g5132g16892g5922。一般来说,要g1119先预想g256类g1262g5602
g7691被复g11004g257是g19762g5132g3268难的,特别是g4557那g1135g5468通g11004的类来说。g3926g7536g1332把类定义g6116final的,那么g5468g2499能g1262g2469生这g12193情g1929,由于g1332g8821有g7021到这g1022类还能被这么g1363g11004,g1866它项目的g12255g5219员就g8821法通过g13499承来复g11004这g1022类了。
g7643g1946Java类g5223就是一g1022活生生的例g4388。特别是Java 1.0/1.1的
Vector类,这g1022类曾被广g8879g1363g11004,g3926g7536不是g1038了g17873求g6940g10587(天g7207g5483提g20652
了多g4581)g13792把它的所有g7053法g18129做g6116final的g16817,它的g11004g17896g2499能g1262g7368广。这
g1022类g3838有g11004了,g3252g8504应该g5468容易想到g1262有g1166要g13499承它g5194且覆g1901g1866中的g7053
法,但是类的设g16757g13785们不知g5602么g6642的,g16760定这么作是不g4557的。有两g1022g10714由
g1363g5483这g12193想法g2476g5483g19762g5132具有g16785g2062g5859g2631。首先,Stack是g13499承g14270Vector
的,也就是说Stack就是Vector,但是在逻g17765上这g12193说法g5194不g8503g11842。
第二,Vector的g5468多g18337要的g7053法,比g3926addElement( )以及
elementAt( ),g18129是synchronized。g8503g3926g1332g1262在第11g12468看到的,
这g7691作g1262g17908g6116g5468g1017g18337的性能下g19489,g5194且完全g6281g9052final所g5114来的优化。这
g7368g16765我们相g1461了,g12255g5219员在g10480测该在g2750g18336作优化的时候总是g10371g19181。在g7643g1946
类g5223g18336g19766放g17839g3926g8504g12540g6317的设g16757g4466在是g3838g12979了,但是g3835g4490还g18129不g5483不g17813就。
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(所g5196g5483是Java 2的容器类g5223g11004ArrayListg7379换了Vector,g13792它的工作g7053g5347要g7003g19609了许多。但不g5196的是,还有g1166在g11004老的容器类g5223g1901新g12255g5219。)
g1889看看Hashtable,也是g5468有g5859思的。它是Java 1.0/1.1g7643g1946类g5223g18336
的g2490一g1022g18337要的类,它g8821有g1231g1321finalg7053法。曾几g1321时,我在本书中说过,这g1135类g5468g7138g7186g18129是由一g13688不相干的g1166设g16757出来的。(还有一g1022g16789据,
g1332g2499以比较一下Hashtable和Vector的g7053法的g2529g4395,前g13785的要简g8917
许多。)这绝g4557应该是类g5223的g1363g11004g13785们不应该看出来的g1008g16211。g3926g7536设g16757g13582
g1059连g17155性,g11004户就g5483受苦g252g252这g2460是在g5390调设g16757和代g11733复查的g18337要性了。
初始化与类的装载
在较g1268统的g13546g12255g16833言中,g12255g5219启动的时候g18129是一g8437g16025g17745所有的g1008g16211,然后
g17839行初始化,接下来g1889开始执行。这g1135g16833言必g20047g1192细的g6523制初始化的过
g12255,这g7691static数据的初始化才不g14279于g1262g1147生问题。就拿C++g1038例,g3926
g7536一g1022static数据要依赖g2490一g1022static的数据,g13792它g2460g8821有初始化的
g16817,问题就来了。
Java采g11004了一g12193新的g16025g17745g8181g5347,g3252g8504g8821有这g12193问题。Java的所有g1008g16211g18129
是g4557象,g3252g8504g5468多g1119情g18129g2476g5483简单了,这就是一例。下一g12468g1332还g1262学的g7368
具g1319。g13546译之后g8611g1022类g18129g1457存在它g14270g5061的g7003g1226g18336。不到g19668要的时候,这g1022
g7003g1226是不g1262g16025g17745的。总之g1332g2499以说g256类的代g11733g1262在它们第一g8437g1363g11004的时候
g16025g17745g257。类的g16025g17745通g5132g18129g2469生在第一g8437创建那g1022类的g4557象的时候,但是g16787
问static数据g6122staticg7053法的时候也g1262g16025g17745。
第一g8437g1363g11004static数据的时候也是g17839行初始化的时候。g16025g17745的时候,
staticg4557象和static代g11733g8585g1262按g10043它们g4395g19766的顺g5219(也就是在g12255g5219中出
g10628的顺g5219)g17839行初始化。当然static数据g2494g1262初始化一g8437。
继承情况下的初始化
了g16311一下g2265g6336g13499承在g1881的初始化的过g12255将是g19762g5132有g11422的,这g7691就能有g1022总
g1319的了g16311。看看下g19766这g8585代g11733,
//,c06:Beetle.java
// The full process of initialization,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Insect {
protected static Test monitor = new Test();
private int i = 9;
protected int j;
Insect() {
System.out.println("i = " + i + ",j = " + j);
j = 39;
}
private static int x1 =
print("static Insect.x1 initialized");
Chapter 6,Reusing Classes
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g12544 28 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
static int print(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
return 47;
}
}
public class Beetle extends Insect {
private int k = print("Beetle.k initialized");
public Beetle() {
System.out.println("k = " + k);
System.out.println("j = " + j);
}
private static int x2 =
print("static Beetle.x2 initialized");
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Beetle constructor");
Beetle b = new Beetle();
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"static Insect.x1 initialized",
"static Beetle.x2 initialized",
"Beetle constructor",
"i = 9,j = 0",
"Beetle.k initialized",
"k = 47",
"j = 39"
});
}
} ///:~
当g1332g11004Javag17828行Beetle的时候,第一g1226g1119就是g16787问了
Beetel.main( )(这是一g1022staticg7053法),于是g16025g17745器(loader)就g1262g1038
g1332g4559g6226g13475g13546译的Beetle类的代g11733(也就是Beetle.classg7003g1226)。在g16025g17745
的过g12255中,g16025g17745器注g5859到它有一g1022基类(也就是extends所要g15932g12046的g5859
思),于是它g1889g16025g17745基类。不g12661g1332创不创建基类g4557象,这g1022过g12255总g1262g2469
生。(试试看,把创建g4557象的那g2489注释掉,看看g1262有什么结g7536。)
g3926g7536基类还有基类,那么这第二g1022基类也g1262被g16025g17745,以g8504类g6524。下一g8505,
它g1262执行g256g7693基类(root base class)g257(这g18336就是Insect)的static初始化,然后是下一g1022g8978生类的static初始化,以g8504类g6524。这g1022顺g5219g19762g5132
g18337要,g3252g1038g8978生类的g256g19757态初始化(g2375前g19766g16774的static初始化)g257有g2499能要依赖基类g6116员的g8503g11842初始化。
g10628在所有必要的类g18129g5062g13475g16025g17745结g7475,g2499以创建g4557象了。首先,g4557象g18336的所有的primitiveg18129g1262被设g6116它们的g13582g11477g1552,g13792reference也g1262被设g6116
nullg252g252这g1022过g12255是一g11648间完g6116的,g4557象的g1881存g1262被统一地设g13634g6116g256两g17839
制的零(binary zero)g257。然后调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001数。调g11004是g14270动g2469生的,但是g1332g2499以g1363g11004super来g6363定调g11004g2750g1022g7512g17908g2001数(也就是Beetle( )
g7512g17908g2001数所做的第一g1226g1119)。基类的g7512g17908过g12255以及g7512g17908顺g5219,g2528g8978生类的相g2528。基类g7512g17908g2001数g17828行完g8617之后,g1262按g10043各g1022g2476g18339的g4395g19766顺g5219g17839行初始化。最后g1262执行g7512g17908g2001数的g1866余部分。
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总结
g13499承和合g6116g18129能g16765g1332在g5062有的类的基础上创建新的类。但是通g5132情g1929下,
合g6116是把g5062有的类当作新类底层g4466g10628的一部分来复g11004,g13792g13499承则是复g11004g1866
接g2487。由于g8978生类g6329有基类的接g2487,g3252g8504它g2499以被上g1268(upcast)到基类,
g8503g3926g1332将g1889下一g12468看到的,这点g4557于多态性是g19762g5132g18337要。
g4625g12661g19766向g4557象的g13546g12255g1262g2465复g5390调g13499承,但是当g1332着g6175设g16757的时候,通g5132情
g1929下还是应该先考g15397合g6116,g2494有在必要的时候才g1363g11004g13499承。合g6116g1262g7368g9801
活。g8504g3818,还g2499以g16765g6116员g1363g11004g13499承类的g4557象,这g7691g1332就能在g17828行时g7368换这
g1135g6116员的具g1319类型,及g1866行g1038了。于是,合g6116后的g4557象的行g1038g7053g5347也能g5483
以g6925g2476了。
设g16757g13007统的时候,g1332的目g7643是要g6226到g6122g13785创建一g13464这g7691的类,它们g8611g1022g18129
有具g1319的g11004g17896,g5194且g18129不是g3838g3835(g3634了g3838多功能,复g11004起来就不g7053g1427了),
当然也不能g3838小了(功能不g17287的g16817就不能g10432g12447完g6116g1231g2165了)。
练习
g2494要付g5468小一g12520g17165g11004就能从www.BruceEckel.com下g17745g2529g1038The
Thinking in Java Annotated Solution Guide的g11017g4388g7003g7735,这上g19766有一g1135习题的答案。
1,创建两g1022g5114默g16760g7512g17908g2001数(g12366的参数类列g15932)的类A和B。g1889创建一g1022g13499
承A的C类,C类g18336要有一g1022B类型的g6116员g4557象。不要创建C的g7512g17908
g2001数。创建一g1022C类的g4557象,然后g16278g4531一下g1866g17828行结g7536。
2,g1474g6925g13463习1的g12255g5219,g1363A和Bg18129有g5114参数的g7512g17908g2001数。g1889g1038Cg1901一g1022
g7512g17908g2001数,然后g16765它执行全部的初始化工作。
3,先创建一g1022简单的类。然后在第二g1022类g18336,定义一g1022第一g1022类的g4557象的
reference。g11004g256g1611g6054初始化(lazy initialization)g257来g4466例化这g1022g4557
象。
4,g1901一g1022g13499承Detergent的新类。覆g1901g1866scrub( )g7053法,g1889g2164一g1022新的sterilize( )g7053法。
5,g6226到Cartoon.java,将Cartoon类的g7512g17908g2001数注释掉,看看g1262有什么g6940g7536,g1889g16311释一下g1038什么。
6,g6226到Chess.java,将Chess类的g7512g17908g2001数注释掉,看看g1262有什么g6940
g7536,g1889g16311释一下g1038什么。
7,试着g16789g7138g13546译器g1262g1038g1332创建一g1022默g16760的g7512g17908g2001数。
8,试着g16789g7138基类的g7512g17908g2001数(a)总是g1262被调g11004(b)g1262在调g11004g8978生类的g7512g17908g2001
数之前调g11004。
9,创建一g1022g2494有g19762默g16760g7512g17908g2001数的基类,以及一g1022g7094有默g16760g7512g17908g2001数g2460有
g19762默g16760g7512g17908g2001数的g8978生类。在g8978生类的g7512g17908g2001数g18336调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001
数。
Chapter 6,Reusing Classes
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10,创建一g1022g2529g1038Root,g5194且g2265含Component1,Component2,
以及Component3这三g1022类(也要由g1332来g1901)的g4466例的类。g1901一g1022g13499承
Root的Stem类,它也要g2265含这三g1022g256componentg257。所有的类g18129
应该有能打印类的g9052g5699的默g16760g7512g17908g2001数。
11,g1474g6925g13463习10,g1363g5483g8611g1022类g18129g2494有一g1022g19762默g16760的g7512g17908g2001数。
12,g1038g13463习11中的各g1022类添g2164合g17878的dispose( )g7053法。
13,创建一g1022g18337g17745三g8437g7053法的类。g1901一g1022新的,g13499承这g1022类,g5194且添g2164一g1022
新的g18337g17745g7053法的类,然后g9448g12046一下,这g3247g1022g7053法g18129是g2499以g16787问的。
