Book Two Unit Ten Section A Preview During World War II, life in England was filled with hardships and sorrow because Hitler’s Nazi air force was booming London repeatedly. The people of the country had to pull together and help one another in countless ways so that normal daily life could continue as much as possible. England’s Royal Air Force was heroic in the way the few pilots continued to meet and fight against the tremendous number of Nazi airplanes. The citizens on the ground worked bravely and with determination to rescue the wounded, put out the fires, and dig out the buried. Men, women and children felt the effects but stood firm, willing to resist until the last Englishman died if necessary. Introductory questions When did the Second World War take place? How long did it last? Who were the two principal parties in the war? What does Nazi stand for? Background Information 1. World War II, also called the Second World War, was a conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939-1945. The principal parties were the Axis powers(轴心国) - Germany, Italy, and Japan - and the Allies(同盟国) - France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and China. The war was in many respects a continuation of the conflicts left unsettled by World War I. The 40-50 million deaths in World War II make it the bloodiest conflict as well as the largest war in history. 2. Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) http://www.cbs.com made media history beginning in the late 1920s. William Paley put money into the Columbia Broadcasting System, which was then a small, struggling radio network, in 1928. In 1974 it adopted the name CBS, Inc. In 1995 CBS, Inc. was bought by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which changed the name in 1997 to the CBS Corporation. The main offices are in New York City. 3. Home Guard is usually a military organization of citizens with limited military training for emergency service, usually for local defense. During World War II the Home Guard was established in the U.K. 4. Marshal Goering was born in Bavaria. Trained for an army career, Goering received his assignment in 1912 and served with distinction during World War I. Later, Goering met Adolf Hitler and joined the small National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party in 1922. Since then, Goering worked tirelessly as Hitler’s most loyal supporter. He was Reich official for air fighters and head of the newly developed Luftwaffe (German air force). He had, at one time, been responsible for the Gestapo and the concentration camps. Goering was the most popular of the Nazi leaders, not only with the German people but also with the representatives and agents of foreign powers. But he was shamed when the Luftwaffe failed to win the battle of Britain or prevent the Allied bombing of Germany. After Hitler’s suicide, he surrendered himself to the Americans. He was sentenced to be hanged, but instead he drank some poison and died in his prison room at Nurnberg the night he was given his death sentence. 5. Royal Air Force (RAF) is the youngest of the three British armed services, charged with the air defense of the United Kingdom and fulfillment of international defense commitments. At the beginning of World War II in September 1939, the first-line strength of the RAF in the United Kingdom was about 2,000 airplanes. The RAF fighter pilots, however, distinguished themselves during the Battle of Britain in the early stages of the war against the many more German Luftwaffe. 6. The Allied Nations — The main countries involved in World War II were the Axis powers - Germany, Italy, and Japan - and the Allies (the Allied Nations) - France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and China. The war ended with the victory being won by the allied nations in 1945. Text structure analysis Congratulations! You have come to the end of New Horizon College English, Book 2. Here is just a short list of what we have done for the subject of Text Structure Analysis, Book 2. Book 2 still focuses on paragraph structure and paragraph writing as we did for Book 1. Here is a list of what we have covered in this book: New Horizon College English, Book 2 Unit 1: A Paragraph of a General Statement Supported by Specific Details and Reasons Unit 2: A Paragraph of a Problem-Solution Pattern Unit 3: A Paragraph of Denial of Some Opinions Followed by Some Other Opinions Unit 4: A Paragraph of