Unit 8 Section A Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning Warm-up Questions What do you know about cloning and genetic engineering? Do you want to cloning yourself once human cloning becomes reality? Will genetic engineering play a positive role or a negative role in our daily life? Related Information Cloning is the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means. It has been used for many years to produce plants (even growing a plant from a cutting is a type of cloning). Animal cloning has been the subject of scientific experiments for years, but garnered little attention until the birth of the first cloned mammal in 1997, a sheep named Dolly. Since Dolly, several scientists have cloned other animals, including cows and mice. The recent success in cloning animals has sparked fierce debates among scientists, politicians and the general public about the use and morality of cloning plants, animals and possibly humans. 1. How Cloning Works Dolly In 1997, cloning was revolutionized when Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland, successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. Dolly was the first cloned mammal. Wilmut and his colleagues transplanted a nucleus from a mammary gland cell of a Finn Dorsett sheep into the enucleated egg of a Scottish blackface ewe. The nucleus-egg combination was stimulated with electricity to fuse the two and to stimulate cell division. The new cell divided and was placed in the uterus of a blackface ewe to develop. Dolly was born months later. Diagram of the nuclear transfer procedure that produced the first cloned mammals Dolly was shown to be genetically identical to the Finn Dorsett mammary cells and not to the blackface ewe, which clearly demonstrated that she was a successful clone (it took 276 attempts before the experiment was successful). 2. Three types of cloning Embryo cloning This is a medical technique which produce monozygotic (identical) twins or triplets. It duplicates the process that nature uses to produces twins or triplets. One or more cells are removed from a fertilized embryo and encouraged to develop into one or more duplicate embryo. Twins or triplicates are thus formed, with identical DAN. This has been done for many years on various species of animals; only very limited experimentation has been done on humans. 2) Adult DNA cloning (a.k.a. reproductive cloning) This technique which is intended to produce a duplicate of an existing animal. It has been used to clone a sheep and other mammals. The DNA from an ovum is removed and replaced with the DNA from a cell removed from an adult animal. Then, the fertilized ovum, now called a pre-embryo, is implanted in a womb and allowed to develop into a new animal. As of 2002-JAN, It had not been tried on humans. It is specifically forbidden by law in many countries. There are rumors that Dr. Severino Aninori has successfully initiated a pregnancy through reproductive cloning. It has the potential of producing a twin of an existing person. Based on previous animal studies, it also has the potential of producing severe genetic defects. For the latter reason alone, many medical ethicists consider it to be a profoundly immoral procedure when done on humans. 3).Therapeutic cloning (a.k.a. biomedical cloning) This is a procedure whose initial stages are identical to adult DNA cloning. However, the stem cells are removed from the pre-embryo with the intent of producing tissue or a whole organ for transplant back into the person who supplied the DNA. The pre-embryo dies in the process. The goal of therapeutic cloning is to produce a healthy copy of a sick person's tissue or organ for transplant. This technique would be vastly superior to relying on organ transplants from other people. The supply would be unlimited, so there would be no waiting lists. The tissue or organ would have the sick person's original DNA; the patient would not have to take immunosuppressant drugs for the rest of their life, as is now required after transplants. There would not be any danger of organ rejection. 3. What human cloning technology could do for mankind? Infertility - With cloning, infertile couples could have children. Despite getting a fair amount of publicity in the news current treatments for infertility, in terms of percentages, are not very successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small change of having children. Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children. Human cloning could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever before possible. Kidney failure - we may be able to clone kidneys for kidney transplants Leukemia - we should be able to clone the bone marrow for children and adults suffering from leukemia. This is expected to be one of the first benefits to come from cloning technology. Cancer - we may learn how to switch cells on and off through cloning and thus be able to cure cancer Cystic fibrosis - we may be able to produce effective genetic therapy against cystic fibrosis. Ian Wilmut and colleagues are already working on this problem. Spinal cord injury - we may learn to grow nerves or the spinal cord back again when they are injured. Quadriplegics might be able to get out of their wheelchairs and walk again. Testing for genetic disease - cloninchnology can be used to test for and perhaps cure genetic diseases. 4. Some possible Problems with the use of cloning The biggest problem with the use of cloning on a large is scale is the decline in genetic diversity. Think about it, if everyone has the same genetic material, what happens if we lose the ability to clone. We would have to resort to natural reproduction, causing us to inbreed, which will cause many problems. Also, if a population of organisms has the same genetic information, then the disease would wipe out the entire population. Helping endangered species by cloning will not help the problem. Currently, zoologists and environmentalists trying to save endangered species are not so much having trouble keeping population numbers up, but not having any animals to breed that are not cousins. The technique of nuclear transfer is also early in its developmental stages. Thus, errors are occurring when scientists carry out the procedure. For instance, it took 277 tries to produce Dolly, and Roslin scientists produced many lambs with abnormalities. If we tried to clone endangered species we could possibly kill the last females integral to the survival of a species. This may be the main reason science is holding out on cloning humans. Text Structure Analysis The essay focuses on one central theme: the legal and moral implications of cloning. One characteristic writing technique that runs throughout the reading passage is listing. The essay lists a number of questions about the legal and moral implications that arise from cloning. The whole essay can be divided into 4 parts: The first part is paragraph 1. It deals with the background situation of passage. With the success of cloning an adult mammal, a world with human clones was suddenly within reach. It was just like science fiction coming to life. The second part is made up of 2 paragraphs, paragraph 2 and paragraph 3. The two paragraphs are about the strong and immediate responses to the background situation mentioned in the first paragraph. Governments hurried to draft guidelines for an unknown future and President Clinton ordered a national commission to study the relative issues. Some countries began examining the moral implications of cloning other species. At the same time cloning has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers just like the Theory of Relativity, the splitting of atom, and the first space flight. The third part is the major part of the essay, consisting of 15 paragraphs, from Paragraph 4 to Paragraph 18. In this part the author lists as many as 6 puzzles or questions on the issue of cloning. The 6 puzzles are: 1) Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? 