Unit Four Section A: Five Famous Symbols of American Culture Warm-up Activities: 1. What are the symbols of American Culture that you have heard about? 2. What can you imagine to be the reasons why the Statue of Liberty was built? 3. What else can you say about the symbols of American culture and Chinese culture? Background Information Barbie Doll Uncle Sam American Gothic Buffalo Nickel  Text Structure Analysis Five symbols of American culture: The Statue of Liberty (Para. 1-4) Q: Who created the Statue of Liberty and what was he? When? What is the purpose to create the statue? What do we know about the creator? How did he create the Statue of Liberty? When did the creator finish the statue? How did he like the statue? Barbie Doll (Para.5-10) Q: Who created Barbie Doll? How was Barbie Doll created? How do people feel about Barbie? American Gothic (Para. 11-14) Q: Why is American Gothic so famous around the United States? How do people feel about this painting? The Buffalo Nickel (Para. 15-18) Q: What do we know about American coins? Who created the Buffalo nickel? How and why was the Buffalo nickel created? Uncle Sam ( Para.19-22) Q: What is the origin of Uncle Sam? How did the portrait of Uncle Sam come to be known? (Game: Draw a political cartoon of Uncle Sam) Writing Skill: Time Order时间顺序 叙述文、说明文往往可以按时间顺序组织文章。它是按事件发生、发展的时间先后顺序来编排细节的表达方式。时间过渡词是连接各事件，使其逻辑连贯的关键。写作中， 往往会出现以下现象： “I got up. I brushed my teeth. I had my breakfast…” 描述平淡无味，重复过多, 缺少层次，不妨改为： “After I got up and brushed my teeth, I had my breakfast.”用好过渡词是学生练习写作的重要部分。 时间过渡词有：first, second, after that, now, next, then, finally, the minute, as soon as, no sooner…than, later on, afterward, years ago, earlier, before, meanwhile, as, immediately, while, thereafter, in the past, former, latter, ( not ) ...until, etc. See sample composition in Structured Writing (Unit4, Book 3) Tell a story in time order by completing the following paragraph with given words. on New Year’s Day on New Year’s Eve during the Spring Festival days before the New year in the evening then (1)________________ , people become busy shopping and cleaning their houses for the celebration of the festival. (2)________________ , many people decorate their houses. (3)______________, every family has its big reunion dinner and many stay up late for the coming of the new year. (4)_____________________, people usually go up early, put on new clothes and new shoes. Young people go to greet their elders, wishing them good luck and good health, and (5)_______ the elders usually give them red packets stuffed with “lucky money”. (6)________________, people meet their relatives and friends. They greet one another with good luck. Days before the New Year On New Year’s Eve In the evening On New Year’s Day then During the Spring Festival Word Study liberty n. 1. [U]freedom from captivity, slavery or oppressive control 自由、自由权 ---They gave their children a great deal of liberty. 他们给孩子很大自由. ---The prisoner was given his liberty and allowed to leave the prison. 这个犯人获得了自由，被释放出狱。 2. [C，U]（fml.）the right or permission to do or use sth.许可、准许 ---You are at liberty to say what you like. 你尽可畅所欲言. 3. [C] speech or behavior that lacks respect or does not follow what is thought to be polite 放肆,无礼, 冒昧行为 ---I took the liberty of borrowing your lawn-mower while you were away. 你不在的时候我擅自借用了你的除草机. ---She told him to stop taking liberties, i.e. treating her with too much familiarity. 她告诉他不要太随便了(对她过分亲昵). alliance n. [C,U] a group of counties, political parties or people who have agreed to work together because of the same interests or aims 同盟, 联盟 ----States seek to become stronger through alliance. 各国力求通过结盟而更加强大 ---We are working in alliance with our foreign partners.我们与外国合伙人联合工作 ally v. 与(某人,某事物)结盟,联盟或联姻 ----Britain has allied itself with other western powers for trade and defence. 英国与其他西方强国结成了贸易及防御联盟. approve vi. say, show or feel that sth. is good 赞成,称许 ---She doesn’t want to take her new boy-friend home in case her parents don’t approve of him. 她不愿把新男友带回家, 生怕父母看不中他. ---I approve of your trying to earn some money, but please don’t neglect your studies. 我同意你去挣些钱,可是请不要耽误了功课 vt. accept, permit or officially agree to (sth.) 批准,同意 ---The minutes of the last meeting were approved. 上次会议纪录已经获得通过 ---The auditors approved the company’s accounts. 审计员核准了公司的账目 approval n. 赞成,认可,同意,满意 ---Do the plans meet with your approval? 这些计划你赞成吗? disapprove v. 不赞成,反对 ---She wants to be an actress, but her parents disapprove of her intentions. 她想当演员,但她父母不赞成 ---Animal conservationists disapprove of experimenting on animals. 动物保护主义者不赞成用动物做试验。 affection n. 1. [U,C] feeling of fondness 喜爱 ---He felt great affection for her sister. 他很疼他的妹妹 ---The old king was held in great affection. 年老的国王极受爱戴 2. (pl.)love 爱情, 爱慕之心 ---I tried to win her affections. 我尽力讨她的欢心. assemble vt. 1. fit together( the parts of sth.) 组装,装配 ---The bookcase can easily be assembled with a screwdriver. 这书柜用一把螺丝刀就可以容易地安装起来. 2. come together, collect (使)集合, (使) 聚集 ---The whole school assembled in the main hall. 全校在大礼堂集合 ---All the people assembled at Mary's house. 所有的人都聚集在玛丽的屋子里。 assembly n. 1. 集合,机会,参加集会的人们 ---The national assembly has met to discuss the crisis. 国民大会已对危机进行了讨论 ---Morning assembly is held in the school hall. 晨会在学校礼堂举行 2. 