? Bc ?yV? ? s ?y £ ?D? ^B êμ1 ? ¥ SD??? LV?¥? V I?/?  ? s ¥¥V?? ? VE ?¥ ?ê??μ?s¥ ?  ?{bYV £ ?D¥ ? s V[ ?? 8V?? ?  ? >¥ 8?ê? ?{eyúùa? ?÷¥ ?¨4úr qb 'c "¥ 'c×?? ?V? ? s ?N¥ ? ??ZE?V £ ?D¥?)?yV?¥ ? s? ? ? ?¨b 'c = ? (1) £ ?D?B? pii ? ?D o?Z? (2) £ ?D?=? p (3) ?9a?á 3D? ü? (4) ?X?a ? >?D £ ?Dr q (5) μr ?¥?l#9 ? 6.1 £ ?D?B? pii ? ?D o?Z? £ ?D?B? p ^μ1 ? ?? o?¥Z?b ?  ? = ? Ua? ? E k a× ? ] ? E p a £ Q ?? Wb 6.1.1 ? ¥? ? ?  ^té%μ¥+?B Mté ?{μB?? ?? ? ¥ ?b £ ?D?B? p? ? #?¥ ? Yèμ[/+? (1) = ? [ UV Ub ? ^"d =? ?μ ì0"?8 ] ???8? ?? ?? ? ¥9?b ?s0 =? ?a s0 = ] ??s0 =?¥ ? b (2) ? ? [ E k V Ub ?Tté μé  mi O[ ? u? * 1t"ü μ? ? 2 2 1 muE k = b (3) × ? ] ? [ E p V Ub ?Tté μé  mi OD ] ? ?¥<°  ?1 z * 1t"ü μ ] ? mgzE p = b 2 (4) £ ???μ7? ¥ ? .??S £[ QV UbS1 ? ¥?D A ?? #?.?Z_¥ù 5b' Q??μ ' ?′7 O31?μ| ?V U ? ¥.?Z_b?y £ ?D???t"¤? £ H Q1?′MQ¥t"_ìab £ H Q1μ′b (5) ? "  £ Q-?¥ ? .? (?S?[ WV UbD £ QB"? W9 ^t"? 3 ?M? HD ìa?D¥ ? o ^ W ^ 6B?? Tb? ^?y £ ?D??? W 9S ?μ|¥??bt "¤??T¨:1?′ 7t"_ìaS?:1μ′b   6Bt÷T???¥?μ|¥?? μ?]¥V ?° H31?i 6.1.2 £ ?D?B? pi ?  o?¥' T £ ?D?B? p· ?"dí ?ü ???M?  ?  o?b9ü ^ a ?"d?ò? ?  ¥? T V[Mo?? ? ?? Y bá 39??1?h ? ? ò?? T-Wé?? H9 ¥ ?  ?′ ??Mb' WQEEU pk +=?+?+? (6-1) T 6-1'1 £ ?D?B? p¥' Tb 6.1.3 >"d¥ £ ?D?B? p >"d ^· *tDìa-Woμ ? ?D7íté?D¥"db? N?l V? T 6-1 ???¨?>"d H àμté?DV UDté?DM1¥? ?? ] ?¥M?[1 ,? ^> "d¥ £ ?D?B? p VV U1 WQU +=? (6-2) 6.1.4 × @"d¥ £ ?D?B? p# ?¨ ?y 3á?v ?¥y@?? ^ @8 @?YVò? !!?5L'? !! ??t @μé μyNi? ? j1>8"¥ ?F[) ?b I3?t @?¥+?? f ?/μ ?/ ? +? (1) !! =ò?¥ ?? ? HWM? (2) <°? @_¥ò?? ?)¥é  @ qM? ?? @?Yè$?1×? @?e?× @?8"?1× @"db?× @"d¥+?31| £ ? D?B? p¥' T 6-1 8?[L??¨?× @"d?b 3 ?m 6-1 ? U @8 @ü5 ^aD £ ai ü??y !!S× @ @?b? ^B?e?¥??  μ ?R?¥?yy@?¥ ê?b? ? 1? 2 sY ^ <°? @_¥ @8é g? ?? ?? ?-W¥ @8 ^ £ ?D?B? p I3¥8"?? ^ìab L !μ?êé ¥ @8 @ü? ? 1? 2 ' m=1 ? ? 1 )?êé  @8 @ ?5 ^  ? ?/ @8¥a ?1 p 1 ? T 1 ?êé  @8¥81 V 1  ü ( @ ?1 u 1  = ? U 1  @8×?  ? ] ? ,? ü ? ¥ú z 1 ? ? ?1 A 1  ]"¥? ? 2)M ?¥? ?1 p 2 aT 2 aV 2 au 2 aU 2 az 2 aA 2 b? £ ?D ?B? p¥' T 6-1?¥ ?B[ V[¨M1¥ V Ub = ?¥M? 12 UUU ?=? (6-3) ? ?¥M?1 () 22 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 uuuE k ?=?=? (6-4) × ? ] ?¥M?1 ()zgzzgE p ?=?=? 12 (6-5) ìaD?êé ¥ù?8"-W?D¥ £ 1 Q 7?D¥? W " à? W s -??μ 6?B ??i @?? W f b' fs WWW += (6-6) ? ? 1)¥ @?? W 1f 1 () 11 1 1 111 )( Vp A V ApW f =×= (6-7) ] ?? ? 2)¥ @?? W 2f 1 () 22 2 2 222 )( Vp A V ApW f ?=×?= (6-8) ? ? 1à 2-W¥ ??B?)¥ @8; s? ? 3 @8¥w?9] Hw?/3 @8S? ?′ m 6-1 × @"d Uim 4 Bá? ^Z_MQyNMo·h @?ê?1 ,b | T (6-3)~ (6-8)} ? T (6-1)¤? )( 2 1 2211 2 pVWQVpVpWQzguU ss ??+=?++=?+?+? ? ?¥?l pVUH += 5  T'1 s WQzguH +=?+?+? 2 2 1 (6-9)  Tü ^× @"d¥ £ ?D?B? p¥Vr T ??