14,g6226到Car.java,往Enging18336g19766添g2164一g1022service( )g7053法,然后在
main( )g18336g19766调g11004这g1022g7053法。
15,在packageg18336g19766创建一g1022类。这g1022类应该g2265g6336一g1022protected的g7053
法。在这g1022类g3818g19766,调g11004这g1022protectedg7053法,然后g16311释一下g1038什么
g1262出g10628这g12193情g1929。然后,g13499承这g1022类,g1889在g13499承类的g7053法g18336g19766调g11004这g1022
protected的g7053法。
16,创建一g1022g2529g1038Amphibian的类。然后g13499承下一g1022Frog类。在基类
g18336g19766g17878当地放一g1135g7053法。g11004main( )创建一g1022Frog,g1889上g1268g13485
Amphibian,看看,这g1135g7053法是不是还能g13499g13505g11004。
17,g1474g6925g13463习16,g16765Frog 覆g1901基类中定义的g7053法(g1363g11004相g2528的g7053法特g5461,
但是要g18337新定义)。看看main( )g1262有什么g6940g7536。
18,创建一g1022g5114static finalg6116员和finalg6116员的类,看看这两g13785有什么区别。
19,创建一g1022g5114g256g12366白的final的g257reference的类。所有的g7512g17908g2001数g18129要
g4557这g1022final数据g17839行初始化。g16789g7138一下,g256final在g1363g11004前必g20047g17839行初始化g257以及g256一旦初始化之后就不能g1889g1474g6925了g257,这两点是有g1457g19568
的。
20,创建一g1022g5114finalg7053法的类。g13499承这g1022类,g5194试着去覆g1901这g1022类。
21,创建一g1022final类,g5194试着去g13499承这g1022类。
22,试着g16789g7138g256类g2494g1262g16025g17745一g8437g257。g16789g7138g256第一g8437创建g4557象的g4466例g257,以及
g256g16787问static的g6116员g257g18129能g5353g2469类的g16025g17745。
23,g6226到Beetle.java,按g10043g10628有类的g7696g5347创建一g1022具g1319的g13499承类。g17331g17406g5194且
g16311释g12255g5219的g17767出。
[31]不要的g19531入过g7101优化代g11733的g19531g19461。假g3926g1332有了一g1022能g8503g5132工作但是g17828行g17907度
g5468g5942的g13007统,那能不能g11004finalg16311决问题还是g1226g5468难说的g1119。不过我们g1262在第
15g12468介绍profiling,这是一g1022能帮g1332g6925g2904g12255g5219g17828行g17907度的工具。
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致读者,
我从2002年7月开始翻译这本书,当时还是第二版。但是翻完前言和介绍部分后,chinapub就登出广告,说要出版侯捷的译本。于是我中止了翻译,等着侯先生的作品。
我是第一时间买的 这本书,但是我失望了。比起第一版,我终于能看懂这本书了,但是相比我的预期,它还是差一点。所以当Bruce Eckel在他的网站上公开本书的第三版的时候,我决定把它翻译出来。
说说容易,做做难。一本1000多页的书不是那么容易翻的。期间我也曾打过退堂鼓,但最终还是全部翻译出来了。从今年的两月初起,到7月底,我几乎放弃了所有的业余时间,全身心地投入本书的翻译之中。应该说,这项工作的难度超出了我的想像。
首先,读一本书和翻译一本书完全是两g11733g1119。g14533g16833g994中g7003是两g12193不g2528的g16833言,
g11004g14533g16833说g5483g5468g11033的g2489g4388,翻g6116中g7003之后就完全g11784了相。有时我g5483g14469g3921几分g19059,
g11004中g7003g18337g17860一g2489我能g11004几g12198g19059读懂的g2489g4388。g7368g1321g1929作g1038读g13785,一两g2489g16817g8821g6642
懂,g5194不g5445g2721g1332g10714g16311g6984本书,但g4557译g13785来说,这就不一g7691了。
g1866g8437,这是一本g16774g14533g16833的g1166g1901g13485g16774g14533g16833的g1166的书,所以g2528g5468多要g10043g20050g19762g14533g16833读
g13785的g6228g7427g7003g7735不g2528,它在g11004g16801,g2489g5347g7053g19766g19762g5132g19555g5859。g14533g16833读g13785g1262g5468g8439g17187这一点,但是g4557g3818g3281读g13785来说,这就是g17139g6297了。
g1889有,Bruce Eckel这g7691的g3835g10287g1166,g1901了1000多页,g3926g7536g18129g16765g1332读懂,他g4694不是
g3838g8821g19766g4388g731所以,书g18336还有一g1135g5468有g256g12121g5859g257的g2489g4388。比g3926那g2489g14891g2529的g256The
genesis of the computer revolution was in a machine,The genesis of our
programming languages thus tends to look like that machine.g257我就一g11464g8821g2519g1946该g5602
么翻译。我想g3835g8022g8821g1166能g2519g1946,说不定Bruce要的就是这g1022g6940g7536。
这是一本公g16760的g2529g14891,作g13785在g6228g7427上的g17908g16823g7092g2499g6373g2088。g13792作g1038译g13785,我的g13546g12255
能g2159差了g5468多。g1889g2164上上g19766g16774的这g1135g2419g3252,g1363g5483我不g5483不g7696g3818的g16892g5922。当我g18337
读初g12307的时候,我g2469g10628g19668要g1474g6925的地g7053g4466在g3838多了。g3252g8504,我不能g10628在就公开全部译g12307,我g2494能公开g5062g13475g1474g6925过的部分。不过这不是最终的版本,我还g1262g13499
g13505g1474g16758的。
本来,我g1946g3803到10月g1233,等我g1474g6925完前7g12468之后g1889公开。但是,我g2469g10628我g2460有点要放弃了,g3252g8504我决定g13485g14270g5061一点压g2159,g10628在就公开。以后,我将g1474g6925完一
g12468就公开一g12468,请关注www.wgqqh.com/shhgs/tij.html。
g3926g7536g1332觉g5483g3921,请g13485告诉我,g1332的鼓励是我工作的动g2159;g3926g7536g1332觉g5483不g3921,那就g7368应该告诉我了,我g1262参考g1332的g5859见作g1474g6925的。我希望能通过这g12193g7053法,译出一本配g5483上g2419g14891的书。
shhgs
2003年9月8日
Chapter 6,Reusing Classes
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6,复用类
Java最令g1166心动的特性就是它的代g11733复g11004了。但是仅仅拷贝源代g11733g1889作
g1474g6925是不能被称g1038g256革命g257的。
那是C之类的过g12255g16833言所采g11004的办法,g13792且也不g5602么g6116功。就像Javag18336
的一切,要g16311决这g1022问题还要靠类。g1332g2499以利g11004别g1166g1901g3921的、g5062g13475测试通过的类来创建新的类,不必一切g18129从零开始。
这么做的诀窍就是,要在不g6925动g2419有代g11733的前提下g1363g11004类。本g12468g1262介绍两
g12193做法。第一g12193g19762g5132简单:在新的类g18336g11464接创建旧的类的g4557象。这被称g1038
合g6116(compostion),g3252g1038新的类是由旧的类合g6116g13792来的。g1332所复g11004的g2494
是代g11733的功能,g13792不是它的形g5347。
第二g12193g7053法g7368g1038精妙。它g1262创建一g1022新的,g994g2419来那g1022类g2528属一g12193类型的类。g1332全盘接受了旧类的形g5347,在g8821有g4557它做g1474g6925的情g1929下往g18336g19766添g2164了新的代g11733。这g12193神奇的做法就被称g1038g13499承(inheritance)。g13546译器g1262承g6297
绝g3835部分的工作。g13499承是g19766向g4557象g13546g12255的基石,它还有一g1135额g3818的含义,
g4557g8504我们g1262在第7g12468g1889做探讨。
合g6116g994g13499承在g16833法和行g1038上有许多相似之处(这g5468g3921g10714g16311,g3252g1038它们g18129是在g2419有类的基础上创建新类)。g1332g1262在本g12468学到这g1135代g11733复g11004的机制。
合成所使用的语法
g4466际上我们g5062g13475看到g5468多合g6116的案例了。g2494要把g4557象的referenceg11464接放到新的类g18336g19766就行了。假设,g1332要创建一g1022新的类,g1866中有几g1022
Stringg4557象,几g1022primitive数据,以及一g1022别的什么类型的g4557象。g4557
于g19762primitive的g4557象,g1332g2494要把它的reference放到类g18336就行了,但是
g4557于primitive,g1332就g2494能g11464接定义了,
//,c06:SprinklerSystem.java
// Composition for code reuse,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class WaterSource {
private String s;
WaterSource() {
System.out.println("WaterSource()");
s = new String("Constructed");
}
public String toString() { return s; }
}
public class SprinklerSystem {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
private String valve1,valve2,valve3,valve4;
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private WaterSource source;
private int i;
private float f;
public String toString() {
return
"valve1 = " + valve1 + "\n" +
"valve2 = " + valve2 + "\n" +
"valve3 = " + valve3 + "\n" +
"valve4 = " + valve4 + "\n" +
"i = " + i + "\n" +
"f = " + f + "\n" +
"source = " + source;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SprinklerSystem sprinklers = new
SprinklerSystem();
System.out.println(sprinklers);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"valve1 = null",
"valve2 = null",
"valve3 = null",
"valve4 = null",
"i = 0",
"f = 0.0",
"source = null"
});
}
} ///:~
这两g1022类g18129定义了一g1022特殊的g7053法:toString( )。以后g1332就g1262知道,所有g19762primitiveg4557象g18129有一g1022toString( )g7053法,当g13546译器g19668要一g1022
Stringg13792它却是一g1022g4557象的时候,g13546译器就g1262g14270动调g11004这g1022g7053法。所以当g13546译器从SprinklerSystem.toString( )的,
"source = " + source;
中看到,g1332想把Stringg2528WaterSouce相g2164的时候,它就g1262说g256由于Stringg2494能g2528String相g2164,g3252g8504我要调g11004source的
toString( ),g3252g1038g2494有这g7691才能把它转换g6116String!g257。 于是它就把这两g1022String连起来,然后g1889String的形g5347把结g7536返还g13485
System.out.println( )。g3926g7536g1332想g16765g1332g1901的类也具g3803这g1022功能,g2494要
g1901一g1022toString( )g7053法就行了。
我们g5062g13475在第2g12468g16774过,当primitive数据作g1038类的g6116员的时候,g1262被g14270
动地初始化g1038零。g13792g4557象的reference则g1262被初始化g1038null,g3926g7536这时,g1332去调g11004这g1022g4557象的g7053法,就g1262g5483到异g5132。能把它打印出来g13792不抛出异g5132,这真是g3838g3921了(g13792且也g5468g4466g11004)。
Chapter 6,Reusing Classes
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g256g13546译器不g1038referenceg1946g3803默g16760g4557象g257的这g12193做法,g4466际上也是g5468合乎逻g17765的。g3252g1038在g5468多情g1929下,这么做g1262g5353g2469不必要的性能开g19156。g3926g7536g1332
想g4557referenceg17839行初始化,那么g2499以在以下几g1022时间g17839行,
1,在定义g4557象的时候。这就g5859g2631着在g7512g17908g2001数调g11004之前,它们g5062g13475初始化完g8617了。
2,在这g1022类的g7512g17908g2001数g18336。
3,在g2375将g1363g11004那g1022g4557象之前。这g12193做法通g5132被称g1038g256g1611g6054初始化(lazy
initialization)g257。g3926g7536g11908到创建g4557象的代g1227g5468g20652,g6122g13785不是g8611g8437g18129g19668要创建g4557象的时候,这g12193做法就能g19489g1314g12255g5219的开g19156了。
下g19766这g8585g12255g5219把这三g12193办法g18129g9448g12046一g17953,
//,c06:Bath.java
// Constructor initialization with composition,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Soap {
private String s;
Soap() {
System.out.println("Soap()");
s = new String("Constructed");
}
public String toString() { return s; }
}
public class Bath {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
private String // Initializing at point of
definition,
s1 = new String("Happy"),
s2 = "Happy",
s3,s4;
private Soap castille;
private int i;
private float toy;
public Bath() {
System.out.println("Inside Bath()");
s3 = new String("Joy");
i = 47;
toy = 3.14f;
castille = new Soap();
