Unit 2 Section A Iron and the Effects of Exercise Warm-up Questions Why do women often not have enough iron in their bodies? If iron levels are low, what problems can women experience? What can you eat to get enough iron in your daily meals? Related Information 现代女性健美标准   ??? 社会发展到今天，无论是生产、生活还是审美，都要求现代女性应该是结实精干、富有区别于男子的曲线美，既不失女性的妩媚，又足以担起社会责任，从体型来说，现代女性是以“健美匀称”为标准。 　　除了要符合上述一般人应具备的健康标准之外，还应该具备以下标准，才能符合现代的健美要求。 　　骨骼 　　匀称、适度的骨骼应是站立时，头、颈、躯干和脚的纵轴线在一垂线上；肩稍宽，腰椎、臀骨、腿骨发育良好，无畸形；头、躯干、四肢的比例及头、颈、胸的联结适度；上下身比例符合“黄金分割”定律，即以肚脐为界，上下身之比为五比八。若是身高160厘米，体重和其他各部位较理想的标准是：体重50公斤左右，肩宽36厘米至38厘米，胸围84厘米至86厘米，腰围60厘米至62厘米，臀围86厘米至88厘米。 　　肌肉 　　肌肉健美表现在富有弹性和显示出人体形态的一种协调，过胖、过瘦、臃肿松软或肩、臂、胸部细小无力，以及由于某原因造成身体某部分肌肉过于瘦弱或过于发达，都不能称为肌肉美。 　　肤色 　　肤色能反映人的精神面貌，与人的气质有较多的联系。我们一般对肤色美的认同标准是红润而有光泽。就全球而言，不强求以某一种肤色为标准，但以比较细腻为好。 ?    女性饮食补铁有误区   中南大学湘雅医学院医学博士? 袁小瑜?????????????? ??? 世界卫生组织的调查表明，大约有50％的女童、20％的成年女性、40％的孕妇会发生缺铁性贫血。因为女性的生理特点决定了女性易发生贫血。但是女性在饮食方面存在一些认识误区和行为习惯，也是导致缺铁性贫血的重要原因。 　　误区一：肉食损害健康部分女性受媒体广告的误导，只注重植物性食品的保健功效，导致富含铁元素的动物性食品摄入过少。实际上，动物性食物不仅含铁丰富，其吸收率也高，达25％。而植物性食物中的铁元素受食物中所含的植酸盐、草酸盐等的干扰，吸收率很低，约为3％。因此，忌肉容易引起缺铁性贫血。 　　误区二：吃鸡蛋喝牛奶营养足够牛奶的铁含量很低，且吸收率只有10％。鸡蛋中的某些蛋白质还会抑制铁质的吸收。例如，用牛奶喂养的婴幼儿，如果忽视添加辅食，常会引起缺铁性贫血，即“牛奶性贫血”。因此，牛奶鸡蛋虽然营养丰富，但要依赖它们来补充铁质则不足取。 　　误区三：蔬菜水果无益补铁许多人不知道多吃蔬菜、水果对补铁也是有好处的。这是因为蔬菜水果中富含维生素C、柠檬酸及苹果酸，这类有机酸可与铁形成络合物，从而增加铁在肠道内的溶解度，有利于铁的吸收。 　　误区四：嗜饮咖啡与茶对女性来说，过量地饮用咖啡和茶有可能导致缺铁性贫血。这是因为茶叶中的鞣酸和咖啡中的多酚类物质可以与铁形成难以溶解的盐类，抑制铁质吸收。因此，女性饮用咖啡和茶应该适可而止，一天1～2杯足矣。 　　当然，除了营养因素以外，缺铁性贫血还可能由疾病引起。例如痔疮、肿瘤、消化道溃疡、长期服用阿司匹林等。所以，发生了贫血，要及时到医院就诊，以明确诊断，正确治疗。 ??????????????????     Text Structure Analysis The essay can be structurally divided into three parts.? ??? Part 1: This part consists of 3 paragraphs, from Paragraph 1 to Paragraph 3. The central topic is that exercise, even moderate exercise, may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. Then three groups of people are mentioned as suffering from iron deficiency: endurance athletes, women starters of a program of moderate exercise showing evidence of iron loss and new exercisers with the normal diet showing a decrease in iron levels. Part 2: This part is made up of 3 paragraphs, from Paragraph 4 to Paragraph 6. Paragraph 4 tells us that iron deficiency is very common among women and the general causes for it. Paragraph 5 deals with one specific cause: the average woman takes in only two thirds of the recommended daily allowance for iron and any additional iron loss from exercise may be enough to tip her over the edge into a more serious deficiency. Paragraph 6 deals with another specific cause: exercise can result in iron loss through a variety of mechanisms.? Part 3: This part is made up of 6 paragraphs, from Paragraph 7 to Paragraph 12. ??? Paragraphs 7 and 8 tell us there are three stages of iron deficiency and that if you’re stage 3, it means your iron reserves go to zero and you’re in trouble. Paragraph 9 recommends one way to check the amount of iron storage in the blood. Paragraphs 10 to 12 suggest specific ways to correct iron deficiency in blood. Paragraph 10 is about adding more iron-rich foods to the diet, Paragraph 11 about selecting food with “iron-added” labels, cooking food in iron pans and avoiding coffee or tea with meals and Paragraph 12 about paying attention to warning signs of iron deficiency before iron reserves are gone. Word Study endurance n. 忍耐(力), 持久(力), 耐久(性) Long distance runners need great endurance. 长跑运动员需要有很大的耐力 A marathon tests a runner's endurance. 马拉松赛可测出一个跑步运动员的耐力 beyond [past] endurance 忍不住, 不可耐, 忍无可忍 come to the end of one's endurance 已不能再忍受, 忍无可忍 2. moderate adj. 有节制的, 稳健的; 温和的 中庸的; 中等的;适度的,普通的;[美俚](人等)迟钝的 be moderate in drinking饮酒适量 moderate politicians稳健的政治家 a moderate income稳定的收入 at moderate speed中等的速度 3.evidence n.（常与for, of连用）证据；证词 Can you show me any evidence for your statement?你能给我看你供词的证据吗？ A smile gives evidence of her consent.微笑表明她同意。 in evidence明显的，显而易见的 Mrs. Jones was much in evidence at the party.琼斯夫人在晚会上很突出。 turn Queen's evidence作检举同案犯的证人 (= turn King's evidence) 4.journal n.(1)日志；日记 (2)期刊；报刊 The doctor reads the Journal of Medical Science.这位医生在阅读《医学科学》杂志。 a medical journal医学杂志 a monthly journal月刊 5. consume vt., vi.(1)吃，喝 (2)消耗；消费；花费 His old car consumed much gasoline.他的旧汽车耗油很多。 a project that consumed most of my time and energy.耗尽我大部分时间和精力的计划 (3)毁灭；烧毁The fire soon consumed the old wooden buildings in the neighbourhood. 大火很快就烧毁了这一带的旧木头房子。 be consumed with因...而变得憔悴， 给...弄得心劳神疲 consume away消耗掉； 憔悴； 枯萎凋谢 Her face consumed away.她的面容憔悴不堪。 The flowers consumed away.花枯萎了。 6. supplement n.补充(物), 增补(物)(书报的)补遗, 补编, 附录, 增刊;【数】补角; 补弧 Sunday supplement 星期天附刊 The Times Literary S- 泰晤士文学增刊[书译周刊] feed supplement饲料添加剂 petroleum supplements石油代用品 vt.补充, 增补 supplement one's ordinary income by writing books著书以增加正常的收入 7. bounce vi., vt.（球）跳起，弹回；（使球）弹起 The children were bouncing a ball.孩子们在拍皮球。 （常与about, up, in out连用）乱蹦；乱跳；跳上跳下 She bounced the baby.她让孩子跳上跳下。 Just at the moment his brother bounced into the room.就在这时他弟弟猛然冲进房来。 n.（球）跳起；弹回 The ball has plenty of bounce.球的弹力很好。 The ball gave a high bounce.球高高地弹起来。 活泼；顽皮She has a lot of bounce.她充满活力。 8. respectively adv.各自地, 分别地 She gave beer to the man and a toy to the baby, respectively. 她分别给男人啤酒，给婴儿一个玩具。 I'm referring to each of you respectively.我将逐个提到你们中的每一个。 9. ratio n.