Teaching Plan Book Two Unit 6 By Xie Jingxian May, 2005 Book Two Unit Six Section A: As His Name Is. So Is He! Preview This writer describes ways names can make a difference. When one woman used her middle name, she felt better and her professional achievement improved. A magazine refused to print the writer’s name because it suited a baseball player more than an art expert. At a party, another woman was uncomfortable: the man she wanted the writer to introduce her was the same one she had refused a blind date because of his name. The writer thinks we often assign name prejudices to people. One classroom study showed teachers gave lower grades to essays written by boys with certain names than to the very same essays with only the names changed. Similarly, girl’s popularity can relate to their names. So the writer suggests if your name doesn’t suit you, you can change your name. Text Structure Analysis: People’s names are related to their achievements or behavior.   Apparently, teacher’s prejudices can affect classroom achievement as well.  However, teacher prejudice isn’t the only source of classroom difference.   In a study conducted by Herbert Harari of San Diego State University, and John McDavid of Georgia State University, teachers gave consistently lower grades on essays supposedly to have been written by boys named Elmer and Hubert than they awarded to the same papers when the author’s names were given as Michael and David.   Dr. Thomas V. Busse and Louisa Seraydarian of Temple University found those girls with names such as Linda, Diane, Barbara, Carol, and Cindy performed better on objectively graded IQ and achievement tests than did girls with less appealing names. A companion study showed girls’ popularity with their peers was also related to the popularity of their names -- although the connection was less clear for boys.   We find that the main idea of the passage is: People’s names are related to their achievements or behavior. The main idea is supported by two viewpoints or opinions: Name can affect classroom achievement and other sources also make classroom differences. Then the first viewpoint or: opinion is supported by a comparison between the grades scored by teachers to the same papers with only different names. The second viewpoint turns out to be a bit more than the first one as it is supported by two comparisons instead of one. The first comparison is that students with“good” names performed better than those with less appealing names. And the second comparison is that girls’ popularity in relation to the popularity of their names is much clearer than that of the boys. Background Information 1. Names We have many proper names, which contain cultural background. You can look up almost 9000 names, about language origins, elements of names, meanings, namesakes and many other subtopics. The following is a brief explanation of the names that appeared in the reading passage. 1) Debbie (f.) represents the personality characteristics of generous, understanding, honest , creative, and intense. It is a short name of Deborah originally from a Hebrew name for a woman described in the Old Testament history of the Bible. 2) Lynne (f.) or Lynn (m.) represents the personality characteristics of sensitive, deeply artistic and creative, intense, and nature-lover and comes from Welsh meaning “lake” or is a short form of Linda (Spanish), or Belinda (Italian), both meaning “beautiful.” 3) Webster (m.) represents the personality characteristics of original, inventive, friendly, positive, outspoken, and procrastinator and comes from Old English, meaning “weaver.” 4) Joe (m.) represents the personality characteristics of spontaneous, social, easy-going, warm, generous, lacking in initiative and is a short form of Joseph, originally from a Hebrew name of a famous man in the Old Testament history of the Bible. 5) Adrian (m.) represents the personality characteristics of diplomatic, friendly, lacking in energy, confidence and initiative, and a procrastinator. This name is the English form of Hadrian, the name of a Roman Emperor who built a wall across northern Britain. 6) Susan (f.) represents the personality characteristics of pleasant, easy-going, friendly, patient, social, cautious and is a short form of Susanna. It is from the Hebrew Shoshanna name for a woman in the Old Testament history of the Bible. 7) Harry (m.) represents the personality characteristics of individual, reserved, serious, stubborn, alone, loyal, and thoughtful. It is the Medieval English form of Henry, the name of eight kings of England. 