a General Statement Supported by Reasons Unit 5: A Paragraph of Cause and Effect Unit 6: A Paragraph of Comparison Unit 7: A Paragraph of Cause and Effect Unit 8: A Paragraph of Facts and Reasons Unit 9: Paragraphs of Contrast Unit 10: Paragraphs of a General Statement Supported by Specific Details If you are going to make a comparison between what we covered in Book 1 and Book 2, you would find that there are a lot of similarities between the paragraph structures. In fact, we have covered most of the important paragraph structures for reading analysis and structured writing. Pay careful attention to the development of your paragraphs and you should then be able to compose well-structured short essays. The only difference between what we covered in Book 1 and Book 2 seems to be that in Book 1 we have more paragraphs of time sequence or sequenced actions, whereas, in Book 2 we have a few more paragraphs of comparison and contrast. New Words survival n. 1. [U] state of continuing to live or exist; surviving 幸存，残存 --the survival of the fittest 适者生存 2. [C] a person, thing, custom, belief, etc. that has survived from an earlier time 残存的人（物、风俗、信仰） --That fashion is a survival from the 1930s.那种时装是20世纪30年代的遗风。 flame n. [C, U] burning gas (from sth. on fire) which usually produces a yellow light 火焰，火舌 --It's been dry for so long that the forest could burst into flames at any moment. 干旱了这么长的时间，森林任何时候都可能起火。 ancient: a. 1) of or from a long time ago; having lasted for a very long time ancient history 古代史;ancient customs 旧风俗;ancient ruins 古代废墟; ancient Rome and Greece 古罗马和古希腊 2) very old my ancient car 我的老爷车 My grandparents are rather ancient. 我的祖父母都是老寿星。 endure v. bear (pain, suffering, etc.) calmly for a long time 经受，忍受，容忍 --He endured three years in prison for his religious beliefs. 他因宗教信仰遭受了三年监禁。 --I can’t endure to see/ seeing children suffer.看着儿童受苦，我可受不了。 endurance n. endurable: bearable; enduring: continuing in existence, lasting endure: 指长时间忍受困难或不幸， 桥掉持久力和意志坚定。 bear: 强调忍受者对疼痛、忧虑、责任的承受力。 stand: 强调不屈不挠或经受得起。 raid n. 1. [C] a sudden surprise attack by armed forces 突袭，袭击 --We made a raid on the enemy. 我们对敌人发起了突袭。 2. [C] a sudden surprise attack in order to steal or do harm （为偷袭或伤害别人而进行的）突袭，抢劫 --A security guard was killed in the bank raid. 在这次银行抢劫案中有一名警卫被杀害了。 vt. make a raid on … 突袭，袭击 --The soldiers raided the enemy camp. 这些战士袭击了敌人营地。 channel n. 1. [C] a part of river or other body of water which allows ships to travel along; a passage for water or other fluids to flow along 航道,海峡；沟渠 --the English Channel 英吉利海峡 2. [C] (the shows broadcast on) a particular television station 电视频道 --Shall we watch the news on Channel 4? 我们看4频道的新闻好吗？ --She turned to the sports channel to watch the football match. 她调到体育频道看足球赛。 3. [C] a way of giving, directing or communicating sth. 途径，渠道 --One difficulty in the present situation of the two countries is the lack of a proper channel of communication. 两国关系现状的一个难题是缺乏适当的沟通渠道。 --In his work, he found a channel for all his energy. 他在工作中找到了释放自己精力的渠道。 cast vt. 1. put, cause or direct (a look, thought , feeling or opinion) 投射（目光），将（思想、感情）加于 --Her arrival cast a shadow over the party. 她的到来给晚会投下了不愉快的阴影。 2. throw with force 投，掷，抛 --He cast the line to the middle of the river. 他将钩鱼线抛到了河的中央。 n. 1. [C] all the actors in a play, etc. （影、剧）全体演员 --After the final performance, the director held a party for the cast. 在最后一次演出以后，导演为全体演员举行了一个晚会。 Part of the film's success lies in the strength of the supporting cast. 影片的成功部分在于强大的配角演员阵容。 2. [C] an act of throwing 投，掷，抛 cast pearls before swine: (saying) offer beautiful or valuable things to people who can’t appreciate them 明珠暗投 cast about/ around for sth: try to find or think of sth hurriedly --He cast about desperately for something to say.他搜索枯肠找话说。 cast sb. / sth aside: abandon sb. / sth as useless or unwanted --She has cast her old friends aside.她把老朋友都撇在一边。 cast sb away: (usu passive) leave sb somewhere as a result of a shipwreck --He was cast away on a desert island.他（因沉船）被撇在荒岛上。 cast sb. down: (usu passive)cause sb to become depressed --He is not easily cast down.很少见他情绪低落。 cast sb./ sth off: abandon or reject sb/ sth --She has cast off three boy-friends in a month.他一个月里就甩了三个男朋友。 invade v. 1. enter (a country or territory) with armed forces in order to attack, damage or occupy 侵略（一国或领土），侵犯 --Alexander the Great invaded India with a large army. 亚历山大大帝率大军入侵印度。 2. enter (a place or situation in which you are not wanted or not expected to be) 闯入，侵扰 --Famous people often find their privacy is invaded by the press. 