}
public String toString() {
if(s4 == null) // Delayed initialization,
s4 = new String("Joy");
return
"s1 = " + s1 + "\n" +
"s2 = " + s2 + "\n" +
"s3 = " + s3 + "\n" +
"s4 = " + s4 + "\n" +
"i = " + i + "\n" +
"toy = " + toy + "\n" +
"castille = " + castille;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Bath b = new Bath();
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System.out.println(b);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Inside Bath()",
"Soap()",
"s1 = Happy",
"s2 = Happy",
"s3 = Joy",
"s4 = Joy",
"i = 47",
"toy = 3.14",
"castille = Constructed"
});
}
} ///:~
注g5859,Bath的g7512g17908g2001数g1262先打印一g7477g9052g5699g1889g17839行初始化。g3926g7536g1332不在定义g4557象的时候g17839行初始化,那么g8821g1166g2499以g6297g1457,在向这g1022g4557象的
referenceg2469g17877g9052g5699的时候,它g5062g13475被初始化了g252g252g2465g1510是g1262有异g5132来告诉g1332,它还g8821有初始化,。
调g11004toString( )的时候它g1262先g1038s4g17183一g1022g1552,这g7691它就不g1262g7422g13475初始化g13792被g1363g11004了。
继承所使用的语法
g13499承是Java(也是所有OOPg16833言)不g2499分g2118的一部分。g4466际上当g1332创建类的时候,g1332就是在g13499承,要么是g7186g5347地g13499承别的什么类,要么是g19556含地g13499
承了g7643g1946Javag7693类,Object。
合g6116的g16833法g5468g5191g9141,但g13499承就有所不g2528了。g13499承的时候,g1332g5483先g3780g7138g256新类和旧类是一g7691的。g257g17331g5191g5132一g7691,g1332g5483先在g12255g5219g18336g1901上类的g2529g4395,但是在开始定义类之前,g1332还g5483g2164上extends关g19202g16801和基类(base class)的
g2529g4395。做完这g1135之后,新类就g1262g14270动g14731g5483基类的全部g6116员和g7053法。下g19766就是一g1022例g4388,
//,c06:Detergent.java
// Inheritance syntax & properties,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Cleanser {
protected static Test monitor = new Test();
private String s = new String("Cleanser");
public void append(String a) { s += a; }
public void dilute() { append(" dilute()"); }
public void apply() { append(" apply()"); }
public void scrub() { append(" scrub()"); }
public String toString() { return s; }
public static void main(String[] args) {
Cleanser x = new Cleanser();
x.dilute(); x.apply(); x.scrub();
Chapter 6,Reusing Classes
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System.out.println(x);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Cleanser dilute() apply() scrub()"
});
}
}
public class Detergent extends Cleanser {
// Change a method,
public void scrub() {
append(" Detergent.scrub()");
super.scrub(); // Call base-class version
}
// Add methods to the interface,
public void foam() { append(" foam()"); }
// Test the new class,
public static void main(String[] args) {
Detergent x = new Detergent();
x.dilute();
x.apply();
x.scrub();
x.foam();
System.out.println(x);
System.out.println("Testing base class:");
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Cleanser dilute() apply() " +
"Detergent.scrub() scrub() foam()",
"Testing base class:",
});
Cleanser.main(args);
}
} ///:~
这g8585g12255g5219能告诉我们g5468多g1008g16211。首先Cleanser的append( )g7053法g11004
+= g17828g12651g12538将Stingg2528sg13864接起来。Java的设g16757g13785们g256g18337g17745g257了这g1022g6817
作g12538,g1363之能作g11004于String。
第二,Cleanser和Detergentg18129有一g1022main( )g7053法。g1332g2499以g1038g8611
g1022类g18129创建一g1022main( ),g13792且这也是一g12193g1552g5483提g1525的g13546g12255g7053法,g3252g1038
这g7691一来,测试代g11733就能g18129放g17839类g18336了。g2375g1363g12255g5219g2265g6336了g5468多类,它也g2494
g1262调g11004g1332在命令行下g13485出的那g1022类的main( )g7053法。(g2494要main( )是
public的就行了,g14279于类是不是public的,g5194不g18337要。)于是,当g1332g17767
入java Detergent的时候,它就g1262调g11004Detergent.main( )。g15441
然Cleanser不是public的,但是g1332也g2499以g11004java Cleanser来调
g11004Cleanser.main( )。这g12193往g8611g1022类g18336g18129放一g1022main( )的做法,能
g16765类的单g1815测试g2476g5483g7368容易一g1135。做完测试之后,g1332也不必g12239g19512
main( );g11053下它g2499以g1391以后的测试g11004。
这g18336,Detergent.main( )g11464接调g11004了Cleanser.main( ),g5194且把命令行参数g2419g4565不动地g1268g13485了它(g4466际上g2499以g1363g11004g1231g1321String数g13464)。
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有一点g5468g18337要,那就是Cleanser的g7053法g18129是public的。g16772g1315,g3926g7536
g1332不g1901g16787问g6523制g12538,g6116员就g1262被默g16760地g17183g1116packageg7447g19492,于是g2528一g1022
packageg1881的g1231g1321类就g18129能g16787问这g1135g7053法了。Detergentg8821问题。但是,g3926g7536别的packageg18336有一g1022g13499承了Cleanser的类,那它就g2494能g16787
问Cleanser的public的g6116员了。(我们以后g1262g16774,g8978生类g2499以g16787问基类的protected的g6116员。)所以g13499承设g16757g7053g19766有一g7477通g11004g1946则,那就是把数据g18129设g6116private的,把g7053法g18129设g6116public的。当然g11908到特殊情
g1929还要g17839行调g6984,但是这还是一g7477g19762g5132有g11004的g1946则。
注g5859,Cleanser的接g2487g2265g6336了一g13464g7053法:append(),dilute(),
apply(),scrub(),以及toString()。由于Detergent是由
Cleanserg8978生出来的(通过extends关g19202g16801),所以g4625g12661它g8821有g7138g11842地定义这g1135g7053法,它还是g14270动g14731g5483了这g1022接g2487的所有g7053法。由g8504,g1332g2499以将
g13499承g10714g16311g6116类的复g11004。
g8503g3926scrub( )所g6593g12046的,g1332g2499以在g8978生类g18336g1474g6925一g1022在基类g18336的定义的
g7053法。这时,g1332有g2499能要在新g7053法g18336调g11004基类的g7053法。但是g1332不能在
scrub( )g18336g19766g11464接调g11004scrub( ),g3252g1038这是g17894g5414,g1332要的应该不是这
g1022g2555。g1038g16311决这g1022问题,Java提g1391了一g1022g15932g12046当前类所g13499承的那g1022g256超类(superclass)g257的super关g19202g16801。于是super.scrub( )就g1262调g11004基类的scrub( )g7053法了。
g13499承g5194不g1262g19492定g1332g2494能g1363g11004基类的g7053法。g1332也g2499以往g8978生类g18336g2164g17839新的g7053
法,就像往g7234通的类g18336g2164g7053法一g7691:g11464接定义就是了。foam( )就是一例。
从Degergent.main( )g2499以看出,Detergentg4557象g7094有Cleanser
的g7053法,也有它g14270g5061的g7053法(就是foam())。
基类的初始化
g10628在要创建g8978生类g4557象g5062g13475不是一g1022类的g1119情了,它g1262g10313g9053到两g1022类g252g252
基类和g8978生类,g3252g8504要g6642g9177g7982它g12362g12467是g5602么创建的,就有点难度了。从g4628
g3818g1166的g16294度来看,新类具g3803了和旧类完全相g2528的接g2487,g5194且还有g2499能g1262有一g1135它g14270g5061的g7053法和数据。但g13499承g5194不仅仅是拷贝基类的接g2487。当g1332创建一g1022g8978生类g4557象的时候,这g1022g4557象g18336g19766还有一g1022基类的g4388g4557象
(subobject)。这g1022g4388g4557象g2528基类g14270g5061创建的g4557象g8821什么两g7691。g2494是从g3818
g19766看来,这g1022g4388g4557象被g2265g16077在g8978生类的g4557象g18336g19766。
当然,基类g4388g4557象的g8503g11842初始化也是g19762g5132g18337要的,g13792且g2494有一g1022办法能g1457
g16789这一点:调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001数来g17839行初始化,g3252g1038g2494有它才g6496g6581g5602g7691才能g8503g11842地g17839行初始化的g1461g5699和g7447g19492。Javag1262g16765g8978生类的g7512g17908g2001数g14270动地调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001数。下g19766这g8585g12255g5219就g9448g12046了它在三g13435g13499承g1319g13007下是g3926g1321
g17828作的,
Chapter 6,Reusing Classes
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//,c06:Cartoon.java
// Constructor calls during inheritance,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Art {
Art() {
System.out.println("Art constructor");
}
}
class Drawing extends Art {
Drawing() {
System.out.println("Drawing constructor");
}
}
public class Cartoon extends Drawing {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
public Cartoon() {
System.out.println("Cartoon constructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Cartoon x = new Cartoon();
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Art constructor",
"Drawing constructor",
"Cartoon constructor"
});
}
} ///:~
g2499以看到,g7512g17908行g1038是从基类g256向g3818g257g2469g4649的,所以基类g1262在g8978生类的g7512
g17908g2001数g16787问它之前先g17839行初始化。g2375g1427g1332不创建Cartoon( )的g7512g17908g2001
数,g13546译器也g1262g1038g1332g17908一g1022默g16760的g7512g17908g2001数,然后g1889由它去调g11004基类的g7512
g17908g2001数。
带参数的构造函数
在上g17860例g12255中,g7512g17908g2001数g18129是默g16760的;也就是不g5114参数的。g4557g13546译器来说,调g11004这g12193g7512g17908g2001数g1262g19762g5132简单,g3252g1038g7693本就g8821有要g1268g2750g1135参数的问题。但是g3926g7536类g8821有默g16760的g7512g17908g2001数(也就是g7092参数的g7512g17908g2001数),g6122g13785g1332
要调g11004的基类g7512g17908g2001数是g5114参数的,g1332就必g20047g11004super关g19202g16801以及合g17878
的参数g7138g11842地调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001数,
//,c06:Chess.java
// Inheritance,constructors and arguments,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Game {
Game(int i) {
System.out.println("Game constructor");
}
}
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class BoardGame extends Game {
BoardGame(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("BoardGame constructor");
}
}
public class Chess extends BoardGame {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
Chess() {
super(11);
System.out.println("Chess constructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Chess x = new Chess();
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Game constructor",