2) Will it be possible to clone the dead? 3) Would a cloned human be identical to the original? 4) What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs? 5) How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? 6) What are the other implications of cloning. We can find that each puzzle is answered or explained by a list of ideas, reasons, possibilities or facts. The fourth part is Paragraph 19, which is a reiteration that the list of questions could go on and people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning. Background situation: It was science fiction coming to life: With the success of cloning an adult mammal, a world with human clones was suddenly within reach.   Responses to the general situation: Responses from governments: Governments hurried to draft guidelines for an unknown future and President Clinton ordered a national commission to study the relative issues. Some countries began examining the moral implications of cloning other species. Para.2 Responses from scientists, etc.: Like the Theory of Relativity, the splitting of the atom, and the first space flight, cloning has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers. Para.3     A list of puzzles or questions: 6 puzzles are listed. 1. Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? (Para.4) There are two broad categories of situations in which people want to clone a human being. (Para.5)   2. Will it be possible to clone the dead? (Para.6) In theory at least it might be possible. (Para. 7)   Would a cloned human be identical to the original? (Para. 8) A cloned human is not identical to the original but most of the physical differences between originals and copies are minor that detection of them would require a sophisticated laboratory. The only possible major difference is bearing children. This is a question of wait- and-see. (Para. 9-10)   What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs? (Para.11) For human beings, it would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he was born simply as an organ donor, but for nonfatal organ transplants it seems acceptable. (Para. 12) For animals used as organ donors, it is OK provided techniques are improved. (Para. 13)   How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? (Para. 14) It sounds reasonable to refer to the donor as “Most honored sir or madam”. (Para.15) But an editorial director of one dictionary prefers “original” and “copy”. (Para. 16)   What are the other implications of cloning for society? (Para. 17) Genetic engineering will create a new (and disrespected ) social class: “the clones”. Whether or not they were human will cause debate. (Para. 18)     Conclusion: The list of questions could go on; people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning. (Para. 19)   Writing Skill: Both composition writing and paragraph writing may follow a structure of listing. Sample composition for analysis can be found on textbook (page 228). Here a sample paragraph is provided for reference. Making cities greener can bring us a lot of benefits. First, it can improve our environment. Trees can produce oxygen, as a result, they can provide us clean air. Furthermore, with trees around the city, the acid rain and dust storm will disappear. Second, making cities greener also means making cities beautiful. For example, Singapore is known as a beautiful garden. Because a whole country is covered with trees and flowers, everyone likes to live there. Finally, making cities greener can benefit economically. 在上面范文中，作者用first, second, finally 等过渡词依次列出了三个绿化城市的好处。在列举时，有时可用下列过渡词可使文章的展开显得连贯自然：first, second, in the first place, first of all, to begin with, in the second place, next, also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, beyond that, for one thing, for another, finally. Word Study Implication n.1) [u] sth. that is suggested or that is not openly stated. 含义，暗示 ---The new report has far-reaching implications for the future broadcasting. 这一新报告对广播业的前途有意味深长的暗示。 2) [u] involving or being involved, esp. in a crime 牵连，卷入 ---The trial resulted in the implication of several major figures in the organization. 审讯结果表明这个组织中几个主要人物都牵连在案。 Cf. inference: conclusion based on facts or reasoning 推理，推论 ---What inferences have you drawn from his statement? 从他的说法中你得出什么结论？ *在正式英语中，通常是说话人和作者暗示(imply)某事，而说话人和读者推断(infer)某事。 [题]The teacher’s smile ___ that he had forgiven John, so John became at ease again. A. implied B. inferred C. hinted D. suggested imply（指作者或说话人）暗示某事；infer （指读者和听者）推断； hint：指间接地说. She has already hinted to me that I’ve won the prize. (她已经向我暗示说我得到了这个奖); suggest一般指直接说出 2．clone v. 克隆 ---In 1997, scientists announced the arrival of Dolly, the first mammal from an adult cell. 1997年，科学家宣布了第一头从成体细胞克隆出的哺乳动物---多利羊的出生。 n.克隆物，无性繁殖个体 human clone 人类克隆体 ---A clone is identical with the original animal or plant. 克隆物与母体动物或植物完全相同。 cloning n. the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means. self-cloning （自我克隆） celebrity cloning （名人克隆） ---Whether human cloning should be legalized is still a controversial issue. 克隆人类是否合法仍是个有争议的问题。 fiction 小说，虚构的事 post-modern fiction 后现代小说 non-fiction （记时性的）散文文学 fiction of happy childhood 美好童年的想象 cf. novel （长篇）小说 story （实或虚的）故事 short story 断篇小说essay 散文，小品文 poet 诗歌prose 散文fable 寓言 legend传说，传奇 epic史诗 draft v. draw up 起草，草拟；recruit 征召，征募 ---I’m still drafting the first chapter. 我还在草拟第一章。 ---He is dreaming of being drafted into the army. 他梦想能被征召入伍。 n. 1) manuscript 草稿，草案，草图 ---This is only the draft of my speech and I will polish it later. 这只是我演讲稿的草稿，我会再润色的。 Banker’s draft 银行汇票 demand draft 即期 prohibit v. forbid, esp. by law or rule; prevent make impossible （通过法律等）禁止，阻止， ---The law prohibits tobacconists from selling cigarettes to children. 法律禁止烟贩向儿童出售香烟。 ---The high cost prohibits the widespread use of the drug. 该药因成本高而无法广泛使用。 n. prohibition （美）禁酒期 （1920-1933） cf. ban sb. from sth./from doing doing （由于社会压力等官方）禁止 ---The government has banned the use of chemical weapons.政府已禁止使用化学武器。 forbid sb. to do sth. 普通用词 prevent sb./sth. from doing sth.阻止，防碍 stop sb./sth. from doing sth. 