名人们常常发现其个人隐私受到新闻界的侵犯。 --The motorbikes invaded the calm of the summer afternoon. 摩托车的噪声惊扰了夏日午后的宁静。 marshal n. 1. [C] an officer of high rank 高级军官，元帅 Field Marshal 陆军元帅；Air Marshal 空军元帅 2. [C] a chief officer of a police or fire-fighting force in some parts of the United States (美) 警察局长，消防队长 --The state fire marshal led the investigation. 由州消防局长负责这项调查。 surrender v. 1. give up or give in to the power (esp. of an enemy), as a sign of defeat 投降，自首；屈服（于） --Hitler would rather die than surrender. --He surrendered to despair and finally killed himself. 他陷入绝望，终于自杀。 2. give sth. to sb. else because you have been forced to do so or because it is necessary to do so 交出，放弃 --Neither side is willing to surrender any of their claims. 双方都不愿放弃自己的要求。 --They surrendered their guns to the police. 他们把枪支交给了警察。 historic :a. important in history; of the times whose history has been recorded a historic event / speech / place 历史上著名的事件 / 演说 / 地方 --More money is needed for the upkeep of the historic buildings. 历史性建筑的保存需要更多的资金投入。 Compare: historical: a. belonging to history (contrasted with stories or tales) , having to do with history (This is a new word in Passage B.) a historical event / person 历史事件 / 历史人物 (真实的、非虚构的) a historical novel / play 历史小说 / 历史剧 (内容与历史上的人物或事件有关) historical studies历史研究 crash n. [C] (usu. sing.) (loud noise made by a) violent fall, blow or break 坠落（声），打击或破裂（所发的响声） v. 1. make a sudden loud noise发出巨响 2. have an accident, esp. one which damages a vehicle (使)猛撞，（使）撞毁 --The plane crashed into the mountainside. (air crash)飞机坠毁在山坡上。 Crash into; run into; bump into; drive into; knock into spit v. send (liquid or sth. else) out from the mouth 吐（痰）；吐（口水等） --In many countries it is considered rude to spit in public. 在许多国家当众吐痰被认为是粗野无礼的行为。 n. [U] 口水，唾液 --She used a little spit on a cloth to wipe the mirror clean. 她在布上吐了一点唾沫来擦净镜子。 resolution n. 1. [U] the quality of being firm 坚决，坚定，决心 --His speech ended on a note of resolution. 他用铿锵有力的话语结束了演讲。 --He showed great resolution in facing the robbers. 他面对强盗显得非常刚毅。 2. [U] solution 解决，解答 --Your information has made the resolution of this problem possible. 你所提供的信息已使这个问题的解决成为可能。 --We need quick resolution of this conflict. 我们需要很快解决这一争端。 handful n. 1. [U] a small number (of people or things) 少数，少量 --There's only a handful of people in the country who can do work as difficult as this. 在国内只有少数人能完成如此困难的工作。 2. [C] an amount of sth. that can be held in one hand 一把 --He took a handful of coins from his pocket. 他从口袋里拿出一把硬币。 --She picked up a handful of snow and threw it at me. 她抓起一把雪朝我扔过来。 flock n. [C] a group of sheep, goats or birds, or a group of people 一群（绵羊、山羊、鸟或人） Police are warning motorists that a flock of sheep has escaped onto the road. 警察在告诫驾车人说有一群绵羊跑到了路上。 A herd of 一群（牛，猪， 象）； a pack of 一群（犬，狼）； a swarm of 一群（蚁，蜂，蚊，飞虫）； a school of 一群（鱼，鲸等水族动物） vi. gather, move, come or go together in great numbers 群集，成群结队而行 --Hundreds of people are flocking to the football match. 数以百计的人正蜂拥着去看足球赛。 --Huge numbers of birds had flocked together by the lake. 湖边聚集了为数众多的鸟儿。 exhaust vt. 1. make (a person or an animal) very tired 使疲惫不堪 --The long cycle ride exhausted her. 长途骑自行车使她疲惫不堪。 --They exhausted themselves in a day of difficult climbing. 经过一天艰难的攀登，他们筋疲力尽。 2. use (sth.) up completely 用尽，耗尽 --His bad behavior nearly exhausted her patience. 他的不良行为几乎使她失去了耐心。 --We seem to have exhausted this subject of conversation. 看来我们对这个话题已经没什么可说的了。 smash v. 1. (cause sth. to) be broken violently into pieces 打碎，打破，粉碎 --The lock was rusty, so we had to smash it to open the door. 锁生锈了，我们不得不把门砸开。 2. hit (sb./sth.) very hard 猛撞，猛击 --Several boats were smashed against the rocks during the storm. 风暴中有几条船撞上了礁石。 n. 1. [C] an act or sound of smashing 撞击（声），猛撞（声） --The glass hit the floor with a smash. 杯子啪得一声摔在了地上。 2. [C] a very successful song, play or film, etc.极为成功的歌曲、戏剧或电影等 --The film got over $100 million, making her the first woman to direct a smash hit in Hollywood. 该电影总共收入一亿多美元，使她成为第一个在好莱坞导演轰动之作的女性。 --Her first movie was an international smash. 她的第一部影片在国际上取得了成功。 cellar : a room under the ground floor of a building, usu. used to keep items to be used later basement: room below ground level, windows, for living/ working attic: room in the roof space of a house (could be lived in); loft: space in the roof of a house usually used only for storage rescue vt. save or bring away sb./sth. from danger 救出，解救 --You rescued me from an embarrassing situation. 