"BoardGame constructor",
"Chess constructor"
});
}
} ///:~
g3926g7536g1332不在BoardGame( )g18336g19766调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001数,g13546译器就g1262g6265g19181
说它g6226不到Game( ) 形g5347(译g13785注:g2375默g16760)的g7512g17908g2001数。g8504g3818,g4557g8978生类g7512g17908g2001数g13792言,调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001数应该是它做的第一g1226g1119。(g3926g7536g1332
做g19181了,g13546译器就g1262提g18278g1332。)
捕获基类构造函数抛出的异常
我们g2030说了,g13546译器g1262g5390制g1332将基类g7512g17908g2001数的调g11004放在g8978生类的g7512g17908g2001
数的最前g19766。也就是说,在它之前不能有g1231g1321g1008g16211。等到第9g12468g1332就g1262知道,这么做g1262g3964g11873g8978生类的g7512g17908g2001数g6441g14731基类抛出的异g5132。这一点有时g1262
g5468不g7053g1427。
把合成和继承结合起来
g2528时g1363g11004合g6116和g13499承的g10628象是g5468g7234g17953的。下g19766这g8585g12255g5219g9448g12046了,g5602g7691g1363g11004
合g6116和g13499承,以及利g11004g7512g17908g2001数来g17839行初始化这一必不g2499g4581的g8505骤,来创建一g1022较g1038复杂的类,
//,c06:PlaceSetting.java
// Combining composition & inheritance,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Plate {
Plate(int i) {
System.out.println("Plate constructor");
}
}
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g12544 10 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
class DinnerPlate extends Plate {
DinnerPlate(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("DinnerPlate constructor");
}
}
class Utensil {
Utensil(int i) {
System.out.println("Utensil constructor");
}
}
class Spoon extends Utensil {
Spoon(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("Spoon constructor");
}
}
class Fork extends Utensil {
Fork(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("Fork constructor");
}
}
class Knife extends Utensil {
Knife(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("Knife constructor");
}
}
// A cultural way of doing something,
class Custom {
Custom(int i) {
System.out.println("Custom constructor");
}
}
public class PlaceSetting extends Custom {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
private Spoon sp;
private Fork frk;
private Knife kn;
private DinnerPlate pl;
public PlaceSetting(int i) {
super(i + 1);
sp = new Spoon(i + 2);
frk = new Fork(i + 3);
kn = new Knife(i + 4);
pl = new DinnerPlate(i + 5);
System.out.println("PlaceSetting constructor");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
PlaceSetting x = new PlaceSetting(9);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Custom constructor",
"Utensil constructor",
"Spoon constructor",
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"Utensil constructor",
"Fork constructor",
"Utensil constructor",
"Knife constructor",
"Plate constructor",
"DinnerPlate constructor",
"PlaceSetting constructor"
});
}
} ///:~
g15441然g13546译器g1262g5390制g1332g4557基类g17839行初始化,g5194且g1262要求g1332在g7512g17908g2001数的开始部分完g6116初始化,但是它不g1262检查g1332是不是g17839行了g6116员g4557象的初始化,g3252
g8504g1332g2494能g14270g5061g11053神了。
确保进行妥善地清理
拆g7512g2001数(destructor)是C++g18336g19766的g8022念,它是一g12193能在g9177g10714g4557象的时候g14270动调g11004的g7053法,Javag18336g19766g8821有这g12193g8022念。g2419g3252g2499能是Java处g10714这类问题的时候,g2494是简单地把g4557象放到一边,然后g11053g13485垃圾回收器去处
g10714,它不g1262去主动地g17839行g9177g10714。
在g3835多数情g1929下,这g12193做法也g5468不g19181,但是有时候,g1262遇到一g1135特殊的类,在g9177g10714它们的g4557象的时候g1262g19668要g17839行一g1135额g3818的g6817作。g8503g3926第4g12468所说的,g1332g7094不知道垃圾回收器什么时候启动,也不知道它g1262不g1262启动。所以g3926g7536要g17839行g9177g10714,g1332就必g20047g7138g11842地g1901一g1022专门干这g1226g1119的g7053法,然后告诉客户g12255g5219员们去调g11004这g1022g7053法。做了这g1135还不够g252g252到第9g12468(g256g11004异
g5132处g10714g19181误g257)还要g16774g252g252g1038了应付异g5132,g1332还要把它放到finallyg4388g2489
g18336g19766。
就拿g16757g12651机辅助设g16757g13007统举例,我们要在屏幕上画一点g1008g16211,
//,c06:CADSystem.java
// Ensuring proper cleanup,
package c06;
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
import java.util.*;
class Shape {
Shape(int i) {
System.out.println("Shape constructor");
}
void dispose() {
System.out.println("Shape dispose");
}
}
class Circle extends Shape {
Circle(int i) {
super(i);
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g12544 12 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
System.out.println("Drawing Circle");
}
void dispose() {
System.out.println("Erasing Circle");
super.dispose();
}
}
class Triangle extends Shape {
Triangle(int i) {
super(i);
System.out.println("Drawing Triangle");
}
void dispose() {
System.out.println("Erasing Triangle");
super.dispose();
}
}
class Line extends Shape {
private int start,end;
Line(int start,int end) {
super(start);
this.start = start;
this.end = end;
System.out.println("Drawing Line,"+ start+ ",
"+ end);
}
void dispose() {
System.out.println("Erasing Line,"+ start+ ",
"+ end);
super.dispose();
}
}
public class CADSystem extends Shape {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
private Circle c;
private Triangle t;
private Line[] lines = new Line[5];
public CADSystem(int i) {
super(i + 1);
for(int j = 0; j < lines.length; j++)
lines[j] = new Line(j,j*j);
c = new Circle(1);
t = new Triangle(1);
System.out.println("Combined constructor");
}
public void dispose() {
System.out.println("CADSystem.dispose()");
// The order of cleanup is the reverse
// of the order of initialization
t.dispose();
c.dispose();
for(int i = lines.length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
lines[i].dispose();
super.dispose();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
CADSystem x = new CADSystem(47);
try {
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// Code and exception handling..,
} finally {
x.dispose();
}
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Shape constructor",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Line,0,0",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Line,1,1",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Line,2,4",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Line,3,9",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Line,4,16",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Circle",
"Shape constructor",
"Drawing Triangle",
"Combined constructor",
"CADSystem.dispose()",
"Erasing Triangle",
"Shape dispose",
"Erasing Circle",
"Shape dispose",
"Erasing Line,4,16",
"Shape dispose",
"Erasing Line,3,9",
"Shape dispose",
"Erasing Line,2,4",
"Shape dispose",
"Erasing Line,1,1",
"Shape dispose",
"Erasing Line,0,0",
"Shape dispose",
"Shape dispose"
});
}
} ///:~
这g1022g13007统g18336的所有g1008g16211g18129是Shape(g13792Shape本身g2460是Object,g3252g1038
它是g19556含地g13499承g14270g7693类) 。各g1022类在覆g1901Shape的dispose( )g7053法的时候,g19512了g11004super调g11004基类的dispose( ) 之g3818,还要完g6116它g14270g5061的
g9177g10714活动。具g1319的Shape类g252g252Circle,Triangle以及Lineg252g252g18129
有g1262把g14270g5061g256画出来g257的g7512g17908g2001数,但g4466际上,g4557象的生命周期g1881调g11004的
g1231g1321g7053法,g18129g2499能g1262g17908g6116一g1135g19668要g17839行g9177g10714的后g7536。g8611g1022类g18129有它g14270g5061
的,g11004来恢复g1881存以g3818的资源状态的dispose( )g7053法。
main( )g18336g19766有两g1022我们要到第9g12468才g1262g8503g5347介绍的新关g19202g16801:try和
finally。tryg15932g12046下g19766这g8585g12255g5219(由g14469g6336号g19492定)是一g1022g19668要g13485g1116特殊关注的受g1457护的区域(guarded region)。所谓的特殊关注就是,g7092论以g1321
g12193g7053g5347退出try区块,g18129必g20047执行g17331在这g1022受g1457护区域后g19766的finallyg4388
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g12544 14 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
g2489。(g4557于异g5132处g10714来说,g1262有g5468多g19762g8503g5132退出try区块的情g1929。)这g18336
finally的g5859思是g256不论g2469生什么g1119情,g1332g18129必g20047调g11004x的
dispose( )g257。我们g1262在第9g12468g1889详细g16311释这两g1022关g19202g16801。
注g5859,在g9177g10714g7053法中,g3926g7536g4388g4557象之间有依赖关g13007,那么g1332还要g11053g5859g1866基类和g6116员g4557象的g9177g10714g7053法的调g11004顺g5219。总之,这g1022顺g5219g2528C++的g13546译器要求的拆g7512g2001数的执行顺g5219是一g7691的:先按g10043创建g4557象的相g2465顺g5219g17839行类的g9177g10714。(一般来说,这要求g11053着基类g4557象以g1391g16787问。)然后调g11004基类的g9177
g10714g7053法,就像这g18336所做的。
在g5468多情g1929下,g9177g10714g5194不是什么问题;把它g11053g13485垃圾回收器就行了。但是
g3926g7536g1332要g14270g5061做的g16817,那就g2494能辛苦一点了,g13792且还要g7696g3818小心,g3252g1038在垃圾回收g7053g19766,谁g18129帮不上g1332。垃圾回收器g2499能永远也不g1262启动。g2375g1427它启动了,g1332也g8821法g6523制它的回收顺g5219。最g3921不要依赖垃圾回收器去做g1231g1321
g994g1881存回收g7092关的g1119情。g3926g7536g1332要g17839行g9177g10714,一定要g14270g5061g1901g9177g10714g7053法,别去g11004finalize( )。
名字的遮盖
g3926g7536Java的基类g18336有一g1022被g18337g17745了g3921几g8437的g7053法,那么在g8978生类g18336g18337新定义那g1022g7053法,是不g1262把基类g18336定义的g1231g1321一g1022g13485遮盖掉的(这点g2528C++
