Book Two Unit Nine Preview Students all over the world dream of what will happen in their future. Many hope to travel abroad where they can both use their education and earn a good salary. Large, modern countries like English and America welcome such graduates, making it easy for them to enter the country and easy for them to find good jobs. Are such countries being generous, or are these opportunities some kind of international crime? Are these students who go overseas “lucky”, or are they being “bad citizens”? Our first reading was written by a man from India. He discusses what happens “back home” as a developing nation’s best minds leave to look for a better life. Finally, he suggests that technology companies (who employ many of these foreign graduates) should do something to help the developing world. Warm-up questions What is brain drain? What are the possible reasons for brain drain? Is it possible to solve this problem? Then, how to solve it? brain drain: This refers to a movement of large numbers of highly skilled or professional people from the country where they are trained to other countries where they can earn more money. Brain drain is the important species of the entire genus of brain migration from LDCs. The term `brain drain' is a loaded and pejorative, suggestive of loss of vital resources, without compensation (Adaars,1968). It is a loaded journalistic term and it is unfortunate that it was every used in scientific discussion. It is one way permanent migration of skilled people mostly from LDCs to DCs. The manpower involved as brain drain is usually under utilized in the home country. Section A Text Structure Analysis 1. Making contrasts for different purposes Writers use contrast to do different things. For instance, the contrast between Paragraph 7 and Paragraph 8 tells that what really happens at the Indian Institute of Technology runs against its initial purpose: cultivating talents for the reconstruction of the nation. However, in Paragraph 17 the sharp contrast between India’s remarkable electronics industry and the ever-worsening condition of India’s interior framework (i.e., public facilities) draws the reader to consider the reasons for this difference. 2. Making contrasts on the paragraph level, or within one paragraph or sentence A writer can illustrate a point by using contrast on several different levels. The contrast may be found on the paragraph level, that is, by putting the contrasting items in separate paragraphs. This is shown in Paragraphs 7 and 8. It is also possible to place both parts of the contrast in the same paragraph, such as in Paragraph 17. Finally, contrast can also be shown within a single sentence. Consider the following examples: “This new leadership has abandoned all talk of economic imperialism in favor of market economics.” (Para. 16, Passage A, Unit 9) In other words, the new leaders favor market economics instead of economic imperialism. “Indians now put flowers around Bill Gates’ neck and offer him the kind of reception once offered only to the Queen.” (Para. 16, Passage A, Unit 9) Putting the contrast differently: Instead of “throwing out” Microsoft products (as examples of imperialism), Indians now give Microsoft’s Chairman a “royal” welcome when he visits India. Writing Skill The writing method of making contrast between two things is very common in argumentation. Signals of contrast on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, unlike, yet, rather than, conversely, instead, by contrast, but, nevertheless, still, by comparison 【例】First of all, oral English is usually considered informal. So no matter how poor one′s language is and how strange and foreign one′s pronunciation is, it seems insignificant if only one can make his audience understood. Secondly, as to the audience, they are only interested in grasping the meaning, not actually mind, or even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the speaker makes. Furthermore, oral English is also regarded adaptable. When we cannot express something precisely, we may give the explanation of it instead, or correct the mistakes on the spot. So oral English gives less chances of misunderstanding. Unlike oral English, written English is comparatively formal. It requires good spelling and perfect grammar. Poor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling difficulty. They would be confused about what writers are getting at. In addition, once the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concerned, writers can no longer make any changes. To avoid this, one has to pay much attention to spelling, practice grammar and write clearly—constructed paragraphs. As a result it will take longer time and much more efforts to communicate in written English than in oral English. New Words drain n. 1.