阻止，阻碍 [题] He ordered that parking ____ on main street during the rush hour. A. be stopped B. be prohibited C. was forbidden D. was banned split v. (split, split, splitting) split sth./sb. (up) into （使）分裂，（使）开裂 ---She was splitting logs with an axe. 她正用斧子劈木头。 ---The children split (up) into groups. 孩子们分成了小组。 n. 裂缝，分裂 a split between couple 那对夫妇的离异 a split in the Labor party 工党的分裂 a split in the rock 岩石的裂口 a split (adj.) second 一刹那 [题] While walking along the icy river, we could see cracks in the ice ___ in all directions.(89.1) A. splitting B. transmitting C. radiating D. transferring mount 1) vi. increase in amount or degree增加，上升 ---The death toll mounted to 100. 死亡人数上升至一百人。 ---Concern is mounting over the fate of the lost expedition. 对失踪探险队命运的担心与时俱进。 2) vt. prepare and produce，organize 准备并进行，组织 ---The pop concert was mounted in a sport stadium.流行歌曲演唱会是在体育场进行的。 Cf. boost vt. Increase the strength or value 增强力量，提高价值 boost production/import 增加产量/进口 boost the team’s morale 增强全队士气 boom vi. Having a period of rapid economic growth 经济迅速发展时期 --- Business is booming in China. 中国的商业正迅速发展。 skyrocket vi. Increase suddenly and greatly 突然迅速增长 --The trade deficit has skyrocketed since the economic crisis. 自经济危机以来，贸易赤字迅速上升。 multiply：vt. increase in number 增多，增加 --Our problems have multiplied since the adoption of this new technology. 自采用这项新技术来，我们的问题增多了。 ---Buy lots of raffle tickets and multiply your chances of success. 多买彩票，增加你中奖的机会。 transplant=trans +plant trans: 后跟adj. / n. /v. 有下列意义：1)横过，横断 transatlantic 2)超越 transcend 3）变化，转移 transform, translate 4）在……的另一边 transalpine(阿尔卑斯山那边的居民) 5）贯通transfix(戳穿) n. 移植，移植的器官或植物heart transplant 心脏移植 v. 1) transplant sth. from …to…; transplant sth. into sth 移栽，移种 transplant the seedlings into soil 把幼苗移植到土壤里 2) transplant sth. from…to…移植（器官） transplant a kidney from one twin to another 把孪生儿之一的肾脏移到另一身上 3) 使移居，使迁移 --- He wished to transplant his family to Shanghai. 他想把家迁往上海。 9. gene 基因 genetic code/engineering 遗传密码/基因 genetics 遗传学 10 resemble vt. be alike, take after 像，类似 ---she resembles her brother in looks.她和她弟弟长得很像。 resemblance n. 相似；相象 resemblance to sb./sth. resemblance between A and B ---Your story bears/shows/has little or no resemblance to the faces.你说的和事实相去甚远。 [题]There would be about 10 million other planets in the universe that could physically ___the earth. A. resemble B) look after C) take on D) imitate Cf. take after （长相性格方面）像（父母） --- Your daughter doesn’t take after you after all.你女儿根本不像你。 11. breed (bred, bred) vi. produce （动物）繁殖产仔 ---How often do lions breed? 狮子多长时间产一次崽？ vt. keep (animals or plants) for the purpose of producing young animals or plants 饲养，繁殖 breed cattle/dog/horse/flower n. 品种， 类型 ---What breed is your dog? 你的狗是什么品种？ [题]It is true that ___a wild plant into a major food crop such as wheat requires much research time. A) multiplying B) breeding C) magnifying D) generating Cf. raise 养育小孩等，饲养（家禽）； 种植生产作物 rear=raise, bring up feed 给（人，动物）喂食，饲养 tame 驯养动物 foster 照顾，抚养（法律上不属于自己的孩子） cultivate 耕种，耕作，种植， 陶冶 12．organ n. 1) 器官 ---The surgeon removed the inferred organ.医生切除受感染的器官。 2)风琴 ---He plays the organ in the church. 他在教堂弹奏风琴。 3)官方机构 ---Parliament is the chief organ of government.议会是政府的官方机构。 4) （集团党派的）宣传工具，机关报刊 ---Newspapers, Tv and radio are organs of public opinion.报纸，电视和广播是舆论工具。 Organic matter/disease 有机物质/器官疾病 organism n. 生物，有机体 13. nonfatal 非致命的 non- 前缀，常放在名词，形容词和副词前1）表示“非，无，不是” nonaligned（不接盟的）2)表示“不重要的，无价值的” nonbook（无真实价值的书） 3表示“缺少传统或习惯上的特征 nonhero（小说戏剧中不按传统主角性格塑造的主角） fatal 1) be fatal to 致命的，严重的 fatal mistake 造成严重后果的错误 fatal accident 致命的事故 2) decisive 命中注定的，决定的 ---His illness was fatal to our plans 他生病后我们的计划落空了。 the fatal day/hour 决定性的一刻/时刻 fatalism 宿命论 fatality 致命性 [题]The boy cycling in the street was knocked down by a minibus and received ___ injuries. (96.6) A) fatal B) excessive C) disastrous D) exaggerated 14 code n. 1)代码， 密码 ---These criminals can find ways to break computer codes and transfer millions of dollars to their account. 这些罪犯能够找到破译计算机密码的方法，从而把成千上万美元转移到他们自己的帐户上。 2) 法则，法规，准则 a code of practice 专业守则 the highway code公路法则 a civil code民法 vt. 译成电码 --- Products orders should be coded according to where they will be shipped. 产品定单应按产品发往地编码。 Cf. standard标准 norm准则 criterion准则guideline准则 principle原则 ethnics道德准则 fundamentals基本原则 regulation规章 discipline纪律 stereotype陈规 specification规格 15. confusion. n. 1) the state of being mixed up or mistaken 困惑，迷乱，分辨不清 ---Everyone gazed in confusion at the strange sight.每人都疑惑地凝视着这种奇怪的景象。 2) disorder 混乱，骚乱 ---Her unexpected arrival threw us into total confusion. 她来信很突然，使我们完全不知所措。 3) the act of confusing 混淆 --- There has been some confusion of names.有些名字弄混了。 In confusion 处于混乱状态 throw sb. into confusion 是某人惊慌失措 confuse v. confuse …with..把…混淆起来 get/be confused 困惑 be confused about 对…困惑 [题] However, at times this balance is ___, resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects. (98. 6) A. troubled B. disturbed C. confused D. puzzled 16. deliberate adj. 1) done on purpose 故意的，毒意的 ---It’s just a deliberate act of disobedience 这是蓄意违抗的行为。 2) carefully 谨慎的，慎重的 --- She has a slow, deliberate way of talking.他谈话的方式缓慢而审慎。 v. deliberate about/on sth. 认真考虑，研讨 --- we have no time to deliberate on the problem.我们没有时间仔细思考这个问题。 deliberation n. 仔细考虑，缓慢，从容 17comparable adj. Be comparable to/with sb./ sth.可比较的，适合相比的 --- The achievements of an athlete and a write are not comparable. 运动员的成就和作家的成就不可相提并论。 -- His work is comparable with the very best.他的工作可与最优秀的相比。 Cf. comparative 1) involving comparison 比较的 ---A comparative study of the social systems of two countries两国社会制度的对比研究 2) relative 相对的 --- In a poor country, owning a bike is a sign of comparative wealth. 在贫穷的国家里，有辆自行车就是比较富裕的象征。 comparison n. comparison of A and /to/with B; Comparison between A and B 相比，对照 in comparison with sb./sth/ 比得上，不亚于某人某事 compare v. 1) compare A and/with/to B 比较 ---If you compare his work with her work, you will find hers is much better. 如果你把他俩的工作相比，就会发现她的好得多。 2) compare A to B 说明两者相同 --- Poets have compared sleep to death. 诗人把睡眠比做死亡。 3) compare with sb./sth 和事物相比或值得相比 --He can not compare with Shakespeare as a writer of tragedies. 在悲剧写作方面他根本不能与沙士比亚相比。 4) beyond compare 无与伦比 [题]Agriculture was a step in human progress ___ which subsequently there was not anything comparable until our own matching age.(2001.1) A. in B. for C. to D. from 18.classify vt. divide things into groups according to type 归类，分类 ---The books in the library are classified by subject.图书馆的书是按科目分类的。 ---Would you classify her novels as serious literature or as mere entertainment? 你认为她的小说属于文学类呢还是属于通俗读物类？ classification n 分类 classified a. 分类的，保密的 [题]Employees in post office ____mail according where it is to go. A. list B. classify C, catalogue D. divide list列举，列出 classify 把…分类 catalogue 把商品图书按某顺序编目 divide 分开 Cf. categorize sth./sb. as 把某物分类 ---He does not like to be categorized as a socialist.他不愿自己被归为社会学家。 sort (out) into sth. : put sth. in particular order or arrange them in groups ---We must sort out the good apples from the bad into baskets. 我们要把好苹果和坏苹果分开放入篮中。 group: gather or form sth./sb. into a group ---Group together in fours 每四人一组 19．debate v. discuss seriously讨论，辩论 ---We are just debating about what to do next.我们正讨论下一步该怎么做。 n. 讨论辩论We had long debates about politics.