不g2528)。g3252g8504,g7092论g7053法是在这一层还是在g1866基类定义的,g18337g17745g18129能起作
g11004,
//,c06:Hide.java
// Overloading a base-class method name in a derived
class
// does not hide the base-class versions,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Homer {
char doh(char c) {
System.out.println("doh(char)");
return 'd';
}
float doh(float f) {
System.out.println("doh(float)");
return 1.0f;
}
}
class Milhouse {}
class Bart extends Homer {
void doh(Milhouse m) {
System.out.println("doh(Milhouse)");
}
}
public class Hide {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
Bart b = new Bart();
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b.doh(1);
b.doh('x');
b.doh(1.0f);
b.doh(new Milhouse());
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"doh(float)",
"doh(char)",
"doh(float)",
"doh(Milhouse)"
});
}
} ///:~
g2499以看到,g4625g12661Bartg2460g18337g17745了一g17953,但Homer所g18337g17745的g7053法,在
Bartg18336依然有g6940(在C++g18336这么做的g16817,就g1262把基类g7053法全g18129g19556藏起来了)。到下一g12468g1332就g1262知道,在g8978生类g18336g11004相g2528的参数列g15932,相g2528的返回类型来覆g1901g7053法的这g12193做法,g4466在是g3838g7234通了。否则就g3838乱了(这也是g1038
什么C++不允许g1332这么做的g2419g3252g252g252要防止g1332去做g2499能g1262是g19181的g1119)。
用合成还是继承
合g6116g994g13499承g18129能g16765g1332将g4388g4557象植入新的类(合g6116是g7186g5347的,g13499承是g19556含的)。也许g1332想了g16311一下这两g13785有什么区别,以及该g3926g1321g17839行选择。
一般来说,合g6116g11004于新类要g1363g11004旧类的功能,g13792不是g1866接g2487的场合。也就是说,把g4557象嵌g17839去,g11004它来g4466g10628新类的功能,但是g11004户看到的是新类的接g2487,g13792不是嵌g17839去的g4557象的接g2487。g3252g8504,g1332g5483在新类g18336嵌入private
的旧类g4557象。
有时,g16765g11004户g11464接g16787问新类的各g1022g13464g6116部分也是合乎情g10714的;这就是说,
将g6116员g4557象定义g6116public。g6116员g4557象各g14270g18129有g256g19556藏g4466g10628g257的机制,g3252
g8504这么做也是安全的。g3926g7536g11004户知道g1332g11004了g2750g1135零g1226,那么接g2487g4557他们来说就g2476g5483g7368简单了。carg4557象就是一g1022g3921例g4388,
//,c06:Car.java
// Composition with public objects,
class Engine {
public void start() {}
public void rev() {}
public void stop() {}
}
class Wheel {
public void inflate(int psi) {}
}
class Window {
public void rollup() {}
public void rolldown() {}
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g12544 16 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
}
class Door {
public Window window = new Window();
public void open() {}
public void close() {}
}
public class Car {
public Engine engine = new Engine();
public Wheel[] wheel = new Wheel[4];
public Door
left = new Door(),
right = new Door(); // 2-door
public Car() {
for(int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
wheel[i] = new Wheel();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Car car = new Car();
car.left.window.rollup();
car.wheel[0].inflate(72);
}
} ///:~
由于在这g1022例g4388g18336,car的各g1022g13464g6116部分(不仅仅是g1866底层g4466g10628的一部分)
还是一g1022分析问题的过g12255,g3252g13792将g6116员定义g6116public的,有助于客户g12255
g5219员g10714g16311该g3926g1321g1363g11004这g1022类,由g8504也g19489g1314了这g1022类g14270身的开g2469难度。但是要g16772g1315这g2494是一g1022特列,通g5132情g1929下,g1332g18129应该将g6116员数据定义g6116
private的。
g13499承则是要g4557g5062有的类做一番g6925g17908,以g8504g14731g5483一g1022特殊版本。简g13792言之,
g1332要将一g1022较g1038抽象的类g6925g17908g6116能g17878g11004于某g1135特定g19668求的类。稍微想一下就g1262知道,g11004vehicle(车辆)g4557象来合g6116一g1022car(轿车)是毫g7092g5859义的g252
g252car不g2265含vehicle,它本来就是vehicle。g13499承要g15932达的是一g12193g256是
(is-a)g257关g13007,g13792合g6116g15932达要g15932达的是g256有(has-a)g257关g13007。
protected
g10628在g1332g5062g13475知道g13499承了,g3252g8504关g19202g16801protected也有g5859义了。在g10714想情
g1929下private关g19202g16801g5062g13475够g11004了。但是在g4466际的项目中,g1332有时g1262g11908
到,要g16765一g1135g1008g16211g4557g3818部世界g19556藏,但是却要g4557它的g13499承类开放。
protected关g19202g16801就是这g12193g4466g11004主义的g1319g10628。它的g5859思是g256g4557g11004户g13792
言,它是private的,但是g3926g7536g1332想g13499承这g1022类,g6122g13785开g2469一g1022也属于这g1022package的类的g16817,就g2499以g16787问它了。g257(Java的protected也提g1391package的g7447g19492。)
最g3921的做法是,将数据g6116员设g6116private的;g1332应该永远g1457g11053g1474g6925底层
g4466g10628的g7447利。然后g11004protectedg7447g19492的g7053法来g6523制g13499承类的g16787问g7447g19492,
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//,c06:Orc.java
// The protected keyword,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
import java.util.*;
class Villain {
private String name;
protected void set(String nm) { name = nm; }
public Villain(String name) { this.name = name; }
public String toString() {
return "I'm a Villain and my name is " + name;
}
}
public class Orc extends Villain {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
private int orcNumber;
public Orc(String name,int orcNumber) {
super(name);
this.orcNumber = orcNumber;
}
public void change(String name,int orcNumber) {
set(name); // Available because it's protected
this.orcNumber = orcNumber;
}
public String toString() {
return "Orc " + orcNumber + "," +
super.toString();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Orc orc = new Orc("Limburger",12);
System.out.println(orc);
orc.change("Bob",19);
System.out.println(orc);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"Orc 12,I'm a Villain and my name is
Limburger",
"Orc 19,I'm a Villain and my name is Bob"
});
}
} ///:~
g2499以看到change( )调g11004了set( ),g3252g1038它是protected的。 g8504g3818
还要注g5859一下Orc的toString( )g7053法,它g11004到了基类的toString( )
g7053法。
渐进式的开发
g13499承的优点之一就是,它支持渐g17839g5347的开g2469(incremental develop)。添
g2164新的代g11733的时候,不g1262g13485老代g11733g5114来bug;g4466际上新的bug全g18129被圈在新代g11733g18336。通过g13499承g5062有的,g5062g13475能g8503g5132工作的类,然后g1889添g2164一g1135数据g6116员和g7053法(以及g18337新定义一g1135g2419有的g7053法),g1332g2499以不去g1474g6925那g1135g2499能还有g1166在g11004的老代g11733,g3252g13792也就不g1262g17908g6116bug了。一旦g2469g10628了bug,g1332
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g12544 18 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
就知道它肯定是在新代g11733g18336。相比要去g1474g6925老代g11733,新代g11733g1262短g5468多,读起来也g7368简单。
类的隔离g12467g1262g3926g8504彻底,这真是g3838令g1166惊讶了。g1332甚g14279不g19668要源代g11733就能
g17839行复g11004。最多就是import一g1022package。(g4557于g13499承和合g6116g13792言g18129是这g7691。)
g1332g5483g7138白,g12255g5219开g2469就像g1166的学习一g7691,是一g1022渐g17839的过g12255。不论g1332作过多g4581分析,不g4466际做项目的g16817,还是g5483不到答案。g3926g7536g1332能摒弃像建玻璃摩天楼那g7691g8617g1866功于一役的开g2469g7053g5347,g13792采g11004类似生物g17839化的,g16765那g1022项目逐g8505的g256增长g257的开g2469g7053g5347,那么g1332就g1262g14731g5483g7368g3835的g6116功g252g252以及g7368多的及时g2465馈。
g4625g12661在试验g19466g8585,g13499承是一g12193g19762g5132有g11004的g6228g7427,但是当项目g17839入g12295定g19466g8585
之后,g1332就g5483g11004一g12193新的g11536g1821来g4469g16282类的g13499承g1319g13007了,g1332要把它压g13565g6116一
g1022合乎逻g17765的结g7512。g16772g1315,在这g1135g19181g13520复杂的关g13007后g19766,g13499承g4466g17148上是在
g15932达这g7691一g12193关g13007:g256新的类是一g12193旧的类g257。g12255g5219不应该g3272着bit转,
它应该从问题g12366间出g2469,通过创建和g6817g6523形形g14406g14406的g4557象来g15932达一g12193g16311决问题的g7053法。
上传
g13499承最g18337要的特g5461不在于它g1038新类提g1391了g7053法,g13792是它g15932达了新类g2528基类之间的关g13007。这g12193关g13007g2499以被g5414g13447g1038一g2489g16817g256新类就是一g12193g2419有的类。g257
这g5194不是在g12366g2487说白g16817g252g252g16833言g11464接g13485了支持。比g7053说,g15932g12046g1060器的基类
g2495Instrument,然后有一g1022g2495Wind的g8978生类。g13499承的g5859思就是基类有的g7053法g8978生类g18129有,g3252g8504g17877g13485基类的g9052g5699也g2499以g17877g13485g8978生类。g3926g7536
Instrument有一g1022play( )g7053法,那么Wind也有。也就是说,g1332g2499
以g5468有把g6581地说,Windg4557象也是一g12193Instrument。下g19766这g8585g12255g5219g9448
g12046了g13546译器是g5602g7691支持这g12193g16278念的,
//,c06:Wind.java
// Inheritance & upcasting,
import java.util.*;
class Instrument {
public void play() {}
static void tune(Instrument i) {
//,.,
i.play();
}
}
// Wind objects are instruments
// because they have the same interface,
public class Wind extends Instrument {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Wind flute = new Wind();
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Instrument.tune(flute); // Upcasting
}
} ///:~
这g1022例g4388g18336的tune( )g7053法g5468有g17271。它g19668要Instrument的reference
作参数,但是Wind.main( )g13485了它一g1022Wind的reference。我们知道Java的类型检查是g5468g6373g2088的,g3252g8504g3926g7536g1332不知道Windg4557象就是一g12193
Instrumentg4557象,g13792且g19512了Wind之g3818tune( )g8821有别的
Instrumentg2499调,g1332就g1262觉g5483g5468g3268g5797,g1038什么接受Instrument的
g7053法也g2499以接受Wind。tune( )的代g11733g2499以作g11004于Instrument,以及Instrument的g8978生类,g13792将Wind的reference转换g6116
Instrument的reference的这g12193做法就被称g1038g256上g1268
(upcasting)g257。
为什么叫“上传”?