你使我摆脱了窘境。 n. [C, U] rescuing or being rescued 营救，解救 --Lifeboats accomplish many rescues every month. 救生船每月都要进行多次救援行动。 decent a. socially acceptable or good 适当的，得体的，正派的 --Everyone should have the right to a decent wage and a decent home. 人人都有权得到体面的工资和拥有一个美好的家庭。 --I thought he was a decent sort of person. 我认为他属于那种正派的人。 decency n. [U] being decent 正派，合宜，体面，得体 --His sense of decency and fair play made him refuse the offer. 他的正直感和公平竞争意识使他拒绝了这个提议。 Phrases and expressions night after night every night 一夜又一夜地，连夜地for nights following each other continuously The preposition “after” can be used in a similar way in a number of time expressions: hour after hour 接连好几个小时;year after year 一年又一年; Day after day, --She went to the cinema night after night, always to see "The Sound of Music". 她每天晚上到电影院去，总是看《音乐之声》。 drive sb. / sth. off defeat or beat back (an enemy or an attack) 击退, 赶走 --They claimed that they had driven off a major force. 他们声称已经击退了敌方的一支主力。 be sure of sth. certain to receive, win, etc. sth. 确信会获得，赢得 --Can I be sure of a profit if I put my money there? 我把钱投在那儿一定能获利吗？ in broad daylight in the full light of day 大白天，光天化日之下 --Thieves had broken into the car in broad daylight and stolen the radio. 小偷们在大白天撬开车偷走了收音机。 carry on continue doing sth. 继续 --Carry on the work while I'm away. 我不在时，你继续干你的工作。 bring under control manage to control over 控制，使就范 --I shall put an experienced teacher in charge of that class, to bring the children under control. 我将派一个有经验的老师去负责那个班，使孩子们规矩起来。 take in bring in 把（某物）拿进来 --Take the washing in, it's raining! 下雨了，把洗好的衣服拿进来！ --When the letters have all been opened, take them in to the director. 所有的信开封以后，拿进去给主任。 on the air 开始广播（或电视转播） --This channel comes on the air every morning at 7. 这个频道每天早晨7点开始播送节目。 --The interview with the President will be on the air tomorrow morning. 对总统的采访将于明天早晨播出。 keep sb. from doing sth. prevent sb. from doing sth. 阻止 --Don't let me keep you from going out.别因为我而妨碍你外出。 watch for look attentively for sth. 留意，当心 --Watch for our new improved product, which will be on the market next week! 留心我们新改进的产品吧，下个星期就要上市了！ put out cause sth. to stop burning 扑灭，熄灭 --Firemen soon put the fire out. 消防队员很快就把那场火扑灭了。 --Put out all fires before leaving the camping ground. 离开营地以前要把所有的火熄灭。 mark down write down 记下来，写下来 --I marked down the address that she gave me over the telephone, and took care not to lose it. 我把她在电话里告诉我的地址记了下来，并且注意把它保存好。 Language Points 1.Night after night … a deep, steady voice came over the Atlantic Ocean from England to America, telling of England’s battle for survival under the waves of German bombers. (Para. 1) Meaning: For many nights continuously … a deep, steady voice came through broadcasting across the Atlantic Ocean from England to America, reporting on England’s battle against repeated raids by German bombers. wave: n. a sudden increase in a particular activity, esp. an undesirable or unpleasant one a heat wave 热浪;a new crime wave 新的犯罪高峰;a wave of displeasure 反感情绪高涨; --The group claimed responsibility for a wave of terrorist bombings. 该组织声称对新一轮恐怖爆炸案负责。 2.They had the English Channel as a barrier against the Nazi ground forces, and they had the Royal Air Force (RAF) to battle the Nazis in the sky. (Para.5) Meaning: The English Channel functioned as a natural barrier and protected the English from being attacked by the Nazi ground forces, and the Royal Air Force could fight against the Nazis in the sky. 3.Marshal Goering boasted, “This is the historic hour when our air force for the first time delivered its bombs right into the enemy’s heart.” (Para.6) Meaning: Marshal Goering said proudly that it was an important hour in history when German planes for the first time attacked London directly. boast: v. (of / about / that) talk proudly --The young man is boasting of (or: about) his rich family to the girls. 这位年轻人正在向女孩们吹嘘自己富有的家庭。 --He boasts of being the best painter in this area. 他自夸是这一地区最好的画家。 --Bill boasted that he was always the prize-winner in tennis match. 比尔自夸是网球赛中的常胜将军。 spit fire: send out flames; shoot guns bump: v. 1） travel, usu. in a vehicle, in an uncomfortable way because the surface one is moving over is rough --The circulation of the magazine has been bumping along for some time at around 30, 000. 一段时间来, 这杂志的销路一直在3万份上下。 2） hit (sth.) with force, esp. accidentally --His car bumped (into) a tree at the side of the road. 他的车撞在了路边的一棵树上。 --When he was parking his car he bumped the car in front of him. 他在停车时撞上了前面的车。 