装配,安装 ---The assembly of cars is often done by machines. 汽车常由机器装配 ---Each component is carefully checked before assembly. 每个零件在装配前都经过仔细检查 exaggerate v. make(sth.)seem larger, more important, better or worse than it really is夸张,夸大 ---He always exaggerates to make his stories more amusing. 他总爱添枝加叶,把故事讲得更有趣. ---That dress exaggerates her height. 她穿那件连衣裙显得高了 version n. 1.[C]a thing which is based on sth. else but which has some details that are different 版本,版号 ---the original version of the play 该话剧的原版 ---the film version of Jane Eyre 《简爱》电影版 ---an illustrated version of the poems 这些诗的插图版本 2. [C] an account of an event, etc. from the point of view of one person 叙述,说法 ---There were contradictory versions of what happened. 对于发生的事说法相互矛盾 ---I have heard two versions of the accident.我已经听到关于这个事故的两种说法了。 universal a. 1. concerning all members of a group 全体的,一致的,普遍的 ---Television provides universal entertainment. 电视提供的是大众的娱乐 ---War causes universal misery. 战争给所有人带来苦难 2. (done, found, etc.) in all parts of the world 宇宙的, 全世界的 ---He made a universal travel before he went in hospital. 他进医院之前做了一次全球旅行 interpretation n. 1. [U,C] an explanation or understanding of sth. 解释,说明, 描述 ---These facts may be given many possible interpretations.这些事实可作多种解释 ---What interpretation would you place on them? 你对这些作何解释? 2. [U,C] making clear or bringing out the meaning of (a character, music, etc.) （表演、演奏的）艺术处理，演绎 solemn a. 1. made, done, etc. seriously; having a sense of religious-like importance 庄严的, 肃穆的 ---The solemn statement of the central government on this issue was featured in full in the newspapers.各报全文刊登了中央政府对这个问题的庄严声明。 2. serious-looking; grave 严肃的 ---He looked so solemn that we stopped talking and waited for his speech. 他看起来是那么严肃, 以至于我们停止交谈, 听他说 ---Her solemn face told them that the news was bad. 她严肃的表情告诉他们那是坏消息 inspire vt.1. give sb. a feeling of wanting and being able to do sth. good, create a work of art, etc. 给……以灵感 ---His noble example inspired the rest of us to greater efforts. 他那高尚的榜样激发我们大家更加努力 ---The Lake District scenery inspired Wordsworth to write his greatest poetry. 英格兰湖区的美景给了华兹华斯灵感而创作出他最伟大的诗篇. 2. fill sb. with confidence or eagerness, esp. so that they feel they can achieve sth. difficult or special 鼓舞, 激励 ---I was inspired to work harder than ever before. 我受激励比以往任何时候都更加努力地工作。 ---Our first sight of the dingy little hotel did not inspire us with much confidence. 我们一见到那旅店昏暗肮脏, 心里就很不痛快. grave a. 1. (of people) sad or serious (指人)表情严肃的,端庄的 ---His face was grave as he told them about the bankruptc of his business. 他把他的商行破产的事告诉他们时脸色十分凝重。 2. seriously bad 严重的 ---This could have grave consequences. 这会造成严重后果. ---There is a grave risk of flooding.有闹水灾的极大危险. n. [C] a place where a dead person is buried, esp. when under the ground and marked by a stone 坟墓,墓穴 ---You can’t go out dressed like that. It’s enough to make your grandmother turn in her grave! 你别穿戴成这样出去, 那会让你祖母躺在坟墓里也不得安宁. alongside prep. Beside; together with 在……旁边;和……一起 ---The car drew up alongside the kerb. 小汽车在路边停下来 ---The dog sat alongside its master. 狗坐在主人旁边 ad. along the side 在旁边, 并排地 ---He returned, finding a boat mooring alongside. 回来时,他发现有条小船停靠在一旁 stretch vt. 1. make sth. longer, wider or tighter by pulling 拉长,拉紧,伸展 ---The hat is small for John, so he stretched it to fit his head. 这顶帽子对于约翰来说小了, 于是他把帽子撑一撑以便戴着合适. ---In some tropical regions small boats used to be made of skins stretched over a wooden frame.过去有些热带地区小船是用兽皮绷在一个木头框子上造成的。 2. cause to go as far as possible or beyond the usual limit 使尽全力, 到(超过)……的极限 ---You can’t stretch the rules to suit yourself. 你不能为你自己而牵强附会解释这些规章 ---He stretched the truth by saying he achieved great success in the U.S. 他说自己在美国很成功的说法其实是言过其实了. 3. extend and thrust out 伸展，伸长（身体或四肢） ---He stretched his legs in front of him.他往前伸腿。 ---I stretched out my hand towards the book. 我把手伸向这本书。 vi. ( a piece of land or water, etc.) spread over a large area or distance扩展,延伸,延续 ---The road stretched across the desert into the distance.这条路穿过沙漠伸向远方 ---The ocean stretched as far as they could see on all sides. 海洋十分辽阔, 他们极目远眺, 一望无际 settlement n. 1. [U] the movement of a new population into a place to live there 殖民, 移民, 拓居 ---The gradual settlement of the American west led to development of its economy. 逐渐向西部开拓的殖民过程带来了经济的发展 ---The settlement of Africa by white people started 500 years ago. 由白人进行的向非洲移民开始于500年前 2.[C,U] an agreement, usu. official, that ends an argument; the act of reaching agreement 解决, 协议 ---The strikers reached a settlement with the employers.罢工的人已同雇主达成协议 frontier n. 1. [C] the border between two countries, or (esp. in the past in the US) the border between cultivated land where people live and wild land边境,边界, 边远地区 (Brit.) frontier -------(US) border 两国边界 2. [C] (usu. pl.) the border between what is known and what is not known前沿,新领域 ---The frontiers of medical knowledge are being pushed farther outwards as time goes on. 医学知识的新领域正随着时间向前推进。 herd n.[C] a large group of animals of the same type that live and feed together兽群,牧群 ---a herd of elephants一群大象 (c.f. a flock of birds, sheep/ a school of fish, etc) vt. move or drive forward as a herd in a certain direction 使集中在一起, 赶在一起 ---The prisoners were herded onto the train. 一群犯人被驱赶着押送上了火车 ---The farmer herded the cows into his cowshed.