[¥?ê? ^??êé ¥ @8 ? μ ¥ ? b YèN H T0?¥?[ μ V?e¥?1b è ? (1) @8 @üD £ aQ? ?.é !! ?t !!? àμà.?¥2 W s =0 6? I n? ?[? ] ?[D?M-W¥ ? )μY ? ?[? ] ?[ V[- {' 0 2 1 2 ≈?u  0≈?zg  yN× @"d £ ?D?B? p V?e1 QH =? ?ü ^B?D £  £μ? V??M ? ??¥G b (2) @8 @ü,aa êai ü? !!  ? )¥? ? ?[? ] ?[? ?D?MM1? V[- {' 0 2 1 2 ≈?u  0≈?zg  ' s WQH +=? ??t !! V j1Dìa ' £. £ D ?S?¥ ?′M1 V- {?9 * 1éB? V?e1 s WH =? ?ü ^V?M V p?t !!S? {? ? ?¥G b (3) @8 @ü?  ¨ ,# ¨I @8 @ü !! ?T@ y V[L !1 ' £ Q=0 !! àμà.?2 W s =0 @8é gúM ??v× ? ] ?¥?M V[- { 0≈?zg  yN T 6-9 V?e1 2 2 1 uH ??=? V  T V[ A @8 @ü ¨I? ¨  !! HYV?M @?¥? ?| @81 &¥?M1 ? ?b 5 6.2 £ ?D?=? p 1 ??? ??V?¥? 3?N?"B?¥e5?te5ü ^ B?? ?¥ £ ?D?B? p?' ?¥?1 = ?i £ ?D?=? pb £ ?D?B? p ^V ? ?¥ ?′¥?? aK?i?SV?¥? 3? ^i? ^??  £ ?D?B? p V?üB? ? LC ??A?] H ?@ £ ?D?=? p¥1 pb9ü ^ a £ ?D?=? p ^VV?¥Z_? K?i??"V?¥é?b £ ?D?B? p??=? psYV ?  ?¥ ? ??¥Z_ ??M£M?¥?S"1 ??V?¥? 3b 1 ? SD?é?¥V??????  ???¥ £ ?D?=? p¥ í ? 1) X ?? ? Clausius aE £? V ?1?¥V??t8.óú?t8 2) 7:ó Kelvin aE? V ?V?B £÷ £ P-? ?M1μ¨?7??   eM?  ? ? aE ^v ¥ Y L¥92 ^??¥ a ü o1?V?? ^? V I¥p Bt f ?/ V [°4 ?V?¥ V??? ^? ' ?¥ù? ? a÷31? ¥ í ?b???9e ?ü ^ ?¥ £ ?D?=? pb 6.2.1 ?D?9e ? ? S¥ £ ?D?l1 T Q S rev δ =d  6-10 T Q rev δ ?1 V I £? b ? ?8"D??; àμté?D9 àμ ? ?D δQ" 05 0d ≥S  6-11 T 6-V ü ?"dVB? ü? ?ü ?? V IV?r? 6B ü? ? H?¥9?hb? ^ ?f ?oD8"¥ S  ?μ17Dü ?¥V?í1b T 6-11? V1 ?S  ? ≥ 0  6-12  ?S "d  ?S ìa ≥ 0  6-13 T 6-12 6-13 ^?9e ?¥Vr Tb' ?8"ü ?B?V? H9 ^1?¥_?9v¥Z _é?°??9v?Kv′8"r? ü? ?b?9 ^ £ ?D?=? p¥? Vr? Tb è 6-1 ?m 6-3 ? Uμ | !9B??? P¤ ? kg ?1 373.15 K ¥? £? üVB" " 0 V I > 0 ? V I " 0 V I > 0 ? V I 6 ¥ˉ??a ? ??¥_ 463.15 K¥ú?% £  { ? 1900 kJ¥ £ ? Ka 1.013×10 5 Paa 273.15 K H ? `1 £ ? 7 ?bL ! V[íK? |¤ 273.15 K¥ ? ` £ kV £ ?D4?s?V ? ^? V ?$ 3 ? ? ?  V ?? 3¥ ??V?A?] H?? £ ?D?B? p??=? pb ? YV? ?a 1.013×10 5 Paa273.15 K H ? `? ? ¥ £ ¤?KvK¥ ?¨ y1 ? `?Xür?ìa?  273.15 K¥ £1 ?  b$M¥ ? ?? ??Móú?% £  _ú?% £ . £ Q 1 = -1900 kJ ¥] HA ??μ £ ] H.?ó ?  VíK |¤¥ 273.15 K¥ £ 1 ?  b ? 5i? S×? ?? @?b? × @"d £ ?D?B? p] H- {? ¥? ??× ? ] ?[ O5? í ?¥V??? i àμSà?' W s = 0b? ^ QH =? ° £? V¤ 373.15 K H¥ £?  H 1 = 2676.1 kJ·kg -1 S 1 = 7.3549 kJ·kg -1 ·K -1   ? g) 1.013×10 5 Paa273.15 K¥ ? ` £ H 2 = 0 S 2 = 0 ? ^? £ ?D?B? p98¥. £ 1 Q" H = H 2 - H 1 = 0-2676.1 = -2676.1 kJ·kg -1 _ ? b £ Q 0 = Q – Q 1 = -2676.1+1900 = -776.1 kJ·kg -1 ?v £ ?D?=? p_ I3 ??v  ?V?é?"d?ìa¥9? ^?9Fb?"d ^ ·? ' &7ìa ^·ú?% £ ? ?  273.15 K¥ ? ` £ b ? kg £?  "d¥?M ?S 1 1 3549.73549.70 121 ?=?=?=? SSS kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 ú?% £ ¤?.?¥ £ a?? ? ???