我们长时间讨论政治问题。 ---Her resignation debated much public debate.她辞职一事引起群众议论纷纷。 [题]The television ___between the candidates will be held on Saturday. A. discussion B. debate C. argument D. dispute 20．work for 1) apply to 使用与 ---The rules of safe driving work for everyone. 安全驾驶的规章制度适用与每个人。 2) make efforts to achieve sth..为…工作 ---Many people work for the peace of the world.许多人为世界的和平而工作。 Cf. work on 对…产生预期作用，从事（某工作）work at 从事，致力于；学习，研究 Work out 算出；想出，制订出 work off （通过工作，活动）除去，消除 21.within one’s reach 1) 在伸手能及的范围内 ---The shelf is not high so it is well within the child’s reach. 这架子不高，那小孩能够得着。 2) 近的，可到达的 ---The hotel is within reach of the beach. 这旅馆离海滩很近。 cf. out of/beyond one’s reach 手不能及，或非力量，影响所能及 3) 能力所能及 --- Not all children are always bored with questions within their reach. 不是所有的小孩对能回答的问题感到厌倦。 23 come to life 活跃起来，表现生动 ---When I mentioned our plans for a trip abroad, the kids came to life at once. 我一提起到国外旅游的打算，孩子们立刻显得兴致勃勃。 Cf. come to sth. 1) 总计，等于 ---I never expected those few items to come to so much. 我没想到就那么几项合计起来会要那么多钱。 2)苏醒 ---When he came to, he found himself in the ward.他苏醒时，发现自己在病房里。 24．in the wake of 随着，紧跟着 ---The war brought many social changes in its wake.经过了这场战争，社会发生了许多变化。 ---Outbreaks of disease occurred in the wake of the drought.那场旱灾过后疾病丛生。 25. in the first place 首先，第一 ---Had we known she would never have been allowed out in the first place, we would not have asked her to the evening. 要是我们一开始就知道不许他出来，我们就不会请她参加晚会。 ---In the first place, I can not afford it, and in the second place, I am not really interested. 其一我买不起，其二我也没兴趣。 26 provide for 1) 为…提供所需之物 ---The planners had not provided for a failure of the power system 计划指定者未对动力系统可能出现故障一事制定应变措施。 ---The right of individuals to appeal to a higher court is provided for in the constitution. 个人向上级法院提出上诉，这是宪法所赋予的权利。 2)provide for sb.供应某人所需（尤指生活用品） ---They worked hard to provide for their large family.他们努力工作供养一大家子。 Cf. 1)provide sb. with sth. provide sth. for sth. ---Can you provide accommodation for 30 people? 你能为30人提供住宿吗？ 2) provided that… providing that….假若，除非 --- I will agree to go provided /providing that my expenses are paid. 假若为我负担费用我就同意去。 ---Provided we get good weather it will be a successful holiday. 如果天气好，我们的假日会非常完美。 27.break apart自行分裂 --- Tribes grow and become powerful under brave and successful leaders, and then shrink or break apart when their chieftain is eventually defeated or killed. 部落在勇敢有作为的领导人的带领下会发展壮大，而当酋长最终被击败或杀死时，部落就会畏缩乃至土崩瓦解。 Cf. break off 使分裂 --- They’ve broken their engagement.他们解除了婚约。 --- He broke off in the middle of a sentence. 他一句话只说了一半就停住了。 --- she broke a piece of chocolate and gave it to me.她掰下一快巧克力给我。 28. in theory: theoretically 理论上 ---Your plan sounds fine in theory, but I don’t know if it will work in practice. 你的计划理论上不错，但我不知道实际上是否通。 29. be identical to/with: exactly the same as 与…一模一样 ---This picture is identical to one my mother has. 这照片和我母亲的一模一样。 identify(v.) sth./sb. as sth./sb. 把认为 identify sth. with sth. identification (n.) ---The identification of the accident victims took some time. 鉴定事故受害者需要时间 --- ID card identification card 身份证 identity n. ---There is no clue to the identity of thief.没有确定窃贼身份的线索。 Cf. uniform, alike, duplicate 相同的 be the same as be equal to be consistent 与…一致，相符;相同 30.what if: what would happen if…要是…怎么办？ 后接陈述句 ---What if the rumor is true? 万一谣传真有其事呢？ ---What if it rains when we can’t get under shelter? 假若下雨，我们有没处躲雨怎么办？ Cf. supposing you came into a lot of money, what would you do? Imagine if you won a big lottery, how would you feel? 31. with sth. in mind 出于……目的 ---He was no longer a young man. With this in mind, he slowed down the car. 他已不是一个年轻人了。想到这，他放慢了车速。 32. get around/round 1) overcome 顺利应付某事，克服某事 ---Do you see a way of getting round the problem? 你有解决这问题的办法吗？ 2) 说服某人同意或做其原先反对的事 --- She knows how to get round her father. 她知道怎么哄他爸爸同意。 3) get around to sth./doing sth.终于能做某事，找出时间做某事 --- I’m very busy at the moment but I hope to get around to answering your letter next week. 我现在很忙，希望下周能抽出时间给你写信。 33.refer to 1) refer to sth.提及，谈到 ---This incident in his children is never again referred to.他小时侯的这件事就不再提了。 2) refer to sth./sb.查阅，询问 ---The speaker often referred to his notes.那个演讲者不时地看发言稿。 3) refer sth./sb. to sth./sb.转送至某人以便得到处理或帮助 --- I was referred to the manager.人家叫我去找经理。 ---The dispute was referred to the United Nations.该争端已提交联合国处理。 4) 称为 ---The scientists referred to the discovery as the most exciting new development in this field. 科学家把这一发现称为这一领域最令人激动的进展。 reference. n. reference to sth. 提到，附注 bear/have some/no reference to sth..与某事有/无关 with reference to sb./ sth. 关于某人/某事物 [题]It was unwise of him to ___the unreliable data in his speech.. (92.6) A. refer to B. add to C. keep to D. point to We are writing to the manager ____the repairs recently carried out at the above address.(97.1) A. with the exception of B. with the purpose of C. with reference to D. with a view 34 under the name of 用别名 --- He writes under the name of John.他用约翰这别名写作。 Cf. in the name of 代表某人、物 ---I greet you in the name of the President 我代表总统前来迎接你。 ---They did it all in the name of friendship. 他完全是处于友谊而那样做的。 by/of the name of 称作 ---Someone of the name of Henry wants to see you.有个叫亨利的人要见你。 [题]The bridge was named ___the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.(90.1) A. after B. with C. by D. from name after以…名字命名 35.regardless of: despite, in spite of, irrespective of, 不顾，不管 ---He continued speaking, regardless of my feelings on the matter. 他不顾及我在此事上的感情继续往下说。 [题]Everyman in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ___the color of his skin. (97.6) A. with the exception of B. in the light of C. regardless of D. by virtue of 36.be concerned about/over 担心，担忧 --- Rose was never been particularly concerned about what other people think of him. 从不特别关注别人怎么看他。 Cf. be concerned with 涉及，与…有关 be concerned in 与某事有牵连 as far as sb./sth be concerned 就…来说 concerning… 关于，至于 [题] His work is concerned ___the preparation of the documents for exports. A. about B. for C. with D. in 37. puzzle over努力思考 ---She’s been puzzling over his strange letter for weeks。 几个星期她都琢磨不透他那封奇怪的信 puzzle sth. out 开动脑筋想出事物的答案。 ---The teacher left the children to puzzle out the answer to the problem themselves. 老师让学生动脑自行找问题的答案。 be puzzled about/by 对…困惑 为…所困惑 Grammar Enrichment 独立结构 状语有时可以由一名词（代词）和另一成分构成的复合结构担任，称为独立结构(absolute construction)。常见的有下面几类： 名（代）词+分词 He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. 名（代）词+形容词 He entered the roomed, his nose red with cold. 名（代）词+不定式 Here are the first two volunteers, the third one to come out next month. 名（代）词+介词短语 After killing the Japanese soldier, the two partisans ran away, rifle in hand. 名（代）词+副词 He put on his socks wrong side out. 这类结构和一个从句差不多。前面的名（代）词相当于从句的主语（也就是后面部分的逻辑上的主语）。 后面部分相当于从句中的位于和表语。这样的结构多用来表示行为方式或伴随情况。有时也表示时间，原因，条件。 介词有时后面可跟这一复合结构。这种短语作用和独立结构差不多。