[C] anything that continuously uses up sb.'s strength, time, money, etc. 不断消耗（力量、时间、金钱）的事 the drain of young talent by emigration.移民导致的青年人才流失 －Military spending is a huge drain on the country's resources. 军费开支是对这个国家财源的巨大消耗。 2.[C] a pipe to carry away the unwanted water 排水管（道），下水道 －Your kitchen drain has become blocked by tea leaves. 你家厨房的排水管被茶叶堵上了。 v. (cause to) become dry as water or sth. similar flows off; (cause to) flow away (使)渐渐流干，（使）逐渐流出 －We drained the pool and filled it with pure water. 我们将池塘里的水排干，然后又注入了干净水。 －The day's events completely drained me of all strength. 这天的事情使我精疲力竭 congress: NPC; meeting; conference: press conference advanced a.1. not elementary 高级的，高深的，程度高的 the advanced education / higher education高等教育; advanced mathematics 高等数学 2. highly developed 先进的 advanced teaching methods. 先进的教学方法 advanced ideas 先进的思想 immigrant n.[C] a person who has come into a foreign country in order to live there permanently （外来）移民，侨民 －New York has a huge number of immigrants. 纽约有许多外来移民。 －Immigrants who do not have official papers are sent back to their country if they are caught. 未经官方批准的移民一经发现即被遣送回国。 immigrate v. To send or introduce as immigrants:当作移民派出或引入： －Britain immigrated many colonists to the New World. 英国把大量殖民者移居到了新大陆。 emigrate: leave one’s own country to go and live in another e.g. emigrate from Britain to Australia to find work emigrant: person who emigrates namely ad.(and) that is (to say) 即，即是 －Only one student passed the exam, namely Peter. 只有一个学生通过了考试，就是彼得。 －Switzerland is surrounded by four neighbors, namely, France, Germany, Austria and Italy. 瑞士有四个邻国，即法国、德国、奥地利和意大利。 【试题】There are three colors in the British flag, _____ red, white and blue. A. shortly B. namely C. as follows D. such as The full text reads as follows. commercial commerc[e]商业+ -ial 形容词后缀，…的 a.1. of business practices and activities generally 商业（上）的，商务的 commercial depression商业萧条 commercial school商业学校 commercial company 贸易公司 commercial law 商业法 2. making or intended to make a profit 商业性的，赢利或以赢利为目的的 －Her novels are well written and they have good commercial value as well. 她的小说写得很好，而且销路也不错。 n. An advertisement on television or radio.在电视或无线电上的广告 －The aim of the repetitions of the same commercial on television is nothing but to brainwash consumers into compulsive consumption. 电视上反复地播放同一个广告的目的无非是想宣传得使消费者非用不可。 leadership: under the leadership of skilled: 通常是指受过正规训练，有多年实践经验，而掌握某项专门技术； skillful: 指人聪明，做事很灵巧， 尤指手的灵巧。 provision n.1. [C] a statement within an agreement or a law that a particular thing must happen or be done 规定，条款 －Both sides have to act according to the provisions of the agreement. 双方都应按照协议条款办事。 2. (pl.) supplies of food and other necessary things 给养，供应物 －Provisions are plentiful. 物资充足。 3. [U] giving, lending, supplying or making sth. available; providing sth. 提供，供应，供给 －The provision of good public transport will be necessary for developing the area. 提供良好的公共交通对这个地区的发展将是必要的。 provide v. 1. provide against 为...作好准备, 预防(灾荒, 困难) provide against flood 防洪 2. provide for a. 提供生活费; 养活 b. 为...作准备, 防备 c. 规定 －We provided food for the hungry children.我们为饥饿的孩子们提供食物。 3. provide with 给...提供; 以...装备 －Sheep provide us with wool. 羊供给我们羊毛。 applicant n.[C] a person who formally applies for or requests sth., esp. a job or a place at college or university 申请人 an applicant for admission to a school 入学申请者 an applicant for Party membership 入党申请者 job applicant 求职人员 apply v. 1. give or have an effect; use for a purpose （使）产生作用, 适用于; 运用 —The principle of diligence and frugality applies to all undertakings. 勤俭节约的原则适用于一切事业。 2. request officially 申请 —I want to apply for the job. 我想申请这项工作。 3. cause to work hard; devote 致力于 —The new comer applied his mind to the job. 新来的职员工作专心致志。 —Students should apply themselves to their study. 学生们应该专心致志地学习。 application n 1. —This has no application to the case. 这不适用于那个案子。 2. —The unemployed engineer wrote a dozen applications for jobs but got nothing. 失业的工程师一连写了十几份求职信,但一无所获。 3. —If you show application to your studies, you will succeed. 如果你能勤奋读书, 必会成功。 reference n.1. [C] a statement, etc. speaking of or mentioning sb./sth.