比, 比率 direct ratio正比 The ratio of 7 to 4 is written 7:4 or 7/4.七比四写作7∶4或7/4 10.restrict vt. 限制, 约束, 限定 to restrict oneself to two cigarettes a day限制每天吸两枝香烟 be restricted within narrow limits限于狭窄的范围内 be restricted in one's movements行动受约束 be restricted by time[law]受时间[法律]限制 Discussion at the meeting is restricted to the agenda.这次会上的讨论只限于议程上的项目。 11.liable adj.（常与to连用）易于…的，有…倾向的 It is liable to rain.要下雨。 In a depression banks are liable to fail.在经济萧条期间，银行很可能倒闭 （常与for连用）负有责任的，负责的 liable for military service.有服兵役的义务 I am not liable for other people's debts.我对其他人的债务不负责任。 Liable，apt和 likely在如下不定式结构中经常可以互换，例如 John is liable to lose. John is apt to lose.和 John is likely to lose.这三个词的意思是有区别的。一条公认的语法规则认为，只有当主语受不定式所表示的动作或结果的不利影响时，才使用 liable。因此这条规则允许说 如果约翰不坐直身子的话，他很容易从椅子上掉下来的，但不允许说 椅子可能很滑，尽管在规范的写作中，后一种类型的句型已经很普遍了。 Apt通常表示主语有增加某种结果的可能性的自然倾向，而且说话者对此结果多少有些忧虑。Likely比 liable或 apt更具概括性。它并不说明增加了一个结果的可能性的主语是否具有何特性。另外，它也没有关于说话者或主语是否喜欢某一结果的暗示。如果一位足球教练说 We are apt to win，他可能带有讽刺意味，但如果他说 We are liable to win，他的意思是他认为他们可能会输；只有说 We are likely to win，才明确表示有希望获胜。 12.allowance n.(1)定量分配, 给与额津贴 (2)补助, 零用钱 put one on an allowance of bread使某人分享定量的面包 My monthly allowance is 50 yuan.我每月的津贴是50元。 13.digest vt., vi. (1)消化 Sugar digests easily.糖容易消化。 Some girls can't digest fat.有些女孩子吃肥肉不消化。 This food digests well.这食物容易消化。 (2)领会；领悟；融会贯通 digest everything in the book领会了书中的一切 digestive adj.消化的, 有助消化的 digestive power消化力 digestive juice [fluid]消化液 14.phenomenon n. (pl. phenomena) 现象 a social phenomenon社会现象 the phenomenon of nature自然现象 15.vessel n. (1)器皿；容器 A pot is a vessel for holding food.锅是盛食物的器皿。 (2)船；舰 There were many vessels in the harbor today.今天港口有许多船只。 (3)血管，脉管 16.typical adj. (1)典型的；具有代表性的；象征性的 He is a typical pupil; he is like most of the other pupils. 他是一个有代表性的学生，他和大多数其他学生一样。 The typical family may remain childless and consist only of a man and a woman. 普通的家庭可能不带孩子,只有一男一女。 (2)（常与of连用）特有的，具有…特征的 a composition typical of the baroque period.典型的巴洛克时期的作品 typically adv.代表性地, 作为特色地 17.fatigue n.疲乏, 疲劳, 累活, [军]杂役 pale with fatigue疲惫的苍白 the fatigue of a long hike.一次长途跋涉的劳累 18.molecule n.分子 A molecule is made up of atoms.分子由原子组成。 19.calculate vt., vi. （1）计算；估计；推算 Our price has already been closely calculated. There is no room for reduction. 我们的价格是经过精密计算的，无让步余地。 I calculate that Aunt Lena will arrive at 8.00 p.m.我估计李娜阿姨将于下午八点到达。 （2）计划；安排，打算 The room is not calculated for such use.这房间不是打算做这种用途的。 （3）指望，依靠 We cannot calculate on his help.我们不能指望他的帮助。 ★calculate compute estimate都含“计算”的意思。 calculate指“通过计算或运算以解决疑难的题目或问题 ”, 如:calculate the velocity of light计算光的速度。 compute 指“简单的数学计算”, 如:compute the volume of a cylinder计算汽缸的容积。 estimate 指根据经验、知识或判断作出估计、估算, 含有“近似、概略”之意, 如: estimate the cost of building a house估算造一座房子的费用。 20.sufficient adj.足够的, 充分的 be sufficient for sb.'s needs足够满足某人的需要 Not sufficient !存款不足(略 N/S)。 The pension is not sufficient for living expenses. 这年金不够应付生活费用。 21.compound n.(1)复合物； 复合剂， 混合物 (2)【语】复合词；【化】化合物 Many words are compounds.许多词是复合词。 Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen.水是氢和氧的化合物。 22.indicate vt. (1)指示; 指出 A signpost indicated the right road for us to follow.路标指给我们应走的路。 A signpost indicated the right road for us to follow.一个路标给我们指出应走的路。 (2)表明; 显示; 象征; 暗示 Fever indicates sickness.身体发烧表明有病。 In this map, the towns are indicated by a red dot.在这张地图上，城镇是用小红点标的。 23.storage n(1)贮藏, 保管(2)栈房, 仓库(3)蓄电(瓶) place the goods in storage把货物贮藏起来 a locker storage密闭仓 storage battery蓄电池(组) cold storage冷藏; 冷藏库; 搁置, 贮藏 24.advisable adj.适当的；明智的；可取的 It is advisable to leave now. 你最好现在离开。 It is not advisable just to sit there brooding about the unpleasant bygones. 老是坐在那里闷闷不乐地想着过去那些不愉快的事情并不好。 25.yearly adj.每年的，年年的，每年一次的 We pay a yearly visit to my uncle. 我们每年都要看望我的叔叔。 The yearly output pf the portable computers in the factory approximates to 50,000. 该工厂的袖珍计算机年产量约为五万台。 As usual, the yearly audit will take place in December. 跟往常一样,年度审计将在十二月份进行。 26.physician n.医, (内科)医生; [美](一般)医师; [口]医学博士 consult a physician 请医生看病 a house [resident] physician 内科住院医生 the physician in charge 主治医师 a visiting physician 出诊医生 I have had myself carefully examined by physicians. 我已请医生给我仔细检查过了。 He is under the care of a physician. 他正接受一位内科医生的治疗。 27.modify vt.(1)变更, 修改(2)缓和, 减轻; 调节; 限制 modify one's demands 降低要求 modify the terms of a contract 修正合同条款 You'd better modify your tone. 你最好说得婉转一点。 The equipment may be modified to produce VCD sets. 这设备可以经过改装用来生产光碟机。 28.undo vt.(1)解开；打开；松开 She undid the string round the parcel. 她解开了绕在包裹上的绳子。 His buttons were undone. 他的钮扣被解开了。 (2)取消，废除 (3)破坏，毁坏 In 5 minutes he undid my whole day's work.他五分钟就把我花一整天做成的事给毁坏了。 His pride will undo him some day. 他的傲慢总有一天会毁了他。 What is done cannot be undone. [谚]覆水难收(事已定局, 无可挽回)。 29.derive vt.(1)获得, 导出(from) (2)起源于, 出自 derive itself from 由...而来, 源出 derive knowledge from books 从书中获得知识 Many English words are derived from Latin. 许多英语词汇源于拉丁文。 30.interfere vi.(1)（常与in连用）干涉，干预 interfere in sb.'s private affairs干涉某人的私事 I was playing with Jane, but Anne interfered and spoiled the game. 我正在和珍妮玩，可是安妮插了进来，把游戏给打乱了。 (2)（常与with连用）瞎弄，乱弄；干扰 I don't want to interfere with you; proceed with your work. "我不想打扰你了,你继续工作吧。" Don't interfere with him. He's preparing for the final exams. "他在为期末考试作准备,不要打扰他。" Come on Sunday if nothing interferes.