农民把牛群赶到自己的牛棚里 inspect vt. 1. look at sth. closely or in great detail 检查 ---The customs officer inspected my passport suspiciously. 海关官员颇为怀疑地检查了我的护照 ---He inspected the car before he bought it.他买这辆车之前仔细检查了一下。 2. make an official visit to make sure that rules are being obeyed, work is being done properly, etc. 视察 ---The government sent sb. to inspect our school. 政府派人来视察我们学校 contract n. [C] a legal document that states and explains a formal agreement between two different people or groups 合同, 契约 ---You shouldn’t sign a contract until you have studied its provisions carefully. 你应该先仔细研究合同的条款, 然后在签订. ---We have a contract with the Government for the supply of vehicles. 我们在提供车辆方面与政府订有合约. ---We haven’t the resources to do the work ourselves, so we’ll put it out to contract. 我们自己无法做这项工作, 所以要承包出去. v. 1. make a written legal agreement with sb. for a purpose 订合同, 订契约 ---Their firm have contracted to build a double-purpose bridge across the river. 他们公司已签约承建一座横跨大江的两用大桥。 ---Having contracted with them to do the repairs, we cannot withdraw now. 我们与他们订有维修合约, 现在不能撤销 2. 缩起来, 变狭, 收缩, 缩写 ---Metal contracts as it cools.金属遇冷收缩。 ---'I am' is usually contracted to 'I'm' in oral speech. 'I am'在口语中常常缩略为'I'm'。 evolve v. (cause to ) develop gradually (使) 演变, 演化, 发展 ---He has evolved a new theory after many years of research. 经过多年的研究, 他总结出了新的理论. ---Many Victorians were shocked by the notion that Man had evolved from lower forms of life. 在维多利亚时代, 许多人对于人是由低级生物进化而来的见解大为震惊. recruit vt. persuade sb. to become a new member of an organization, esp. the army 招募, 征兵; 吸收(新成员) ---The club is recruiting new sports lovers. 俱乐部在招收新的体育爱好者 n. [C] a new member of an organization, esp. the army 新兵, 新成员 ---The company is seeking recruits among the young unemployed. 该公司正在年轻失业者中间招收新成员. ---Commander is drilling recruits on the parade ground. 指挥官在练兵场上训练新兵 work on sth. have sth. as the subject of thought or effort 从事于, 致力于 ---He is working on a new novel. 他正在写一部新小说. ---I want to work on perfecting my style before trying anything new. 在尝试新的东西之前,我想努力改进我的风格 work out算出, 解决, 锻炼, 结果 ---I work out regularly to keep fit. 我经常锻炼身体以保持健康 ---Can you work out what these squiggles mean? 你能辨认出这些潦草的字迹是什么意思吗? ---The general worked out a new plan of attack. 将军制定出了新的进攻方案 work sb. over 痛打 ---He’d been worked over by the gang for giving information to the police. 他向警方报信而遭那群歹徒毒打 go ahead continue, advance继续, 进行 ---Despite the bad weather, the fete will go ahead. 尽管天气不好, 游乐会照常举行 ---“May I start now?” “Yes, go ahead.” “我现在可以开始了吗?” “可以,开始吧.” ---The government intends to go ahead with its privatization plans.政府拟推行私有化计划 go against be opposed to or contrary to 与……相反, 违背 ---He went against the advice of his colleagues and resigned. 他不顾同事的劝告, 辞职了. ---Paying for hospital treatment goes against her socialist principles. 付给医院医疗费是有违她的社会主义原则的 go after 追逐, 追踪, 设法得到, 追求 ---He is going after the burglars. 他在追赶那些盗贼 ---He goes after every woman he meets. 他对女士见一个追一个 ---We’re going after the same job. 我俩都在谋求这份工作. go in for参加；应试; 酷爱；嗜好; 从事 ---His brother doesn't go in for sports. 他弟弟没有参加运动的习惯。 ---Young people should never simply go in for material comforts. 年青人永远也不应一味地追求物质享受。 for sale intended to be sold 出售, 待售 ---She has put her house up for sale.她的房子现在出售 ---I’m afraid the painting is not for sale. 恐怕这幅画不卖 on sale 出售, 上市, 廉价出售 ---I got this dress on sale. 我买了件廉价的裙子. come up with find or produce (an answer, a solution, etc.) 找到,想到(答案、解决办法等) ---She came up with a new idea for increasing sales. 她想出了增加销售量的新主意 ---He couldn't come up with an appropriate answer just at the time. 那时他想不出一个合适的答案。 come across 偶遇；碰到 (= come upon); 发生效果；受欢迎 ---We've just come across an old friend we haven't seen for ages. 我们刚碰到了一位多年不见的老朋友。 ---Your speech came across very well.你的演说极受欢迎。 come to 涉及；谈及; 获致；到达；共计; 苏醒 ---When it comes to politics I know nothing.谈到政治，我一无所知。 ---They came to the conclusion that they had made an unforgivable mistake. 他们得到的结论是他们犯了一个不可饶恕的错误。 ---The bill came to $5.50.账款共计5美元50美分。 ---When he came to, he found himself in hospital. 醒来时, 他发现自己在医院里 name after give(sb./sth.) the name of sb. as an honor 以某人姓名命名 ---The child was named after its father. 那孩子是按父亲的名字命名的 ---Tasmania was named after it discoverer, A.J.Tasman. 塔斯曼尼亚岛是以发现者塔斯曼的名字命名的 in the name of 以…的名义；为了…的缘故；凭…的权威 ---He attended the party in the name of his father. 他以他父亲的名义参加聚会。 ---I arrest you in the name of the law. 我以法律的名义逮捕你 save …from… prevent sb./sth. from having or doing sth. bad 拯救, 使免于 ---Jesus Christ came into the world to save us from our sins.基督降世拯救我们摆脱罪恶 ---Can the school be saved from closure? 能保全学校不致关闭吗? save prep./ conj except 除了 ---We know nothing about her save that her surname is Jones. 我们除了知道她姓琼斯外, 对她全然不知 --- All is lost save honor. 除荣誉外一切都丧失了。 run away from suddenly leave or escape from sb. or a place 突然离开, 逃离 ---Her suicide bid was an attempt to run away from reality. 她想自杀就是要逃避现实 run away with 偷走, 轻松赢得 ---A cashier ran away with the day’s taking. 出纳员卷走了当天的进款 ---The champion ran away with the match. 这个冠军得来不费吹灰之力 in the long run最后, 从长远来看 ---It'll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather. 使用真正的皮革终究是比较便宜的。 