这种结构有下面几类： with +名（代）词+不定式 He knew that with him to help here, she could and would succeed. with +名（代）词+动词-ing形式 With the old man leading, the two started toward the mountains. with +名（代）词+动词-ed形式 With the question settled, they were happy and relaxed. with +名（代）词+介词短语 With chalk in one hand and a textbook in the other, the performance rested against the blackboard. with +名（代）词+形容词 Although they sat with doors and widows open, the air in the room was still smelly. with +名（代）词+副词 He went out with no hat on. [题]1. A new technique _____, the yields as a whole increased by 20%. working out B. having been worked out C. having worked out D. to have been worked out 2. ___the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn’t go on with experiment. (2001.1) A. Since B. For C. As D. with 3. After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ____to go to school.(97.1) A. to be encourage B. been encourage C. being encouraged D. be encouraged 4. ____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(97.6) A. Other things being equal B. To be equal to other things C. Were other things equal D. Other things to be equal 5.All flights ____ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A. had been canceled B. were canceled C. have been canceled D. having been canceled Language points At first it was just plain surprising. (Para. 1) Meaning: At the very beginning the news that an adult mammal had been successfully cloned was obviously cloned was obviously a shock to people. plain: adv. Obviously, clearly明显的，清楚的 ---It is just plain crazy to spend all your pay as soon as you get. 很明显一拿到工资就花掉是不可思议。。 ---She spoke plain to me the whole story.她清楚地告诉我整个故事。 Word last week that a scientist named Ian Wilmut had succeeded in cloning an adult mammal—an achievement long thought impossible--- caught the imagination of everyone. Meaning: The news that a scientist named Ian Wilmut had successfully cloned an adult mammal led people to imagine a lot. His successful clone was an achievement that had been thought impossible for a long time. word：（单数，不用冠词a或the）消息， 信息; the word 谣言 ---Please send word of your safe arrival 请你把平安到达的消息告诉我。 ---The word is that he’s left the country.据说他已离开这个国家。 It was science fiction coming to life.(Para.1) Meaning: Human cloning which once appeared only in science fiction became a reality. In the wake of Wilmut’s announcement, governments hurried to draft guidelines for the unknown, a future filled with incredible possible.(Para.2) Meaning:After Wilmut’s announcement, governments of various countries were in a hurry to draw guidelines for a future which is full of incredible possibilities and hard to predict. The unknown: things that are unknown to us Note that “a future filled with incredible possibilities” is in apposition to “the unknown” President Clinton ordered a national commission to study the legal and moral implications of cloning. (Para.2) Meaning: President Clinton issued an order to set a national committee to discuss what human cloning means in terms law and morality. Like the Theory of of Relativity, the splitting of the atom, and the first space flight, Dolly’s appearance has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers. (Para. 3) Meaning: Like the first appearance of great human achievements such as Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, the splitting of the atom, and the first space flight, Dolly’s birth has also raised a lot of difficult problems for scientists, politicians and philosophers to cope with. Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? (Para. 4) Meaning: Why would people want to clone a human being at all /to begin with? And that means that the nucleus must be intact. (Para.7) Here “that” refers to “combing an egg cell with the nucleus of a cell” mentioned in the previous sentence. Identical genes don’t produce identical people, as anyone who knows a set of identical twins can tell you. (Para. 9) Meaning: The same genes don’t produce the same people. Anyone who knows some identical twins can tell this. Here “as” is used as a relative pronoun, standing for the main clause “identical genes don’t produce identical people”. ---As anyone can see, they are very happy.任何人都看得出，他们很快乐 ---As was usual with him, he went out for a walk after dinner. 像往常一样，他吃完饭出去散步了。 “a set of’ here means a group of ,a pair of 10. Twins separated at birth do sometimes share personality characteristics, but such characteristics in a cloned son or daughter would only be reminders of the child who was lost.) Para. 9) Meaning: Twins who are separated at the moment of birth do sometimes have similar personalities. However, a cloned son or daughter, having some personal characteristics identical to those of the lost one, would only make the miserable parents think more of their lost child. Even in terms of biology, a clone would not be identical to the “master copy”. (Para10) Meaning: Biologically speaking, a clone would not be an exact copy of the original, either. in terms of : from… point of view; with regard to; concerning从…看来；根据 ---In artistic terms, the film was revolutionary.在艺术家看来，这电影是有革命性意义的。 ---In their terms, cutting government spending is the most important thing. 在他们看来，削减财政开销是很重要的事。 come to terms (with) 达成协议，和解 in the long/short term 从长远/短期看来 [题]Which sport has the most expenses____ training equipment, player’s personal equipment and uniforms. (98.1) A. in place of B. in terms of C. by means of D. by way of But most of the physical differences between originals and copies are so minor that detection of them would require a sophisticated laboratory. (Para.. 10) Meaning: since clones and their originals have very subtle difference in their bodies, we probably need an advanced laboratory to find the small differences between them. The one possible exception is bearing children. (Para. 10) Meaning: One possible major difference between the original and the clone lies in their ability to have children. Most experts agree that it would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he had been brought into the world simply as an organ donor. (Para. 12) Meaning: Most experts agree that if a child got the impression that he had born simply to give an organ to another child, it would have harmful effects on his mind. Cloning would increase the chances for a tissue match from 25 percent to nearly 100 percent. (Para. 12) Meaning: Through cloning the chances for successfully replacing tissues with the matched ones would increase from 25 percent to nearly 100. If the company’s technicians succeed, it may be more efficient to produce such pigs by cloning than by current methods. (Para, 13) Meaning: If the company’s technicians succeed in doing so (that is, altering the pig’s genetics code to prevent pig organs from being attacked), then it may be more efficient to produce pigs for medical uses by cloning than by current methods. That still leaves some confusion over vocabulary. (Para. 16) Meaning: Judith Martin’s suggestion still leaves people confused about how to use proper words to address the cloning-produced relationship. Here, “that” refers to Judith Martin’ suggestion. specifically, some experts are concerned about the creation of a new (and disrespected) social class: “the clones” (Para. 18) meaning: To be specific, some experts worry about the creation of a new social class (which is looked down upon by society ): “the