8) Nigel (m.) represents the personality characteristics of imaginative, creative, inconsistent, insecure, gullible, talkative and is an Italian form of Neil, or a French name meaning “hero.” It is sometimes associated with the Latin Niger, meaning “black.” 9) Bertha (f.) represents the personality characteristics of idealistic, generous, kind, caring, possessive and comes from German, meaning “bright, famous”. Bertha is well known in German legends as a character who sneaks into nurseries and rocks children to sleep. 10) Pope Mel is a humorous reference, meant to show how foolish it would be to put the two names together. “Pope” is a title given to the highest authority of the Roman Catholic Church in Rome. “Mel” is possibly a short form of either Melvin (m.), or Melanie (f.) or Melissa (f.), and is a playful name which has no meaning in and of itself. 11) Julian (m.) represents the personality characteristics of patient, careful, cautious, conservative, intense and comes from Julius, the name of the last Roman emperor. 12) Rory (m.) represents the personality characteristics of practical, logical, analytical, systematic, particular, and serious and comes from the Irish, Ruaidhrí, meaning “red king”. It is the name of the last high king of Ireland who reigned in the 12th century. 13) Elmer (m.) represents the personality characteristics of shrewd, aggressive, decisive, self-centred, and independent and comes from Old English, meaning “noble, famous”. 14) Hubert (m.) represents the personality characteristics of pleasant, diplomatic, sensitive, passive, and procrastinator and comes from German, meaning “bright heart”. The Saint Hubert who lived in the 8th Century is the patron saint of hunters. 15) Michael (m.) represents the personality characteristics of clever, responsible, serious, self-confident and independent and is from the Hebrew name Mikha’el meaning “who is like God”. The New Testament of the Bible identifies Michael as the archangel who leads heaven’s armies. He is the patron saint of soldiers. 16) Linda (f.) represents the personality characteristics of hard worker, careful, patient, independent, reliable, and practical and comes from Spanish or Italian, meaning“beautiful.” 17) Diane (f.) represents the personality characteristics of clever, responsible, friendly, serious, reliable, and independent and comes from the French form of Diana, originally from the Roman goddess of nature and fertility. 18) Barbara (f.) represents the personality characteristics of sensitive, artistic, unstable, and self-conscious and comes from the Greek, barbaros, meaning“foreign”. Saint Barbara was a woman killed by her father, who was then killed by a bolt of lightning. She is the patron of architects, geologists, stonemasons and artillerymen. 19) Carol (f. or m.) represents the personality characteristics of quiet, practical, clever, methodical, creative, inventive, analytical, studious, and moody and is an English feminine form of Carolus meaning “song” or “hymn” in English. Note that Carol used to be a masculine name as well but now it is for girls only. 20)Cindy (f.) represents the personality characteristics of idealistic, proactive, impressionable, receptive, candid, self-centred, sensitive, imaginative, visionary, and perfectionist. Cindy is a short form of Cynthi which comes from the Greek, “Kynthos”, the name of the Greek moon goddess Artemis who was named after the mountain Kynthos on which she and her twin brother Apollo were presumably born. 2. Temple University Temple University has distinguished faculty in 16 schools and colleges, including four professional schools. Temple has eight campuses and sites in Pennsylvania, international campuses in Rome, Tokyo, and London, and programs in China, Korea, Greece, Israel, and other locations throughout the world. The University works in close partnership with community colleges in the region, offering a variety of degree completion options for transfer students. The Libraries of Temple University offer an extensive network of services and resources to support the educational and research needs of faculty and students. New Words application n.1) [U, C] official request 申请，请求 ---Free information will be sent out on application to the office. 可向公司函索免费资料。 ---I've sent off applications for four different jobs. 我已对四份不同的工作寄出了求职信。 2) [U, C] act of putting a theory, discovery, etc. to practical use 应用，使用，运用 ---In my business I use word processing applications. 在我的业务上，我使用文字处理应用程序。 ---The design has many applications. 这项设计有很多用途。 