Ex. Choose the best answer If the fire alarm is sounded, all residents are requested to ______ in the courtyard. A. collect B. assemble C. crowd D. accumulate Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the medium is ______. A. granted B. implied C. exaggerated D. claimed In many cultures people who were thought to have the ability to ____ dreams were likely to be highly respected. A. interpret B. intervene C. interview D. impart Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, ____themselves. A. expanding B. lasting C. extending D. stretching The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to ____the investment plan within a week. A. work out B. work over C. work out D. set out David likes country life and has decided to ______ farming. A. get along with B. go against C. go in for D. go ahead Very few scientists ___ completely new answer to the world’s problems. A. come up to B. come up with C. come across D. come to The bridge was named _____ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people. A. with B. by C. from D. after I got this walkman ____; it was very cheap. A. on purpose B. on sale C. on average D. on guard His mistress _______ all his savings, but she was caught years later. A. ran away from B. ran away C. in the long run D. ran away with Language Points He needed someone whose face represented suffering yet strength, someone more severe than beautiful. (Para.3) Meaning: He needed someone whose face showed that she had suffered a lot but remained strong, someone who looked more plain than attractive. Before all the different types of Barbie dolls for sale now, there was just a single Barbie. (Para. 6) This sentence implies that the existence of Barbie, who was a real person, came before all kinds of Barbie dolls on the market. …a joke gift for adults described as having the appearance of “a woman who sold sex”. (Para.7) Meaning: …a gift for adults which is intended as a joke and which is described as having the appearance of “ a woman who sold sex”. Mattel refashioned the doll into a decent, all-American—although with an exaggerated breast size—version and named it after Barbara, who was then a teenager. ( Para.7) Meaning: Mattel Toy Company changed the doll into a model that was respectable, purely American, yet with big breasts, and named the new-born doll after Barbara, who was just a teenager at that time. “decent, all-American” modifies the word “version” Now more than sixty years old, Barbara—who declines interviews but is said to have loved the doll—may be the most famous unknown figure on the planet. (Para.9) Meaning: Barbara, who is now more than sixty years old and who refuses interviews but is said to have loved the doll, is probably the most famous person in the world with her real name being unknown. The real Ken, who died in 1994, was disgusted by the doll that made his family famous. (Para.10) Meaning: The real Ken, who died in 1994, disliked the doll that made his family famous. Grant Wood instantly rose to fame in 1930 with his painting American Gothic, an often-copied interpretation of the solemn pride of American farmers. (Para.12) Meaning: Grant Wood became famous immediately when he finished his painting American Gothic in 1930. The painting, which is often copied in other forms of art such as poster, cards, and souvenirs, reflects his understanding of the sincere pride of American farmers. …but the faces in his composition were what captured the world’s attention. (Para.12) Meaning: …but the faces in his painting were the most attractive. He stretched the model’s necks a bit, but there was no doubt who posed for the portrait. (Para.13) Meaning: He made the models’ necks a bit longer in the painting, but doubtlessly people would know who was sitting for the painting. no doubt: very probably ---No doubt he will help us if we ask him. 如果我们请他帮忙,他准会帮助我们 ---No doubt he means to help, but in fact he just gets in the way. 很可能他原意是要帮忙,但事实上他净碍事 Nan later remarked that the fame she gained from American Gothic saved her from a very boring life. (Para.14) Meaning: Nan said later that the painting American Gothic helped her come to fame and prevented her from living a dull life. But the Buffalo nickel, produced from 1913 to 1938, honored a pair of connected tragedies from the settlement of the American frontier—the destruction of the buffalo herds and the American Indians. (Para.16) Meaning: But the Buffalo nickel, which was produced from 1913 to 1938, honored two tragedies—the killing of the buffalo herds and the destruction of the American Indians—which were closely connected and took place as the result of the settlement of the American frontier. While white people had previously been used as models for most American coins, famed artists James Earle Fraser went against tradition by using three actual American Indians as models for his creation. (Para.17) Meaning: In the previous years coin makers had used white people as models for most American coins. In contrast, James Earle Fraser, who was a famous artist, broke this tradition and used three actual American Indians as models for his creation.( One was Two Moons of the Cheyenne, the second was Iron Tail of the Sioux, and the third’s identity was uncertain but may have been Big Tree of the Kiowa.) Barrels of meat supplied to the army were stamped “EA-US”, identifying the company(EA) and the country of origin. (Para.21) Meaning: The letters of “EA-US” were stamped on all barrels of meat that were supplied to the US army, with EA standing for the company that supplied the meat and US standing for the country where the meat was made. Grammar Enrichment 分词的独立结构 1) 分词作状语时,要特别注意逻辑主语须和谓语动词的主语一致,否则, 分词必须有自己的主语, 以免逻辑混乱. 