Chapter IV
Syntax
Syntax and Grammar
Syntax,A Definition
Syntax and Chomsky
Categories and Structure
Word-level Categories
N,Harry,boy,wheat,policy
V,arrive,discuss,melt
A,good,tall,old,intelligent
P,to,in,on,neat,blond
Ad,silently,slowly,now,quietly
Det,the,a this
Deg,too,so,very,quiet
Aux,will,can,must
Qual,always,perhaps,never
Conj,and,or,but
Meaning and Grammar
Meaning,
an inseparable part of language as well as
syntax
Colored cat eats the mouse.
*Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
*The French king is an three-eyed dragon.
Phrase Structure and X-bar
NP the book
VP hit the man
PP in the box
AP walk slowly
contains? + P
so
collapse to X-bar (let? = X)
X-P x + P
XP
XP
Specifier X
Complement
head
Sentences
The S Rule
S NP VP
S
NP VP
Det N V NP
Det N
A scientist discovered the answer
Complement and Options
S
NP Infl VP
past
N
Det N V Det N
The boy devoured the sandwich
Transformations
Transformation,a syntactic movement
S
NP VP
Det N Infl V
the girl will leave
Transformation
Moving
Will the girl ____ leave?
The XP Rule
Deep Structure
Transformation
Surface Structure
Wh-Movement
Other movements
1.wh-movement
2,non-movement,intonation,stress
Universal Grammar
1,The human brain
2,What should a grammar account for?
3,Different language and universals
4,Types of language
5,Variations
6,Philosophy of language
7,Innateness vs Empiricism