bump: n. [C] blow, knock or hit --The passengers felt a violent bump as the plane landed. 飞机着陆的时候，乘客们感觉到了猛烈的冲击。 Notice the use of the phrasal verb “bump into” in the sense of “meet by chance”. An example: --I bumped into an old college friend in a restaurant in New York. 我在纽约的一家饭店里碰见了大学的一位老同学。 under control: controlled in the correct way Don’t worry — everything is under control. 别担心, 一切都在控制之中。 It took the new teacher months to bring her class under control. 新来的老师花了好几个月的时间才把班上学生管住。 Compare : in control: in charge, in command The vice-president is now in control, because the President is ill at home. 总裁因病在家, 现在副总裁掌管一切。 rage: vi. continue with violence (usually used to refer to sth. powerful and unpleasant) --It is said an epidemic disease is raging throughout that country. 据说某种传染性疾病正在那个国家肆虐。 --The war raged and thousands of people were injured or killed. 战争越打越激烈，成千上万的人或死或伤。 4.He did not speak them with any attempt to sound heroic. He simply voiced the quiet truth of the city’s existence. (Para.10) Meaning: He didn’t try to sound heroic while saying those words. In a quiet voice, he was just telling the simple truth: London was still standing there. sound: v. seem when heard --Your cough sounds better. 你的咳嗽听上去好一点了。 --Does this sentence sound right? 这个句子听上去对不对? From the way you describe him, he sounds like a very strange man. 根据你的描述, 他似乎是个十分奇怪的人。 voice: vt. express in words, esp. forcefully --The chairman encouraged us to voice our opinions. 主席鼓励我们发表自己的意见。 5.Murrow knew that Britain’s fate depended upon the resolution of the people in the shops and streets, the men in the pubs, the housewives, those watching for fire on the roofs, the people who had a thousand difficult and painful things to do. (Para.11) Meaning: Murrow knew that Britain’s fate depended on the ordinary English people who were resolved to defend their homeland, staying aware all the time and doing whatever they should do. 6.Much depended upon the handful of pilots who rose day after day and night after night to meet the flocks of Nazi bombers. (Para.12) Meaning: Britain’s fate depended to a large extent on the small number of pilots fighting against lots of German bombers for many days and nights continuously. provide for: make all necessary arrangements for We must provide for the safety of the workers. 我们必须保证工人们的安全。 Section B Reading skills: Understanding Figurative Language As we learned in Unit 5, to make language clearer, more interesting, and more vivid, we often use expressions which are not literally true. We make comparisons in speaking and writing. Figurative language -- language that compares -- paints a picture for the reader. Figurative language can be confusing if it is understood literally. The ability to recognize and interpret figurative language may help us fully understand a writer’s meaning. Look at the following two examples taken from Reading Passage A: 1. Night after night, in the hot summer and early fall of 1940, a deep, steady voice came over the Atlantic Ocean from England to America, telling of England’s battle for survival under the waves of German bombers. (Para. 1) 2. On September 7, 1940, nearly four hundred German bombers hammered the city with bombs in broad daylight. (Para. 6) In the first example above, the coming of German bombers is compared to the coming of sea waves, thus emphasizing the idea of huge numbers of German bombers continuously flying to England. In the second example above, the bombing of the city by German bombers is compared to the use of a hammer, thus emphasizing the idea of repeated hitting by those bombers. There are many different ways of using figurative language. Listed here are just a few of them: a) Similes (明喻, 直喻), figurative expressions which directly compare one thing to another by using the words as or like. b) Metaphors (暗喻), in which comparisons are only suggested, without using as, like and the like. c) Personification (拟人), figurative expressions which give human qualities to non-human things. The particular reading skill we reviewed in this unit is “understanding figurative language”. As we have already learned so far, to make language clearer, more interesting, and more vivid, we use expressions which are not literally true. We make comparisons in speaking and writing. Figurative language - language that compares - paints a picture for the reader. Figurative language can be confusing if it is understood literally. The ability to recognize and