这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构. 如: ---The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their march. (The rain had stopped. The soldiers continued their march.) stop 的逻辑主语为rain, 不可省略,意指雨停后, 士兵们继续前行; 否则当改为 Having stopped, the soldiers continued their march 时, 则指士兵们停下之后,又继续前 行, 意义改变 ---The boys returned, their face covered with sweat. (The boys returned. Their face was covered with sweat) 译: 男孩们回来了, 满头大汗的. 省略their face, 则为The boys retuned, covered with sweat. 男孩们回来了, 全身是汗 2) 分词作状语时, 一般来说, 现在分词表示的意义是主动的, 进行的; 过去分词表示的意义是被动的, 完成的 ---He runs on the playground, the ground covered with snow. (省略原句的be 动词) (原句: He runs on the playground. The ground is covered with snow. ) ---Marie did homework, her hands clicking out the answers. (原句: Marie did homework. Her hands clicked out the answers.) Ex. The robber was brought to the judge, _________. A. his hands were tied B. his hands to be tied C. his hands tied D. his hands tying. _______, they went swimming. A. Being a hot day B. It was a hot day C. It was hot D. It being hot All flights ________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. [99-1] A. had been canceled B. have been canceled C. were canceled D. having been canceled _______ by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but to surrender. A. To be surrounded B. Surrounded C. Having surrounded D. Surrounding Having finished his term paper before the deadline, ___to the professor before the class. A. he delivered it B. it was delivered C. it delivered D. he had delivered it His son ______ sick, Mr. Smith had to ask for leave _______ him. A. being…to look after B. was…looking after C. has been… to look after D. was…to look after So many directors ______, the board meeting had to be put off. [00-12] A. were absent B. been absent C. being absent D. had been absent It___ now pretty late, we took our candles and retired to our room. A. is B. being C. was D. turned ______ the weather forecast, _________out of the harbor. A. Having heard… the boat did not sail B. Hearing … the boat did not sail C. Heard… they did not sail the boat D. Having heard…they did not sail the boat All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off. [98-6] A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered Section B: Engelbreit’s the Name, Cute Is My Name Reading Skill: Appreciating Figurative Language Creating a figure of speech is usually more effective than using any fancy word. Readers are expected to interpret the implied meaning of a sentence. Sometimes it is difficult to make it. But after grasping the following rule and skill , you surely will have a better understanding of figurative language. When you read the sentences, the key point is to examine the language by asking yourself the following questions:? What comparisons are being made?? What mental pictures do they bring to your mind?? What ideas is the author trying to convey? The frequently used figures of speech are as follows: ---Now more than sixty years old, Barbara— who declines interviews but is said to have loved the doll — may be the most famous unknown figure on the planet. (Para. 9, A) 如今芭芭拉已有60 多岁了,她拒绝接受采访, 但据说非常喜欢芭比, 她可能是当今世上真名实姓不为人知 的最著名 的人物了. This is the so-called oxymoron（矛盾修饰法）, a figure of speech that combines two usually contradictory terms in a compressed paradox. According to the sentence, the doll Barbie named after Barbara is probably the most famous figure in the world on the one hand, and on the other, only a few know the real Barbara.? ---He was strongly influenced by medieval artists and inspired by the Gothic window of an old farmhouse, but the faces in his composition were what captured the world’s attention. (Para. 12, A) 伍德深受中世纪艺术家的影响, 他的灵感来自于一所古老农舍的哥特式窗户,但令 世界注目的是画中人物的脸. This is hyperbole（夸张法）— exaggeration for the sake of emphasis in a figure of speech not meant literally. According to the sentence, the faces are compared to something that is so unusual that they are eye-catching to everyone. ---He gathered up his belongings and ran away like the wind. 他卷上自己的财物, 像风一样地跑了 A simile (明喻)compares one thing to another, using such words as “like”, or “as…as”. In a simile, the writer usually compares the subject described with something that is familiar to most readers. According to the sentence, “he” ran as fast as “wind”. ---Her eyes are two black diamonds. 她的眼睛就像两颗黑色的钻石. A metaphor (暗喻)is simile taken a step farther. Such words as “like” and “as…as” are omitted. According to the sentence, you will find her eyes are shining, clear and bright like diamonds. ---The handkerchiefs on the tree waved him back. 树上的手帕在向他招手示意他回来 Personification(拟人法) is used to compare things to human being. Now the handkerchiefs are waving like a person, just doing what man does. When everything, including handkerchiefs, becomes alive, you definitely feel the warmth of life. Word Study cute a. 1. charming and attractive娇小可爱的 ---Isn’t she a cute baby? 她是多么逗人喜爱的宝宝啊! 2. clever聪明的, 伶俐的 ---It was cute of you to spot that. 