如果没有别的事相扰, 就请星期天来吧。 31.remedy n.药物, 治疗法, 补救, 赔偿 Warmth is the best remedy for colds. 热疗是治感冒的最好方法。 evils that are beyond remedy 无可救药的罪过 Your only remedy is to go to law. 你唯一的补救法是诉诸法律。 vt.治疗, 补救, 矫正, 修缮, 修补 remedy a mistake 纠正一个错误 remedy an evil根除一种恶行 Phrases and Expressions 1.lead to have (sth.) as the result 导致 This led to great confusion. 此事导致大的混乱。 I am led to believe that he is disloyal to us. 某些事实使我相信他对我们不忠。 We now know that prolonged sunbathing can lead to skin cancer. 如今我们知道过长时间的享受日光浴会导致皮肤癌。 2.bounce back start feeling better or stronger after experiencing problems or unhappiness 恢复正常，恢复过来 We lost two or three games in the World Cup, but we bounced back. 在世界杯比赛中我们先输了几场，但后来又赢回来了。 He is young enough to bounce back from this disappointment. 他很年轻，能够从这次挫折中恢复过来。 3.in general mostly; usually 大体上；通常 In general, I prefer red wine to white wine. 通常，我喜欢红葡萄酒胜过白葡萄酒。 Do you think it’s true that people in general are against the project? 你认为人们都普遍反对这个计划吗？ In general, her work has been good, but this essay is awful. 她的作品一向很好，但是这篇文章糟透了。 4.up to as a maximum number or amount 至多，多达，直到 I can take up to four people in my car. 我的车能带四个人。 Up to two hundred people were on board the ship. 多达两百人乘上了这轮船。 Every one works, from the boy who sweeps the floor up to the President. 每个人都工作，下至扫地的男孩上到总统。 Compare: Every one works, from the President down to the boy who sweeps the floor. 每个人都工作，上至总统下到扫地的男孩。 5.take in absorb into the body by breathing or swallowing 吸入，吞入 The wounded soldier was so weak that he could hardly take in even liquid. 这名受伤的士兵身体太弱，甚至不能喝流体食物。 The boat is taking in water. 那只船进水了。 It’s good to stand on top of the hill and take in deep breaths of fresh air. 站在山顶上，深吸几口新鲜空气是有益的。 6.at risk in danger 处于危险之中 Is the Government’s income policy seriously at risk?政府的税收政策可能遭到严重失败吗？ The disease is spreading, and all children under five are at risk. 疾病在蔓延，5岁以下的孩子都有被传染的危险。 Up to 2,000 jobs are still at risk. 仍有失业危险的人多达2,000。 7.tip over the edge bring about a noticeable change; (cause to) develop into another status 引起显著变化；（使）进入另一种状态 Because of not being able to cope with everyday life they were tipped over the edge into breakdown.因为不能应付日常生活，他们处于崩溃的边缘。 Exercising too much with no iron supplements will tip one over the edge into a more serious deficiency.锻炼太多而未服铁质补剂，可能改变人体的含铁量，使之处于严重缺铁状态。 8.out of breath breathing very quickly (e.g. after running) 呼吸急促，气喘吁吁 At the end of the race the winner was out of breath.获胜者跑到终点时已经上气不接下气了。 When he finally got on the train, he was out of breath.在他最后登上火车时，他已经是气喘吁吁了。 I’d just been for a run and I was rather out of breath.我刚跑完步，上气不接下气。 9.throw up be sick; vomit (sth. such as food) 恶心，呕吐 The child has thrown up her dinner again! 这孩子又把她吃的晚饭吐了。 She said she had thrown up after reading reports of the trial. 她说她读了关于审判的报道后感到恶心。 10.go up become higher in price, level, etc.; rise （价格、水平等）升高，上升 The temperature is going up; will the snow melt? 温度在升高，雪会融化吗？ The standard of performance has gone up since last year, as the players have gained more experience. 由于演员更有经验了，所以自去年以来表演水平提高了。 My weight keeps going up although I try not to eat too much. 虽然我尽量不多吃，我的体重还是越来越重。 11.sum up summarize briefly 概括，总结 You have only 100 words in which to sum up his speech..你总结他的讲话不能超过100个字。 I can best sum up the advantages of the system by describing some recent encouraging results. 通过描述最近取得的令人鼓舞的成果，我能很好地概括该系统的长处。 These ten books sum up this year’s production. 这10本书概括了今年的全部成果。 Language Points 1. …that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies. (Para. 1) Meaning: …that athletes such as long distance runners, especially women athletes, often display a lack of iron. 2. Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers… (Para. 1) Meaning: Now a new study conducted by a team of researchers from Purdue University… 3. …suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. (Para. 1) Meaning: …suggests that even exercise of a mild type may cause a loss of iron in the blood of women. 4. We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss, … (Para. 2) Meaning: We found that women who were not in the habit of doing physical exercises but then suddenly began a program of exercise of middle degree showed signs of iron loss, … 5. Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back,… (Para. 3) Meaning: Women who ate more meat than they usually did or took iron-added pills were able to return to their normal, healthy state,… 6. But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels. (Para. 3) Meaning: But those women who began a program of exercise but went on with their diet as usual showed a decrease in iron levels. 7. …affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45, respectively. (Para. 4) Meaning: …affecting one out of four female teenagers and (also affecting) one out of five women who are aged from 18 to 45. Please note that “respectively” modifies “one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45”. 8. But the ratio is even greater among active women, affecting up to 80 percent of female endurance athletes. (Para. 4) Meaning: But the figure is even greater among women who do exercises regularly, affecting as many as 80 percent of female endurance athletes. 