#7? ¥?M S 2 1 102.4 15.463 1900 1 1 2 == ? =? T Q S kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 7 ] ??? ? ¥?M  S 3 1 841.2 15.273 1.776 0 0 3 == ? =? T Q S kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 ? ^9?M1 412.0 321 ?=?+?+?=? SSSS kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 < 0 ?[ !9¥V? ^? V ? LC¥b 6? ?V?- ?[? ? LC ^y1"d?ìa¥9?Ml? ,b 8 a ^y1ìa¥?9 tlb ?TX P¤?V? LCA?Fvìa¥?9bV ?S 2 ? ?S 3 ¥9 ? T? V[so1M?¥ ê l 1 Q ¥′79v 0 Q ü V[ P¤9?Mv? ,b !? ? kg? £? .?óú?% £ ¥ V?¥Kv £ 1 ' 1 Q kJ·kg -1 5 0 15.273 1.2676 15.463 3549.7 ' 1 ' 1 = ? ++? QQ 3¤ 5.1679 ' 1 =Q kJ·kg -1 V  ?2T V[ A?"?  ù ? ^T1 £÷ V[_ú?% £  { ? £ ?i? ^ ?? ? à¥X { ? ??b?? £ ?D?=? p¥K? ?_% £  { ? £ ¥] HA ??ìa = /  e¥?Y ] H_??ìab £ b??s_ ? b¥ £  ù ?V ?  A ^ ? >?? ^?? s ? > £ ?8¥?9FV? V?b YV  ? è5 a ü? ^V?é?Z_¥ ? b ?8"r? ü? H?′Kvby1? ^"d ¥?éyNo1"d)?B?¥ ?LμB? ??¥?′b V±4?ù?1 ???iò?μ?? è ?2¥μ??s?¥μ???¥μ?? ?b?82 ^úμ?¥bV?8 ???A8s0¥ ? ?μ?_í? ? ?V?s0?s ?¥μ?M?í? ?? ? 3 £s0?μ??M1í??b ?μ?tV?? μB? ]¥+?' ?"í??¥9F"d¥?′9vb ?[? ^"ds0í??¥ b | ?? £ ?D?=? p¥ aE8?  ? V[?C ? ì ^?N¥?Vr V?¥1??? V I?-W¥1"b X ?? ?¥ aE a ü  £.?V??ú?_????1? `_¥? V I? 7:ó aE5 í ? ??1 £¥V?¥? V I? ?9e ?5 a ü 1?V?? t_??9v? V Ib í ? 'B? aE? ^V?? 3¥Z_?¥ ?  e ìo1? D £ ?D?B? pB  ] %? "1 ??V?? 3¥ V ??ù5b 8 6.2.2 ?á 3D? ü? 6.2.2.1 ?á 3 ? £ ?D?=? p V? T Q S ir δ >d  6-14 éB??1B?? T g ir S T Q S dd += δ  6-15 s¤ g ir S T Q S ?+=? ∫ δ  6-16 ? ?S g ?1?á 3 ? ^??V?¥? V I?7? ¥ *?s?Mb V IV??á 3 ?S g " 0? V IV??á 3 ?S g >0b9-?á 3¥ù??l? ,b ? T 6-16 V[ A"d¥9?M? ?sF?bB?s ^??D??i £?D Q V I ? V I7? ¥$?1 £? @ ∫ T Qδ  6B?s ^??ü ?¥V?¥? V I?7? ¥b? Dé ? ? ¥?é?]í ? ^ V I? V I ?"d¥é ? ? ? ^ o?¥7? ??] V IV?¥? o?? V IV?¥?? o?b ? V I/?  ?  ?ê¥??2??á 3 V[ a1?á 3 ?SgDS? ? ?-WA ?μ ó"b V?¥? V I/?¥?á 3h  "d?S?¥ ? ?b?á 3v/?¥ ?  ?ê??b 6.2.2.2 ? ü? ?í 7"d ?m 6-4 ? UL !Vìa l £  Q] H?S? W"dDìa-W;μ é ?D9μ ? ?Db ?"é ¥ @ ? @?9 ${? @ ??1 ∑ in ii Sm  @?1 ∑ out ii Sm bD ? ?Dμ ó"¥?1 ∫ T Qδ b31?i¥ ^ ? ?o μ £  QD?Mμ1? WD?Mí1b??V?¥ ? V I?? ¥?á 31 ?S g ? ^?  ?í 7" dμ 9 A out iig in ii SSmS T Q Sm ?=??++ ∑ ∫ ∑ δ  6-17 ? ?S A 1?"d ?¥?Mb L=  T 6-179 V[$ AT ^ a¨? ?? £ ?D8"¥Y¨¥? ü? T V[éB?? 8d¥ 8+?é??e 8?b 1. × @8" 8"í ? * 1 ?S A " 0? ^× @"d? ü? T1 0=??++ ∑ ∫ ∑ out iig in ii SmS T Q Sm δ  6-18 éB? ?T?× @"dü ?¥ ^ V IV? * 1 ?S g " 0b5× @"dü ? V IV?¥ ? ü? T1 0=?+ ∑ ∫ ∑ out ii in ii Sm T Q Sm δ  6-19 2. >"d àμté¥éy79ü àμDé  @μ1¥ ∑ in ii Sm ? ∑ out ii Sm [] H ?S A ?"d ?¥?Mü ^"d¥?M ?Sb? ^>"d¥? ü? T1 SS T Q g ?=?+ ∫ δ  6-20 éB? ?T?>"dü ?¥ ^ V IV? * 1 ?S g " 0b5>"dü ? V IV?¥ ? ü? T1 S T Q ?= ∫ δ  6-21 ? ü?Z?D ?  o? £ ?D?B? p?é  o?B" ^ ??B?V?A? ?@¥Hq T ? V[¨ ?_V???¥M?é7V üV?¥? V I?bYV9 ??á 3 ?S g ¥vls? ]?yV?¥ ? h{?