这g1022g7427g16833是有g16774法的,它g13548于类的g13499承关g13007g3282的g1268统画法:将g7693g13634于g20042
g12483,然后向下g2469g4649(当然,g1332也g2499以按g10043g1332的习g5827来画。)Wind.java的
g13499承关g13007g3282就是,
把g8978生类g1268g13485基类就是g8851着g13499承g3282往上g17877,g3252g8504被称g1038g256上g1268
(upcasting)g257。上g1268总是安全的,g3252g1038g1332是把一g1022较具g1319的类型转换g6116
较g1038一般的类型。也就是说g8978生类是基类的超g19610(superset)。它g2499能g1262有一g1135基类所g8821有的g7053法,但是它最g4581要有基类的g7053法。在上g1268过g12255中,类的接g2487g2494g1262g1955小,不g1262增g3835。这就是g1038什么g13546译器g1262允许g1332不作g1231g1321g7138g11842
的类型转换g6122特殊g15932g12046就g17839行上g1268的g2419g3252了。
g1332也g2499以g17839行g2465向g1268g17894,这被称g1038g256下g1268(downcasting)g257,但是这时就
g1262有问题了。我们g1262在第10g12468g1889作g16774g16311。
合成还是继承,再探讨
在g19766相g4557象的g13546g12255中,最g5132见的g13546g12255和g1363g11004代g11733的g7053g5347还是将数据和g7053法简单地g4565g16025g6116类,然后g1889g1363g11004那g1022类的g4557象。g1332也g2499以通过合g6116,在g10628有的类的基础上创建新的类。g13499承则不g3838g5132g11004。所以,g15441然在OOP的学习中,g13499承g2356有g5468g18337要的地g1313,但这g5194不是在说g1332g2499以到处g9401g11004。相g2465,g17828
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g12544 20 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
g11004g13499承的时候,g1332应该g4625g2499能的g1457g4444,g2494有在它能g5114来g5468g7138g7186的g3921处的时候,g1332才能g11004。在g2040g7041该g1363g11004合g6116还是g13499承的时候,有一g1022最简单的办法,就是问一下g1332是不是g1262把新类上g1268g13485基类。g3926g7536g1332必g20047上g1268,那么g13499
承就是必g20047的,g3926g7536不g19668要上g1268,那么就该g1889看看是不是应该g11004g13499承了。
下一g12468(多态性)g1262g16774g1038什么要g11004上g1268,但是g3926g7536g1332还g16772g5483要问g14270g5061g256我g19668
要上g1268g2539g731g257,那么g1332就有了一g1226能帮g1332g2040g7041该g1363g11004合g6116还是g13499承的g3921工具了。
final 关键词
Java的关g19202g16801final的含义g1262g7693据上下g7003g11065有不g2528,但是总的来说,它的g5859思g18129是g256这g7691g1008g16211不允许g6925动g257。g1332g2499能g1262出于两点考g15397不想g16765别g1166
作g6925动:设g16757和g6940g10587。由于这两g1022g2419g3252差别g5468g3835,g3252g8504g5468g2499能g1262误g11004
final关g19202g16801。
下g19766的几g14422g1262讨论final的三g12193g11004g17896:数据(data),g7053法(method)和类
(class)。
Final的数据
g5468多g13546g12255g16833言g18129有通知g13546译器g256这是g8585g461g5132g18339(constant)g462 数据g257的g6175
g8585。g5132g18339能g11004于下列两g12193情g1929,
1,g2499以是g256g13546译时的g5132g18339(compile-time constant)g257,这g7691就g1889也不能
g6925了。
2,也g2499以是g17828行时初始化的g1552,这g1022g1552g1332以后就不想g1889g6925了。
g3926g7536是g13546译时的g5132g18339,g13546译器g1262把g5132g18339放到g12651g5347g18336g19766;这g7691g13546译的时候就能g17839行g16757g12651,g3252g8504也就g19489g1314了g17828行时的开g19156。在Java中这g12193g5132g18339必g20047是
primitive型的,g13792且要g11004final关g19202g16801g15932g12046。这g12193g5132g18339的g17183g1552必g20047在定义的时候g17839行。
一g1022g7094是staticg2460是final的数据g6116员g1262g2494g2356据一g8585g1881存,g5194且不g2499g1474
g6925。
当final不是g6363primitive,g13792是g11004于g4557象的reference的时候,g5859思就有点g6642了。g4557primitive来说,finalg1262将这g1022g1552定义g6116g5132g18339,但是g4557于
g4557象的referenceg13792言,final的g5859思则是这g1022reference是g5132g18339。初始化的时候,一旦将reference连到了某g1022g4557象,那么它就g1889也不能g6363
别的g4557象了。但是这g1022g4557象本身是g2499以g1474g6925的;Javag8821有提g1391将某g1022g4557
象作g6116g5132g18339的g7053法。(但是g1332g2499以g14270g5061g1901一g1022类,这g7691就能把类当做g5132g18339
了。)这g12193g4628g19492性也g1319g10628在数g13464上,g3252g1038它也是一g1022g4557象。
下g19766这g8585g12255g5219g9448g12046了final的数据g6116员,
Thinking in Java 3rd Edition
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//,c06:FinalData.java
// The effect of final on fields,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
import java.util.*;
class Value {
int i; // Package access
public Value(int i) { this.i = i; }
}
public class FinalData {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
private static Random rand = new Random();
private String id;
public FinalData(String id) { this.id = id; }
// Can be compile-time constants,
private final int VAL_ONE = 9;
private static final int VAL_TWO = 99;
// Typical public constant,
public static final int VAL_THREE = 39;
// Cannot be compile-time constants,
private final int i4 = rand.nextInt(20);
static final int i5 = rand.nextInt(20);
private Value v1 = new Value(11);
private final Value v2 = new Value(22);
private static final Value v3 = new Value(33);
// Arrays,
private final int[] a = { 1,2,3,4,5,6 };
public String toString() {
return id + "," + "i4 = " + i4 + ",i5 = " + i5;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
FinalData fd1 = new FinalData("fd1");
//! fd1.VAL_ONE++; // Error,can't change value
fd1.v2.i++; // Object isn't constant!
fd1.v1 = new Value(9); // OK -- not final
for(int i = 0; i < fd1.a.length; i++)
fd1.a[i]++; // Object isn't constant!
//! fd1.v2 = new Value(0); // Error,Can't
//! fd1.v3 = new Value(1); // change reference
//! fd1.a = new int[3];
System.out.println(fd1);
System.out.println("Creating new FinalData");
FinalData fd2 = new FinalData("fd2");
System.out.println(fd1);
System.out.println(fd2);
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"%% fd1,i4 = \\d+,i5 = \\d+",
"Creating new FinalData",
"%% fd1,i4 = \\d+,i5 = \\d+",
"%% fd2,i4 = \\d+,i5 = \\d+"
});
}
} ///:~
由于VAL_ONE和VAL_TWOg18129是在g13546译时g17183g1552的final
primitive,g3252g13792它们g18129能被g11004作g13546译时的g5132g18339,这两g13785在所有g18337g3835的g7053
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g12544 22 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
g19766完全相g2528。VAL_THREE则g11004了一g12193g7368g5132见的g7053g5347来定义g5132g18339:
public,所以g2375g1363是在package的g3818g19766也能g11004,staticg5390调它g2494有这一g1022数据,g13792finalg15932g12046这是一g1022g5132g18339。注g5859,通g5132g13434定,被初始化g1038g5132
g18339g1552的final static的primitive的g2529g4395全g18129g11004g3835g1901,g16801g994g16801之间g11004下
g2022g13459分开。(这就g2528C的g5132g18339g5468相似了,g4466际上这g1022g13434定就是从C那g18336拿来的。)g2528g7691要知道i5的g1552在g13546译的时候是不知道的,g3252g8504不g19668要g3835g1901。
不能仅从某g7691g1008g16211是final的,就g2040g7041说g256它的g1552在g13546译的时候就g5062g13475g11842
定了g257。这一点g2499以从i4和i5的初始化上g5483到g16789g4466。它们g18129g1363g11004g19555机生
g6116的数g4395来g17839行初始化。这g8585例g12255还g9448g12046了将fianlg1552做g6116static和g19762
static的区别。这g12193差别g2494在g12255g5219执行初始化的时候才能g7186g10628出来,g3252
g1038g13546译器处g10714g256g13546译时的g1552(compile-time values)g257的g7053g5347是相g2528的。
(假设不存在优化的g16817。)g17828行g12255g5219的时候就能看出差别了。注g5859,fd1和
fd2的i4g1552是不g2528的,g13792创建第二g1022FinalDatag4557象的时候i5的g1552是不g2476的。这是g3252g1038它是static的,g3252g13792它是在g16025g17745类的时候,g13792不是创建g4557象的时候g17839行初始化的。
v1到v3的g2476g18339g9448g12046了final refeerence的含义。g8503g3926g1332在main( )
中所看到的,不g1262g3252g1038v2是final的就不g16765它g1474g6925g4557象的g1552。g3252g1038
final的是reference,它的g5859思是g1332不能把v2g13477到g1866它g4557象上。g4557于数g13464也是这g1022g5859思,g3252g1038它也是一g12193reference。(我不知道有什么办法把数g13464本身做g6116final的。)看来把reference作g6116final的不g3926把
primitive作g6116final的有g11004。
空白的final数据 (Blank finals)
Java能g16765g1332创建g256g12366白的final数据(blank finals)g257,也就是说把数据
g6116员g3780g7138g6116final的,但却g8821g13485初始化的g1552。g11908到这g12193情g1929,g1332必g20047先g17839
行初始化,g1889g1363g11004g12366白的final数据g6116员,g13792且g13546译器g1262g5390制g1332这么做。
不过,g12366白的final数据也提g1391了一g12193g7368g1038g9801活的g17828g11004final关g19202g16801g7053
法,比g7053说,g10628在g4557象g18336的final数据就能在g1457持不g2476性的g2528时g2460有所不
g2528了。下g19766就是一例,
//,c06:BlankFinal.java
// "Blank" final fields,
class Poppet {
private int i;
Poppet(int ii) { i = ii; }
}
public class BlankFinal {
private final int i = 0; // Initialized final
private final int j; // Blank final
private final Poppet p; // Blank final reference
// Blank finals MUST be initialized in the
constructor,
public BlankFinal() {
j = 1; // Initialize blank final
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p = new Poppet(1); // Initialize blank final
reference
}
public BlankFinal(int x) {
j = x; // Initialize blank final
p = new Poppet(x); // Initialize blank final
reference
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new BlankFinal();
