MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
CHEMISTRY
Cai-Minggang
Contents
Introduction
Part One Mechanisms in marine pollution
Part two Topics in marine pollution
Part three Measurement of biological
response toxicity and water quality
assessments
……
Part two Topics in marine
pollution
Chap.2 Marine oxygen-demanded organic pollution
Chap.3 Eutrophication and Red tide
Chap.4 Oil pollution of the sea
Chap.5 Marine synthetic organic pollution
Chap.6 Heavy metal contamination in the sea
Chap.7 Marine radioactivity pollution
Chap.8 Marine heat pollution
Chap.9 Other topics of marine polltion
Chap.3 Eutrophication and Red tide
3.1 What is Eutrophication? (definition)
3.2 Why Should We Be Concerned?
(harmful effect)
3.3 The nutrient in the coastal seawater
3.4 Eutrophication in the coastal seawater
3.5 HABs and Red tide
Eutrophication
Eutrophication is the natural process by which waters
(lakes,rivers etc) become excessively enriched with
nutrients,typically nitrogen and phosphorus,It is one of
the ways in which a water body (lake,rivers,and seas)
transforms from a state where nutrients are scarce
(oligotrophic),through a slightly richer phase
(mesotrophic) to an enriched state (eutrophic),
Human activities often enhance the rate of change due to
activities such as farming,forestry,road-building,industry
and waste treatment that cause nutrients to enter
watercourses,This nutrient enrichment often results in a
population explosion of algae and other aquatic plants.
Eutrophication
BOD and Eutrophication - rapid succession in a body of
water because of an increase in biological productivity,
(Oligotrophic lakes and rivers have clear water and low
biological productivity).
Sewage Appeared To Cause The Lake
To Become Eutrophic.
Chap.3 Eutrophication and Red tide
3.1 What is Eutrophication? (definition)
3.2 Why Should We Be Concerned?
(harmful effect)
3.3 The nutrient in the coastal seawater
3.4 Eutrophication in the coastal seawater
3.5 HABs and Red tide
In shallow lakes and
where plant production is
high,deoxygenation of
the sediment and water
occur frequently too
(black sediment,Photo 3).
Such conditions kill fish and invertebrates (Photo 4).
Moreover,ammonia and hydrogen sulfide
originated from bacterial activity can be
released from sediments under conditions
of anoxia,and their concentrations can rise
to levels which adversely affect plants and
animals as they act as poisonous gases
Some particular type of algae,which grow in highly
nutrient enriched lakes and reservoirs,release in
the water very powerful toxins which are
poisonous at very low concentrations,
Photos 5 & 6,Macro- and micro-scopic viwes
of Microcystis aeruginosa.
Photos 7 & 8,Macro- and microscopic views
of Uroglena americana,a culprit of red tide.
Some of the toxins produce negative effects on
the liver of life stock at minimal concentrations but
they can lead to the death of cattle and other
animals even to humans when ingested in
drinking water at higher concentrations,
Although one way to treat and disinfect surface
waters where these algae grow and/or to prevent
high concentration of organic matter is to use
chlorine,unfortunately this leads to the formation
of compounds which may produce or induce
cancer -a serious threat to the safety of drinking
water supplies.
厦门同安湾海域营养状态评价
1,研究区域概述
2,样品的采集和分析
3,结果与讨论
4,结语案例分析
2,Results and discussion
2.1 Results
2.2 Evaluation of water quality by Eutro-
phication index(E)
2.3 Evaluation of water quality by Nutrient
Qquality Index(NQI)
í? 2 í? °2 í? N Q I ó? E?μ ·? 2?
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
í? °2 í? 1 2 3 4 5 6
o?
N
Q
I
ó?
E
μ
EQI
E
３．结语对同安湾水质监测的结果表明：
大部分监测项目符合二类海水水质标准，但无机氮超标，系该海域富营养化的主要因子。
应用营养质量指数（ NQI）和营养指数（ E）两种评价方法对同安湾海域营养状况评价，结果均表明该海域处于富营养状态，存在发生赤潮的潜在危险。
3,研究海域 N/P )R为 40.7，磷相对短缺，为该海域富营养化的控制因子。
4,关于保护同安湾海域的建议：应加强周边陆地污染源的治理，控制生活污水、工业废水及农业废水的排放，加强生态环境保护；控制海洋水产养殖规模，调整养殖结构，减少养殖污染环境；进一步加强海洋管理，防止发生赤潮。
３．结语
http://ns.soa.gov.cn/chichao/j6.htm
—— http://www.soa.gov.cn/bbs/report/6.htm
Chap.4 HABs and Red tide
1,Occurrence of marine blooms
2,Concept of HABs and red tide
3,Potentially harmful effects
4,Marine biology of red tide
5,The type of red tide
6,The basic procedure of red tide
7,The main cause of red tide
8,Monitoring blooms
4 海洋赤潮污染概述一、赤潮的定义二,赤潮的危害三,赤潮生物四,赤潮的类型划分五,赤潮发生的基本过程六,引发赤潮的主要原因七,赤潮的监测和防治措施概述
Marine algae are natural inhabitants of the
marine environment and include seaweeds
and microscopic plants suspended in the
water,Their type and abundance are
influenced by the availability of essential
nutrients such as nitrogen and
phosphorus,the amount of sunlight and
other factors such as mixing and turbidity.