êb è 6-2 kù[/× @V? ^? V ? b  7×10 5 Paa294 K/é ??B?Dìa ' £¥ !! ?b? !! @¥ b B?1 1×10 5 Paa355 K 6B?1 1×10 5 Paa233 Kb !!Dìa àμ?¥? Db[ ?S? =L? b 1 ?X 8i |  ü (?a £ ? p C 1 25.5 J·mol -1 ·K -1 b 3 ? 5iL ! b  μ 2 molV !! @ 10 a ?" c b  1 mol B?V?X1 LCV?y £ ?D¥?? A? ?@ £ ?D?B? p??=? pb'A?] H ?@/  T 0=?H ?S "d  ?S ìa  n5?  ? ¥M?b ()( ) 0201 TTCTTCH pp ?+?=? ()( ) 029422333555.252 021 =×?+×=?+= TTTC p ?@ £ ?D?B? pb?  ^? ?@ £ ?D?=? pb ?? Q = 0W = 0? ^ ?S ìa " O £? @ 0= ∫ T Qδ b# ?S "d  gg SS T Q ?=?+= ∫ δ ?á 3 ?S g V[? ? ü?Z? p |b?× @"d¤ ∑∑ ?=? in ii out iig SnSnS ()( ) 0201 SSSS ?+?= ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?+ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?= 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 lnlnlnln p p R T T C p p R T T C pp 2 0 21 2 0 21 lnln p pp R T TT C p ?= 2.31 7 11 ln314.8 294 233355 ln5.25 22 = × ×? × ×= J·K -1 ?[ ?S "d  ?S ìa " ?S "d " ?S g " 31.2 J·K -1 > 0 A ??V? ?@ £ ?D¥?B? p??=? p V[? 3b ?? !!? £5  èX£ ü???THq/ £ ?D  ^ V?¥ V] H4 £ b D ? b  sY P¨bà?y?  ˉ ??¨? !! ?¥ !9ü? ^ £ ?D¥ ? b 6.3 ?X?a ? >?D £ ?Dr q ? BV?¤??á?¥ H??y1V? ^? V Ia ^?? £á 3??ey? ? L C? ?¥ ? Db'?|? ? £ ?D? ?X?a ? >?? £ ?Dr q¥à Q?M?¥9 ?1Nú 11 ù? ? LV?¥ ?  ?¨ qμ ?? s? ?¥ ?¨ ? b 6.3.1 ?X? ?X? ^B?ìaHq/"d? 3? ? V IV? H ? ?  V ?á 3¥ h{¥μ¨?b ü?¥ ?′ ? aᥠ?X? ^Kv? 7{?V?¥ ?X? ^Kl¥?b ?ì? ? V IV?c [/ Z ?¥cl 1) "d =? 3¥ ?μM??A? V I 2) "dDìa¥MoT¨ ?. £ V Ié? ?ü ?? ? V IV?¥>8" £ ?D?B? p· revrev QUW ??=  6-22 O"dDìa T 0  p 0 Wé? V I. £# STQ rev ?= 0 "d  6-23 ? ^μ STUW rev ???= 0 "d  6-24 ? W rev 18"DìaW?D¥ V I?b ? ? V[ ?¨¥?[#8" Fv a ? p 0 ?S¥ 3n ? p 0 ?Vba?íEF[ ?¨ àμ/ ?ü6N′9 ? ?X???μ¨?¥ H???ü ?"?b ? ?8"$a ê Hv ¥ p 0 ^μm¥? p 0 ?V ^μ¨???F byNü ?? ? V IV ?¥>8"¥ ?X? W id ¥9 ? T1 STVpUW id ???+?= 00 "d  6-25 × @"d¥à?ü ^μ¨? ?[ £ ?D?B? p V[ó× @"d¥ ?X?¥Vr T STZguHW id ???+?+?= 0 2 2 1 "d  6-26 ?"d¥? ??× ? ] ? V[- {?9 H V¨/ T9 ?× @"d¥ ?X? STHW id ???= 0 "d  6-27 ? ?X?¥ ?3? ü ? 1) ?X? L=  ^B? ? ? ¥K′D L=V?B"¥ S ?/Yè ^T1 ?N L= V? ?  ?¨ q¥Sb 2) ?X?D V I? ^μ ? uY¥b V I?¥?l ^"dB?ìaHq/? ? V I¥é? ? M? H ?S¥?b1? ?¥?l? 4?C ù ??ü ? ? ? V IM?? ?X? ^ V 12 I¥μ¨?7 V I??·ü ?M? H ?S¥?b 3) ?X?¥vlD8"¥ S ??ìa¥Hqμ1b 6.3.2 ? >? ?? ? V IV?? L=V?ü ?]"¥ S ? H?? V I?¥μY?á? ?V? ?VC ¥?-Wiμ′b 7 L=V?¥?1 W ac 5 idacL WWW ?=  6-28 ? W L ?S ? >?b?× @8" L=V?¥? W ac ü ^à? W s 7 ?X? W id n T 6-26 ? ^× @"d¥ ? >?1 QSTW L ??= "d0  6-29 ? Q ^ L=V??8"D???1 T 0 ¥ìa?D¥ £ b ?[?ìa ? a ?¥ £?Dü ^ -Q O V[í ? AS ^ V I. £ y1. £??ìa?á 3?Yìa¥???y1 lb  £ 7μ ??M b? ^? V I. £¥+?μ 0 T Q S ? ? " ìa |  T} ? T 6-29i? ?¤ ( )  ?ìa"d " STSSTW L ??+?= 00  6-30 £ ?D?