（与to连用）提及；涉及 －She made frequent references to her promotion. 她时常提到她的升迁。 2. [U] information or instructions to look at for help 查看，查阅，参考 a reference library 阅览室，资料室 reference book 参考书，工具书 with reference to : about v. To mention in a reference; refer to: 提及提到以供参考；指…： －He referenced her book in his speech. 他在讲话中提及了她的书。 【试题】In his speech he ______ to the great help the club received from supporters. A. referred B. mentioned C. commented D. remarked Refer to 提到; mention直接跟名词从句作宾语; comment and remark后面跟介词on或从句. lucrative a. bringing in plenty of money; profitable 赚钱的，可获利的 a lucrative income; a lucrative marketing strategy. 一笔利润收入； 一套赢利的市场策略 independence n.[U] state of not being dependent on others 独立，自主，自立 Independence Day 美国独立纪念日 be independent of 与...无关; 不依赖; 不取决于; 不受...限制[制约] －I am perfectly independent of him. be dependent on 1) 依靠 2)随...而定; 依...而转移 －All effects are dependent on their causes. 一切的结果都基于它们的原因。 era n.[C] a period of time that is marked by particular events or developments 时代，历史时期, 指历史上独立的时代。 the era of space travel 太空旅行时代 －We are now in a great new era of information. 我们现在正处于一个新的伟大的信息时代。 age 代；时代；人类历史的一个时代或时期，以其独有的特征或成就为标志： the Stone Age; the computer age. 石器时代； 电脑时代 epoch 1) (新)时代; (新)纪元; 2) 值得纪念的事件[时期]; (某一特定历史阶段的)开创时期 mark [form] an epoch in science 开辟科学上的新纪元 an entire historical epoch 整个历史时代代； adj. epoch-making, epoch-marking 划时代的 prime a.1. most important 最重要的，主要的，根本的 Prime Minister 首相，总理 －The prime cause of the trouble was bad management. 问题的主要原因是管理不善。 2. of the best quality; excellent 最佳的，第一流的 prime time 黄金时间 －Spring is the prime time for planting trees. 春天是植树的最好时间。 n.[U] state or time of greatest strength, beauty, energy, etc. 青春，壮年，全盛时期 the prime of life 壮年 the prime of the year 春天 parallel n.1. [C] sth. very similar to sth. else; (a point of) similarity 可相比拟的事物;相似处 －There are few parallels between American football and European football. 美国足球和欧洲足球没有什么相似之处。 2. [C] a line that is always at the same distance from another line 平行线 Draw a pair of parallels. 画上两条平行线。 a. (of two or more straight lines) having the same distance between each other at every point 平行的 parallel bars 双杠 －The railway line runs parallel with / to the highway. 铁路线和那条公路平行。 －Stamp collecting and coin collecting are parallel hobbies. 集邮和收藏硬币是相似的爱好。 【搭配】be parallel to (or with) 与…平行，平行于 be parallel to (not with) 与…可比 pledge n.[C]a promise, or sth. that is given as a sign that one will keep a promise 誓言，誓约，保证 make a pledge 发誓, 宣誓 －Take this gift as a pledge of our friendship. 把这个作为我们友谊象征的礼物收下吧。 vt. give one's word as a pledge 发誓，保证 －The government has pledged that it will spend more money on education. 政府已保证增加教育投入。 make a pledge to do sth: 发誓要赶某事 manipulate vt. 1. control (sb. / sth.) to one's advantage 操纵，控制 －Her great success as a rock star is partly due to her ability to manipulate the media. 她作为摇滚歌星的辉煌成就部分归功于她利用传媒的能力。 2. work with skillful use of the hands 操作，使用 －The machine is designed so that it is easy to manipulate. 机器被设计得易于操作。 manipulation n.[C, U] act of manipulating or being manipulated 操纵，控制 －There's been so much media manipulation of the facts that nobody knows the truth of the matter. 传媒操纵成分太多，所以没有人知道这件事的真相。 scope n.1. [U] the chance of doing sth. 余地，机会 －There is limited scope for a further decline in the price. 进一步降价的空间有限。 2. [U] the range of a subject covered by a book, program, discussion, class, etc. 范围 an investigation of wide scope 大规模的调查 －I'm afraid that problem is beyond the scope of my speech. 恐怕那个问题超出了我演讲的范围。 beyond sb.'s scope 非某人所能理解, 在某人的活动[观察]范围以外 give free [full] scope to/for sth. (=give sth. free [full] scope) 1) 给予某种行动以充分的自由 2) 充分发挥某种能力、精神等 【试题】He is looking for a job that will give him greater ______ for initiative. A. place B. scope C. space D. suitability legislation n.1. [U] the laws made 法律 －The government has promised to introduce legislation to limit trade that is not fair. 该政府已许诺通过法律来限止不公平贸易。 2. [U] action of making laws 立法 －Legislation will be difficult and take time.立法不是件容易的事，需要时间。 shift v.(cause to) move or change from one position or direction to another 移动，转变，转移 －The wind shifted to the north. 风转向北吹。 －Shall I shift the chairs? 我把椅子移动一下好吗？ －He keeps shifting his opinion. 他的观点老在改变。 n.1. [C] a change of place, nature, form, etc. 移动，改变，转变 －There was a sudden shift of economic policy in November. 11月经济政策发生了突然的变化。 2. [C] a group of workers who do a job for a period of time during the day or night; the period of time itself 轮班职工；轮班 an eight-hour shift 八小时的工作班 the day-shift 日班 on the night-shift 值夜班 【试题】The wind has ______ from north to south. A. shifted B. converted C. altered D. transformed shift 指位置或方向的移动，改变。 