MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
CHEMISTRY
Cai-Minggang
Contents
Introduction
Part One Mechanisms in marine pollution
Part two Topics in marine pollution
Part three Measurement of biological response
toxicity and water quality assessments
……
Part One mechanisms in marine pollution
Chap.1 mechanisms and problems of marine
pollution
Chap.1 mechanisms and problems of
marine pollution
I,Introduction
II,Atmospheric pollution
III,Waterborne pollution
IV,organic poisons,inhibitors and contaminants
V,Particulate pollution
I,Introduction
A,Mechanisms in pollution
B,Geochemical mechanisms
C,The orgin and development of the biosphere
A,Mechanisms in pollution
For the physiologist ― the poison becomes an instrument
which dissociates and analyses the most delicate
phenomena of living structures,and by attending
carefully to their mechanism in causing death,he can
learn indirectly much about the physiological processes
of life‖ ……such studies of the effects produced by toxic
substance demand a multi-disciplinary approach,
(------ Claude Bernard )
Ecologists would probably like to refine the
definition of toxic mechanisms not as those ―causing
death‖ but as those diminishing the success of the
organism in its environment,
This is not always the same thing for humans and for
marine creatures in their less prestigious existences,
Indeed this concept leads naturally to the usually
accepted definition of ―pollution‖evolved by the
SCOR Working Group of the United Nations.
concept of marine pollution
The introduction by man,directly or indirectly,
of substances or energy into the marine
environment (including estuaries) resulting in
such deleterious effects as harm to living
resources,hazards to human health,hindrance to
marine activeties including fishing,impairment
of quality for use of sea water and reduction of
amenities,
—— evolved by the SCOR Working Group of the
United Nations (1969).
It will become clear that the agencies giving
rise to pollution are extremely diverse and
can be found everywhere,
Three broad categories of material pollution
can be distinguished,These are,native or
natural,not caused by man; generated by
man but not created by him; and increasing
pollution caused by man’s synthetic
activities.
Categories Example pollutants
Natural
(man not involved)
Volcanoes,
marshes,
oil gushers
H2O,SO2,CH4,
hydrocarbon,soluble
inorg,and org,
substances etc.
Generated
(exploited by man)
Water usage,
farming,forestry,
mining etc.
Altered water
balance,soil erosion,
slag heaps etc.
Synthetic
(created by man)
Plastics,pesticides,
radio-nuclides
DDT,PCB,
90Sr,131I
B,Geochemical mechanisms
In relation to the early history of the earth and
subsequent mechanisms of change there emerge
some generalities about rock composition which
are of considerable interest.
Igneous rocks formed by the solidification of
melts are the major component of the earth’s crust
which is now land,
These rocks are mainly silicic and basaltic types in
the radio of 2:1,The major component minerals of
these rocks determine fairly predictably the trace
elements that solidified out with them.
C,The orgin and development of the biosphere
3 000 – 4 000 million years ago
earth,hot,pure
2 000 – 3 000 million years ago
the surface,clay,sand and limestone;
Hydrosphere,H2S,NaCl,KCl etc in low concentration
Atmosphere,CO2,N2 with little H2S.
In time……
Atmosphere,N2,CO2; Hydrosphere,NaCl
the appearance of organically formed FeO(OH)
and CaCO3 and peptides,pyrimidines and purines
were produced (Bernal,1959)
—— The ―pure‖earth was being organically
polluted and eventually eobionts,became
organelles,organelles oranisms and then protozoa.
In a special sense,this is pollution in the
sharp of the introduction of hitherto
unknown substances,especially finely
devided solids and a range of primitive
organic molecules;
pollution had culminated in the appearance
of primeval forms of life.
The process had taken thousands of millions
of years to get started,but since then
evolution and diversification of life have
progressed with (by comparison) great
speed.
Life must be include a self-maintaining chemical
mechanism but there is no way of ensuring that it
is also self-contained,
This insidious and inescapable evolution goes on
in a direction perpetuated in part by the
environmental changes it initiates;
new materials or a new balance of old materials
are the agents directing change in the long future
ahead.