new BlankFinal(47);
}
} ///:~
g1332一定g5483g1038final数据g17183g1552,要么是在定义数据的时候g11004一g1022g15932达g5347g17183
g1552,要么是在g7512g17908g2001数g18336g19766g17839行g17183g1552。g1038了g11842g1457final数据在g1363g11004之前g5062
g13475g17839行了初始化,这一要求是g5390制性的。
Final的参数
Java允许g1332在参数g15932中g3780g7138参数是final的,这g7691参数也g13546g12255final
了。也就是说,g1332不能在g7053法g18336g16765参数referenceg6363向g2490一g1022g4557象了,
//,c06:FinalArguments.java
// Using "final" with method arguments,
class Gizmo {
public void spin() {}
}
public class FinalArguments {
void with(final Gizmo g) {
//! g = new Gizmo(); // Illegal -- g is final
}
void without(Gizmo g) {
g = new Gizmo(); // OK -- g not final
g.spin();
}
// void f(final int i) { i++; } // Can't change
// You can only read from a final primitive,
int g(final int i) { return i + 1; }
public static void main(String[] args) {
FinalArguments bf = new FinalArguments();
bf.without(null);
bf.with(null);
}
} ///:~
f( )和g( )g9448g12046了把primitive参数做g6116final的g6940g7536:g1332g2499以读,但是不能g6925参数。这g12193功能g3921像也g8821什么g3835g11004,也许也不是g1332所g19668要的。
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g12544 24 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
Final方法
g1363g11004finalg7053法的目的有二。第一,g1038g7053法上g256g19157g257,g12117止g8978生类g17839行g1474
g6925。这是出于设g16757考g15397。当g1332希望某g1022g7053法的功能,能在g13499承过g12255中被g1457
g11053下来,g5194且不被覆g1901,就g2499以g1363g11004这g1022g7053法。
第二g1022g2419g3252就是g6940g10587。g3926g7536g7053法是final的,那么g13546译器就g1262把调g11004转换
g6116g256g1881g13864的(inline)g257。当g13546译器看到要调g11004finalg7053法的时候,它就g1262
(g7693据g2040g7041)g14305弃g7234通的,g256g6566入g7053法调g11004代g11733的g257g13546译机制(将参数压入
g7644,然后g17351去执行要调g11004的g7053法的代g11733,g1889g17351回来g9177g12366g7644,g1889处g10714返回
g1552),相g2465它g1262g11004g7053法本身的拷贝来代g7379g7053法的调g11004。当然g3926g7536g7053法g5468
g3835,那么g12255g5219就g1262g14204g13972g5483g5468g5567,于是g1881g13864也不g1262g5114来什么性能的g6925g2904,g3252
g1038这g12193g6925g2904相比g12255g5219处g10714所g13803g11004的时间是微不g17287道的。Java的设g16757g13785们
g7275g12046过,Java的g13546译器有这g1022功能,g2499以g7246能地g2040g7041是不是应该将
finalg7053法做g6116g1881g13864的。不过,最g3921还是把g6940g10587问题g11053g13485g13546译器和JVM
去处g10714,g13792g2494把finalg11004于要g7138g11842地g12117止覆g1901的场合。[31]
final和private
privateg7053法g18129g19556含有final的g5859思。由于g1332不能g16787问private的g7053
法,g3252g8504g1332也不能覆g1901它。g1332g2499以g13485privateg7053法g2164一g1022finalg1474g20292
g12538,但是这g7691做什么g5859义也g8821有。
这g1022问题有g2499能g1262g17908g6116g9163乱,g3252g1038g2375g1363g1332覆g1901了一g1022privateg7053法(它g19556
含有final的g5859思),看上去它还是g2499以g17828行的,g13792且g13546译器也不g1262g6265
g19181,
//,c06:FinalOverridingIllusion.java
// It only looks like you can override
// a private or private final method,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class WithFinals {
// Identical to "private" alone,
private final void f() {
System.out.println("WithFinals.f()");
}
// Also automatically "final",
private void g() {
System.out.println("WithFinals.g()");
}
}
class OverridingPrivate extends WithFinals {
private final void f() {
System.out.println("OverridingPrivate.f()");
}
private void g() {
System.out.println("OverridingPrivate.g()");
}
}
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class OverridingPrivate2 extends OverridingPrivate {
public final void f() {
System.out.println("OverridingPrivate2.f()");
}
public void g() {
System.out.println("OverridingPrivate2.g()");
}
}
public class FinalOverridingIllusion {
private static Test monitor = new Test();
public static void main(String[] args) {
OverridingPrivate2 op2 = new
OverridingPrivate2();
op2.f();
op2.g();
// You can upcast,
OverridingPrivate op = op2;
// But you can't call the methods,
//! op.f();
//! op.g();
// Same here,
WithFinals wf = op2;
//! wf.f();
//! wf.g();
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"OverridingPrivate2.f()",
"OverridingPrivate2.g()"
});
}
} ///:~
g2494有是基类接g2487g18336的g1008g16211才能被g256覆g1901g257。也就是说,g4557象应该g2499以被上
g1268到基类,然后g1889调g11004g2528一g1022g7053法(这一点要到下一g12468才能g16774g5483g7368g9177g7982。)
g3926g7536g7053法是private的,那它就不属于基类的接g2487。它g2494能g12651是被类g19556
藏起来的,g8503g3921有着相g2528的g2529g4395的代g11733。g3926g7536g1332在g8978生类g18336创建了g2528g2529的
publicg6122protected,g6122packageg7447g19492的g7053法,那么它们g2528基类中g2499
能g2528g2529的g7053法,g8821有g1231g1321g13864g13007。g1332g5194g8821有覆g1901那g1022g7053法,g1332g2494是创建了一
g1022新的g7053法。由于privateg7053法是g7092法g16787问的,g4466际上是看不见的,g3252
g8504这么作g19512了g1262g5445g2721类的代g11733结g7512,g1866它什么g5859义g18129g8821有。
Final类
把g6984g1022类g18129定义g6116final 的(把final关g19202g16801放到类的定义部分的前g19766)就等于在g4471g5079,g1332不g1262去g13499承这g1022类,g1332也不允许别g1166去g13499承这g1022类。换言之,出于类的设g16757考g15397,它g1889也不g19668要作g1474g6925了,g6122g13785从安全g16294度出g2469,
g1332不希望它g1889生出g4388类。
//,c06:Jurassic.java
// Making an entire class final,
class SmallBrain {}
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final class Dinosaur {
int i = 7;
int j = 1;
SmallBrain x = new SmallBrain();
void f() {}
}
//! class Further extends Dinosaur {}
// error,Cannot extend final class 'Dinosaur'
public class Jurassic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Dinosaur n = new Dinosaur();
n.f();
n.i = 40;
n.j++;
}
} ///:~
注g5859,final类的数据g2499以是final的,也g2499以不是final的,这要由g1332
来决定。g7092论类是不是final的,这一g7477g18129g17878g11004于g256将finalg11004于数据的g257场合。但是,由于final类g12117止了g13499承,覆g1901g7053法g5062g13475不g2499能了,g3252
g8504所有的g7053法g18129g19556含地g2476g6116final了。g1332g2499以g1038final类的g7053法g2164一g1022
finalg1474g20292g12538,但是这一g7691g8821什么g5859义。
小心使用final
看来,设g16757类的时候将g7053法定义g6116final的,g1262是一g1022g5468g7138g7246的决定。g2499
能g1332g1262觉g5483g8821g1166g1262要覆g1901g1332的g7053法。有时g11842g4466是这g7691。
但是g1332这么假设的时候一定要g19762g5132g16892g5922。一般来说,要g1119先预想g256类g1262g5602
g7691被复g11004g257是g19762g5132g3268难的,特别是g4557那g1135g5468通g11004的类来说。g3926g7536g1332把类定义g6116final的,那么g5468g2499能g1262g2469生这g12193情g1929,由于g1332g8821有g7021到这g1022类还能被这么g1363g11004,g1866它项目的g12255g5219员就g8821法通过g13499承来复g11004这g1022类了。
g7643g1946Java类g5223就是一g1022活生生的例g4388。特别是Java 1.0/1.1的
Vector类,这g1022类曾被广g8879g1363g11004,g3926g7536不是g1038了g17873求g6940g10587(天g7207g5483提g20652
了多g4581)g13792把它的所有g7053法g18129做g6116final的g16817,它的g11004g17896g2499能g1262g7368广。这
g1022类g3838有g11004了,g3252g8504应该g5468容易想到g1262有g1166要g13499承它g5194且覆g1901g1866中的g7053
法,但是类的设g16757g13785们不知g5602么g6642的,g16760定这么作是不g4557的。有两g1022g10714由
g1363g5483这g12193想法g2476g5483g19762g5132具有g16785g2062g5859g2631。首先,Stack是g13499承g14270Vector
的,也就是说Stack就是Vector,但是在逻g17765上这g12193说法g5194不g8503g11842。
第二,Vector的g5468多g18337要的g7053法,比g3926addElement( )以及
elementAt( ),g18129是synchronized。g8503g3926g1332g1262在第11g12468看到的,
这g7691作g1262g17908g6116g5468g1017g18337的性能下g19489,g5194且完全g6281g9052final所g5114来的优化。这
g7368g16765我们相g1461了,g12255g5219员在g10480测该在g2750g18336作优化的时候总是g10371g19181。在g7643g1946
类g5223g18336g19766放g17839g3926g8504g12540g6317的设g16757g4466在是g3838g12979了,但是g3835g4490还g18129不g5483不g17813就。
Thinking in Java 3rd Edition
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(所g5196g5483是Java 2的容器类g5223g11004ArrayListg7379换了Vector,g13792它的工作g7053g5347要g7003g19609了许多。但不g5196的是,还有g1166在g11004老的容器类g5223g1901新g12255g5219。)
g1889看看Hashtable,也是g5468有g5859思的。它是Java 1.0/1.1g7643g1946类g5223g18336
的g2490一g1022g18337要的类,它g8821有g1231g1321finalg7053法。曾几g1321时,我在本书中说过,这g1135类g5468g7138g7186g18129是由一g13688不相干的g1166设g16757出来的。(还有一g1022g16789据,
g1332g2499以比较一下Hashtable和Vector的g7053法的g2529g4395,前g13785的要简g8917
许多。)这绝g4557应该是类g5223的g1363g11004g13785们不应该看出来的g1008g16211。g3926g7536设g16757g13582
g1059连g17155性,g11004户就g5483受苦g252g252这g2460是在g5390调设g16757和代g11733复查的g18337要性了。
初始化与类的装载
在较g1268统的g13546g12255g16833言中,g12255g5219启动的时候g18129是一g8437g16025g17745所有的g1008g16211,然后
g17839行初始化,接下来g1889开始执行。这g1135g16833言必g20047g1192细的g6523制初始化的过
g12255,这g7691static数据的初始化才不g14279于g1262g1147生问题。就拿C++g1038例,g3926