9. …“too many women ignore the amount of iron they take in”. (Para. 4) Meaning: … “too many women don't pay attention to how much iron they consume in food or drink”. 10. Women of child-bearing age are at greatest risk, since their monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss. (Para. 4) Meaning: Women who are at the age of bearing children are put in greater danger of losing iron owing to their monthly bleeding. 11. Plus, many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, … (Para. 4) Meaning: In addition, many women who care much about their health refuse to eat red meat such as beef and mutton and thus increase the danger of losing iron … As is pointed out and going to be further discussed, women generally suffer from iron deficiency, which is harmful to health. Now these women choose to give up red meat in their diet, so the lack of iron in their bodies is even greater, hence the increased risk. 12. And because women often restrict their diet in an effort to control weight, they may not consume enough iron-rich food, and are liable to experience a deficiency. (Para. 4) Meaning: And because women often limit their food, trying to control weight, they may not eat enough food containing much iron, and therefore are likely to have less iron than necessary. 13. The average woman takes in only two thirds of the recommended daily allowance for iron, … (Para. 5) Meaning: The average woman eats every day only two thirds of the necessary iron that health experts recommend, … Based on investigation, health experts can decide how much iron a woman should take in every day in order to keep fit. The fact is that many women do not take in the recommended amount, which puts them at the risk of iron deficiency. 14. For a woman who already has a poor iron status, any additional iron loss from exercise may be enough to tip her over the edge into a more serious deficiency, … (Para. 5) Meaning: If a woman who already has less iron than necessary starts a program of exercise that causes more loss of iron, then her iron status will change greatly and she'll be put in a more serious state of iron deficiency, … 15. Exercise can result in iron loss through a variety of mechanisms. (Para. 6) Meaning: Exercise can lead to iron loss because of the various functions of the body. 16. Some iron is lost in sweat, and, for unknown reasons, intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with bleeding of the digestive system. (Para. 6) Meaning: Some iron is lost when one sweats, and for the reasons unknown to us, intense endurance exercise may sometimes result in bleeding of the digestive system. 17. The first and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typically has no symptoms. (Para. 7) Meaning: The first stage of iron deficiency — which is also the most common — is one in which one doesn't have much iron stored in the body. And during this stage there are usually no signs of iron deficiency. Note that “a condition that…” serves as an appositive, generalizing the preceding clause. 18. Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear in the second stage of deficiency, when not enough iron is present to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. (Para. 7) Meaning: In the second stage of deficiency when there is no enough iron to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles, one may begin to feel very tired and unable to do their activities properly. 19. …and exercise performance is severely compromised. (Para. 7) Meaning: …and exercise performance is badly affected.（One does his exercise badly.） 20. You're not stage 3 until your iron reserves go to zero, and if you wait until that point, you're in trouble. (Para. 8) Meaning: If you are in stage 3, that means you have no iron left in your body at all, and if you don't do anything to improve your iron stores until then, you are in trouble. that point: (here referring to) the status of iron reserves going to zero 21. You're not stage 3 until your iron reserves go to zero… (Para. 8) go to zero: be used up; be exhausted 22. While active, child-bearing age women are most likely to… (Para. 9) Meaning: While child-bearing age women who regularly do physical exercises are most likely to … Here “active” means “doing physical exercises regularly”. 23. Men are not safe, especially if they don't eat meat and have a high level of physical activity. (Para. 9) Meaning: Men may also suffer from iron deficiency, especially if they don't take in meat while engaging themselves in lots of physical activities. 24. …it's advisable for people in these groups to have a yearly blood test to check blood iron reserves. (Para. 9) Meaning: … it's wise for people who belong to these groups to have a test each year on blood to see if the amount of their iron stores is sufficient. 25. If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements. (Para. 10) Meaning: If your iron levels are low, you'd better talk with a doctor to see if the deficiency should be corrected by changing your diet and taking iron-rich foods or by taking iron-added pills. 26. …the level going up nearly 30 times… (Para. 11) Meaning: … and as a result, the level has increased nearly 30 times… Please note that this is the absolute structure in the sentence. 