understand figurative language may help us fully understand an author’s point. There are many different ways of using figurative language. Listed here are just a few of them: a) Similes (明喻, 直喻). These are figurative expressions which directly compare one thing to another by using the words as or like. Here is one example taken from Reading Passage A of Unit 5: The tobacco industry, coupled with Hollywood movies in which both male and female heroes smoked like chimneys ... (Para. 3, Reading Passage A, Unit 5) b) Metaphors (暗喻), in which comparisons are only implied, without using as, like and the like. Look at the following two examples taken from Reading Passage A: 1. Newspapers appeared and people bought them, hurrying to work and reading reports of the battle raging over London. (Para. 9, Reading Passage A, Unit 10) 2. Much depended upon the handful of pilots who rose day after day and night after night to meet the flocks of Nazi bombers. (Para. 11, Reading Passage A, Unit 10) In the first example, the battle is compared to some animate being which might explode into great anger, so the reader thinks that the battle was continuing with great violence. In the second example, the English pilots are compared to something which can be easily held in the hand, emphasizing the small number of these pilots, whereas Nazi bombers are compared to huge numbers of large, fierce birds. c) Personification (拟人), figurative expressions which compare non-human things to humans. Take two more examples from Reading Passage A: 1. Radar sirens wailed, ambulances rushed from one place of agony to another, and firemen faced the flames hour after hour. (Para. 7, Reading Passage A, Unit 10) 2. It seemed impossible for people of the city to do their daily jobs, to work and eat and sleep and carry on the business of life, with the crash of bombs all around them and planes spitting fire in the skies above. (Para. 8, Reading Passage A, Unit 10) In these two examples, radar sirens are compared to people who wailed and planes are compared to people who spit. In both cases, non-human objects are described as if they were humans. Now here is a short list of what we have covered as Reading Skills in Book 2 for your quick use in searching. Unit 1: Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs Unit 2: Finding Out Word Meanings Unit 3: Recognizing Differences Between Facts and Opinions Unit 4: Reading for the Key Idea in a Sentence Unit 5: Understanding Figurative Language Unit 6: Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs Unit 7: Finding Out Word Meanings Unit 8: Distinguishing Between Facts and Opinions Unit 9: Reading for the Key Idea in a Sentence Unit 10: Understanding Figurative Language Background Information Hiroshima is a city in Japan where the first atomic bomb was dropped during World War II. For its geographic location. The U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development was created in June 1941 and given combined responsibility with the War Department on the Manhattan Project to develop a nuclear bomb. After four years of research and development efforts, the atomic bomb was born. Truman, the new U.S. president, decided to use this weapon to defeat Japan in a less costly way. On August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb carried in a specially equipped B-29 was dropped on Hiroshima. The combined heat and blast smashed everything in the explosion’s immediate neighborhood. Fires burned almost 4.4 square miles completely. The explosion killed between 70,000 and 80,000 people besides injuring more than 70,000 others. A second bomb, dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, killed between 35,000 and 40,000 people, injured a like number, and destroyed 1.8 square miles. New Words dot n. [C] a small round mark 点，小圆点 vt. 1. mark (sth.) with a dot 加小点于 2. place (things or people) here and there 把 ……分散在各处，分散 The sky was dotted with stars. 繁星满天。 drift vi. move slowly, esp. as a result of outside forces, with no control over direction 漂流，飘动 --Early that morning, a mist drifted in from the sea. 那天一早从海上飘来了一层薄雾。 float: not sink The logs float on the river. drift: to drive or be driven along by wind, waves, currents e.g. The logs are drifted down the river. n. 1. [C] things, esp. snow or sand, piled up by the wind （被风吹积的）一堆 --The road was covered by deep snow drifts. 被风吹积的雪厚厚地堆在路上。 2. [U] general meaning without the details 要旨，大意 --I'm sorry. I don't catch your drift. 