apply for / to: --This year ,more graduates apply for (= make application for)their first jobs. --Apply theory to practice. substitute vt.put or use sb. / sth. to replace sb. / sth. else 代替，替换，代用 ---We must substitute a new chair for the broken one. = We must replace the broken chair with a new one. 我们得用新椅子代替这把破椅子。 ---Dayton was substituted for Williams in the second half of the match. 下半场比赛由戴顿换下了威廉。 vi.act or serve as a replacement 代替，代用 ---Can you substitute for me at the meeting? 你能代替我去开会吗？ ---Honey can substitute for sugar in this recipe. 在这种烹饪法里蜂蜜能代替糖。 n.[C] person or thing that replaces, acts for or serves as sb. or sth. else 代理人，代替的人，代用品，代用物 ---The manager was unable to attend but sent his secretary as a substitute. 经理不能出席，但派了他的秘书代替他出席。 ---The teacher's ill, so a substitute is teaching today. 那位教师生病了，因此今天由一位代课教师在上课。 confidence n.1) [U] feeling of certainty; trust in one's own ability 信心，自信 confident adj ---He answered the questions with confidence. 他很自信地回答了问题。 ---She lacks confidence. I've never known anyone so shy and unsure of themselves. 她缺少自信。我从未见过如此胆怯和对自己没有信心的人。 2) [U] trust (in sb., in sb.'s ability, or in what is said, reported, etc.) 信赖，信任，相信 confidential adj. ----Don't put too much confidence in what the papers say. 不要过分相信报纸上所说的。 ---I have every confidence in her. She'll be perfect for the job. 我对她充满信心。她干这项工作完全合适。 characteristic a.representative 特有的，独特的 ---Such honesty is characteristic of him. 这种诚实是他的典型作风。 ---With the friendly and generous care so characteristic of these people, they opened their house to over fifty guests. 这些人由于本性乐善好施，在家里接待了五十多个客人。 n.[C] special quality 特点，特征 ---What characteristics separate Americans from Canadians? 美国人和加拿大人的性格特点有什么不同？ approval: on approval(idm): (of goods) supplied to a customer on condition that they may be returned if they are not satisfactory （指货物不满意可退的） reserve n.1) [U] the habit of not showing one's feelings or thoughts 矜持，拘谨 ---He was a man of such reserve that not even his closest friends really understood him. 他是一个如此拘谨的人，甚至他最亲密的朋友都不能真正理解他。 ---A few drinks broke through his reserve. 几杯酒下肚他就打开了话匣子。 2) [C, U] thing kept for later use 留待以后用的东西，储备量 ---I have a reserve of food in case of emergencies. 我储备了些粮食，以防万一。 vt.1) keep sth. for a particular purpose or time 保留，留出，储备 ---I reserve Mondays for cleaning up my desk and answering letters. 我留出周一来清理书桌，答复信件。 ---Reserve your strength for the climb. 留点力气爬山吧。 2) order (seats, accommodation, etc.) for use by a particular person at a future time 预定或保留（座位、席位），登记 ---I rang the hotel to reserve a double room for a week. 我打电话给旅馆预定一个双人房间为期一周。 ---If you get there early, please reserve a seat for me. 如果你先到达那里，请给我预定一个座位。 specific a.1)detailed and exact具体的，明确的 ---I asked you a specific question. Please give me a specific answer. 我问你一个具体的问题 ，请你给我明确的回答。 ---Are you doing anything specific this weekend? 这个周末你有什么特别的事要做？ 2) relating to one particular thing, etc.; not general 特有的，特定的 ---The money is to be used for a specific purpose: the building of the new theatre. 这笔款将专款专用：兴建新剧院。 latter a.1)being the second of two people, things or groups mentioned before （两者中的）后者的 ---There are plastic and wooden garden chairs but the latter ones are more expensive. 花园椅有塑料制的和木制的，但是后者贵得多。 2) near to the end of a period 后面的 ---Building of the new library should begin in the latter part of next year. 修建新图书馆的工程应在明年下半年开始。 ---In the latter stages of the fight he began to tire. 在战斗的后阶段他开始感到累了。 n.[the ~ ] the second of two things or people already mentioned后者 ---We have to make the kitchen and the hall more attractive. I'd rather do the latter first. 我们得把厨房和客厅装饰得更漂亮些--我情愿先装饰客厅。 ---My support the former plan, but personally I'm for the latter. 许多人支持前面那个计划，但我个人赞同后者。 former : antonym of latter 后者 prominent a.1)important; well-known 重要的，杰出的，显著的，著名的 ---The government should be playing a more prominent role in improving public traffic. 政府应该在改善公共交通方面起更重要的作用。 2) sticking out from a surface 突出的，凸起的 ---She has a rather prominent nose. 她的鼻子很高。 refine vt.1) make (sb. / sth.) more elegant 使文雅，使高尚 ---Delia has been refined. You can't imagine she is now an elegant lady. 德丽娅现在变文雅了。你想象不到她已是一位优雅的女士了。 2)to make pure or improve esp. by removing unwanted material 提炼，精炼 ---Oil is industrially refined. 燃料油是经工业提炼而成的。 acquaintance n.1) [C] person whom one knows but who is not a close friend 相识的人 ---He has a lot of business acquaintances but very few real friends. 他有许多生意上的熟人，但真正的朋友却很少。 ---He has a wide circle of acquaintances. 他交际甚广。 2）[U] (often slight) knowledge of sb. / sth.了解 ---He has some little acquaintance with the Japanese language. 他略懂一些日语。 Make the acquaintance of sb = make sb’s acquaintance 与人结识; have a (nodding) acquaintance with sb 与某人有（点头）之交 stereotype vt.form a fixed set of ideas that is generally disapproving about the characteristics of a certain group of people or things 对... ...