What is commonly called ―pollution‖ may be a
significant contributor to this process.
Chap.1 mechanisms and problems of
marine pollution
I,Introduction
II,Atmospheric pollution
III,Waterborne pollution
IV,organic poisons,inhibitors and contaminants
V,Particulate pollution
II,Atmospheric pollution
A,Physical effects in atmospheric pollution
B,Health aspects and marine analogies
C,Atmospheric inputs
D,The air-sea interface
A,Physical effects in atmospheric pollution
Time and distance act together in
atmospheric pollution on an altogether
different scale from aqueous transport
Fig.1 Time scale of dispersion processes for
gaseous atmospheric pollutants
B,Health aspects and marine analogies
On land
On reaching the sea
SO2
C,Atmospheric inputs
1,The major air-borne pollutants
( gaseous contaminants and particulate matter)
2,Gaseous contaminants:
Distribution,Residence time
3,Particulate matter
TableⅡ atmospheric inputs (million tonnes/year)
Natural Man’s activities
Carbon monoxide 200 250
30
Hydrocarbons (methane)
emissions
80 Carbon mumber1 to 12
Nitrogen oxides 50 48
Sulphur dioxide 129 66
Particulate matter 20
3,Residence time
SO2 (rapidly oxidized )
CO,0.1a.
Nitrogen oxides,3-4 d.
CH4,longer
3,Particulate matter
Constitute,
Pb,Cu,Zn,Fe and many others
Effects in the sea
a,compare with land in the main
on land,local and concentrated effects
in the sea:dilution and dispersed
b,Some are chiefly air-borne
D,The air-sea interface
The two-phase system of air and water is
complex enough for gaseous pollutants and is
much more so for particulate matter.
Gaseous exchange
Particulate metals
Gaseous exchange
The most important gaseous exchange
(O2,CO2,N2,inert gases)
——Seen in textbooks of chemical oceanography
More reactive gases such as NH3.
SOLAS
Particulate metals
Microlayer,particulate metal ―enriched‖
New York Bight,
the rate of input is much greater,Fe,Pb
were proved to be significantly enhanced in
the microlayer,with Cu and Al perhaps
marginly increased,
Chap.1 mechanisms and problems of
marine pollution
I,Introduction
II,Atmospheric pollution
III,Waterborne pollution
IV,organic poisons,inhibitors and contaminants
V,Particulate pollution
Ⅲ Waterborne pollution
A,Introduction
B,Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
C,The predictability of pollutants
A,Introduction
Rivers bear a very variable load of organic
and inorganic matter among which are a
host of little-known organic compounds
changing with the seasons.
When a river meet the sea,there is a
transition; a zone that is neither fresh water
nor marine in which the plants and animals
are subject to much greater stress than in
either regime,
Estuaries maybe large or small and many
represent regions of great beauty attracting
plants and animals of waters,air and land.
Estuaries are often set aside for preservation
or conservation,
A estuary may also be attractive to the
industrialist,to the people who build cities or
harbors,who widen or narrow the channels,
deepen waterways or reclaim land,to
fishermen,to the tourist who comes by sea or
comes to sea.
As a result,estuaries are prime targets for all
kinds of exploitation,and for all kinds of
pollution of air,shore and water.
Pollutants undergo many changes in estuaries:
Reach sea soon
Decay before reaching
Reach after long decay
B,Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
BOD test,the most commonest and most
versatile measure of broad effect.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD),The
amount of oxygen taken up when hot acid
dichromate is used.