27. …can interfere with iron being absorbed into the body. (Para. 11) Meaning: …can prevent iron from being absorbed into the body. 28. …you can remedy the deficiency before it really becomes a problem. (Para. 12) Meaning: …you can correct the iron deficiency before it really becomes a problem. Grammar Enrichment 同位语 (The Appositive) 两个或两个以上的处于同位关系的、指同一人或同一事物的名词短语，叫同位语。如一个词（或代词）的后面，跟一个名词或相当于名词的其他词类（如代词、形容词、数词等）、短语或从句，用以说明或解释前面的名词（或代词），后者就称为前者的同位语。 同位语分为限制性的和非限制性的两种。限制性的和前面名词的关系比较密切，中间不用逗号分开；非限制性的和前面名词的关系比较松散，中间用逗号分开。例如： We all want to go there. 我们大家都想去那里。 You may leave it to them three. 你可以把它交给他们三人去办。 My friend Carl will never forget the professor who taught him chemistry at the university. 我的朋友卡尔永远忘不了在大学里教他的那位教授。 Mr. Zhang, the headmaster, is to retire next month. 校长张先生下月要退休了。 Playing chess, his chief hobby, cost him a lot of time. 他的主要爱好下棋，花了他很多时间。 I want to speak to Lao Li, the head of the office. 我想跟室主任老李谈谈。 复合结构作状语 状语有时可以由一名（代）词和另一成分构成的复合结构担任，称为独立结构（Absolute Construction）。常见的复合结构有下面几类： 名词（或代词）+分词： The storm having destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cave. 暴雨把房子冲坏，他们只好住在一个窑洞里。 He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. 他脸朝天头枕着双手躺着。 （2） 名词（或代词）+形容词 He entered the room, his nose red with cold. 他鼻子冻得通红地走进房来。 （3） 名词（或代词）+不定式 Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这儿是头两卷，第三卷下月出书。 （4） 名词（或代词）+介词短语 After killing the Japanese soldier, the two partisans ran away, rifle in had. 杀死了那个日本兵之后，两个游击队员提着枪跑掉了。 （5） 名词（或代词）+副词 He put on his socks wrong side out. 他袜子穿反了。 这类结构和一个从句差不多，前面的名（代）词相当于从局的主语（也就是后面部分的逻辑上的主语），后面部分相当于从句中的谓语或表语。在描绘性文字中有时用到它，来使描绘更生动。在译为汉语时或是译为一个状语，或是译成一个并列的句子。在口语中这种结构用得很少。 这样的结构多用来表示行为方式或伴随的情况： He sat in the front row, his mouth half open, his head thrust forward so as not to miss any word. 他坐在前排，口半张着，头往前倾，惟恐听漏一个字。 He groaned and fell to the floor, blood streaming from his nose. 他哼了一声，鼻子流着血，倒在地上。 这种结构有时也可用来表示： （1） 时间： Spring coming on, the trees turned green. 春天来了，树都绿了。 The question settled, they went back to their respective posts. 问题解决了他们就各回自己的岗位上去了。 （2） 原因： John being away, Henry had to do the work. 约翰不在只好由亨利来做这个工作。 No further discussion arising, the meeting was brought to a close. 再没有什么讨论的事，会议就结束了。 （3） 条件： Weather permitting, we’ll go on an excursion to the Western Hills tomorrow. 天气要是合适，我们明天要到西山去玩。 All things considered, I think we ought to give the job to George. 各方面考虑起来，我们应当把这项工作给乔治。 有时这种结构并不修饰谓语，而对前面一个名词进行解释，这时说它是同位语似乎更好一些： Each bamboo house was surrounded by a thriving orchard, the trees abundantly laden with fruit. 每座竹楼周围都是果实累累的果园。 They are sub-divided into three groups, each working on two projects. 他们又分为三个组，每个组负责两项工程。 介词with有时后面跟一复合结构，这种短语作用和独立结构差不多，例如： Sometimes many people spoke at once, with nobody stopping them. 有时好些人一道讲话，也没有人阻止他们。 这种介词短语可以用作状语，表示： （1） 背景情况或行为方式： With the old man leading, the two started toward the mountains. 在老人带领下两人动身往山里走去。 Now he could walk only with Xiao Hong supporting him. 现在只要有小红扶着他就能走了。 （2） 原因或条件： He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him. 全班都盯着他瞧，他更感到不自在了。 With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it’ll rain presently. 天气这样闷，十之八九要下雨。 这种结构在口语中也常常用到，在个别情况下，这种短语并不修饰谓语，而是对前面一个名词进行解释，这时也有些接近同位语： The county was organized in 1945, with Tibetan herdsmen making up about 40 per cent of tis population. 这个县是1945年建立的，藏族牧民约占人口的百分之四十。 The place was surrounded by clumps of trees, with a clear stream running alongside. 这地方周围都是树丛，一股清澈的溪流从旁边流过。 Section B Does Exercise Have Unexpected Benefits? Reading Skills Distinguishing Between Facts and Opinions Developing the ability to read in a critical way involves the ability to distinguish between facts on the one hand and the writer's opinions or interpretations on the other. It isn't always easy to separate fact from opinion, of course, for writers may combine fact and opinion in a way that makes it hard to tell where the facts end and the opinions begin - or they may present opinions as if they were facts. The biggest difficulty in distinguishing fact from opinion, though, may arise when you agree with the writer's opinion: When we believe something very strongly, it's easy to mistake our opinions for facts! So critical reading involves careful examination of our own beliefs as well as the author's. Facts are statements that tell what really happened or what really is the case. A fact can be proved or disproved with direct evidence. It is something known by actual experience or observation. Here are some examples from Passage A. Example 1 "We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss," says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. (Para. 2, Reading Passage A, Unit 2) This is a fact as the sentence is simply a quotation from Lyle. "Select breads and cereals with the words 'iron-added' on the label," writes sports diet expert Nancy Clark. (Para. 11, Reading Passage A, Unit 2) This is a fact. Please note that this is a case where a writer may present an opinion as if it were a fact. We say it is a fact because the sentence is a piece of quotation. However, one can argue that it is an opinion, because of the fact that the quoted part is an imperative sentence and that the writer is quoting it simply to express his own view, not just to report an idea of