change 指“使改变得与原物完全不同”或“使发生以新代旧的变化”,如: －The appearance of the town is quite changed. 这个城镇的外观变化颇大。 alter 指“局部的、外表的变化, 但特点不变”, 如: －This coat should be altered. 这件外套应该改改。 transform 指“人、物在性质上或形态上发生彻底或基本的变化”; transform one form of energy into another 把一种形式的能变成另一种形式的能。 convert 指“使某物从一种状态或情况转变为他种状态或情况”, 特指“使适于新的用途或目的而转变”; —We converted boxes into furniture. 我们把箱子改制成家具。 vary 指“不规则或连续地改变”, 如: －Customs vary with the times. 习俗随时代而异。 gear （与to连用）使适合；配合 －Education should be geared to children's needs. 教育应适合学生们的需要。 appetite n.[C] a desire or need for sth. esp. food 胃口，欲望（常与for连用） to lose one's appetite 食欲不振 －He has a good appetite. 他的胃口好。 －Becoming famous and rich has done nothing to reduce her appetite for success. 名誉和财富丝毫没有减弱她对成功的渴求。 have an appetite for 爱好 to sb.'s appetite / taste 合某人的口味 [心意] abandon vt. leave (a place, thing or person) forever; stop doing sth. before you have finished it 抛弃，遗弃；放弃 abandon one's idea放弃自己的想法 －He abandoned his wife and child. 他遗弃了他的妻子和孩子。 －They abandon themselves to drinking. 他们沉湎于饮酒。 【试题】The plan was _______ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost. A. released B. desert C. resigned D. abandoned abandon 指因外界压力和影响而放弃自己负有责任或感兴趣的东西。如: －She abandoned her child. 她遗弃了她的孩子。 desert 强调抛弃自己的天职或应尽的义务 如: The soldier deserted his country and helped the enemy. 那个士兵叛国助敌。 forsake 指“遗弃某人以前所爱的人或物”, 强调“断绝情感上的依恋”, 如: －She pleaded with her husband not to forsake her. 她恳求丈夫不要抛弃她。 quit 强调“突然或不意地弃去”, 常指“停止”, 如: —She quitted her job. 她放弃了自己的工作。 integrate integrate ... into 使...并入 －The teachers are trying to integrate all the children into society. 教师们正设法使所有的孩子都以与社会融为一体。 integrate with 与...结合 integrate theory with practice 使理论与实践相结合 disintegrate vi .－When the king died, his country disintegrated into lots of small states. 国王死后，国家分裂成了许多个小国。 Phrases & Expression 1. talk of说到，谈及 谈到想… －Talk of the devil and he will appear. 说到曹操, 曹操就到. －He talked of moving to Shanghai. 他说过想搬到上海去。 【试题】Don’t let yourself be _____ doing anything you don’t want to do. A. talked over B. talked into C. talked back D. talked with Talk sb into doing sth = persuade sb to do sth; talk over 商量，彻底地考虑（问题）; talk back 还嘴 2. speak of talk about; mention 谈及，提到，讲到 －She spoke of the government's plans for the unemployed. 她谈到了政府解决失业人员问题的计划。 so to speak 可以说, 可谓 speak about 讲起, 说到, 讨论及 speak against 说...的坏话, 作不利于...的陈述, 发 speak for 代表...讲话, 为辩护 3. in the hope that －I called in the hope that she was at home. 我是抱着她在家的希望打电话的。 in the hope of 希望能 4. keep pace with （与……）同速前进，（与……）并驾齐驱 －It's important for a firm to keep pace with changes in the market. 对一个公司来说，重要的是要适应市场的变化。 －We must make sure that we keep pace with new developments in computer technology. 我们必须确保跟上计算机技术的新发展。 5. in the meantime meanwhile 与此同时 －Please find a taxi, and in the meantime I'll pack some food. 请你叫辆出租汽车，趁这功夫我包上些食物。 6. in favor of in support of; approving of 支持；赞同 －Was he in favor of making taxes lower? 他赞成减税吗？ 7. call for 需求，要求 －The occasion calls for a cool head. 这种场合需要冷静的头脑。 8. drain sb. / sth. of sth. 使逐渐耗尽（力量、金钱等） －War drains a nation of its youth and its wealth. 战争逐渐使一个国家失去了青年和财富。 －The country has been drained of its best men. 该国的优秀人才都流失了。 Language Points 1. A bill now before Congress would give preferential treatment to foreign students with advanced degrees in science and engineering who want to work in the United States. (Para. 1) Meaning: The bill that is waiting to be passed by the American Congress would give favorable treatment to foreign students with higher degrees in science and engineering who hope to find jobs in the United States. give preferential treatment to: give favorable treatment to Employees who have worked here for many years will be given preferential treatment over newcomers. 在这里工作了多年的雇员在待遇上比新来的要优厚些。 2. To those of us who are immigrants, the bill seems simply to sanction a policy secretly implemented by U.S. industry for nearly four decades — namely, stealing brains from the third world. (Para. 2) Meaning: To those of us who left India and are now living in the U.S., the bill seems only to approve officially a policy which has been secretly carried out by U.S. industry for almost forty years — that is, draining the third world of intellectual resources. 