形成固定看法 ---The study says that British advertisements stereotype women. 该项研究说英国的广告对妇女抱有成见。 ---The police have been criticized for having stereotyped images of black people. 有人批评警方对黑人有成见。 n.[C] image, idea, character, etc. that has become fixed in a routine form 固定的形象，陈规，老套，旧框框 ---He doesn't fit the national stereotype of a Frenchman. 他不是个符合法国模式的法国人。 ---The characters in the book are just stereotypes. 这书中的角色只是些僵化的人物。 confess v.1) admit often unwillingly 承认 confess doing ---I'm rather bored, I must confess. 我不得不承认我有点厌烦了。 ---He confessed that he had slept through the second half of the film. 他承认电影放到一半后他一直在睡觉。 2) admit that one has done sth. wrong, esp. when what you have done is secret坦白，供认 ---She confessed to her husband that she had sold her wedding ring. 她向丈夫坦白她卖掉了结婚戒指。 ---I'm afraid that I've got something to confess: I've broken your vase. 恐怕有件事我得告诉你--我打破了你的花瓶。 [e.g.] The man in the corner confessed to ____ a lie to the manager of the company. A) have told B) be told C) being told D) having told thoughtful a.1)thinking deeply深思的，思考的 ---The doctor looked thoughtful for a moment and then started to write something on the paper. 医生仔细考虑了片刻，开始在纸上写了起来。 ---When Beth is writing a letter, she looks thoughtful. 当贝思写信时，她看上去像在思索。 2) （ considerate）showing care for the need of others 体贴的，关心的，考虑周到的 ---She's a very thoughtful person. 她是个很体贴别人的人。 ---Thank you for phoning to see if I was feeling better - it was very thoughtful of you. 谢谢你打电话问我是否觉得好点了--你真关心人。 award vt.give esp. as the result of an official decision 授予，给予 ---The university has awarded Jane $500 for travel. 大学给予简500美元旅行补助。 ---She was awarded a medal for bravery. 她因勇敢而被授予一枚奖章。 n.[C] sth. awarded奖品 ---They have given an award of $900 to each of the winners. 他们给予每位获胜者900美元奖励。 objective a.not influenced by personal feelings; fair 不受个人感情影响的，客观的，公正的 ---How can you make an objective decision if she's your own daughter? 如果她是你的女儿，你怎么可能做出客观的决定呢？ ---It is an objective report. 这是一篇客观的报道。 n.[C] thing aimed at or wished for; purpose 目标，目的 ---Her main objective now is simply to become an internationally famous scientist. 她现在的主要目标就是成为一名具有世界声望的科学家。 ---I don't know what his objectives were in making such a criticism? 我不知道他这样指责的目的是什么？ subjective : antonym of objective 主观的，受个人感情支配的 despair vi.have lost all hope 失望，绝望 ---We've despaired of him; he can't keep a job for more than six months. 我们对他非常失望，没有哪一个工作他能干半年以上。 ---Don't despair! We'll find a way out! 不要绝望！我们会找到解决办法的！ n.1) [U] state of having lost all hope 失望，绝望 ---He gave up the struggle in despair. 他绝望地放弃了斗争。 ---To the despair of her teachers, Nicole never does the work that she's told to do. 令老师们感到失望的是，尼科尔从来不做布置给她的作业。 2) person who makes other people give up hope 令人感到不可救药的人 ---He's the despair of his parents because he shows no interest in getting a job. 他让父母束手无策，因为他对找工作没有表现出一点兴趣。 ---Your son is the despair of all his teachers. 你的儿子令所有的老师感到头痛。 label n.1)[C] descriptive word or words applied to a person, group, etc. (用以形容人、团体等的)称号，外号 ---A critic called her first novel "super-romantic" and the label has stuck. 一位评论家称他的第一部小说为"超级浪漫小说"，于是那部小说得了这一雅号。 2) [C] piece of paper, cloth, metal, etc. on or beside an object and describing its nature, name, owner, etc. 标签，签条 ---I read the information on the label before deciding which to buy. 我先看标签上的说明，然后才决定买哪一种。 ---Remember to put some address labels on the suitcases. 记住在衣箱上贴上几张地址标签。 vt.1)describe sb. / sth. 把... ...称为 ---His work is difficult to label precisely. 他的工作难以准确描述。 --- If you spend any time in prison you're labeled a criminal for the rest of your life.如果你坐过牢，你将一辈子被看作罪犯。 2) put a label or labels on sth. 把标签贴在... ...上，用标签标明 ---He was busy labeling all the bottles of wine that he'd made that year. 他忙着给所有装有他那年酿的酒的瓶子贴上标签。 ---This jam is labeled "apple and banana". 这瓶果酱上贴着标签"苹果和香蕉"。 convey to make (ideas, feelings, etc.) known to another person 表达（思想、感情）；转达 ---Please convey my good wishes to your mother. 请向你母亲转达我的良好祝愿。 ---If you see James, do convey my regrets to him. 要是你见到詹姆斯，请向他转达我的歉意。 even so in spite of that 虽然这样，然而，不过 ---There are many spelling mistakes; even so it's quite a good essay. 虽然有很多拼写错误，但这仍不失为是一篇相当不错的文章。 ---I had a terrible headache, but even so I went to the concert. 我头痛得厉害，但我还是去了音乐会。 turn down refuse to consider 拒绝，驳回 ---He tried to join the army but was turned down because of poor health. 他想参军，但因身体不好被拒绝。 ---Why was I turned down for the job? Is it because I'm a woman? 为什么不让我做那项工作？因为我是一个女人吗？ press for sth. make repeated and demanding request for sth. 反复请求，紧急请求 ---The chairman is pressing for improved working conditions. 主席一再要求改善工作条件。 ---Many parents have been pressing for the local school to be reopened. 