=? p?? ?? £ ?DV?? ^?9¥V?yN 0≥ L W  6-31  T a ü ? >? W L ^ 6B?V? ^? V I¥S?b 6.3.3 £ ?Dr q ?X?? ? >?-?ü ^ L=V?¥?b? V I? <  ? >?üv ? LC¥ ?X?ü lb?l ?X? L=?? ?]1 è1 £ ?Dr q η t  ?V U? LV?D V IV?¥μ b S?V? id ac t W W =η  6-32 {?V? ac id t W W =η  6-33 ? ? £ ?Dr q η t ?8"ü ?? ? V IV? H??? 1b ??? LV?¥ η t ? ^¤í 1 zb " 0 V I > 0 ? V I 13 L= ?yV?é? £ ?Ds ?¥B?ZEü ^YV9 ? ?X? W id a ? >? W L ? £ ?D r q η t s?y\? ? >??v¥?sé?? ??/b è 6-3 úa £? T1? ?÷ V z?i üS?b 753 Ka1520 kPa¥V £? é ?i ü w?i üS?¥] H ? kg? _ìa ? > £  7.1 kJbìa? 293 Kb??V?? V I L= {¥??? V I ' £ 3n Hà?¥ 85%bS?a ?¥? M1 71 kPab h ?N?V?¥ ?  ?¨ f ?b 3 ? £? V ? c V° 753 Ka1520 kPa¥V £? ¥?é H 1 = 3426.7 kJ kg -1 S 1 = 7.5182 kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 n59 ?M]¥ S ?/ V I ' £ 3nV?¥à? W s,rev b ' £ V IV?¥ Q rev = 0 O??' S 2,rev = 7.5182 kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 b? ga ? p 2 = 71 kPa°? £ ? V¤M?¥? ??′?1 7.4752 kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 < S 2,rev = 7.5182 kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 yN V[ ? i ü¥ g ˉ ?1V £? b °V £? V V¤ ' £ V IV?¥ g? ¥?′1 H 2,rev = 2663.1 kJ kg -1 b? ^? £ ?D?B? pμ 6.7637.34261.2663 1,2, ?=?=?=?= HHHW revrevrevs kJ·kg -1 L=V?¥ {? W ac 1 1.649%85 , ?== revsac WW kJ·kg -1 ?=?9 ?ü ? L=V?a g? ¥?′??′b ??] H_ìa ? £ ? kg? _ìa ? > £  7.1 kJ5? £ ?D?B? p L=V?¥? M ?H ac ? g? ¥?′ H 2 1 2.6561.6491.7 ?=??=+=? acacac WQH kJ·kg -1 5.27702.6567.3426 12 =?=?+= ac HHH kJ·kg -1 ? ^?  ga ? p 2 = 71 kPa? g? ¥?′ H 2 = 2770.5 kJ·kg -1 °V £ £? V¤ g ? ¥?′ S 2 = 7.7735 kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 b# £? 8"¥?M1 2553.05182.77735.7 12 =?=?=? SSS "d kJ·kg -1 ·K -1 ? >? ( ) 9.811.72553.0293 0 =??×=??= acL QSTW "d kJ·kg -1 ?X? 0.7312553.02932.656 0 ?=×??=???= "d STHW id kJ·kg -1 14 ?V?¥ £ ?Dr q1 %8.88 0.731 1.649 = ? ? == id ac t W W η 6.4 μr ? 6.4.1 μr ??l 1   ? ¥ V ?¨?1??] ?/ VS?¥ ? vl?l oμr ?p?Bà Qb 8"B?¥ ?/¥μr ?ü ^"dV? ?M?? ? ìa ? T 0  p 0  £ ?D $? 1 ?¥V?? ?S¥ ?X?b¨ E x V Ub?Bà QK? : 2 Keenen4S??? ?1 Available EnergyS =9?So ¨ pb 6.4.2 × @V?μr ?9 ? ? μr ?¥?l V¤ ()( ) 10010 SSTHHWE idx ?+??=?= ' ()() 000 SSTHHE x ???=  6-34 T 6-34 ^μr ?¥'9 ? Tbμr ? E x ^ ?f ?? ??D  e ?f ? ?? Ha? Sa = ? U?]b E x ¥vl"  %??8"¥ ? T p -??? ? ìa¥?éμ1b ? ?V??il ? ?¥μr ?1 ,b T 6-34?  H-H 0  ^"d μ¥ ? 7 ?¥ T 0  S-S 0 ?s ^? ?¨?S?¥$?1 ír ?b ? ì¥μ′ü ^μ¨?'μr ?b T 0  S-S 0 ?s- ?[? ?S? ^y1? ^8" =s 0 £? y¥S??v? ? P¨¥ ? b μr ?s1t ?μr ???Dμr ? ?sbt ?μr ? ^·?t ?? ? ?? Taa ? p  %?¥ *?sμr ? ?Dμr ?5 ^??DF?a2a i?y í %?¥μr ?b ?Tt @] H μ? ?μr ? * 1??| ? ìF?b/ ? 8o b 1) t ?μr ? "d¥t ?μr ? ^·"d?aa ??? ??]?ìa7 μ¥μr ?b?y 3á?