Ultimate oxygen demand (UOD)
Theoretical oxygen demand (TOD)
C,The predictability of pollutants
Thank you for your attention
Chap.1 mechanisms and problems of
marine pollution
I,Introduction
II,Atmospheric pollution
III,Waterborne pollution
IV,organic poisons,inhibitors and contaminants
V,Particulate pollution
CHEMISTRY
Cai-Minggang
Contents
Introduction
Part One Mechanisms in marine pollution
Part two Topics in marine pollution
Part three Measurement of biological response
toxicity and water quality assessments
……
Part One mechanisms in marine pollution
Chap.1 mechanisms and problems of marine
pollution
Chap.1 mechanisms and problems of
marine pollution
I,Introduction
II,Atmospheric pollution
III,Waterborne pollution
IV,organic poisons,inhibitors and contaminants
V,Particulate pollution
I,Introduction
A,Mechanisms in pollution
B,Geochemical mechanisms
C,The orgin and development of the biosphere
A,Mechanisms in pollution
For the physiologist ― the poison becomes an instrument
which dissociates and analyses the most delicate
phenomena of living structures,and by attending
carefully to their mechanism in causing death,he can
learn indirectly much about the physiological processes
of life‖ ……such studies of the effects produced by toxic
substance demand a multi-disciplinary approach,
(------ Claude Bernard )
Ecologists would probably like to refine the
definition of toxic mechanisms not as those ―causing
death‖ but as those diminishing the success of the
organism in its environment,
This is not always the same thing for humans and for
marine creatures in their less prestigious existences,
Indeed this concept leads naturally to the usually
accepted definition of ―pollution‖evolved by the
SCOR Working Group of the United Nations.
concept of marine pollution
The introduction by man,directly or indirectly,
of substances or energy into the marine
environment (including estuaries) resulting in
such deleterious effects as harm to living
resources,hazards to human health,hindrance to
marine activeties including fishing,impairment
of quality for use of sea water and reduction of
amenities,
—— evolved by the SCOR Working Group of the
United Nations (1969).
It will become clear that the agencies giving
rise to pollution are extremely diverse and
can be found everywhere,
Three broad categories of material pollution
can be distinguished,These are,native or
natural,not caused by man; generated by
man but not created by him; and increasing
pollution caused by man’s synthetic
activities.
Categories Example pollutants
Natural
(man not involved)
Volcanoes,
marshes,
oil gushers
H2O,SO2,CH4,
hydrocarbon,soluble
inorg,and org,
substances etc.
Generated
(exploited by man)
Water usage,
farming,forestry,
mining etc.
Altered water
balance,soil erosion,
slag heaps etc.
Synthetic
(created by man)
Plastics,pesticides,
radio-nuclides
DDT,PCB,
90Sr,131I
B,Geochemical mechanisms
In relation to the early history of the earth and
subsequent mechanisms of change there emerge
some generalities about rock composition which
are of considerable interest.
Igneous rocks formed by the solidification of
melts are the major component of the earth’s crust
which is now land,
These rocks are mainly silicic and basaltic types in
the radio of 2:1,The major component minerals of
these rocks determine fairly predictably the trace
elements that solidified out with them.
C,The orgin and development of the biosphere
3 000 – 4 000 million years ago
earth,hot,pure
2 000 – 3 000 million years ago
the surface,clay,sand and limestone;
Hydrosphere,H2S,NaCl,KCl etc in low concentration
Atmosphere,CO2,N2 with little H2S.
In time……
Atmosphere,N2,CO2; Hydrosphere,NaCl
the appearance of organically formed FeO(OH)
and CaCO3 and peptides,pyrimidines and purines
were produced (Bernal,1959)
—— The ―pure‖earth was being organically
polluted and eventually eobionts,became
organelles,organelles oranisms and then protozoa.
In a special sense,this is pollution in the
sharp of the introduction of hitherto
unknown substances,especially finely
devided solids and a range of primitive
organic molecules;
pollution had culminated in the appearance
of primeval forms of life.
The process had taken thousands of millions
of years to get started,but since then
evolution and diversification of life have
progressed with (by comparison) great
speed.
Life must be include a self-maintaining chemical
mechanism but there is no way of ensuring that it
is also self-contained,
This insidious and inescapable evolution goes on
in a direction perpetuated in part by the
environmental changes it initiates;
new materials or a new balance of old materials
are the agents directing change in the long future
ahead.