对不起，我没有听懂你说的话。 mere a. nothing more than; no better or more important than 仅仅，只不过，只 --He costs a mere ten yuan. --It is only/ merely a matter of time. explode vi. 1. burst violently 爆炸 --He was driving so fast that his car tyre exploded. 他车开得太快，以致车胎都弄爆了。 2. (of feelings) burst out suddenly （指感情）爆发，突发 --She exploded into loud laughter. 她突然大笑起来。 3. increase very quickly 激增，迅速扩大 --The rapidly exploding population in some countries is a serious problem for their governments. 一些国家迅速增长的人口成了其政府面临的严重问题。 Blow up/ blast: 用来指人（用炸药去）“炸毁”楼房等物体， 而Explode用于炸弹等爆炸或使炸弹等爆炸。 --The bomb explodes. --The balloon bursts. --The volcano erupts. weed c.f. straw hay seaweed expose vt. 1. uncover or leave sb./sth. uncovered or unprotected 使暴露，使遭受 --Don't expose your skin to the sun too much. 不要长时间把皮肤暴露在阳光下。 --The soldiers were exposed to great danger. 士兵们面临着极大的危险。 2. make known (sth. secret) 揭露 --That unfortunate remark exposed his ignorance of the subject. 那次失言暴露了他对该学科的无知。 --The newspaper story exposed him as a cheat. 新闻报道揭露出他是一个骗子。 luxury n. 1. [U] (regular use and enjoyment of) the best and most expensive food and drink, clothes, surroundings, etc.奢侈，豪华，奢华 a luxury hotel 豪华旅馆 --It doesn't seem fair that some people lead lives of luxury, while others have nothing at all. 有些人穷奢极欲，有些人却一贫如洗，这似乎不公平。 2. [C] a thing that is expensive and enjoyable, but not necessary 奢侈品，昂贵的东西 --We can't afford many luxuries. 我们买不起很多奢侈品。 --It would be a luxury to be able to have a day off work. 能休一天假是一件奢侈的事。 sector n. 1. [C] an area that is separate from others 区域 2. [C] one of the areas into which the economic activity of a country is divided （经济）部门，行业 --In the financial sector, banks and insurance companies have both lost a lot of money. 在金融界，银行和保险公司都蒙受了很大损失。 --The new government's policy is to change state industries from the public sector to the private sector. 新政府的政策是将国有工业由公转私。 heir n. [C] a person with the legal right to receive money, title, property, etc. when the owner dies 继承人 heir apparent :heir whose legal right cannot be cancelled by the birth of another with a strong claim 确定继承人 heir presumptive: heir who may lose his legal right if another heir with a stronger claim born 推定继承人 pancake n. [C] a thin flat usu. round cake made from flour, milk and eggs and fried on both sides 薄煎饼 --In America, pancakes are smaller and thicker than those in Britain and are usually eaten for breakfast. 在美国，煎饼做得比英国的小而厚, 通常当早饭吃。 flesh n. 1. [U] the soft part of the body of a person or animal which is between the skin and the bones, or the soft inner part of a fruit or vegetable （人体或动物的）肉，果肉 2.(the ~)(sing.） the (human) body contrasted with the mind or soul 肉体（与精神或灵魂相对而言） --The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 心有余而力不足。 flesh and blood (idm) : the human body or human nature with its emotions and weakness, etc.血肉之躯； 人性 flesh-wound: n. wound that breaks the skin but does not reach the bones or internal organs of the body 皮肉之伤； 轻伤 in the flesh: in person --She is nicer in the flesh than in her photograph. sway vi. move slowly from side to side 摇摆，摇动 --The trees are swaying in the winter wind. 树在冬季的风中摇摆。 vt. 1. cause (sth./sb.) to move slowly from side to side 使摇动，使摇晃 --She swayed the baby gently until he went to sleep. 她轻轻摇晃着婴儿，直到他睡着。 2. persuade (sb.) to believe or do one thing rather than another 使动摇，使改变主意 --He's very easily swayed. 他很容易受别人影响。 uneasy a. (of people) slightly anxious or uncomfortable about a particular situation; (of situations) causing slight anxiety 心神不安的，担心的；令人不安的 --I'm uneasy about the future. 我对未来很感忧虑。 --He is uneasy in finishing the job.(=He is worried about the finish of the job.) heal v. 1. (cause a person or part of the body to) become healthy again治愈，治好，使康复 --The wound healed slowly. 伤口痊愈得很慢。 --The soup will help to heal the broken bone. 这汤有利于治好断骨。 2. cause (sth.) to end; make easier to bear使中止，调停；减轻 --Time heals all sorrows. 时间可医治一切创伤。 dizzy a. 1. (of a person) feeling as if everything is spinning around; unable to balance; confused 头晕目眩的，迷惑的 --Going without sleep for a long time makes me feel dizzy. 长时间没有睡觉使我头晕目眩。 2. of or causing this feeling 使人头晕的，使人迷惑的 --Mount Everest reaches the dizzy height of 8848 meters. 珠穆朗玛峰8848米的高度让人觉得头晕目眩。 bowel n. 1. (usu. pl.) （除用于医学术语和作定语外通常用复数）肠（尤指人肠） --Eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables can reduce the risk of bowel cancer. 多吃新鲜的水果和蔬菜能够减少肠癌的危险。 astriction; constipation --Are your bowel movements normal? 你大便正常吗？ 