g7536一g1022static数据要依赖g2490一g1022static的数据,g13792它g2460g8821有初始化的
g16817,问题就来了。
Java采g11004了一g12193新的g16025g17745g8181g5347,g3252g8504g8821有这g12193问题。Java的所有g1008g16211g18129
是g4557象,g3252g8504g5468多g1119情g18129g2476g5483简单了,这就是一例。下一g12468g1332还g1262学的g7368
具g1319。g13546译之后g8611g1022类g18129g1457存在它g14270g5061的g7003g1226g18336。不到g19668要的时候,这g1022
g7003g1226是不g1262g16025g17745的。总之g1332g2499以说g256类的代g11733g1262在它们第一g8437g1363g11004的时候
g16025g17745g257。类的g16025g17745通g5132g18129g2469生在第一g8437创建那g1022类的g4557象的时候,但是g16787
问static数据g6122staticg7053法的时候也g1262g16025g17745。
第一g8437g1363g11004static数据的时候也是g17839行初始化的时候。g16025g17745的时候,
staticg4557象和static代g11733g8585g1262按g10043它们g4395g19766的顺g5219(也就是在g12255g5219中出
g10628的顺g5219)g17839行初始化。当然static数据g2494g1262初始化一g8437。
继承情况下的初始化
了g16311一下g2265g6336g13499承在g1881的初始化的过g12255将是g19762g5132有g11422的,这g7691就能有g1022总
g1319的了g16311。看看下g19766这g8585代g11733,
//,c06:Beetle.java
// The full process of initialization,
import com.bruceeckel.simpletest.*;
class Insect {
protected static Test monitor = new Test();
private int i = 9;
protected int j;
Insect() {
System.out.println("i = " + i + ",j = " + j);
j = 39;
}
private static int x1 =
print("static Insect.x1 initialized");
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g12544 28 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
static int print(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
return 47;
}
}
public class Beetle extends Insect {
private int k = print("Beetle.k initialized");
public Beetle() {
System.out.println("k = " + k);
System.out.println("j = " + j);
}
private static int x2 =
print("static Beetle.x2 initialized");
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Beetle constructor");
Beetle b = new Beetle();
monitor.expect(new String[] {
"static Insect.x1 initialized",
"static Beetle.x2 initialized",
"Beetle constructor",
"i = 9,j = 0",
"Beetle.k initialized",
"k = 47",
"j = 39"
});
}
} ///:~
当g1332g11004Javag17828行Beetle的时候,第一g1226g1119就是g16787问了
Beetel.main( )(这是一g1022staticg7053法),于是g16025g17745器(loader)就g1262g1038
g1332g4559g6226g13475g13546译的Beetle类的代g11733(也就是Beetle.classg7003g1226)。在g16025g17745
的过g12255中,g16025g17745器注g5859到它有一g1022基类(也就是extends所要g15932g12046的g5859
思),于是它g1889g16025g17745基类。不g12661g1332创不创建基类g4557象,这g1022过g12255总g1262g2469
生。(试试看,把创建g4557象的那g2489注释掉,看看g1262有什么结g7536。)
g3926g7536基类还有基类,那么这第二g1022基类也g1262被g16025g17745,以g8504类g6524。下一g8505,
它g1262执行g256g7693基类(root base class)g257(这g18336就是Insect)的static初始化,然后是下一g1022g8978生类的static初始化,以g8504类g6524。这g1022顺g5219g19762g5132
g18337要,g3252g1038g8978生类的g256g19757态初始化(g2375前g19766g16774的static初始化)g257有g2499能要依赖基类g6116员的g8503g11842初始化。
g10628在所有必要的类g18129g5062g13475g16025g17745结g7475,g2499以创建g4557象了。首先,g4557象g18336的所有的primitiveg18129g1262被设g6116它们的g13582g11477g1552,g13792reference也g1262被设g6116
nullg252g252这g1022过g12255是一g11648间完g6116的,g4557象的g1881存g1262被统一地设g13634g6116g256两g17839
制的零(binary zero)g257。然后调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001数。调g11004是g14270动g2469生的,但是g1332g2499以g1363g11004super来g6363定调g11004g2750g1022g7512g17908g2001数(也就是Beetle( )
g7512g17908g2001数所做的第一g1226g1119)。基类的g7512g17908过g12255以及g7512g17908顺g5219,g2528g8978生类的相g2528。基类g7512g17908g2001数g17828行完g8617之后,g1262按g10043各g1022g2476g18339的g4395g19766顺g5219g17839行初始化。最后g1262执行g7512g17908g2001数的g1866余部分。
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总结
g13499承和合g6116g18129能g16765g1332在g5062有的类的基础上创建新的类。但是通g5132情g1929下,
合g6116是把g5062有的类当作新类底层g4466g10628的一部分来复g11004,g13792g13499承则是复g11004g1866
接g2487。由于g8978生类g6329有基类的接g2487,g3252g8504它g2499以被上g1268(upcast)到基类,
g8503g3926g1332将g1889下一g12468看到的,这点g4557于多态性是g19762g5132g18337要。
g4625g12661g19766向g4557象的g13546g12255g1262g2465复g5390调g13499承,但是当g1332着g6175设g16757的时候,通g5132情
g1929下还是应该先考g15397合g6116,g2494有在必要的时候才g1363g11004g13499承。合g6116g1262g7368g9801
活。g8504g3818,还g2499以g16765g6116员g1363g11004g13499承类的g4557象,这g7691g1332就能在g17828行时g7368换这
g1135g6116员的具g1319类型,及g1866行g1038了。于是,合g6116后的g4557象的行g1038g7053g5347也能g5483
以g6925g2476了。
设g16757g13007统的时候,g1332的目g7643是要g6226到g6122g13785创建一g13464这g7691的类,它们g8611g1022g18129
有具g1319的g11004g17896,g5194且g18129不是g3838g3835(g3634了g3838多功能,复g11004起来就不g7053g1427了),
当然也不能g3838小了(功能不g17287的g16817就不能g10432g12447完g6116g1231g2165了)。
练习
g2494要付g5468小一g12520g17165g11004就能从www.BruceEckel.com下g17745g2529g1038The
Thinking in Java Annotated Solution Guide的g11017g4388g7003g7735,这上g19766有一g1135习题的答案。
1,创建两g1022g5114默g16760g7512g17908g2001数(g12366的参数类列g15932)的类A和B。g1889创建一g1022g13499
承A的C类,C类g18336要有一g1022B类型的g6116员g4557象。不要创建C的g7512g17908
g2001数。创建一g1022C类的g4557象,然后g16278g4531一下g1866g17828行结g7536。
2,g1474g6925g13463习1的g12255g5219,g1363A和Bg18129有g5114参数的g7512g17908g2001数。g1889g1038Cg1901一g1022
g7512g17908g2001数,然后g16765它执行全部的初始化工作。
3,先创建一g1022简单的类。然后在第二g1022类g18336,定义一g1022第一g1022类的g4557象的
reference。g11004g256g1611g6054初始化(lazy initialization)g257来g4466例化这g1022g4557
象。
4,g1901一g1022g13499承Detergent的新类。覆g1901g1866scrub( )g7053法,g1889g2164一g1022新的sterilize( )g7053法。
5,g6226到Cartoon.java,将Cartoon类的g7512g17908g2001数注释掉,看看g1262有什么g6940g7536,g1889g16311释一下g1038什么。
6,g6226到Chess.java,将Chess类的g7512g17908g2001数注释掉,看看g1262有什么g6940
g7536,g1889g16311释一下g1038什么。
7,试着g16789g7138g13546译器g1262g1038g1332创建一g1022默g16760的g7512g17908g2001数。
8,试着g16789g7138基类的g7512g17908g2001数(a)总是g1262被调g11004(b)g1262在调g11004g8978生类的g7512g17908g2001
数之前调g11004。
9,创建一g1022g2494有g19762默g16760g7512g17908g2001数的基类,以及一g1022g7094有默g16760g7512g17908g2001数g2460有
g19762默g16760g7512g17908g2001数的g8978生类。在g8978生类的g7512g17908g2001数g18336调g11004基类的g7512g17908g2001
数。
Chapter 6,Reusing Classes
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g12544 30 g20041 g1861 30 g20041
10,创建一g1022g2529g1038Root,g5194且g2265含Component1,Component2,
以及Component3这三g1022类(也要由g1332来g1901)的g4466例的类。g1901一g1022g13499承
Root的Stem类,它也要g2265含这三g1022g256componentg257。所有的类g18129
应该有能打印类的g9052g5699的默g16760g7512g17908g2001数。
11,g1474g6925g13463习10,g1363g5483g8611g1022类g18129g2494有一g1022g19762默g16760的g7512g17908g2001数。
12,g1038g13463习11中的各g1022类添g2164合g17878的dispose( )g7053法。
13,创建一g1022g18337g17745三g8437g7053法的类。g1901一g1022新的,g13499承这g1022类,g5194且添g2164一g1022
新的g18337g17745g7053法的类,然后g9448g12046一下,这g3247g1022g7053法g18129是g2499以g16787问的。
14,g6226到Car.java,往Enging18336g19766添g2164一g1022service( )g7053法,然后在
main( )g18336g19766调g11004这g1022g7053法。
15,在packageg18336g19766创建一g1022类。这g1022类应该g2265g6336一g1022protected的g7053
法。在这g1022类g3818g19766,调g11004这g1022protectedg7053法,然后g16311释一下g1038什么
g1262出g10628这g12193情g1929。然后,g13499承这g1022类,g1889在g13499承类的g7053法g18336g19766调g11004这g1022
protected的g7053法。
16,创建一g1022g2529g1038Amphibian的类。然后g13499承下一g1022Frog类。在基类
g18336g19766g17878当地放一g1135g7053法。g11004main( )创建一g1022Frog,g1889上g1268g13485
Amphibian,看看,这g1135g7053法是不是还能g13499g13505g11004。
17,g1474g6925g13463习16,g16765Frog 覆g1901基类中定义的g7053法(g1363g11004相g2528的g7053法特g5461,
但是要g18337新定义)。看看main( )g1262有什么g6940g7536。
18,创建一g1022g5114static finalg6116员和finalg6116员的类,看看这两g13785有什么区别。
19,创建一g1022g5114g256g12366白的final的g257reference的类。所有的g7512g17908g2001数g18129要
g4557这g1022final数据g17839行初始化。g16789g7138一下,g256final在g1363g11004前必g20047g17839行初始化g257以及g256一旦初始化之后就不能g1889g1474g6925了g257,这两点是有g1457g19568
的。
20,创建一g1022g5114finalg7053法的类。g13499承这g1022类,g5194试着去覆g1901这g1022类。
21,创建一g1022final类,g5194试着去g13499承这g1022类。
22,试着g16789g7138g256类g2494g1262g16025g17745一g8437g257。g16789g7138g256第一g8437创建g4557象的g4466例g257,以及
g256g16787问static的g6116员g257g18129能g5353g2469类的g16025g17745。
23,g6226到Beetle.java,按g10043g10628有类的g7696g5347创建一g1022具g1319的g13499承类。g17331g17406g5194且
g16311释g12255g5219的g17767出。
[31]不要的g19531入过g7101优化代g11733的g19531g19461。假g3926g1332有了一g1022能g8503g5132工作但是g17828行g17907度
g5468g5942的g13007统,那能不能g11004finalg16311决问题还是g1226g5468难说的g1119。不过我们g1262在第
15g12468介绍profiling,这是一g1022能帮g1332g6925g2904g12255g5219g17828行g17907度的工具。