other people. Opinions are statements of belief, judgment or feeling. They show what someone thinks or feels about a subject. Solid opinions, of course, are based on facts. However, opinions are still somebody's view of something and are not facts themselves. Here are some examples from Passage A. Example 1 Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where small blood vessels in the feet leak blood. (Para. 6, Reading Passage A, Unit 2) This is an opinion as the word "may" in the sentence shows the writer's attitude towards the matter being talked about. Example 2 If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements. (Para. 10, Reading Passage A, Unit 2) This is an opinion expressed in an imperative sentence, which indicates an opinion from the writer. Example 3 In general, it's better to undo the problem by adding more iron-rich foods to the diet, because iron supplements can have serious shortcomings. (Para. 10, Reading Passage A, Unit 2) This is an opinion. The phrase "in general" and the structure "it's better to…" imply that the sentence is an opinion from the writer. Word Study 1.succession n. (1)继续；连续 the succession of the seasons四季的接续 (2)一连串的人或事Reports of victory came in quick succession.捷报频传。 (3)继位；继任succession duty[英]遗产税, 继承税 be first in succession to the throne是王位的第一继承人 习惯用语：by succession按照继承顺序 in due succession按自然的次序 in succession接连, 一个接一个 in succession to继...之后(担任), 继位[任] 2.primary adj. (1)最初的primary meaning of a word词的原义 (2)主要的；首要的 a matter of primary importance头等重要大事 (3)初等的；小学的 A primary school is the first school you go to.小学是你上的第一个学校。 primary consumer【生态】初级消费者, 食草生物 primary education初等教育, 小学教育 3.vigorous adj. (1)精力充沛的；精神饱满的a vigorous player精力充沛的运动员 (2)茂盛的，繁茂的（植物） The vigorous young plants grew fast.这些茂盛的小植物生长得很快。 a vigorous plant茁壮的植物 4.formation n. (1)形成；组成；构成 the formation of character性格的形成 the formation of a club一个俱乐部的组成 There are several kinds of cloud formation.云层结构有好几种。 (2)排列in battle formation成战斗队形 (3)构成物 Clouds are formations of tiny drops of water in the sky. 云是由空中极细微的水滴构成。 5.proposal n. 提议; 申请; 建议agree to a proposal同意某项建议[提案] a proposal for peace和平建议 Congress has rejected the latest economic proposal put forward by the president. There has been an angry reaction to the government’s proposal to reduce unemployment benefit. Have you read Steve’s proposals for the new project? 求婚make a proposal (of marriage) 求婚 She refused his marriage proposal. 6.complicated adj.复杂的， 混乱的， 麻烦的 a complicated piece of machinery 一件复杂的机械 The relationship is a bit complicated. He’s my mother’s cousin’s daughter’s child. I had to fill this really complicated form. 7.obstacle n.障碍，障碍物 an obstacle to (progress) (进步)的障碍 obstacle course障碍赛跑训练场 obstacle race障碍赛 throw obstacles in sb.'s way妨害, 阻碍某人 辨析obstacle impediment obstruction hindrance都含“阻碍”、“障碍物”的意思。 obstacle指“阻碍前进的东西或状况”, 如:Her father's opposition remained only their obstacle. 她父亲的反对是他们唯一的障碍。 impediment 指“妨碍正常活动而使前进受阻的事”, 特指“口吃”, 如: a speech impediment口吃。 obstruction 指“阻碍整个通道的阻塞物”, 如: Your interference is an obstruction of justice.你的干预阻碍了正义。 hindrance 指“阻碍事物前进的人或物”, 如: lt was proved a hindrance to our progress. 已证明它是我们前进的障碍。 8.exhibit vt.(1)展出，展览 She exhibited her paintings at our school.她在我们学校展览她的绘画。 (2)显出，显示exhibited pleasure by smiling用微笑表示高兴 rolled up his sleeve to exhibit the scar卷起袖子来显示露出伤疤 n. 展览品 Most of the state leaders viewed the exhibits en masse and gave high praise of them. "大多数国家领导人看了全部展览品,给予了高度赞扬。" 9.possess vt.拥有；占有 He possesses two cars.他有两辆汽车。 She possesses some interesting pictures.她有一些有趣的画儿。 10.density n.稠密; 浓厚【物】浓度, 密度; 比重 the density of population人口密度 density of freight (passenger or traffic)运输密度 traffic density交通量 11.multiply vt., vi.(1)乘 to multiply five by three以三乘五 3 multiplied by 5 is 15.三乘五等于十五。 (2)增加to multiply one's chances of success增加个人成功的机会 (3)繁殖When animals have more food, they generally multiply faster. 动物如果吃得多，通常繁殖也快。 12.boost vt.增加；提高；增进；改善 to boost prices提高价格 We need to boost our spirits.我们需要鼓舞士气。 n.上推；增加；提高；帮助；鼓舞 a boost to our spirits对我们精神上的鼓舞 a boost in price提价 13.inference n.(1)推论，推断From his manner, we drew the inference that he was satisfied with the exam.我们从他的态度来推断, 他对这次测验很满意。 (2)推断的结果，结论His change of mind was recent and sudden, the inference being that someone had persuaded him. 14.measurement n.衡量；测量 We take the measurements of sth. to see how long, tall, or wide it is.我们量东西以便知道它有多长、多高或多宽。 My waist measurement is 32 inches.我的腰围是三十二寸。 The measurement of individual intelligence is very difficult.每个人智商的测定是很难的。 15.corresponding adj.相应的，对应的 a high corporate position and its corresponding problems.高度自治的状况及其相随的问题 All rights carry with them corresponding responsibilities.所有的权利都带有相应的义务。 16.stem n.茎, 干, 词干, 茎干 A lot of the stems of the flowers in the garden were broken by the strong wind. Some types of daffodil (水仙花) have a single flower on a stem, while others have several. v.源于，由~造成Correct decisions stem from correct judgments.正确的决心来源于正确的判断。 17.speculate vi.(1)推测, 思索speculated that high cholesterol was a contributing factor to the patient's health problems. 推测高胆固醇含量是影响病人健康的一个因素, I've been -ting on my future.我一直在思索我的未来。 (2)做投机买卖speculate in stocks做股票投机 speculate on a rise [fall]做多头[空头]投机, 赌涨[跌] It's dangerous to speculate.