你能把那个挑出来真是很机灵 ---I have had enough of your cute remarks. 你那些高论我已经听腻了 crush vt. 1. upset or shock sb. badly 压倒, 压垮 ---He felt completely crushed by her last remark. 他听到她的最后一席话感到深受凌辱 ---He has almost been crushed by failure. 他几乎被失败击跨了 2. defeat sb. /sth. completely 打败 ---The rebellion was crushed by government forces. 政府军已把叛乱镇压下去 ---They were determined to crush the enemies of their country.他们决心击败与祖国为敌的人 3. press sth. very hard so that it is broken 压碎, 压坏 ---Wine is made by crushing grapes. 葡萄酒是压榨葡萄制成的 ---Don’t crush the box; it has flowers in it. 别把盒子压破了, 里面有花 crash 撞击(发出声响), 猛撞, (企业,政府等)突然倒台, 崩溃 ---The dishes crashed to the floor. 碗碟哗啦一声掉在地板上 ---The plane crashed into the mountain. 飞机撞毁在山上 ---The company crashed with debts of $2 million.那家公司因欠债二百万美元而破产 astonish vt. surprise sb. greatly 使震惊, 使惊骇 --- He was astonished at what he found.他发现的情况使他十分惊讶。 ---We were astonished to hear that their football team had won the champion. 听说他们的足球队获得了冠军,这真叫人意想不到。 shock 使震惊, 使感到厌恶,愤怒, 恐惧等(多为负面影响) ---I was shocked at the news of her death. 我听到她的死讯十分震惊 ---He was shocked to hear his child swearing. 他听见他孩子骂人十分震惊 amaze 使惊奇,惊异(尤用于被动语态) ---He amazed everyone by passing his driving test. 他驾驶考试合格使大家很惊奇 ---We were amazed at the change in his appearance. 他的样子变得使我们大为惊讶 ---She was amazed that he was still alive. 他居然还活着令她很惊讶 bold a. 1. brave and confident; not afraid 勇敢的, 无畏的 ---The authority is making a bold scheme to rebuild the city center. 当局正在制定重建市中心的大胆计划 2. not shy, esp. in a way that show a lack of respect 冒失的,唐突的,鲁莽的, 厚颜的 --- It is hardly believable that such a pretty young lady is as bold as brass. 真是难以置信这样一位年青漂亮的太太竟然如此厚颜无耻。 ---She waited for him to invite her to dance, not wishing to seem bold. 她等他邀请她跳舞, 而不愿显得冒失 3. strongly marked; clearly formed 醒目的, 轮廓清晰的 ---Finally he saw the bold outline a mountain against the sky. 终于他看见了天空下衬托出的山的清晰轮廓 4. in thick, dark type 粗体的, 黑体的 ---The headwords in this dictionary are in bold type. 本辞典的词条用的是粗体 bare 1. not covered by clothing 裸露的 ---Don't walk on that broken glass with bare feet.不要光着脚走在那些碎玻璃上。 ---He caught the criminal with his bare hands.他徒手抓住了罪犯 2. empty; without its usual covering 空的, (表面)光秃的, 无遮盖的 ---The hill used to be covered with trees, but now it is bare. 这山过去树林密布,可现在光秃秃的 ---John rents a room bare of furniture. 约翰租了一间空无家具的房间 empty (内部) 空的, 空无一人的, 无意义的, 空虚的 ---Your glass is empty. 你的杯子空了 ---The cinema is half empty. 影院里有一半空着 ---My life feels empty now the children have left home. 孩子们离开了家, 我感到很空虚 vacant 空著的,空闲的(房子,房间,座位等), 空缺著的(职务、工作), 茫然若失的 ---Are there any rooms vacant in this hotel?这家旅馆有空房吗？ ---A number of people apply for a vacant position in an office许多人申请一个空缺的职务---He had a vacant expression on his face他脸上一副茫然的表情 distinct a. 1. different in kind; separate 种类不同的,有区别的,分开的 ---Those two suggestions are quite distinct from each other.这两个建议截然不同。 --- Silk is distinct from rayon in every respect.在各个方面真丝跟人造丝截然不同。 2. easily heard, seen, felt or understood; definite清楚的,清晰的, 明显的 ---There is a distinct improvement in your study.你的学习有显著进步。 ---The footprints are quite distinct; they must be fresh.足迹很清晰, 一定是不久前留下的 distinctive a.that distinguishes sth. by making it different from others有特色的,与众不同的 --- Alcohol has a very distinctive smell; it's quite distinct from the smell of wine. "酒精有独特的气味,它和葡萄酒的气味明显不同。" ---She had a distinctive appearance.她的外貌与众不同。 elaborate a. complicated; carefully prepared and finished 精细复杂的, 精心制作的 ---Waiters served elaborate five-course meal. 侍者们摆上了五道菜的一顿盛宴- ---The head made an elaborate plan to cope with the current situation. 领导制定了详尽的计划应对当前局势 v. describe or explain sth. in detail 详细叙述 --- The chairman just wanted the facts; You don't need to elaborate on them. "主席只想了解事实,你不必作详细说明。" ---Your understand the situation; I needn’t elaborate any further.你了解形势,我无需赘述 comprise vt. 1. have as parts or members 由……组成, 包括,包含 ---The house comprises ten rooms.这所房子包括10个房间。 ---The committee is comprised of five persons.该委员会由五人组成。 2. be the parts or members of 组成, 构成 --- Twenty chapters comprise Book One. 第一卷有二十章。 compose v. （由…）组成，构成 ---Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. 水是由氢和氧组成的。 consist （与of 连用） 组成，构成，包括，由…组成 ---The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 联合王国包括大不列颠与北爱尔兰。 ---His job consists of helping old people who live alone. 他的工作包括帮助无人照顾的独居老人。 acid a. 1. severe and sharp尖酸刻薄的, 讽刺的 ---His remarks were rather acid. 他的话很刻薄 2. having a sharp, sour taste 酸味的, 酸的 ---Vinegar has an acid taste. 醋有酸味 n. [U,C] 酸, 酸性物质 imaginary a. existing only in the mind; not real想象中的,虚构的,强调某物是想象的产物 ---He told a story about an imaginary land.他讲了一个关于虚构的地方的故事。 ---All the characters in this book are imaginary. 本书中所有人物均属虚构. imaginative a. 富于想象力的, 爱想象的 ---He was such an imaginative novelist that his novel became popular as soon as it was published. 他是一个想象力如此丰富的小说家,以至于小说一出版便大受欢迎 imaginable a. 可想象的, 想象得到的 ---We had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting here in time. 我们为了及时赶到此地, 经历了可以想见的最大的困难 ---Posters were plastered on every imaginable surface. 海报四处张贴, 任何你想得到的地方都有. feature vt. have as a prominent characteristic 以……为特征,给……以显著地位 ---Fish features largely in their diet.他们在食物方面的特色是以鱼为主。 ---Painting in her spare time features largely in her life. 业余时间内画画成为她生活中的一大特色。 n. 1. [C] a typical quality or important part 特点, 特征, 特色 ---Many examples and extra grammatical information are among the special features of this dictionary. 