èn¥F £a ? ?aa ê? 3n?V?o3 I nt ?μr ?b 9 ? H ?¨ £ ?DmV°t @ ?¥ Ta p /¥ HaS′[#ìa ? T 0 a p 0 /¥ H 0 aS 0 ′ ?a} ? T 6-349 ?' Vb? V? T n? ?c9 ?t @? T 0 a p 0 M?? T p  V?¥?M ?H??M ?S} ? T 6-349 ?9 Vb è 6-4 k1? 1.0 MPa? 7.0 MPa ?? £? ¥μr ?¥vlb |ìa? T 0 " 298.15 K p 0 =0.101 MPab 15 3 ° £? V V¤ò ?/¥?′??′bn/Vb ?|  ? a ? / MPa ? / K H/ (kJ?kg -1 ) S/ (kJ?kg -1 ?K -1 ) 0 £ 0.101 298.15 104.6 0.3648 1 ??  1.0 179.0 2773.6 6.5835 2 ??  7.0 284.0 2768.1 5.8103 ()( ) 010011, SSTHHE x ???= ()( )9.8143648.05835.615.2986.1046.2773 =?×??= kJ?kg -1 ()( ) 020022, SSTHHE x ???= ()( )9.10393648.08103.515.2986.1041.2768 =?×??= kJ?kg -1 V  ?9 ?2T V[ A ??] ?¥??  ? `?¥ 298.15 K £b¥ £  ' ?¥ ?μ′?¤í?μr ? ?KvK¥?1?¥ ?  ?Mμ?vb 7.0 MPa ¥? £?  ¥μr ?1 1.0 MPa¥1ú 27 b?ü ^1 I 1?yì??¨úa? T1? ?÷¥eybV 6B ? ? a?!úa? 1h{  ? ?÷÷¥μr ?b 2) ?Dμr ? )?ìa??a ? T 0 a p 0 /¥"d???ìa¥F??]7? 3té?D?DQ? r?Dìa¥ ü? ?S¥Kv?ü?S?Dμr ?b ?? #?téF?9 ??Dμr ? H" 1 ??ìa¥??a ?[??1·? t? ib9 ??B? ^ n59 ?"d ??ìa ?¥?μ??μ ?a} ? T 6-34' Vb V 6-1  Btí í·?¥ìa ?b[ è 6-5 a ü 8¥9 ?ZEb V 6-1 ?Dμr ?í íìa ? T 0 " 298.15 Ka p 0 = 0.101 MPa ìa ? ìa ? í í t i í í t i Al Al 2 O 3 ?H 2 O B%8 H H 2 O BA8 A r b  y Ar =0.01 N b  y N2 =0.78 C CO 2 B 8 Na NaCl £ ·A m=1 mol?kg -1 Ca CaCO 3 B%8 O b  y O2 =0.21 Cl CaCl 2 £ ·A m=1 mol?kg -1 P Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 B%8 Fe Fe 2 O 3 B%8 S CaSO 4 ?2H 2 O B%8 è 6-5 k9 ?¥?Dμr ?b 3 V 6-1???  C¥ìa ? ^ T 0 " 298.15 Ka p 0 = 0.101 MPa/¥B 8 CO 2 b  ? #?í í]"¥V 6-1???? í í O¥ìa ? ^ T 0 " 298.15 Ka p 0 = 0.101 MPa 16 /a i y O 2 =0.21¥ b b !9V? O 2 CO 2C + p 0 =0.101 MPa T 0 =298.15K  ? ? V I O 2 1 b ?¥ ? ?l9 ??V?? ?μ?1?¥ ? ü ^ C¥μr ? E x , C b? ^ T 6-52?¥ 22 0 COOC HHHHH ?+=? 2 0 COOC SSSSS ?+=? ??  ? !9V??¥ 8¥?a ? (1è?èa V j1 ?X 8? 1mol ¥   TüM1 ΘΘΘΘ ??=?+=? 222 0 COfCOOC HHHHHH  1 ( ) ΘΘΘ ??+=? 22 21.0ln 0 COOC SRSSSS  2 [   T? Θ ? 2 COf H ^ CO 2 ¥S : 3?? Θ C S a Θ 2 O S ? Θ 2 CO S sY ^ CaO 2 ? CO 2 ¥S : ? h ? Rln0.21 ^y1 b ?¥?]μ 21 yN?DBμ?μb?? c?Btté¥S £?D?éV V[¤?? 1?′} ? 1? 2 T¤ 5.393 0 =?HH kJ?mol -1 46.10 0 =?SS J?mol -1 ?K -1 } ? T 6-52¤ ()( ) 000, SSTHHE Cx ???= 3 1046.1015.2985.393 ? ××?= 4.390= kJ?mol -1 6.4.3 ? V IV?¥μr ? ? > ?× @"dV ? 1 T 1 a p 1 M?? ? 2 T 2 a p 2  Hμr ?M? E x 1 STHSSTHHEEE xxx ???=???=?=? 012012 1 , 2 , )()( v× @V? ?X?Vr T  T'1 idx WE =?  6-35 ?  T Vn"d? ? 1M?? ? 2 Hμr ?¥9F???? ? V IV???? ?M? ¥ ?X?b] H? V[ A 1) ?E x < 0"d V?S? '′Kv¥μ¨?1 ?E x 2) ?E x > 0"dM?1h{??h{¥Kl?1 ?E x 6?  ? STWE sx ?+?=?? 0  6-36 v £ ?D?=? p 0≥?  ? S ? T 6-36 V[ A 17 1) V IV?¥ 0=?  ? S h ¥μr ? ??¨??S?μr ?í ? > 2) ? V IV?¥ 0>?  ? S  L=?l?μr ?¥h h ¥μr ?¥B?s?1V?? V I?