2. (usu. pl.) the deepest inner part (of a place) 内部，深处 --People used to believe that monsters lived in the bowels of the earth. 从前人们相信怪兽是生活在地球深处的。 break (sth.) off (cause sth. to) become separated from sth. as a result of force （使）折断 --Mary broke off some of the chocolate to give to the children. 玛丽把巧克力掰开，分了一些给孩子们。 sink into go into (a less active or happy state) 陷入（不活跃或不愉快的状态） --Don't let yourself sink into despair. 不要让你自己堕入失望的境地。 --Don't allow yourself to sink into grief, it will do no good. 可别让自己沉浸在悲痛之中，这没有好处。 wanting in sth. lacking in sth. 不够，不足 --His behavior was wanting in politeness. 他的行为缺乏礼貌。 --I think she's perhaps a little wanting in charm. 我想她大概是不够迷人。 expect of hope or think it likely that (sb. or sth.) will be or do (sth.) 对（某人）有 …… 期望，指望（某人做） --The whole family expects great things of him. 全家人对他寄予厚望。 remain of be left or still present after other parts have been removed or used or dealt with 从……留下，剩下 --What will remain of the old city if the new road is built through the center? 如果穿越市中心修一条新公路，那么老城还剩下什么呢？ to bits into small pieces 成为碎片 --The newspaper fell to bits in my hands. 报纸在我手里成了碎片。 make for move in some direction; head for 向 …… 前进 --It's getting late; we'd better make for home. 天晚了，我们最好回家吧。 take sb. in allow sb. to stay in one's home 收留 --Some of the local people take in students to add to their income. 一些当地人为学生提供住宿以增加收入。 be seized with be affected by a strong feeling, desire, etc. suddenly and intensely 被（强烈的感情、愿望等）影响 --We were seized with a sudden impulse to run. 我们突然萌生了一种想跑的冲动。 --I was suddenly seized with a feeling of loneliness. 我突然产生了一种孤独感。 keep on doing (sth.) continue doing (sth.) 继续做 --She kept on working although she was tired. 她虽然很疲劳，却仍坚持工作。 go into begin to act or perform in the way specified 开始以某种方式行动或表现 --She went into fits of laughter. 她发出了阵阵笑声。 Detailed study of the text 1.Kaz’s father had been born to a family of some wealth and social position in Hiroshima, and had emigrated to America in the early 1920s in the spirit of adventure, not of need or flight ;... (Para.4) Meaning: Kaz’s father had been born into a rather rich and socially noted family in Hiroshima, and moved to America in the early 1920s not because of poverty or running away from something, but with the spirit of risk-taking; ... 2.… and a life-style flavoured with American ways. (Para.4) Meaning: ... and a life-style carrying qualities of American ways of living. flavour: vt. give flavour or taste to She flavoured the cake with chocolate. 她给蛋糕添加了巧克力味儿。 a strawberry-flavoured ice cream 草莓味的冰淇淋 3.What remained of the life he had made was blown to bits though his home was more than a mile from ground zero. (Para.6) Meaning: Though his home was a mile away from the place where the atomic bomb exploded, his life was nearly destroyed completely with almost nothing left. ground zero: the point on the surface of the ground or water at which the explosion of an atomic bomb occurs 4.But when she drew closer, she could barely recognize him through his wounds. (Para.7) Meaning: But when she came closer to him, she could hardly recognize him because of his wounds all over. draw: vi. move or go steadily or gradually Winter is drawing near. 冬天正在临近。 The train drew into / out of the station. 火车徐徐驶入 / 驶出车站。 5.…she could barely recognize him through his wounds. (Para.7) through: as a result of, because of The project failed through bad management. 由于管理不善, 那个项目失败了。 How many working days were lost through sickness last year? 去年由于员工生病损失了多少工作日? 6.… and her brother’s wounds refused to heal. (Para.9) refuse: v. This verb is normally used of personal subjects, but occasionally it may take a non-living subject in a metaphorical sense, as it is used in this sentence. The car refused to start. 汽车发动不起来。 7.As winter gave way to spring and spring to summer, … (Para.9) Meaning: As winter left and spring came, and then it was summer, … give way to: be replaced by The grasslands have given way to many high buildings. 原先的草地已经被许多高楼大厦所取代。 At first he said nothing, then his silence gave way to anger. 起先他什么也没说，后来他的沉默渐渐转为愤怒。 8.The illness had not really left her; it had gone into hiding, instead, and the physical and mental after-effects of that historical August 6, 1945, would trouble Kaz all the rest of her life. (Para. 10) Meaning: Her disease had not been really cured. Instead, it existed in a hidden manner. The delayed effects of that historical blast on August 6, 1945, would torture Kaz physically and mentally for the rest of her life.