本辞典别具特色, 诸如例证多及新增语法要点等 ---It is the memorable feature of the Scottish landscape.这是苏格兰景色中令人难忘的特征 2. [C] any of the noticeable parts of the face, body, structure, etc. 面貌,相貌 ---Her eyes were her best feature.她的眼睛是她的容貌最漂亮的部分。 ---She is a woman of striking and delicate features. 她是个相貌动人, 秀气的女子 3. [C] a special article in a newspaper or magazine about a particular subject特写, 专题报道 ---This magazine will be running a special feature on education next week. 该杂志下周要发表一篇关于教育的专题文章 illustration n.1. [C] a drawing or picture in a book, magazine, etc.图解, 插图 ---"It's not a very good novel, but I like the illustrations." "这本小说不是很精采,但我喜欢里面的插图。" ---Illustration is often more useful than definition for what words mean. 图解往往比用定义更能解释词义. 2. [C,U] an example that makes a point or an idea clear 说明, 例证 ---The scientist cited vivid instances in illustration of his theory. 科学家以生动的例子说明他的理论。 ---Your behavior is a good illustration of your selfishness. 你的行为是你自私的最佳说明 classic n. [C] a famous book, play, etc. which has a lasting value经典作品,文学名著,杰作 ---Her daughter is particularly likes reading the classics of English literature. 她女儿特别喜欢读英国古典文学名著。 a. 1. important and having a lasting value 经典的, 一流的 ---That joke's a classic; it really is funny. (喻) "这个笑话确属一流,真是妙趣横生。" ---The novel was a classic work of the 19th century. 这部小说属19世纪经典作品 2. having a simple, traditional style which is always fashionable 传统样式的 ---Marathon is one of the classic events of the sporting calendar. 马拉松是体育运动日程表中的传统比赛项目之一 3. typical 典型的 ---The doctor thought it was the classic case of malnutrition. 医生认为这是营养不良的典型病例 classical a. 1 (指音乐) 古典的, 风格严谨而传统的 classical music 2. (指音乐)表现1750-1800年时期的, 古典派的 ---classical composers such as Mozart and Haydn 古典派作曲家如莫扎特和海顿 ---classical symphony 古典派交响乐 venture n. [C] a project which is new and often risky, because one cannot be sure that it will succeed 投机活动,商业冒险 ---The car-hire firm is their latest joint venture.这个出租汽车公司是他们最新的合资企业 ---Regardless of the statistics, he embarked on the risky venture. 他不顾这些数据, 还是从事了这个具有风险的企业项目 v. risk going somewhere or doing sth. that might be dangerous 冒险, 敢于 ---The mouse never ventured far from its hole. 老鼠从来不敢离开自己的窝太远 ---I’m not venturing out in this rain. 我可不敢冒雨外出 plunge v. 1.go, jump, dive, fall, etc. suddenly and with force into sth. 纵身投入,一头进入 ---The soldier plunged into cold water to save the boy. 士兵跳入冰水中救那个男孩 2. enter a certain state or condition (使) 陷入 ---The country was plunged into civil war after the death of the president. 总统死后,全国陷入了内战 ---The news plunged us into despair. 这条消息令我们陷入了绝望 3. move suddenly downward突然跌落 ---Share prices plunged as a result of the gloomy economic forecast. 由于预测到前景暗淡,股票价格大跌 sample n. [C] a small amount of sth. which can be tested to show what the rest is or should be like样品, 式样 ---The survey covers a representative sample of the population. 这项调查涉及到社会各阶层人士 --- Samples are presented free in the company. 本公司样品免费赠送。 vt. try out or examine sth. by taking a sample 抽样检查, 试用 ---I have sampled all the cakes and I like Jane's best. 我尝了所有的蛋糕，我最喜欢简的。 ---We sampled opinion among the workers about changes in working methods. 我们抽样调查工人们对改变工作方法的看法 license vt. give official permission for sth.给……发放许可证, 准许 ---We are sure that these purchases will soon be licensed.我们相信订货不久可得到批准。 ---Shops must be licensed to sell tobacco. 商店必须获准经销烟草 n. 1. [C] an official document showing that permission has been given to own, use or do sth. 许可证, 执照 --- The policeman asked to see his driving license.警察要求看他的驾驶执照。 2. [U] permission 许可, 准许 ---Why do you give these people license to enter the place at will? 你们为什么允许这些人随意进入该地? distribution n. 1. [U] the transport and supply of goods, etc. to various people or places (物资等的) 运送 ---The sales department is in charge of distribution of our products. 销售部在负责产品的运送 2. [U] giving or being given to each of several people 分发,分配 ---The distribution of leaflets to passers-by came to an end. 向行人分发传单的工作结束了 ---The distribution of profits among the work-force is fair. 在全体劳动者中进行分配是公平的 3. [C,U] arrangement of sth. within an area分布, 分布状态 ---Pines have a very wide distribution. 松树的分布很广 ---The mayor is introducing the distribution of schools in this district. 市长在介绍该地区的学校分布情况 turn down 1. refuse to accept 拒绝, 驳回 ---He tried to join the army but was turned down because of poor health. 他想参军, 但因身体不好被拒绝了. ---He asked Jane to marry him but she turned him down . 他要简嫁给他, 但她拒绝了 2. adjust in order to reduce heat, noise, etc. 将热度, 音量调低 ---Don’t forget to turn down the gas after an hour or so.别忘了过一小时左右把煤气关小点 ---Turn down the radio; I am trying to get some sleep. 收音机调低点, 我想睡会儿 turn up 上扬, 露面,到来, 音量放大 ---Investment is turning up sharply. 投资额急剧增长 ---We arranged to meet at 7.30, but he failed to turn up. 我们定在七点半见面, 可他没来 ---I can’t hear the radio very well. Could you turn it up a bit? 收音机我听不大清, 声音开大点好吗? appear on be able to be seen 在……上出现 --- The sun appeared on the horizon.太阳在地平线上出现。 ---A rash has appeared on his body. 他身上出了丘疹 show up appear 出现,显现 ---We were hoping for a full team today but only five players showed up. 今天我们希望全体队员都到齐, 但只来了五个 ---The dust on the shelf shows up in the sunlight. 在阳光照射下能看见架子上有灰尘 show off 炫耀自己的财富, 智慧等 ---The child danced around the room, showing off to everyone. 