á 3¥ ? >?b 6.4.4 μr ?r q ? T 6-36 V[ A"dü ? B" M?-aμr ?¥M??? ^V?¥?8C 6 BZ ??VC"d?ìa¥? V I?9 b9ü ^ aμr ?¥M?i? ^ '¥ ???1μ¨ ¥?7 ^μ à쨥 ?{b * 1ü31 I3μr ?¥r qb μr ?r q + Ex ?l1 {¥μr ?D { ?¥μr ?-11 ( ) () () in x l in x out x E E E E E x ∑∑ ∑ ?== 1η  6-37 ? V IV? x E η " 100  ? L= ? V IV? x E η <100 bμr ?r qV U ? LV? ? ?XV?¥μ b I3B?× @V?NV??"d?ìa-W;μt ¥?D?μ £??¥?Db ¨/S inV U @ ?"d/S outV U @"d¨ E l }VV?¥μr ? ? >b è 6-6 B? ??z¥D £ b £ @8é g?sY1 423 K? 308 K @  2.5 kg?min -1  ?a £ ?1 4.36 kJ?kg -1 ?K -1  ? @8é g?sY1 298 K? 383 K?a £ ?1 4.69 kJ?kg -1 ?K -1 b k9 ? £a ? @8μr ?¥M?aμr ? ? >?μr ?r qbìa?1 298 Kb 3 [ ?sò¥ @ T9 ?b 1) n5é? £ ? ?3 ? @8¥ @  )()( 1221 TTCmTTCm PP ′?′′′=′′?′′′′′′ T? S ¤}V £ @8 S £}V ? @8 m }V @  /S 1V U ? g /S 2V U gb ? @8¥ @ 1 14.3 )298383(69.4 )308423(36.45.2 )( )( 12 21 = ?× ?×× = ′?′′ ′′?′′′′′′ =′ TTC TTCm m P P kg?min -1 2) £ @8μr ?M? ()( ) ( )[ ] 120120 " ln TTTTTCmSTHmE Px ′′′′?′′?′′′′′′=′′??′′?′′=? ( ) ( )[ ] 0.223423308ln29842330836.45.2 ?=×??××= kJ?min -1 3) ? @8μr ?M? ( ) ( )[ ] 12012 ' ln TTTTTCmE Px ′′?′?′′′=? ( ) ( )[ ] 5.150298383ln29829838369.414.3 =×??××= kJ?min -1 4) μr ? ? > 0 "' =+?+? lxx EEE 18 5.720.2235.150 "' =+?=????= xxl EEE kJ?min -1 5) μr ?r q ?μr ?r q?l T V? p ?μr ?r q31 ?? £ @8? ? @8¥ ? gμr ?-?b? ^ ()( )[]( )( )[ ] 0100101001 " 1, ' 1, SSTHHmSSTHHmEE xx ′′?′′?′′?′′′′+′?′?′?′′=+ ()( ) ( ) ()[ ] 0100101001 lnln TTTTTCmTTTTTCm pp ′′??′′′′′′+′??′′′=  T?¥?B[y 01 TT =′ ?B[1 ,b ?[ ()( )[] 01001 " 1, ' 1, ln TTTTTCmEE pxx ′′??′′′′′′=+ ( ) ( )[ ] 225268423ln29829842336.45.2 =??××= kJ?min -1 5 V p¤μr ?r q1 %8.67 225 5.72 11 " 1, ' 1, =?= + ?= xx l E EE E x η 6.5 ?yV? ? s#? ?¨ ? 'c - 1?¥ = ?? ^1 ? s?¥b 8¥V? £ ?DsZEμ ??òμ+? 1) ? ? ?E ZE¥ Léü ^V £ ?D?B? p??  ?′  ? μí ? >·M?¥ ?  ?¨ qb? 1 ??C?? ?l ?ba?? ??z?ᥠ? £a o ? ?p?? ¥ ?  ? >b? ??t àμ ? >¥ ? 9 V ??? i? T¥M?7 ?ê? 3M??á S? ? ?μ ?M? ? ? ?E? ? £ U??M? Léb 2) ?X?a ? >?? £ ?Dr qE ??ZE2?  £ ?D¥ v? p ?B? p??=? p ·??? V I/?¥ L=V?? ? V IV?¥ êμ¥vlYV £ ?Dr qS?  V?é¥?1¥vlb? ^?? v? p?? ZE??μ ?8CyN??ZE?? ?` ? ? ?EB"s ?  ?′ ¥ ? >7 O V [ ü ?¥[ ?′ ?S?? V I ? >¥vl[#? ¥ey· ?  ?¨¥ ?êM?é7·?? ?b n è 6-3b 3) μr ?? ??μr ?r qE - ??Vo? V IV?¥μr ? ? >ü ^ ? >?p b??μr ?? ?ZED?=?ZE ? ?9 ^ £ ?D?B? p??=? p¥2?9 ?YV 89 ?[ ?′° ü? V I ? >¥ ?÷#vlbμ r ?? ?E1 ? >?E÷ b aZLbn è 6-6b è 6-7 yìúa? "d?á?a ? ` £á 1 3500 kg?h -1 b?t?a ? ` £B?1üV ú?[á 3?a? í l ?¨ ú? D??ìa 298.15 K àμ £?Db μ ??Z?X ?¥? ?nm 6-6b k¨μr ?Eé? ? ¥ £ ?Dsb 19 m 6-6 ???  ? í lZ? @? Hqm 3 ?μZ? #¥ @"¥? ?n/V ? ? V?? c?¥ £? V°bV??8 ^·9 ?′? 5iw ?