clones”. The list of questions could go on;… (Para. 19) Meaning: With the development of cloning, there will be more relevant questions waiting to be answered. Section B Who will Take Advantage of Human Cloning? Reading skills: Identifying the writer’s purpose This is a continuing part of the previous unit for reading skills. Reading effecting means recognizing the author’s purpose. There are some clues that can help you identify what kind of writing you are dealing with. Now let’s have a short analysis of Passage A to see if the text is informational, persuasive, or entertaining. The title suggests that the text attempts to present a picture of “Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning”. This piece of evidence shows that the text is intended to be informational: helping us to answering the question” what are the legal and moral implications of cloning. The text begins with a piece of news: “At first it was just plain surprising. Word last week that…”. This is another piece of evidence to show the text is informational. After the first three paragraphs (please notice they are facts instead of opinions from the author), six questions--- they are concerns of common people ---- are raised and answered, focusing on the implications of cloning. In raising and answering the questions, one prominent feature is that the subjunctive mood is used frequently. This demonstrates that they are predictions rather than judgment or conclusion. Nor is it used in persuasion, unless out of politeness. Therefore, with the above in view, we say the text is informational. Try to analyze section B by answering the following questions: Study the title carefully. What does the title tell you about the content of the text? The title is actually a question. By using a question s a title, the author tries his best to attract the readers’ attention. Obviously, it’s about the possibility or even legality of human cloning. The author gives us a thorough analysis as to who will take advantage of human cloning. Is the language the author uses rather formal and serious? Informal and lighted-hearted? Or strongly emotional? The language is formal and serious. Besides, it is emotional. The evidence for this is the repeated employment of rhetorical questions. How many questions are there in the text? What are they? Altogether, there are seven question, including the one in the title. Of the seven, four are rhetorical questions. They appear respectively at the end of Para. 2, Para. 3, Para. 4, and at the beginning of paragraph 6. What’s the function of the rhetorical questions? Rhetorical questions are mainly intended to stir up the listeners’ or readers’ emotions, to put them off guard, making them ready to accept the speaker’s or writer’s opinion. Rhetorically, this is called emotional appeal. By using rhetorical questions four times, the author of this text is appealing to the readers to accept her idea “Don’t just say no to human cloning”. With all the above in view, we can see the text or persuasive. Word study panic n. sudden irrational feeling of great fear恐惧，惊慌 --- shoppers fled the street in panic after two bombs exploded in central London. 当伦敦中心区的两颗炸弹爆炸时逛街的人都惊慌失措的逃离街道。 v. (panicked, panicking) ---The protests became more violent and many landowners were panicked into leaving the country. 抗议者的行为愈加激烈，许多地主因恐慌而离开那国家。 Cf. horror: feeling of intense fear恐怖，恐惧，惊慌 ---To her horror, she saw him fall.看见他跌下，她惊恐万状。 horror film/story恐怖电影/小说 have a horror of sth.害怕 fear: 恐惧，害怕 terror: extreme fear恐怖，惊骇 dread: great fear畏惧，恐惧 ---He has always stood in dread of his father.他一见父亲就害怕。 fright: feeling of sudden unpleasant fear惊吓 ---You gave me a fright suddenly coming here 你那样突然来这儿吓我一大跳。 2．preface (to) : introductory statement at the beginning of a book, esp. one that explains the author’s aims.序言，前言（可自己写也可别人写） foreword: short introductory to the book, usually not written by the author.（书前言，序言 introduction: explanatory article about the main part of a book. 书的序言（一般自己写） refusal: denial rejection拒绝 give sb. a flat refusal 断然拒绝 receive a refusal 遭拒绝 [题]They offered to by his farm but met a flat _____. A. acceptance B. refusal C. refuse D. deny . refuse: 后搭配invitation, application, offer, permission, reject: 更强烈，后搭配application, idea, proposal, offer, improvement, plan等 decline: 后搭配invitation, offer, 或过写或说的方式而不是做的方式来拒绝，较委婉 turn down 没有前三个正式 deny: 搭配permission, opportunity, right ---She denied working for the enemy. (= she said she was not working for the enemy). refute: prove that a statement or idea is incorrect 反驳，驳斥 conservative. a. 1) 保守的，守旧的，传统的 ---Old people are usually more conservative than young people 老人通常比年轻人保守。. --- She is conservative in the way she dresses. 她在衣着上很保守。 ---the Conservative Party 保守党 （英） cf. preservative:保护的，保存的； 防腐剂 --- Salt has a preservative effect on food.盐对事物有防腐作用。 constitute 1) be considered as 是，构成 ---The defeat constitutes a major set-back for our diplomacy. 这次失败是我们外交上的重大挫折。 2) form, make up sth. 组成，构成 ---Twelve months constitute a year.十二个月为一年。 --- The committee is constituted of members of all three parties.委员会由三方组成。 constituent: 组成部分，组成的 the constituent of the mixture 混合物成分 constituent parts 组成的部分 Cf. consist of 由组成 be composed of 由组成 comprise 1) 包括，包含 ---The house comprises 2 bedrooms, a kitchen and a living room. 房子由两卧室，一个厨房和一个起居室组成。 2) 构成 ---Two small boys and a dog comprised the street entertainer. 两个小男孩和一条狗构成了接头艺人仅有的观众。 make up 组成 ---How many people make up a basketball team? 多少人组成一支篮球队？ be made up of 由组成 gross 1) 明显错误的 gross negligence/error/injustice 明显疏忽/错误/不公正 2)总的 gross weight/profit/income 毛重/毛利/总收入 n. （复数grosses或不变）一罗（12打，144个） applicable 适用的，合适的，适当的 ---This part of the form is not applicable to foreign students. 表格中的这部分不适用于外国学生。 applicant (n.) for sth. 申请…人 application (to sb. ) for sth. 向申请（某事） application to sth.应用于某事物 apply to sth./sb.应用…适用 apply to sb. for sth.向…申请 consent v. consent to do sth.同意 ---They finally consent to go with us.他们终于同意和我们一起去。 n. 同意 consent to sth. ---She was chosen as leader by common consent. 她经一致同意而当选为领导人的。 ---He gave his consent for the project to get under way.他同意将这个计划给予实施。 agree with sb. about /on sth. agree to sth. subscribe to sth. （同意）赞成（某观点、理论） favor 赞同，支持 approve of 赞成 反义词：object to sth./sb. 反对 oppose counter reflection (reflexion) 1) 考虑，深思 --- A moment’s reflection will show you are wrong.只要略加考虑、，就可看出你错了。 2) 发射，反映 --- You can you see your reflection in a polished table-top. 你可在光亮的桌面上看见自己的映像。 3) 反映，表达 ---Your clothes are a reflection of your personality.一个人的衣着可反映其个性。 4) on/upon reflection 再经考虑 ---On further reflection, I saw that she might be right, after all. 我再一考虑，反倒觉察到可能这是他对。 5)reflections on sth. 经沉思而产生的想法 [题]As you have seen, the valuta（货币兑换值）of a nation’s currency is a ___ of it’s economy. (99.6) A. reaction B. reflection C. response D. revelation reflect v. reflect on/upon 仔细考虑 reflect sth. from sth. 反射 ---I need time to reflect on your offer. 我需时间考虑你的建议。 ---The heat reflected from the white sand formed a mirage. 热气经白色沙面发射而形成蜃景。 ---He look at his face reflected in the mirror. 他照镜子看看脸。 surplus a. 