Algal blooms are not only natural,they're
essential,Fuelled by lengthening days,
rising water temperatures,and nutrients
churned up from the sea bottom,algal
blooms kick-start and feed the entire marine
food chain - including us,
1,Occurrence of blooms
An algal bloom is essentially a population
explosion,indicating an abundance of
nutrients and ideal growing conditions,
Generally these are naturally occurring
although there is an apparent increase in their
frequency and distribution worldwide,
定义：
赤潮 是由于 海域环境条件的改变，促使某些浮游生物（如 微小的浮游植物、原生动物或细菌等 ）暴发性大量增殖和高密度聚集，引起水色异常，造成海域生态破坏和人类健康受损的现象。
Harmful Algal Blooms(HABs)
The term Harmful algal bloom has been
explained as follows,
"The last two decades have been marked by
an extraordinary expansion in the nature and
extent of the marine phenomena we now call
"harmful algal blooms",
For years,the term "red tide" was used to
describe many of these outbreaks,but in time,
that term became less and less appropriate,.,
Not all red tides are harmful,and many
blooms that cause negative impacts are not
red and in fact,do not discolour the water at
all,
Some blooms are associated with potent
toxins in the causative algae,while others
cause problems simply because of high algal
biomass,Some are of concern at exceedingly
low cell densities,..,Blooms of seaweeds or
macroalgae also cause harm,in many cases
as a result of the same environmental
forcings that regulate microalgal blooms,
The search for a term that encompasses these
diverse phenomena was doomed to fail,but,for
better or worse,"harmful algal bloom" is now
used by scientists and government officials
throughout the world,with HAB the obligatory
acronym." (Anderson & Garrison,1997),
The occurrence of HABs overlaps with the
occurrence of eutrophic conditions,but the two
are not always the same,
In Scottish waters,the toxic Red Tide of
Gyrodinium aureolum in parts of the Firth of
Clyde in 1980 (Jones et al.,1982) was certainly
associated with high biomass,and may have
been augmented by local nutrient enrichment,
In contrast,paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP,
which continues to occur in shellfish in Scottish
waters,is caused by the dinoflagellate
Alexandrium tamarense at relatively low
abundance (Joint et al.,1997) and does not seem
to be stimulated by anthropogenic nutrient
enrichment,Both phenomena could be described
as HABs
This can be attributed to a number of
factors such as:
increased scientific awareness of toxic
species
increased use of coastal waters for shell
fisheries/fisheries
increased transport of cells,cysts,and
shellfish stock
meteorological conditions
increased human activities exacerbating
eutrophication.