做投机买卖是很危险的。 18.penalty n.惩罚；刑罚；罚款，罚金〈足球〉罚球；罚点球penalty kick罚点球 We were given a penalty kick after one of our players was hit. "我们的一名队员被对方撞倒后,我们队得到一次罚点球的机会。" What is the penalty for dangerous driving? 对危险驾车给予什么处罚？ 19.maintenance n.(1)维持; 保持cost of maintenance维持费 (2)维修; 保养; 维修保养费用; 生计 the maintenance of an automobile汽车保养 maintenance man维修工 He took a course to learn about car maintenance. 他学习了汽车保养的课程。 20.revise vt.(1)校阅；校订He was revising what he had written.他正在修改他所写的东西。 (2)修正；改变 I'll have to revise my ideas about Tom.我必须改变对汤姆的看法。I have revised my opinion of him.我已重新考虑了对他的意见。 (3)温习；重温 I've been revising all week.我整个星期都在复习。 21.tackle vt., vi.(1)解决，处理（问题） He tackled the problem.他解决了这个问题。 The question set by the teacher was so difficult that the pupils did not know how to tackle it. 老师提的问题是那样难，以致于学生们不知道怎么解决。 (2)抓住，揪住；擒抱 The policeman tackled the thief.警察抓住了小偷。 He tackled his opponent. 他抱住并绊倒了对方。 22.comment n.评语；批评；评注；注释 add comments or explanations加注释或说明 He made a comment about the bad road.他对这条糟糕的路发表评论。 No comment!无可奉告! vi.（常与on, that连用） 评论；注释；批评 Everyone commented on her new hat.大家都在评论她的新帽子。 He commented on the bad road.他评论这条糟糕的路。 23.benefical adj.有利[益]的(to); 【律】可享受利益的, 有收入权益的 beneficial birds [insects]益鸟[虫] a beneficial association互助组合 be beneficial to有益于 Sunshine is beneficial to plants.阳光对植物有益。 Fresh air and good food are beneficial to health.新鲜空气和优良食物有益于健康。 Phrases and Expressions 1.separate…into divide…into 将……分为 The police have separated the two sides’ supporters into different parts of the ground. The land was separated into small fields.那块地被分割为小块的田地。 2.obstacle course a training course in which runners have to climb over, under or through a series of obstacles; sth. which is difficult to do 越障训练；（喻）困难重重的事 Any attempt to get the money back is going to have to pass through the obstacle course of the British legal system. 3.go through finish or complete 完成，通过 The Bill did not go through. 这议案未被通过。 A council spokeswoman said that the proposals for the new shopping center were unlikely to go through. 4.in contrast (also by contrast) as an obvious difference between two or more things 相比之下 His white hair was in sharp contrast to his dark skin.他的白头发与他的黑皮肤构成鲜明的对比。 Tom’s marks by contrast with Harry’s marks were excellent.汤姆的分数与哈里的分数比起来算是上乘的。 5.apply to have an effort on 适用于 The rule cannot be applied to every case.这规则并非适用于所有情形。 We have to apply the same rules to everyone , showing no favour. 我们须将相同的规定用于每个人，不要有偏坦。 6.focus on concentrate on 集中于 We didn’t focus on any specific area---we just talked generally about the problem. All her energies are focused on her children and she seems to have little time for anything else. When the kitchen is finished I’m going to focus my attention on the garden and get that sorted out. 7.engage (oneself) in take part in or be occupied in/with 从事，忙于 The programme has some interesting moments, but I wasn’t really engaged in it. If a book doesn’t engage my interest in the first ten pages, I don’t usually carry on reading it. In his spare time, he engages in voluntary work. 8.point to suggest; indicate 表明，表示 All the evidence points to suicide. When asked to explain where all the housekeeping money had gone, Mary pointed to the rising price.当请她解释养家的钱都到哪里去了时，玛丽说都用于物价上涨了。 Language Points 1.…it may also power up the brain. (Para. 1) Meaning: … it (exercise) may also provide power for the brain to work better. “Power”, as used in the text, is a verb. If you look around, you will find many typical nouns can be used as verbs, too. For example, “time” could be used as a verb to mean “measure or fix the time of some action or movement” (测时；定时). Please time how long it takes me to do two lengths of the pool. 请测一下我在泳池内游一个来回需要多长时间。 2.A succession of scientific studies of animals implies that physical activity has a positive effect on mental functioning. (Para. 1) Meaning: A number of scientific studies of animals indicates that physical activity has a good effect on the function of the brain. 3.His studies with rats have demonstrated two primary effects of activity: vigorous physical exercise provides the brain with more fuel, and skill-based exercise increases the formation of connections in the brain, which, according to the proposals of some scientists, may make the brain better able to process information. (Para. 2) Meaning: He has made experiments with rats and got evidence to show that there are two main effects of activity. The first is that intense physical exercise provides the brain with more fuel. The second is that exercise based on skills helps the brain establish connections and therefore, according to some scientists, process information better. 4.One group was exercised by running inside an automatic wheel, a second group improved their skills in a complicated obstacle course, and a third group was inactive. (Para. 3) Meaning: One group was put to the exercise of running inside a wheel that turns around on its own, a second group improved their skills by running through a difficult course with objects in the way, and a third didn’t do any exercise at all. 5.In contrast, the animals that exercised inside the automatic wheel possessed a greater density of blood vessels in the brain than did either of the other two groups of animals. (Para. 4) Meaning: Different from the second and third groups, the first group that ran inside the automatic wheel had more densely connected blood vessels in the brain than either of the other two groups. 