3. During the 1960s and 1970s, politicians in my native country, India, used to wave the slogan “Stop Brain Drain” — a reference to the fact that the cream of India was leaving for the lucrative shores of England and America. (Para. 4) Meaning: During the 1960s and 1970s, politicians in my home country, India, would protest by waving the slogan “Stop Brain Drain”, which referred to the fact that the most talented Indians had abandoned their own country to leave for such rich countries as England and America. the cream of India: the most talented people of India 4. In that post-independence era, when everything foreign was considered contaminated by colonialism, we talked of cottage industries and economic imperialism. (Para. 5) Meaning: In the years after India achieved its independence, everything which came from other countries was thought to be marked by colonialism and we then turned our attention to small national industries that could be conducted at home, hoping to be independent of those economic powers. 5. But it was also the era of Sputnik, of nuclear power and the green revolution. (Para. 6) Meaning: But it was also the age when the Soviet Union had sent three man-made satellites named Sputnik into space, when nuclear power started to be extensively used and when the green revolution had greatly increased the world’s grain production. 6. Our leaders saw parallels to the independence movement founded by people like Nehru and Gandhi who, after absorbing Western political thought at institutions like Eton and Oxford, returned home to serve their native land. (Para. 9) Meaning: Our leaders saw likenesses between their programs and the independence movement led by Nehru and Gandhi who, after receiving education at Eton and Oxford and learning and understanding Western political thought, later returned home to get India out of Britain’s control. 7. Our leaders had failed to see that the emphasis on symbol manipulation at IIT left little room for social thought and much scope for the greedy outcomes of capital-driven business. (Para. 10) Meaning: Our leaders did not realize how the emphasis on symbol manipulation (that is, computer programming) at IIT affected the rest of our development. We did not have much time to think about our responsibilities to society while thinking about the chance to become rich and famous. 8. At the Nagpur book show, for example, the latest American social publications were conspicuous by their absence and India’s politically conscious leadership has been replaced by a new generation, riding on the wave of the Internet, making fortunes within a span of years. (Para. 15) Meaning: At a book show held in Nagpur, a city in India, for instance, the recently published American books, magazines, newspapers concerning Western social thought were obviously absent when they should have been present. Furthermore, India’s national leaders who used to be concerned about political ideas or needs have been replaced. The new leaders come from those who have made a lot of money in a short time because of the Internet (so no wonder they are more concerned with technology than with society!). 9. India had gone from an agricultural society to the cyber-revolution, without passing through intermediate stages such as the welfare state and the creation of social services. (Para. 18) Meaning: India had entered the cyber-revolution direct from an agricultural society. There were no stages in between to create a welfare state or to help establish needed social services. 10. Such an effort is our only hope of creating the social structure needed in the next century. (Para. 19) Meaning: Only by training students intellectually, morally and socially can India hope to provide itself with the balanced social structure it will need in the next century. Grammar Enrichments 情态动词 (Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词 (Model Auxiliaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have, do, be；二是情态助动词，如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语四、六级考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容： 一、情态动词+行为动词完成式 情态动词+行为动词完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。 1. must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为：can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。例如： 1）Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night. 2）You couldn’t have met my grandmother. She died before you were born. 2. could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。例如： 1）“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?” 2）“Tom could have taken it. He was alone yesterday.” 