许多家长一直迫切要求重新开办当地那所学校。 be ill at ease uncomfortable; embarrassed 不自在，困窘 ---Pat felt ill at ease with his family, wondering whether or not to announce his news. 帕特和家人在一起很不自在，不知是否要宣布他的事。 ---She was ill at ease when she was criticized by her mother. 母亲批评她的时候，她觉得非常得困窘。 free from not influenced or damaged by sth. dangerous 不具……的，未受危险伤害的 ---Is the President free from prejudice? 难道总统没有偏见吗？ ---Make sure the wound is free from dirt? 要保证伤口不能沾上污物。 take charge of （ be in charge of ）take control of; become responsible for 负责管理，对……负责 ---The department was badly organized until she took charge of it. 在她负责以前这个部门曾是一团糟。 ---The boss asked him to take charge of the office for a few days while she was away. 老板让他在她离开时掌管办公室几天。 Language Points As His Name Is, So Is He! (Title) Meaning: His nature or manner as a man is similar to what he is called, his name. The “as … so” here is used to express parallelism or proportionality. (表示类比) ---As the desert is like a sea, so is the camel like a ship. 沙漠似海，骆驼似舟。 ---As is the teacher, so is the pupil. 有其师必有其徒。 (There is also a possibility not to invert part of the sentence. ) ---As you treat me, so I shall treat you. 你怎样对待我，我也将怎样对待你。 ---As time went on, so their hopes began to decrease. 随着时间的推移，他们的希望开始变得越来越小了。 ... while filling out an application form ... (Para. 2) In adverbial clauses of time introduced by the conjunction “while” (and “when”, “until”, “as soon as”, “once”, etc.), we may have finite verb forms or non-finite verb forms. So this clause of time may be rewritten as: ... while she was filling out an application form ... More examples: ---She was singing a tune while she was working. (or: She was singing a tune while working.) 她边干活边哼曲子。 ... it surely helped if only by adding a bit of self-confidence to her talents.(Para. 3) Meaning: ... it surely helped although it helped only by adding a bit of self-confidence to her talents. if: conj. accepting that, although ---This is a pleasant if noisy child. 这孩子挺可爱, 虽说有点闹。 ---It is a nice house, if a little expensive. 这房子不错, 虽说价钱高了 ... qualities ... may be suggested by your name ... (Para. 3) suggest: vt. make clear indirectly, indicate, signal ---Her expression suggested anger. 她脸上的表情说明她生气了。 ---The disorganized meeting suggested a lack of proper planning. 会议组织混乱, 表明缺乏事先筹划。 I suspect that if I were a more refined Arthur or Adrian, the name would have appeared complete. (Para. 4) Meaning: I think it likely that if my name were Arthur or Adrian, (a name suggesting that a person is more polite, better educated and better-mannered), my full name would have been printed in my by-line. ... names with a positive sense can work for you, even encourage new acquaintances. (Para. 5) Meaning: ... names that suggest good qualities to other people can help you to your advantage in some way, and even give other people encouragement to get to know you. ... we’re all guilty of name stereotyping to some extent. (Para. 6) Meaning: ...all of us are wrong to some degree to attach too simple an image to people according to the qualities suggested by their names. ... we project name-based stereotypes on people, ... (Para. 6) Meaning: ... we imagine that people have the qualities suggested by their names... ... you aren’t stuck with the label. (Para. 8) Meaning: ...if you don’t like your name given by your parents, you can get rid of it by changing your name. Grammar Points 省略：在某些状语从句中，如果其主语与主句的主语一致，谓语是（或相当于）系表结构，这时从句的主语和系动词均可省略。如： ---While (he was) a student at Oxford University, he published quite a few scientific papers. 当他还是牛津大学学生的时候，他就发表了好几篇科学论文。 ---He is an honest man although (he is) very poor. 他虽穷但是诚实。 ---Whether (she is )sick or well, she is always cheerful. 无论是生病还是健康，她总是高高兴兴的。 主语与状语逻辑主语的一致： 表示时间，条件以及伴随情况等状语的逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致，否则意义就会含混不清。如： 误：Having been delayed by heavy traffic, it was impossible for her to arrive on time. 正：Having been delayed by heavy traffic, she found it impossible to arrive on time. 2）误：After finishing his speech, the audience was invited to ask questions. 正：After finishing his speech, he invited the audience to ask questions. 3）误：Unless acted upon by a force, we cannot move a body at rest. 