What is commonly called ―pollution‖ may be a
significant contributor to this process.
Chap.1 mechanisms and problems of
marine pollution
I,Introduction
II,Atmospheric pollution
III,Waterborne pollution
IV,organic poisons,inhibitors and contaminants
V,Particulate pollution
II,Atmospheric pollution
A,Physical effects in atmospheric pollution
B,Health aspects and marine analogies
C,Atmospheric inputs
D,The air-sea interface
A,Physical effects in atmospheric pollution
Time and distance act together in
atmospheric pollution on an altogether
different scale from aqueous transport
Fig.1 Time scale of dispersion processes for
gaseous atmospheric pollutants
B,Health aspects and marine analogies
On land
On reaching the sea
SO2
C,Atmospheric inputs
1,The major air-borne pollutants
( gaseous contaminants and particulate matter)
2,Gaseous contaminants:
Distribution,Residence time
3,Particulate matter
TableⅡ atmospheric inputs (million tonnes/year)
Natural Man’s activities
Carbon monoxide 200 250
30
Hydrocarbons (methane)
emissions
80 Carbon mumber1 to 12
Nitrogen oxides 50 48
Sulphur dioxide 129 66
Particulate matter 20
3,Residence time
SO2 (rapidly oxidized )
CO,0.1a.
Nitrogen oxides,3-4 d.
CH4,longer
3,Particulate matter
Constitute,
Pb,Cu,Zn,Fe and many others
Effects in the sea
a,compare with land in the main
on land,local and concentrated effects
in the sea:dilution and dispersed
b,Some are chiefly air-borne
D,The air-sea interface
The two-phase system of air and water is
complex enough for gaseous pollutants and is
much more so for particulate matter.
Gaseous exchange
Particulate metals
Gaseous exchange
The most important gaseous exchange
(O2,CO2,N2,inert gases)
——Seen in textbooks of chemical oceanography
More reactive gases such as NH3.
SOLAS
Particulate metals
Microlayer,particulate metal ―enriched‖
New York Bight,
the rate of input is much greater,Fe,Pb
were proved to be significantly enhanced in
the microlayer,with Cu and Al perhaps
marginly increased,
Chap.1 mechanisms and problems of
marine pollution
I,Introduction
II,Atmospheric pollution
III,Waterborne pollution
IV,organic poisons,inhibitors and contaminants
V,Particulate pollution
Ⅲ Waterborne pollution
A,Introduction
B,Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
C,The predictability of pollutants
A,Introduction
Rivers bear a very variable load of organic
and inorganic matter among which are a
host of little-known organic compounds
changing with the seasons.
When a river meet the sea,there is a
transition; a zone that is neither fresh water
nor marine in which the plants and animals
are subject to much greater stress than in
either regime,
Estuaries maybe large or small and many
represent regions of great beauty attracting
plants and animals of waters,air and land.
Estuaries are often set aside for preservation
or conservation,
A estuary may also be attractive to the
industrialist,to the people who build cities or
harbors,who widen or narrow the channels,
deepen waterways or reclaim land,to
fishermen,to the tourist who comes by sea or
comes to sea.
As a result,estuaries are prime targets for all
kinds of exploitation,and for all kinds of
pollution of air,shore and water.
Pollutants undergo many changes in estuaries:
Reach sea soon
Decay before reaching
Reach after long decay
B,Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
BOD test,the most commonest and most
versatile measure of broad effect.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD),The
amount of oxygen taken up when hot acid
dichromate is used.
Ultimate oxygen demand (UOD)
Theoretical oxygen demand (TOD)
C,The predictability of pollutants
Thank you for your attention
Chap.1 mechanisms and problems of
marine pollution
I,Introduction
II,Atmospheric pollution
III,Waterborne pollution
IV,organic poisons,inhibitors and contaminants
V,Particulate pollution