3. may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示 的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如： I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday. 4. ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed 用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。例如： 1）With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night. 2）You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from. 5. needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必 要…”。例如： You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today. 注意：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。例如： “I wonder how Tom knew about your past.” “He must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.” 二、情态动词+行为动词进行式 情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如： 1）He must be playing basketball in the room. 2）She may be staying at home. 三、情态动词+行为动词完成进行式 情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如： 1）They should have been meeting to discuss the problem. 2）He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him. 1989年1月四级第41题 Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class; she ____ have studied very hard. A) may B) should C) must D) ought to 全句的意思是“玛丽考试成绩全班第一，她学习很刻苦”。空格后的动词用的是完成式，表示已经发生的动作。结合选项可知，空格中要填入一个情态动词，表示说话人对玛丽考试能取得好成绩的原因的推测。因此答案是C) must（肯定、一定）。 1996年1月四级第23题 You _____ her in here office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks. A) needn't have seen B) must have seen C) might have seen D) can't have seen 我们可以推断出全句的意思是：“上星期五你不可能在她办公室见到她，她去外地已经两个星期了”。根据全句意思判断，本题答案是D) can't have seen。情态动词can用于这一意思时，只能用于否定句或疑问句。 1996年6月四级第31题 The room is in terrible mess; it _________ cleaned. A) can't have been B) shouldn't have been C) mustn't have been D) wouldn't have been 句子前半部分“房间乱极了”是前提，后半部分应该是对这种情况做出一种猜测性判断。答案是A，表示“不可能打扫过”是正确答案。选项C) mustn't have been的否定形式应为can't have been。选项B) shouldn't have been意为“不应该打扫过，而实际上已经打扫过了”，跟句意不符 Section B Reading Skill Reading for the Key Idea in a Sentence In order to find the key idea of a sentence we have to: a) ask who or what the sentence is about. b) ask what the person or object is doing, or what is happening to the person or object. c) learn to separate details from the key idea. Many words in a sentence describe things about the subject of the sentence and only add details around it. If we ask when, what kind, where, or why, we will find details. As a result it will be easier for us to see the key idea. Now look at the following example taken from Reading Passage A: Over the next two decades, IIT graduates — educated at the expense of Indian taxpayers — played a major role in founding California’s Silicon Valley. (Para. 11, Reading Passage A, Unit 9) The key idea of this sentence is that IIT graduates played a major role in founding California’s Silicon Valley. The information as to when those graduates played such a role and as to the fact that those IIT graduates had been educated at the expense of Indian taxpayers simply adds details. New Words border boundary, border, edge，frontier都含“边界”的意思。 boundary着重指“自然形成的天然边界线”, 多指地图上有明确标志的国与国之间的正式划定的领土分界线, 通过谈判,签订条约可以改变; boundaries of a country 国界。 border指“边界”, 常指“边境”, 多指两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区, 即边境地区; —He waited for her at the border. 他在边界等她。 edge指“很窄的边缘”, 如刀刃或沿边的一小部分地区; a knife with a sharp edge 有利刃的刀 frontier指“属于本国一侧的边缘地, 而不是两国所共有的边界”。 —Sweden has frontiers with Norway and Finland. 瑞典同挪威.芬兰相邻。 borderline n.[C] (usu. sing.) a line that marks a border between two physical things or between ideas, conditions, feelings, etc. 国境线，边界线；界线 －The borderline between love and hate is often thin. 爱与恨的分隔总是很薄弱的 ridiculous a. worthy of laughter; silly or not reasonable 可笑的，荒谬的 －It's ridiculous to expect a two-year-old to be able to read. 希望一个两岁的儿童会读书是荒唐的。 ridiculousness n. －The ridiculousness of the situation made all of them laugh. 这荒谬的情景使他们大笑起来。 absurd 强调“不符合人情或常识的”, 如: －It's clear to everybody that the creation of the world by God is absurd. 人人都清楚, 上帝创造世界的说法是荒谬的。 ridiculous 意为“荒谬的”、“令人发笑的”, 常会有“鄙视”之意, 如: －How ridiculous! 真滑稽! (含“岂有此理”意味) likewise ad. 1. in the same way or manner 同样地 －Watch him and do likewise. 留心看着他并且照样做。 2. also 也，亦 －The food was excellent, and likewise the wine. 饭菜极好，酒也一样。 oblige be obliged to sb.(for sth) 感谢(某人) －We are much obliged to you for your help. 非常感激你给我们的帮助。 －Please oblige me by closing the door. 请帮我把门关上。 be obliged to do sth. 不得不(做某事), 必须(做某事) －She was obliged to go. 她不得不走。 －The police obliged him to leave. 警方强迫他离开。 oblige (sb.) with 给... －Could you oblige me with ten yuan? 借十元钱给我好吗? substance n.1. [C] illegal drugs 毒品 substance abuse 吸毒，滥用毒品 2. [C, U] material with particular physical characteristics 物质 a mineral substance 矿物 －Polluting substances are found in many rivers. 许多河流中都发现了污染物质。 3. [U] importance or relationship to real facts 实质，本质，要旨 the substance of a speech讲话的要旨 －There appears to be little substance to the new plans. 那项新计划似乎没有什么实质内容。 violate vt.1. break or be contrary to (a rule, principle, etc.) 违反（规定、原则、条约） violate a law 犯法 －The construction of the building violated fire rules. 那栋大楼的建造违反了消防规则。 2. disturb (personal freedom, etc.) 侵扰，侵害，侵犯 violate our privacy. 侵犯我们的隐私 －Questions of this kind violate my rights and I am not willing to answer them. 这类问题侵犯了我的权利，我拒绝回答。 violation n. －The truck was stopped for a traffic violation. 那辆卡车因违反了交通规则被拦住。 in violation of 违反[背] －It was clear that they had not acted in violation of the rules. 很显然，他们的做法没有违反规定。 illegal a.(esp. of an activity or action) against the law; not allowed by law 合法的，非法的 An illegal immigrant. 非法移民 an illegal act 非法行为 －It is illegal to steal things. 偷东西是违法的。 legal legal papers. 法律文件 a legal holiday 法定假日 －If the taking of drugs were legal, what would happen? 如果吸毒合法，将会成什么样子？ origin n. 1. parents and conditions of early life 血统，出身；来历 be of noble [humble] origin 出身高贵[微贱] －He is a German by origin. 他原籍德国。 2. [C] the beginning or cause of sth. 起源，起因 the origins of civilization 文明的起源 －Her unhappy childhood was the origin of her problems later in life. 她不幸的童年导致了她后来生活中的诸多问题。 －Can anyone tell me the origin of this saying? 有人能告诉我这谚语的出处吗？ original a. 1) This is the original painting, and these others are copies. 这画是原作，其他的是复制品。 2) an original idea 独到的见解 an original invention 新的发明 【试题】The ______ of the flood, which caused thousands of people to lose their houses, was 3 weeks of torrential rain. A. source B. origin C. root D. resource origin起源, 起因; source 发源地, 来源; root本质,根本,指事物最初、最根本的起因, the root of all evil. ally oneself with 与...联合[结盟]; 与...结婚 －Italy allied itself with Germany during World War II. 在第二次世界大战期间意大利和德国结成同盟国 ally oneself to 与...联合[结盟]; 与...结婚 －I refused to ally myself to that man. 我拒绝与那个人结盟。 n. －France and England were allies in the war. 法国和英国在这次战争中是同盟国。 vague a. not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 含糊的，不明确的，不清楚的，模糊的 a vague idea 模糊的想法 a vague answer 含糊的答复 －In a fog everything looks vague. 在雾中一切东西都显得模糊。 vagueness n. －I asked him what the plans were, but he only replied with vagueness. 我问他有关计划的情况，但他只是含糊其辞地应答了一下。 obscure 指“某事物的意思含糊不清, 或因知识缺乏而难解的”, 如: －His reasons remain obscure. 他的理由不清楚。 vague 指“模糊的, 不明确的”, 如: a vague idea 一个含糊的想法。 ambiguous 指“有两种或两种以上的解释而意义不明确的”, 如: an ambiguous title 模棱两可的题目。 反义词 clear distinct definite fuss n. make a great fuss about/over/of nothing/trifles 小题大做 v. －I wish he'd relax for a moment instead of fussing all the time! 我希望他能放松一下，别老忙这忙那的。 shortly answer shortly 简短地回答 to put it shortly 简言之 shortly after ... 之后立即 shortly before ... 之前不久 document n.[C] a paper, form, book, etc. giving information about sth. 证件；文件；公文 travel documents 旅行证件（如护照等） legal documents 法律文件（如财产、遗嘱证书） a historical document 历史文献 inquire (enquire) inquire 不能接双宾语, 且不能直接以人作宾语,常使inquire sth of sb; inquire of sb about sth. 【试题】It was announced that the sudden death of the young actress would soon be inquired ______ by the police. A. into B. of C. about D. after . inquire about/of 查问, 打听, 了解 －I'll inquire about the flights. 我将打听有关航班的情况。 －The director inquired of me about / concerning our work. 厂长向我了解了我们工作的情况。 inquire into 盘查, 调查; 追究 －We inquired into his story, and found it was true 我们调查了他所讲的事情,发现属实。 inquire after问候 －The lady inquired after your health. 这位女士问候你。 assumption n.1. [C] a thing accepted as true or as sure to happen, but not proved 假设，假定 —The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions. 这个理论是以一系列错误的假设为依据的。 2. [U] the act of taking on (a position, etc.) 担任，夺取 —The new President's assumption of office is at midnight tonight. 新任总统将在今晚午夜就职。 procedure n.[C] a set of actions which is the accepted way of doing sth. 过程，步骤，常规 procedure in production 生产过程 break the normal procedure 打破常规 —Social workers have procedures which they must follow when they are taking children away from their parents. 社会工作者在把孩子从父母身边带走时，有一些必须遵循的规程。 fraud deception指“任何形式的欺骗”,也指“一种行动, 它给人一错误的观念, 但并不一定有欺诈的目的”, 如: practise deception on sb. 欺骗某人。 fraud指“精心策划, 以骗取某人的财物、权利等”, 如: expose a fraud. 揭穿骗局。 