¥′b @"|  ? t/¥ p/MPa H/(kJ?kg -1 ) S/(kJ?kg -1 ?K -1 ) 1 ?a ? ` £ 210 1.906 897.66 2.42460 2 ?a?  150 0.476 2746.4 6.8381 3 ?a ? ` £ 150 0.476 632.32 1.84208 4 ?aV ? £ 160 1.906 676.74 1.9845 5 ? £ -Q Vó £ 155 1.78 653.10 1.88870 6 ? £aQ Vó £ 205 1.78 874.02 2.37445 4’ ?aV ? £ 153.4 1.906 646.81 1.9685 5’ ? £ -Q Vó £ 20 0.1013 83.93 0.29619 6’ ? £aQ Vó £ 80 0.1013 334.97 1.07526 n55sZ?B ú? ??? £ ?D?B? p ?  o?b?? Q = 0 ú? ? àμ??D W s = 0yN- {? ?? ] ?¥ f ?/ ?H = 0b !üV ú?a¤?¥?a?  2¥ @ 1 m 2 kg?h -1 ? ^ ( ) 32122332211 HmmHmHmHmHm ?+=+= 3¤ () ( ) 3.439 32.6324.2746 32.63266.8973500 32 311 2 = ? ?× = ? ? = HH HHm m kg?h -1 ?" 3500 kg?h -1 ?a? üV ú??8"¥?M1 20 113322 SmSmSmS ?+? " "d () 93.15542460.2350084208.13.43935008381.63.439 =×?×?+×= kJ?K -1 ??8"D?? àμ £?D ?[ 0=? ìa S # ? kg?a ? ` £¥μr ? ? >1 ( ) 1 0 1 0 1 0 m ST m SST m ST E l "dìa"d ? " ??+? = ? = 28.13 3500 93.15515.298 = × " kJ?kg -1 ?K -1 ? Z?= Q Vó £D £ S ? ? ? V[ p¤ ? kg ú?  ? g @" 4 ¥? H 4 é7D @" 4 ¥a ? B °? cV ? £V¤? @" 4¥??M?¥?′??′ 5641 HHHH ?=? ? ^ 74.67602.87410.65366.897 6514 =?+=?+= HHHH kJ?kg -1 V°¤?aV ? £¥?1 160¥?1 9845.1 4 =S kJ?kg -1 ?K -1 b ú? S ? ? ?¤ 3500 14 == mm kg?h -1  ( ) 32422332244 HmmHmHmHmHm ?+=+= 3¤ () ( ) 5.73 32.6324.2746 32.63274.6763500 32 344 2 = ? ?× = ? ? = HH HHm m kg?h -1 |Q Vó £? £ ? ú?7B S1ù?8" ? kg @8?8"¥?M1 516 1 3322 SSS m SmSm S ??+ + ? " "d ( ) 88870.142460.237445.2 3500 84208.15.7335008381.65.73 ??+ ×?+× = 00815.0= kJ?kg -1 ?K -1 ??8"D?? àμ £?D ?[ 0=? ìa S # ? kg?a ? ` £¥μr ? ? >1 ( ) "dìa"d ? " STSSTSTE l ??+?=?= 000 43.200815.015.298 =×= kJ?kg -1 ?K -1 Ka? ?Z? ?¥ ?  ?¨ qbDZ?=] ? V9 ?¤? 6.68 0 =?=  ? STE l kJ?kg -1 ?K -1 }) ? ~ Vμr ? ? >¥ ?′1? A 3,1,2, lll EEE << b ?WD £ ¥F ? V[4ú?a?  ? ¥í lrTbZ?=1Z?B¨B??WD £  ??  ?  ?¨0 ? ¥ ?¨ q4úb 21 ' P?¨?WD £  s £ @8¥?D @ £ @8-W¥?μ? ?Vv Z?=?¥D £  ? μ?1 5¥7Z? ?¥?μr? 130¥' a?¥? ?w? ?E ?ú? ? °¤??1?? V[??V?¥? V I?h μr ? ? > s ?¨ ? b L=  ? ¥? ? ?¨ ^μc V?¥b? ?¨ ?9¥e5 ^?v¨? ?31 ? ¥ ? ?é  ?ó ?b¨ ?V??1?i[/+? 1) ]? ? íê?) ?  ?ê?? ¨ú? £÷ ?F £??t ?|úa? ? @??a?a P¨? !! ?? /?¥ £  ? > ( ?  ? > )? f ? ( ? ? íê?)C`1D V ?E ?b 2) ?¨KDw? ?¥y\Z? ? q??w? ?"[E ?bw? ?vé?¥ ? q9v !!g'n¨ V[h ?μr ? ? >9v ?{n9FbQ-hlw? ? Vh μr ? ? > ?{nh ?1  £á oμ9 v !!5g'n¨9vb?¨KDw? ?¥e5ü ^ ??V?KD¥w? ?  p? ?3 %?B ±?9n¨Klb 3) ? ?F? ?  ?¨0 ?yì??DQ?? ^b £Q?b¥ £ ?? ? v7 O??ú? ^?yV?B[L ¥? £'÷b???ú¥Q? £?YVl £Q Vá 3úa?  ?a|úa? 5YV? i ü T??èKa¨?a? T1F £ £÷ P¨b'5¨?a¨ £¥e5b £ 91?  ?)ú? í l P¨ è ?¨ú? £÷F £ú?t ¨?? £÷F £??t ¨?? £÷F £??t V 7r??ú¥ ?  ?¨ qb ?ò n' ?¥? tc H9μM]¥e5'?1¨V ?¥ ?÷ ? Tμ V ??D V ?¥ü ?÷s1+)bC}v??y <? ^??à Q y ?  ?¥8?¨ ?8 "b 'c92 YV'cDg? £ ?D?B??=? p¥'1"? 8?¨bD? P¨ £ ?D? ps?3 % ù5bg? £ ?D ? ¥'sZEb