剩余的，过剩的 surplus labor/stock 剩余劳动力/存货 ---This food is to surplus to requirements. 这种食物供过于求。 n. [c.u] 剩余（额）；过剩；顺差 ---We have trade surplus of $400, million.我们有4亿美元的贸易顺差。 Cf. excess a. 额外的，附加的 n. 过度，过量；超额的量 an excess of sth.. （反）deficit 赤字；不足额；亏空额 queue v. wait in a line 排队 queue up for sth.排队等候 ---They are queuing up to see a film.他们排队等候看电影。 ---We queued for an hour but didn’t get in.我们排队等候一小时也没进去。 n. （人或车辆）长列，行列 ---Don’t jump the queue and wait in a line.别插队，排队等。 --- A queue of cars had formed because of traffic jam.由于交通堵塞一条汽车长龙形成了。 --- We have to wait in a queue for hours to get tickets.我们得排几小时队才能买到票。 18. infertile(=in +fertile): barren, sterile 不育的，不结果实的 the infertile land 贫瘠的土地 an infertile couple 不能生育的夫妇 fertile a. fertile land fertile imagination 肥沃的 fertilize v. 使肥沃，多产 fertilizer n. 肥料 fertility n.肥沃，多产 artificial a. 1)人造的，人工的，假的 artificial flowers/light/pears假花/人造光/假珍珠 artificial intelligence人工智能 2) affected, insincere, not genuine 做作的，虚假的，假的 ---Her artificial gaiety disguised an inner sadness.她以矫揉造作的快乐掩饰着内心的悲痛。 [题]There were some ___ flowers on the table. (91.6) A. artificial B. unnatural C. pretended D. unreal unnatural 不自然的pretended伪造的 unreal 不真实的 forge v. 锻造，伪造， forge money/will/signature伪造钞票/遗嘱/签名 fake v. a. n. 见得，伪造的。赝品 fake police假冒警察fake signature伪造签字 fake surprise 装吃惊fake commodity假冒商品 false a. 假的，冒充的，假装的，伪造的 false hair 假发false tears 虚假的眼泪false passport假护照 false evidence伪证 14. defect （人或物的）缺点，不足之处 a defect of character性格缺陷 defects in the educational system 教育体制的缺陷 physical defect 身体缺陷 flaw：在（性格上的）缺陷；（物体或材料的）裂纹或缺陷；瑕疵 ---This vase would be perfect but for a few small flaws in its base. 这花瓶底部没有那几个斑点就十全十美了。 ---Pride was the greatest flaw in his personality.傲慢是他品格上的最大缺陷。 fault: 毛病，故障，瑕疵find fault with 挑剔fault in the electrical system电力系统的故障 drawback: disadvantage, problem 不利条件，缺点，障碍 Drawback of/to doing sth. shortcomings: 缺点，缺陷（指未能达到规定标准的） weakness:缺点（尤指性格上的）；弱点 strengths and weaknesses长处和弱点 15. reproduce v. 1) multiply（人或动物的）繁殖，生殖2) 复制，再现 ---The computer reproduced the data as a set of diagrams. 计算机用一组图表把那些数据重新再现出来。 --- Fish reproduce by laying eggs.鱼靠产卵繁殖。 reproduction n. 复制品（艺术作品）； 复制；再现 reproductive a. 生殖的，繁殖的 [题] Some creatures, for example, lizard, can lost parts of their bodies, but we human beings can not. A. reproduce B. produce C. develop D. cultivate 16. resign 1) quit辞职 --- The minister resigned from office.那部长辞职了。 2)顺从，听从 --- The team refused to resigned themselves to defeat/to being defeated.该队不甘失败。 resignation n. 辞职 辞呈 [题]He ___ his job in order to engage in full time writing.(93.1) A. upheld B. resigned from C. undertook D. took over uphold 坚持 undertake 从事 take over 接任 17. dispose v. get rid of; 摆脱，克服dispose of sb./sth ---He was forced to dispose of all his furniture after he decided to move to another city. 在决定要搬到另一城市后他不得不处理了所有家具。 ---The teacher disposed the desks in semi-circle.老师把课桌排成半圆形。 at one’s disposal 自行支配 --- The film put a secretary at my disposal.公司给我配备了一个秘书。 18.resume v. continue（停顿后）在继续，恢复 ---They were silent, then Billy resumed his story.他们都沉默着，比利继续将那故事。 ---She resumed her maiden name after the divorce.离婚后她重新使用娘家的姓。 [题]The travelers ___ their journey after a short break. (95.1) A. recovered B. resumed C. resort D. restored Cf. assume 假定，承担 presume 推测，假定，认定 19. sent into/to: 使某人进入某种状态 ---His joke sent everyone into laughter.这笑话让大家都大笑。 ---The news sent the Stock Exchange into a panic.这消息让证券交易所陷入恐慌。 [题]Everyone had an application form in his hand, but no one knew which room ___. (94.1) A. to send it to B. to send it C. to be send to D. to have it sent 20.at the prospect of/that当意识到可能时 ---The youngster set off home, smiling to himself at the prospect of surprising his family with good news.小伙子带笑容起身回家，期待着他的好消息能给家人一个惊喜。 prospect: n. 1) prospect of sth./doing sth有根据的希望，期望 ---I see little prospect of an improvement in his condition.我看他的情况没什么改进的希望。 2) prospects 前景（程） ---The prospects for this year’s wine harvest are poor.今年的葡萄酒产量前景不佳。 grow out of : have sth. as a source（不用被动）由…而生 --- My interest in the art of India grew out of the time I spent there during the war. 战争期间我在印度对其艺术产生了兴趣。 2) 年龄增长不再做某事 ---Most adults grow out of children’s games.大多数的成年人年龄大了不再做儿童游戏。 3)长得高大穿不下自己原来的衣服 ---My sister had to send her favorite skirt to me because she has grown out of it. 我姐姐不得不把她心爱的裙子给我因为她长大穿不下了。 make sense: 1)讲得痛 --- These words are jumbled up and make no sense.这些词堆砌在一起讲不通。 2)是明智的，合理的 ---It doesn’t make sense to buy that expensive coat when these cheaper ones are just as good. 这些便宜的大衣也很好，何必非买那件贵的不可。 3)弄懂困难似无法了解的事物 ---Can you make sense of this poem? 你能弄懂这首诗吗？ for the sake of sth./doing sth.为了得到，拥有 ---I’ll help you for your father’s sake.我帮你是看在你父亲的面子上。 --- let’s not spoil the job for the sake of a few pounds.咱们不要为了几英镑而把工作弄糟。 perceive as: view as; regard as; consider as; 视作，看作 ---I perceive his comment as a challenge.我认为他的评论是对我的挑战。 --- Such magazines are often perceived as being superficial.这类杂志经常被认为是很肤浅。 [题]Only an artist could ___ the fine shades of color in the painting. A. perceive B. receive C. deceive D. conceive deceive 欺骗 conceive设想 stand a chance of: 有可能（取得） --- He stands a good/fair/some/no/little) chance of passing the exam.他考试及格（大/很/没有）希望或有些/几乎没有希望。 chance of doing sth./to do sth.可能性 ---Is there any chance of getting tickets for tonight’s performance? 有可能买到今晚演出的票吗？ the chances are (that)..很可能 ---The chances are that she will be coming.很可能他要来。 take a chance on sth. 冒险，碰运气 ---I haven’t reserved a table. I am taking a chance on the restaurant not being full. 我没定位子。我在试试有没有没满座的饭店。 as chance would have it: 凑巧，碰巧 ---As chance would have it he was going to London as well and was able to give me a lift. 赶巧他也去伦敦，所以能载我一程。 seek (sought) out: 找出或找到某人 ---We sought her out to tell her of her success.我们找到她告诉她成功了。 --- People are seeking for solutions to current problems. 人们正在找目前为体的解决方法。 --- You must seek permission from the manager.你需请求经理的批准。 pass on (to): 传递，传给 --- Let’s pass on to the next item on the agenda.咱们进行议事日程的下一个项目吧。 --- Pass the book on to me when you’ve finished with it.那本书你看完后给我。 Language points Last week’s news that scientists had cloned a sheep sent academics and the public into a panic at the prospect that humans might be next. (Para. 1) Meaning: shocked by last week’s news that scientists had successful cloned a sheep, both scientists and common people had a feeling of fear when they realized that the next on the cloning list would probably be human beings. Cloning is a radical challenge to the most fundamental laws of biology, so it’s reasonable to be concerned that it might be a preface to activities that will threaten human society and dignity. (Para. 1) Meaning: As cloning fundamentally changes the traditional way of bearing a baby, it is quite natural for people to worry about its possible consequences that might throw humans into shame and society. Yet much of the moral opposition seems also to grow out of an automatic, unthinking disgust.