6.Learning a new dance step may boost the brain in the same way that learning a language can. (Para.5) Meaning: Learning a language can improve the brain, and so can learning a new dance step. 7.Young brains may be especially able to boost brain power through exercise, suggested another of Greenough's experiments that showed the most significant changes in the brain occurred among rats that had been exercised when very young. (Para. 5) This is a rather long sentence. Please note its grammatical structure. “Young brains may be especially able to boost brain power through exercise” is the object of the verb “suggested”. The subject is “another of Greenough's experiments”. The clause “that showed the most significant changes in the brain occurred among rats” modifies “experiments”, while the clause “that had been exercised when very young” modifies “rats”. 8.And while animals aren't people, he says it is logical to make the inference that an effect found in rats may also apply to humans. (Para. 5) Meaning: He says that it is reasonable to draw the conclusion that effects found in rats may also be found in human beings although animals are not people. 9.Human studies have focused primarily on older adults and suggest that regular exercise can improve the speed with which the brain processes information. (Para. 6) Meaning: Studies of men have been carried out mainly on old people and they suggest that regular exercise can improve the speed of the brain's processing of information. 10.…that inactive adults, aged 63 to 82, could hit buttons faster in response to a tone after they went through a 10-week water exercise course. (Para. 6) in response to: as an answer to He went to open the door in response to a knock. 听到有人敲门，他走过去开门。 A meeting was called in response to his proposal. 应他的提议，召开了一次会议。 11. This boost in reaction time after exercise training may occur because declines associated with getting old could actually stem from declines in physical condition. (Para. 7) Meaning: After exercise training the reaction time may speed up because of a slowing-down in reaction which is connected to getting old and could actually come from a slowing-down in fitness. 12.Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet. (Para. 7) Meaning: Some scientists think that while getting old is often considered to be the cause for weakening mental function, the real reason for the weakening may be a lack of physical activity, besides improper use of medicines and poor diet. The weakening is the punishment for not keeping physically active. Notice that the past participial phrase “often attributed to getting old” modifies “reduction”. 13.Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old… (Para. 7) attribute to: believe to be the result of sth. Jim attributes his success to hard work. 吉姆将他的成功归因于努力工作。 Some scientists attribute the poor function of the brain to lack of physical exercise. 有些科学家将大脑功能不佳归因于缺乏体育锻炼。 14.But until recently, the academic edge gained by participating in sports was thought to come from … (Para. 9) Meaning: But until recently, the academic advantages that one has gained by taking part in sports was thought to come from … edge: n. advantage that makes one stronger or more likely to be successful With excellent production techniques they were able to gain the competitive edge. 凭借极好的生产技术，他们能够取得竞争上的优势。 15.…and the ability to concentrate that comes from burning off steam in exercise. (Para. 9) burn off steam: get rid of excess energy, or work off bad feelings or strong unhealthy emotions through physical activity Here “steam” means “power, energy, force, or feelings considered as trapped by self-control”. It doesn’t mean“water in the state of a gas produced by boiling”. Probably the phrase derives from the set phrase “let off/work off steam” which means “get rid of one’s excess energy, or release one’s strong feelings or emotions with physical activity or by behaving in a noisy or violent way”. Regular exercise helps to fight against unwanted stress and is a good way of relaxing or letting off steam. 经常锻炼有助于减轻不必要的压力，是一种放松或消除被压抑情绪的好办法。 I was so angry that I worked off steam by taking a walk. 我很生气，于是出去散步，以消除心中的郁闷。 16.Now, however, some scientists have revised their way of thinking, and point to possible physical connections. (Para. 9) Meaning: Now, however, some scientists have changed their thoughts; they think that the academic edge gained by participating in sports possibly comes from physical fitness rather than from the increased self-confidence, the better mood, or the ability to concentrate that comes from burning off steam in exercise. 17.Consequently, the brains of people who exercise may be better equipped to tackle mental challenges. (Para. 10) consequently: ad. as a result; therefore The rain was heavy, and consequently the land was flooded. 雨下得很大，以至地上积水成灾。 He had broken his legs in a car accident. Consequently, he spent the rest of his life in a wheelchair. 他在一次交通事故中断了双腿，因此只能在轮椅上度过余生。