正：Unless acted upon by a force, a body at rest can’t move. (除非受到力的作用，否则一个静止的物体是不会移动的。) Section B: Judge by Appearances Reading Skill: Reading for the Main Ideas in Paragraphs The main idea sentence of a paragraph is commonly known as a “topic sentence” or “topic statement”. The topic sentence most frequently appears at the beginning of a paragraph, as we can see in the following example taken from Reading Passage Of course, names with a positive sense can work for you, even encourage new acquaintances. … She was ill at ease. (Para. 5, Reading Passage A, Unit 6) Main Idea : Names with a positive sense can work for you. But the topic sentence may also appear in other places: in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. Look at two more examples taken from Reading A: Naturally, the name change didn't cause Debbie/Lynne's professional achievement -- but it surely helped if only by adding a bit of self-confidence to her talents … before they even meet you. (Para. 3, Reading Passage A, Unit 6) Main Idea : What you're called can affect your life. (The main idea sentence appears in the middle or in the midst of this paragraph. ) Though your parents probably meant your name to last a lifetime, …and with some determination, you can, too. (Para. 8, Reading Passage A, Unit 6) Main idea: You can change your name if you are determined to. (The main idea sentence appears at the end of this paragraph.) Sometimes the main idea of a paragraph is not directly stated by any one sentence in the paragraph: it is only implied. In these cases you have to write a sentence to sum up or state the main idea of a paragraph. New Words valid a.1)(of views or reasons, etc.) well based （指证明，理由）有充分根据的，合情合理的，健全的 ---There is still no valid research that supports your theory. 目前还没有站得住脚的研究可以证明你的理论。 2) lawfully effective 有效的，具有法律效力的 ---The marriage was held to be valid. 这桩婚事被认为是有效的。 wrinkle v.(cause sth.) to form small lines (使) 起皱纹 ---The apples are beginning to wrinkle. 这些苹果开始起皱纹了。 ---Too much sunshine will wrinkle your skin. 过多阳光会使你的皮肤起皱纹。 n.[C] small line in the skin, esp. one of those on the face that is caused by age 皱纹 ---She's beginning to get wrinkles around her eyes. 她的眼角开始有鱼尾纹了。 ---There are some wrinkles in the back of your skirt where you've been sitting down.你裙子后面一直坐着的地方有一些褶皱。 clip vt.1)hold sth. together with devices 别在……上，夹住 ---Do you clip those earrings on? 你的耳环是夹上去的吗？ ---When you've finished your work, clip them together and hand them in to me.完成练习之后，把它们别在一起交给我。 2) cut sth. with scissors or some sharp tool to make it tidier 剪短，修剪 The children were amazed to see the sheep being clipped. 孩子们饶有兴趣地看着剪羊毛。 n.[C] a small metal or plastic object used for tying things together or holding them in position 夹子，别针 ---The paper was tied together with a plastic clip. 纸张是用一个塑料夹子扣在一起的。 mild a.1) not deeply felt or seriously intended 轻微的，不严重的 ---She looked at him in mild surprise. 她略带吃惊地看着他。 ---She can't accept even mild criticism of her work. 她甚至不能接受对她作品的一点点批评。 2) (of a person or his manner) gentle; soft （指人或其举止）温和的，温柔的，和善的 ---He's the mildest man you could wish to meet. 他是你能见到的最和善的人。 ---He gave a mild answer, in spite of his anger. 尽管他十分恼火，他还是态度温和地回答了。 emotional a.1)of the strong feelings of any kind 情感的，情绪的，感情的 ---My doctor said the problem was more emotional than physical. 我的医生说问题不是出在身体上而是在感情上。 2)causing or showing strong feelings 引发或表现强烈感情的 ---The president has made an emotional speech for the killing to stop. 总统情绪激动地发表演讲呼吁停止屠杀。 exclusive a.1) (of a high-class shop, goods sold in it, etc.) not found elsewhere; reserved for the rich 奢华的，高级的 ---The tennis club has an exclusive membership. 这家网球俱乐部的成员都是些有钱人。 2)limited to only one person or group of people 专一的，唯一的，独用的 ---This room is for the exclusive use of guests. 这间房间专供客人使用。 ---Singing is not her exclusive interest outside work; she does many other things as well. 唱歌不是她工作之余唯一的爱好；她还有很多其它爱好。 n.[C] a story which is printed in one newspaper or magazine and no others 独家新闻，独家专文 ---The Sun has had a number of useful exclusives. 《太阳报》发表过好几篇有用的独家新闻。 Exclusive of：不计。。。在内；Exclusive to: 为。。。独享，独有 wander vi.1)move around in an area or go from place to place without any special purpose 漫游，漫步，闲逛 ---We spent the morning wandering around the old part of the city. 我们花了一个上午在该市的老城区逛悠。 2) (of a person or an animal) leave the right place or way （指人或动物）离群，迷失方向 ---We seem to have wandered from the path. 我们好像走岔了路。 ---The child wandered off and got lost. 那孩子走失了。 blend v.mix or combine together （使）混和，（使）混杂，（使）交融 ---Blend the eggs and milk together. 把鸡蛋和牛奶调和在一起。 ---I tried to blend into the crowd, but I was obviously not dressed for the occasion. 我试图融入人群中，但很明显我的穿着不合这种场合。 n.[C] combination of different kinds 混合物 ---Which blend of coffee would you like? 你喜欢往咖啡里放些什么？ ---His manner is a blend of charm and politeness. 他的态度既有魅力又文雅。 scale n.1)[C] method of dividing people based on how big, important, rich, etc. they are 等级，级别 ---The pay scale goes from $8,000 to $20,000. 薪金级别介于8,000至20,000美元之间。 2)[U, C] relative size, extent, etc 规模，大小 ---My parents used to entertain friends on a large scale. 