那孩子满屋子跳舞, 向大家显一番 ---Do stop showing off; it’s embarrassing. 别卖弄了, 太难为情了 date back to/ date from have existed since 始于, 回溯到 ---Our partnership dates back to 1960. 我们从1960 年就合伙了 ---This castle dates from the 14th century. 这座城堡建于14 世纪 take off suddenly become successful or popular (思想, 产品等) 突然受欢迎, 流行 ---Sales of home computers have taken off in recent years.家用电脑的销售量近年来上升很快 起飞, 模仿, 脱去, 休假 ---The plane took off despite the fog. 尽管有雾, 飞机仍照常起飞 ---She took off the Prime Minister to perfection. 她模仿首相的样子惟妙惟肖 ---You are expected to take off your coat before entering room.进房前得脱了外衣 ---I’m taking next week off work. 我下周要休假 Language Points Mary Engelbreit was a talented but struggling artist in her mid-twenties when she flew to New York from her native Saint Louis, hoping to find work illustrating children’s books—her life’s goal. (Para.1) Meaning: When she flew to New York from her native land Saint Louis, Mary Engelbreit was a talented young artist who tried hard to succeed. Her hope at that time was to find work making pictures for children's books. That was also her life's goal. "I was crushed", Engelbreit admits. (Para. 2) Meaning: “I was badly upset,” Engelbreit admits. (or “My heart was broken,” Engelbreit admits.) Greeting cards seemed a come-down from her high expectations, but the advice stayed with her, and she decided to give it a try. (Para. 2) Meaning: She didn't expect to draw greeting cards at all for she had aimed very high, but in spite of the disappointment, she took the advice and decided to have a try at greeting cards. The results transformed her life forever. ( Para.2) Meaning: As a result, she achieved such great success in greeting cards that it changed her life forever. (or The results of her trying were so wonderful that they changed her life forever.) Annual retail sales are in the $100 million range — all as a result of that fateful, disappointing trip to New York. (Para. 3) Meaning: The range of retail sales per year is about $100 million. All this results from that important trip to New York that disappointed her at first. It's probably no accident that one of Engelbreit's bolder cards shows a young girl in overalls, her bare feet up on a desk, a farm field in the window behind her. (Para. 3) Meaning: Probably it is not by chance that one of Engelbreit's daring cards shows a young girl dressed in overalls, with her bare feet up on a desk and a farm field in the window behind her. Once you know Engelbreit's distinctive style, you can recognize her cards from 20 paces away — bright, funny, and with an eye to the past. (Para. 4) Meaning: Once you get familiar with Engelbreit's unique style, you can tell her cards from 20 paces away: they are bright, funny, with a feeling of affection for things in the past. Her cards usually have elaborate border designs comprised of repeated images… (Para. 4) Meaning: Her cards usually have beautiful and complex border designs that consist of images used over and again… Most often, there's Ann Estelle, a woman with short, straight hair, big glasses, hat and an acid tongue. (Para. 4) (a woman with) an acid tongue: (a woman who has) a sharp tongue; (a woman who is) very critical of others Ann Estelle (named after her grandmother) is the imaginary representative of Mary's outlook. (Para. 4) Meaning: Ann Estelle (who was named after her grandmother) is a created image that represents Mary's views on life. Indeed, it's her trademark. (Para. 5) Meaning: Indeed, being cute is her distinctive feature. Here “it” refers to cuteness. Her business card once featured a drawing of Ann Estelle, cigar in her mouth and drink in hand, with the message “Engelbreit's the Name, Cute Is My Game.” (Para. 5) Meaning: Her business card once showed a drawing of Ann Estelle in a noticeable way: a cigar in her mouth and a drink in her hand. It also had a line on it: "Engelbreit is the Name, Cute Is My Game." She ignored her teachers' advice to become an English teacher and didn't bother with going on to a university because “I was ready to plunge into my life as an artist.” (Para. 8) Meaning: She didn't take her teachers' advice that she should become an English teacher, nor did she take the trouble to go on to study in a university because, as she says, "I was ready to start my life as an artist." Her work became “pictures of daily life, things everyone's been through”. (Para. 10) Meaning: Her work became "pictures of daily life, things that everyone has been familiar with". In 1986 she licensed the copyrights to the cards to Sunrise Publications, who now manages their production and distribution, allowing her to focus on other projects. (Para. 11) Meaning: In 1986, she gave the right to use the cards to Sunrise Publications, who now manages the production and sales of their products. This allowed her the time and energy to concentrate on other projects. Despite her success, Engelbreit's feet are planted firmly on the ground. (Para. 12) Meaning: Although she has achieved great success, Engelbreit is still very realistic. …has many friends dating back to school years,… (Para. 12) Meaning: … has many old friends she met and knew during school years… With her work taking off in so many directions,… (Para. 13) Meaning: As her work was successful in so many ways,…