(Para. 1) Meaning: Most people find human cloning morally disgusting and so it seems they object to it naturally and without much thinking about it. This refusal to consider the issue logically makes it hard for even trained scientist and other experts to see the matter clearly. (Para. 1) Meaning: It is difficult for even trained scientists and other experts who refuse to consider the issue logically to have a proper view on the issue. Conservative spiritual leaders have claimed that cloning a human constitutes a gross attack on human dignity. (Para. 2) Meaning: Believing all lives are created by God, religious leaders have stated that human cloning will lead to nothing but grave dishonor to our human beings. Conservative spiritual leaders: religious leaders who are very conservative That would surely be true if a cloned individual were treated as a lesser being, with fewer rights or lower status. (Para.2) Meaning: Cloning a human would surely be a big attack on human dignity if a cloned person were treated as a non-human who enjoys fewer rights or lower social or even human status. Please note the subjunctive mood used in the sentence. But why suppose that the laws that protect our rights and dignity would not be applicable to cloned persons? (Para. 2) Meaning: But why do people suppose that cloned persons would not share the laws that protect our rights and dignity with the rest of us? Where did he come up with such a right? (Para. 2) Meaning: Where did the lawyer find the “right to a unique genetic identity”? It makes perfect sense to say that adult persons have a right not to be cloned without their voluntary, informed consent. (Para.2) Meaning: It’s quite sensible to say that grown-up human beings have a right not to be cloned if they don’t agree to or don’t want to. There is the fear, for instance, that parents might clone a child for the sake of having “surplus parts” in case the original child needs an organ transplant. (Para. 3) Meaning: For example, there is the fear that parents might clone a child in order to have “additional parts” when the original child needs an organ transplant. Please note the subjunctive mood used in the sentence. in case: 因为可能发生某事，以防万一 ---It may rain---you’d better take an umbrella just in case it does. 可能下雨---你最好带把雨伞，以防万一。 in case of sth. 若发生某事；假如 in no case无论如何都不 in any case 无论如何，总之 a case in point 与所谈论的事有关的事；例证 But parents of identical twins don’t view one child as an organ farm for the other. (Para. 3) Meaning: But parents who have identical twins don’t regard one of the twins as a farm that produces organs for the other. Another disturbing thought is that cloning will lead to efforts to breed individuals with genetic qualities perceived as desirable (math geniuses, soccer player, etc.). (Para. 4) Meaning: Another thing that upsets us is that people will try to alter genes so as to bear smart and strong children who would grow to be math geniuses, soccer player, and so on. Such ideas are offensive, not only because of an unthinking disgust, but also because of the horrors varied out by the Nazis in the name of improving their race. (Para. 4). Meaning: We find such ideas quite unacceptable, not only because these ideas are unreasonably disgusting but also because they remind us of the horrifying things done by the Nazis with the excuse to improve their race. unthinking: a.考虑不周的，未经思考的 ---Unthinking, he throw his lighted match into the waste-paper basket. 他想都没想就把燃着的火柴扔进废纸篓里。 ---He doesn’t say those silly things that unthinking people say. 他从不说不顾后果的人说的那种傻话。 But there is a vast difference between the breading programs as practiced by some groups (where the urge to breed certain types people leads to efforts to destroy other types) and the much more harmless forms already practiced in democratic societies (where, say, lawyers freely choose to have a sexual relations with other lawyers). (Para.4) Meaning: But there is a great difference between the two types of human breeding programs. The first type refers to the breeding programs that are practiced by some groups such as Nazi who tried hard to kill and destroy Jews and other races in order to have a so-called pure breed of Germanic people. The second refers to the much more harmless breeding programs that are practiced in democratic societies by some people---lawyers, for example--- who freely choose their colleague to have children. say: suppose, for example 假定；比如说 ---Say you have an accident: who would look after you? 假如你出了事故，谁来照顾你？ ---You could learn to play chess in, (let’s) say, three months. 学下国际象棋要用，比如说，三个月吧。 This might seem psychologically suspect. (Para. 5) Meaning: Psychologically speaking, the parents might not believe this. But a cloned child born to such suspect parents stands no greater or lesser chance of being loved, or rejected, than a child created the normal way. (Para. 5) Meaning: But a cloned child that such doubtful parents bear is not more or less likely to be loved or rejected by them than a child that they have normally. That such couples have other options (artificially bringing eggs and sperm together, or adopting a child) is not an argument for denying them the right to clone. (Para. 5) Meaning: The fact that such infertile couples have other choices --- say, artificial fertilization by bringing egg and sperm together or adopting a child---is no reason at all for denying them the right to clone. Currently, if this couple wants a genetically related child, they have four not altogether pleasant options. (Para. 5) Meaning: At present, if this couple wants to have a child that is genetically related to them, they have four choices which they are not fully pleased with. This is one case where even people bothered by creating a child under the lens of a microscope might see cloning as not the worst option. (Para.5) Meaning: In this case cloning might not be the worst even in the eyes of people who are upset by creating a child (in the lab) under the lens of a microscope. Even if human cloning offers no obvious benefits to mankind, why ban it? (Para. 6) Meaning: Why should people ban human cloning, though it offers no obvious benefits to mankind? Before we go any further, it might make sense to require a temporary pause on research into human cloning in order to making systematic enquiry into the grave questions it raises. (Para. 6) Meaning: Before we go too far, it might be sensible for us to stop research into human cloning for a while so that the serious issues it raises can be carefully investigated and examined. When research into cloning is resumed, human cloning should remain a research activety for an extended period. (Para. 6). Meaning: When we take up the research into cloning again, we should continue to stydy human cloning and devote more time to it. And if it is ever attempted, it should---and no doubt will ---take place only under carefully examination and layers of legal administration. (Para.6) Meaning: And if we really attempted to do the research into cloning, we should and undoubtedly will do it only under careful examination and legal administrations at different levels. Most important, human cloning should be governed by the same laws that now protect human rights. Meaning: What is most important is that human cloning should be controlled by the same laws that now protect human rights.