我父母过去常常举行大规模的宴会招待朋友。 ---The scale of his spending - about $50, 000 in a year - amazed us all. 他一年开销大约5万美元，这个数额使我们都很吃惊。 discourage vt.1) try to stop; persuade sb. not to do sth. 设法阻止，劝阻 ---Parents should discourage smoking. 父母应当设法制止吸烟。 ---What discourages me from going camping is the rain! 阻止我去露营的就是这场雨。 2) make sb. feel less confident or less willing to do sth. 使泄气，使不想干 ---The thought of how much work she had to do discouraged her. 一想到要干那么多的活，她就心灰意冷。 rude a.1)(of a person or his manner) showing no respect; impolite （指人或其行为）无礼的，不礼貌的，粗野的 ---It's rude not to say "Thank you" when you are given something. 别人给你东西时不说"谢谢"是不礼貌的。 2)simple or simply made简陋的，欠加工的 ---We built a rude shelter from rocks on the beach. 我们用海滩上的岩石建了一个简陋的庇护所。 ---These are rude stone tools. 这是些粗糙的石制工具。 grace n.1)[pl.] pleasing act or manner 风度 ---Ken is sadly lacking in the social graces. 可惜肯缺乏社交礼仪。 2)[U] quality of simple elegant beauty (esp. in smoothly controlled movement) 优美，优雅 ---Joanna has natural grace and elegance. 乔安娜具有自然的优雅风姿。 ---The skaters moved over the ice with smooth grace. 滑冰者在冰上的姿态流畅优雅。 vt.give honor to sb. / sth.给... ...增光 ---Many great people will be gracing the opening night of the play. 许多重要人物的光临将为此剧的首演增色不少。 symbol n.1) [C] object that represents sth. because it is connected with it in a lot of people's minds 代表物，象征物 ---The private plane is a symbol of wealth. 私人飞机是财富的象征。 2) [C] image, object, etc. that suggests or refers to sth. else 象征，标志 ---The lion is the symbol of courage. 狮子是勇敢的象征。 3)[C] mark or sign with a particular meaning 记号，符号 ---On maps, a cross is the symbol for a church. 地图上的符号"+"代表教堂。 ---You see the symbol on this label? Does that mean I have to hand wash this shirt? 你看到签条上的标记了吗？ 那是不是说这件衬衫只能手洗？ sign: 1)身势，姿势；信号 ---He made a sign for me to follow him. 他向我示意跟着他（走）。 2)告示；标语； 牌示，牌子 The sign by the road said‘No Parking'. 路边的牌子上写着“禁止停车”。 3) 迹象；征兆；征候 ---There are no signs of life about the house. 这房子没有有人住的迹象。 accurate a.Exactly correct 确切的，精确的 ---We hope to become more accurate in predicting floods. 我们希望能更准确地预测水灾。 ---The figures they have used are just not accurate. 他们使用的数字不正确。 [e.g.] By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have ___ opportunity to change his mind. A) accurate B) adequate C) urgent D) excessive bound n.1) [pl.] limits 边界，界限，边区 ---All our trading activities are within the bounds of the law. 我们所有的贸易活动都在法律允许的范围之内。 2) [C] quick large jump跳跃，跳跃向前 ---With one bound the dog was over the wall. 那条狗一个跳跃就跳过了墙。 ---He jumped over the gate in one bound. 他一跃跳出了大门 a.certain, very likely 一定... ...，必定... ... ---The weather is bound to get better tomorrow. 明天天气一定会好起来。 ---These two young musicians are bound for international success. 这两个年轻的音乐家一定能在国际上取得成功。 vi.jump or run with jumping movements 跳，跃 ---The dog came bounding up to him. 那只狗跳跃着跑到他面前。 internal a.1) of or on the inside内部的，在内部的 ---We are holding an internal inquiry to find out who is responsible. 我们正在进行内部调查以查明谁该负责。 ---The internal record indicates that there had been concern about safety before the accident. 内部记录表明人们在事故发生之前就已有了安全方面的担心。 2)of political, economic, etc. affairs within a country, rather than abroad 国内的，内政 ---It is not certain whether a meeting would solve the internal conflict. 一次会议是否能解决这一内部冲突，值得怀疑。 3)of the mind 内心的 ---He is fighting against internal doubts. 他正努力克服内心的疑惑。 external antonym of internal 外部的 superficial a.1)not deep 肤浅的，浅薄的 ---You have only a superficial knowledge of the subject. 你对该学科只有粗浅的了解。 2)of or on the surface only 表面的，表面上的 ---The driver only got superficial cuts. 司机只是受了点外伤。 ---There are superficial similarities between the two cars, but actually they're quite different. 乍一看两辆车差不多，但实际上差别很大 prevail vi.1) exist or happen generally 盛行，流行 ---The use of horses still prevails among the poorer farmers. 贫穷的农民仍然普遍用马代步和运输东西。 ---This is a strange custom that still prevails. 这是个仍然盛行的奇怪风俗。 2)fight successfully (against sb. / sth.) 获胜，战胜，胜（过） ---The enemy prevailed over the native population. 敌人打败了当地居民。 catalogue (catalog) vt.list (sth. / sb.) in a special order 把... ...编入目录，为... ...编目录 ---This report is the first effort to catalogue the effects of smoking. 这份报告第一次试图将吸烟所造成的后果进行分类。 n.[C] (book having a) complete list of items, usu. in a special order and with a description of each 目录 She gave a catalogue of the mistakes he had made in the past. 她一一列举了他过去所犯的各种错误。 act sth. out 1)express (thoughts, unconscious fears, etc.) in actions and behavior rather than in words表达, 发泄 ---Children's strong feelings often get acted out in bad behavior. 孩子们的强烈的情感经常通过不良行为表现出来。 2)act a part, usu. in a real-life situation and for some purpose （通常在真实生活中为某种目的）表现，扮演 ---She acted out the role of wronged lover to make him feel guilty. 