trickery 指“用计谋欺骗别人”, 如: This is a trickery. 这是个圈套。 deceit 指“通过隐瞒或歪曲实情去蒙骗”, 如: —He was trustful and without deceit. 他可靠无欺。 lest (用于fear, be afraid之后, 等于that) [所连接的状语从句里常用should或原形动词]以免; 生怕; 唯恐 —Be careful lest you fall from that tree. 要当心, 以免从树上摔下来。 【试题】He ran away lest he _______. A. would be seen B. be seen C. could be seen D. might be seen provoke vt.1. cause (sth.) to happen 致使，引起 provoke laughter 引起一阵大笑 provoke a fight 挑起一场战斗 2. ( [逼怒, 激发, 煽动]某人做某事(to sth., to do/into doing sth.) provoke a riot 煽动骚乱 provoke sb. to anger 激怒某人 —He claimed that it was her rudeness that provoked him to strike her. 他声称是她的无礼惹得他打了她。 —She attacked the boy because he provoked her into a state of anger. 她对那个男孩动了手，因为他惹得她发了火。 【试题】His behavior finally ______ her into leaving him. A. caused B. annoyed C. encouraged D. provoked 其它三个后面的宾语补足语常用动词不定式. Phrases & Expression 1. seek to do sth. try to do sth.; attempt to do sth. 试图做，企图做 —He sought to make peace. 他企图讲和。 —They are seeking to make us believe something that is not true. 他们试图让我们相信那并不真实的东西。 2. engage in sth. take part in sth. 从事…… —Ever since he was young, he has engaged in business. 他自年青时起一直在做生意。 —Is it wise to engage in active sports at your age? 你这个年纪去参加剧烈运动是否明智？ 3. participate in take part in or become involved in (an activity) 参与，参加 participate in a discussion 参加讨论 participate in profits 分享利润 —She never participates in any of our discussions, does she? 她从不参加我们的任何讨论，是吗？ 4. on account of because of 因为 —We delayed our journey on account of the bad weather. 因为天气恶劣，我们推迟了行期。 5. drop by/in 顺便拜访 【搭配】drop in at place/ on sb —They dropped in on us as they were passing through town. —Let’s drop in at Tom’s. 6. ahead of time (比原定时间)提早 —Let's meet for lunch. I'll call you ahead of time to fix a time and a place. 咱们一块儿去吃午饭。我会提前打电话给你确定时间和地点。 behind time 误时 at times 有时, 偶尔, 不时 at no time 永不..., 在任何时候都不 in no time (at all) 立刻；赶快；马上 It is high/about time that是...的时候, 正是应该...的时候, 常用虚拟语气, 从句谓语动词常用过去式或用should+动词原形. 7. have no intention of doing sth. 没有意图做 (某事) —I have no intention of coming to this terrible place again! 我再也不想到这个鬼地方来了！ —I've no intention of changing my plans just to fit in with his. 我不打算改变自己的计划去适应他的。 8. on the ground(s) of by reason of 出于……的原因 —I had to leave work on grounds of ill health. 我因病不得不辞去工作。 【试题】Are there any _____ for believing that there is life on other planets? A. facts B. foundations C. grounds D. bases 9. get away with sth. not be punished for sth. 不因某事受惩罚 —If you cheat in the exam you'll never get away with it. 如果你考试作弊，就一定难逃处罚。 Language Points 1. An untruthful answer gives authorities another arrow for their attorney’s quiver. (Para. 3) Meaning: If a foreign national doesn’t tell the truth while filling out the form, his answer could be used as evidence against him by a lawyer on behalf of the American authorities. 2. The vagueness of the language suggests its purpose is as much rhetorical as legal. (Para. 3) Meaning: These questions are skillfully written to be uncertain and unclear, which suggests that they are intended not only to be legal questions, but also to be rhetorical questions (that is, to tell foreign nationals that the U.S. doesn’t welcome any illegal entry). 3. The rhetorical intent is clearest in the question about Nazis. It sounds legal and precise, but examine it and it turns out to be ridiculously broad. (Para. 4) Meaning: The rhetorical purpose of those questions is most obvious in the question about Nazis. It sounds as if it is related to law, but take a close look at it and it is general and vague to the extent of being ridiculous. 4. So it is with personal disappointment that I observe the current tendency to keep out new arrivals. (Para. 5) Meaning: So I notice, and it makes me unhappy that people in general, including the authorities, now tend to prevent newcomers from entering. Notice: “It is … that…” is a strong way of saying “So I observe the current tendency to keep out new arrivals with personal disappointment.” 5. As it happens, we don’t plan to live in America. (Para. 5) as it happens: This expression is used to introduce a statement, esp. one that is rather surprising. —As it happens, I have left the book at home. 恰好我把书忘在家里了。 6. When I met her on the other side we laughed with wicked pleasure, as we’d gotten away with a crime. (Para. 10) Meaning: When I met her on the other side of the airport gates, we laughed, pleased at the clever trick we had done, as if we had committed a crime but escaped punishment.