她装出一副受委屈的情人的样子，以让他感到内疚。 speak of sth. suggest sth. 表明，暗示 ---Her behavior speaks of suffering bravely borne. 她的行为反映了她勇敢承受着的痛苦。 ---The whole robbery spoke of inside knowledge on the part of the criminals. 整个抢劫案表明罪犯掌握了内情 turn out prove to be; come to be known 证实是，原来是 ---It turned out that she was my sister's friend. 她原来是我姐姐的朋友。 ---As events turned out, we were right to have decided to leave early. 正如结果所证明的，我们决定早点离开是对的。 turn to sb. face sb. 转向（某人），扭向（某人） ---Turn to me a little more. I can't see your eyes in the shadow. 你再转过来一些，在阴影里我看不见你的眼睛。 ---Please turn to me when you're speaking, so that I can hear what you are saying. 请你在说话时面朝着我，以使我能听到你说的是什么。 turn sb. off drive sb. / sth. away (from a place) （从……）撵走，逐走（某人或某物） ---Unwanted visitors will be turned off my land. 不受欢迎的来访者将被从我的土地上请走。 [e.g.] Everything we eat and drink contains some salt; we can meet the body’s need for it from natural sources without turning ____ the salt bottle. A) off B) out C) to D) over tune out ignore, stop listening or paying attention to 不理会, 不睬 ---The children tuned out their mother's commands. 孩子们不理会母亲的吩咐。 ---She tuned out after I said no extra money was involved. 在我说了不再追加资金投入后, 她就不想再听了。 up to sth. capable of sth. 能做，胜任 ---I don't feel up to going to work today. 我今天身上不舒服，不能去上班。 ---He wants to compete at an international level, but I don't think he's up to it. 他想在国际水平上竞争，但我认为他还不到那个水平。 apart from except for 除开，撇开，除……以外 ---Apart from his nose, he's quite good-looking. 除鼻子以外，他长得还是很帅的。 ---Apart from you and me, I don't think there was anyone there under thirty. 除了你我二人，我想那时在场的人都在30岁以上。 Language Points A standard criticism of sociological research is that it goes to great lengths to prove what most people with common sense already know. ( Para.1) Meaning: People normally criticize sociological research for trying very hard by means of reason or evidence to show a fact that is already known to nearly all people who have natural ability to make good judgments and to act in a practical and wise way. …the experience made a common claim come alive. ( Para.1) Meaning: …the experience ( =sociological exercise) made a commonly accepted statement become concrete and lively. We carried plastic bags of nameless possessions. (Para.2) nameless possessions: things of too little worth or value to name …glasses with sun shade that clipped on. ( Para.2) Meaning: …eyeglasses with dark glasses that are attached with clips. …to observe what difference that made in the way other people responded to us…(Para.3) Meaning:…whether the fact that we looked very poor would cause people to have an unreasonable disapproval of us. …whether the appearance of poverty would invite prejudice on us. ( Para.3) Meaning: …whether the fact that we looked very poor would cause people to have an unreasonable disapproval of us. invite: vt. (seem to ) encourage (sth. bad) ---You’re just inviting trouble if you do that. 如果你这样做，那就是自找麻烦。 ---Some shops invite people to steal by making it too easy to take things. 有些商店里摆放的东西拿起来过于方便，这会使人产生偷窃的念头。 As it turned out, there was no need for dramatics;…( Para.3) Meaning: As it proved to be, there was no need for us to show too much feeling to impress people;… We weren’t up to trying out act at an exclusive restaurant,…( Para.4) Meaning: We were not rich enough to do the research or the field study at an exclusive restaurant,… …where they took my $2 check without asking for ID; it seemed worth that price to have us out the door. ( Para.5) Meaning:… where they took my $2 check without asking to see my ID; it seemed worth that 2 dollars to get us out of the door. At one establishment we did blow our cover…( Para.6) blow one’s cover: cause one’s true identity or the true nature of one’s work to be revealed . 暴露身份 Just looking poor brings with it prejudice, accompanied by removal of much of the social grace most of us take for granted. ( Para.7) Meaning: The appearance of poverty alone brings to you other people’s unfavorable feelings and opinions, together with the loss of much of polite and well-mannered social behavior. Most of us accept such politeness and good manners as normal without questioning its rightness. Lacking the culturally acceptable symbols of belonging in this setting, we became, to a degree, objects, with less inherent dignity as persons. (Para.7) Meaning: Because we didn’t have culturally acceptable symbols which show we belong in this setting, to some extent we came to be regarded as objects which have less dignity than humans are born to have. The place felt out of bounds for us. ( Para.9) Meaning: We felt that we were not allowed to go into the place.