Blooms are often spectacular
events causing discolouration of
the water by pigments in the algae
(for example 'red tides') and
excessive accumulations of foam
on the shore,producing
unpleasant odours,
In England and Wales,marine algal
blooms tend to cause an aesthetic
nuisance when large accumulations,foams
or scums are washed inshore,
The most common types include
Phaeocystis,which can form foams and
scums and Noctiluca,which can discolour
the water brownish-red and also produce
bioluminescence at night when disturbed,
Some types of algae may also produce
potentially harmful toxins
Chap.4 HABs and Red tide
1,Occurrence of marine blooms
2,Concept of HABs and red tide
3,Potentially harmful effects
4,Marine biology of red tide
5,The type of red tide
6,The basic procedure of red tide
7,The main cause of red tide
8,Monitoring blooms
3,Potentially harmful effects
Although many marine algal blooms that discolour
the water are harmless,some such as blue-green
algae can produce a number of toxins potentially
harmful to both humans and marine life,
Algae such as Alexandrium and Dinophysis can
cause shellfish poisoning,Shellfish can become
contaminated with toxins from ingested algae and are
subsequently consumed by fish,birds and humans,
This can occur even in non-bloom conditions,as
filtering by shellfish will concentrate the toxin,
Some types of algae,although harmless to humans
may still be toxic or harmful to marine life,
Gyrodinium aureolum has caused shellfish and fish
mortalities and also causes a red tide,
Another alga,Chaetoceros has spines that may clog
the gills of fish,particularly in fish farms where they
cannot swim away from the bloom,
Chap.4 HABs and Red tide
1,Occurrence of marine blooms
2,Concept of HABs and red tide
3,Potentially harmful effects
4,Marine biology of red tide
5,The type of red tide
6,The basic procedure of red tide
7,The main cause of HABs
8,Monitoring blooms
Coastal waters turn red,green,or
brown with the concentration of various
algae,before the blooms are devoured
by a bestiary of marine life - from the
microscopic,single-celled zooplankton
to a host of shellfish,including clams,
mussels,oysters,and scallops
赤潮的危害
1,对养殖区水产资源的破坏
2,对人类健康与安全的危害
3,对沿岸海域生态环境的破坏
1,对养殖区水产资源的破坏
1) 分泌粘液,粘附于鱼类等海洋动物的鳃上,妨碍其呼吸,导致窒息死亡；
2) 产生毒素,危害甚至直接毒死养殖生物,目前我国已知有毒的就有 83种 ；
3) 导致水体缺氧或造成水体有大量硫化氢和甲烷等,
使养殖生物缺氧或中毒致死；
4) 吸收阳光,遮蔽海面,使其它海洋生物因得不到充足的阳光而死亡 。
5) 赤潮破坏了基础饵料,严重地破坏整个海洋水产养殖业 。
９８年中国沿海赤潮损失概述
继１９９７年底福建厦门西港海域和广东铙平海域发生大面积赤潮之后，１９９８年２月底至３月底 广东珠江口海域,汕尾附近海域和南澳海域再次出现大面积赤潮，近３０００ｋｍ
２的海域赤潮翻涌给沿海养殖业以致命的打击。
这次赤潮规模为广东历年之最，直接经济损失
４５００ 多万元。
下半年，我国 渤海湾 又发生了大面积的赤潮。
此次赤潮持续时间为８月中旬至１１月底，面积为５０００多ｋｍ２，包括辽东湾、山东莱州湾、天津新港、河北唐山、秦皇岛等海域，
给沿海水产业造成直接经济损失 ５亿多元 。这次赤潮已被证实为我国有史以来面积最大、持
1) 赤潮毒素的富集与传递 。
由于有毒赤潮生物含有剧毒,可通过直接分泌和食物链传递,
危及人类的健康与安全,甚至 引起人类中毒死亡 。
有些赤潮生物不仅分泌毒素,甚至死后还继续放毒,而且有些毒素的毒性远远超过氰化物,如链状柒沟藻分泌的石房蛤毒素,其毒性比眼镜蛇毒高出８０倍,比一般可卡因麻醉剂高出１０万多倍,可直接或间接地毒死海洋生物及人类 。
2) 病原体大量繁殖 。
发生赤潮的水体中,细菌,病菌生长繁殖蔓延,有的病菌可达 5× 104～ 5× 108个／ l。
2,对人类健康与安全的危害赤潮毒素对人类健康危害事例简述
此外赤潮还严重威胁着人类生命安全，人们一旦食用赤潮毒害过的鱼虾，尤其是贝类就会中毒身亡。
如１９８６年１２月我国福建东山岛村民因食用带赤潮的花哈曾发生过１３６人中毒的事件；
１９９５年４月菲律宾发生的赤潮使２万名渔民被感染麻痹性贝毒，并有４名儿童死亡。
In 1984,a small herd of cows in Montana collapsed
and died 10 minutes after drinking from a pond
coated with a pea green film,
In 1987,three people died and more than 100
became ill after eating blue mussels from Prince
Edward Island,
In 1996,149 manatees perished mysteriously off
the coast of Florida,Autopsies of these
endangered marine mammals revealed biological
poisons in their brains and other tissues.
But some blooms are,at least from our perspective,
a good thing gone very bad,While blooms have
always occurred,the incidence of toxic blooms -
those in which at least some of the algae present is
toxic - appears to be on the increase,
In the last three years,countries from Hong Kong
to the Philippines to Scotland have been forced to
close down coastal fisheries due to toxic algae,
and every major coastline in the world has now
reported incidents of toxic blooms,
The commonest threat to shellfish-eating humans
is Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning,or PSP,which
strikes when we eat clams,mussels,or other
shellfish,
The result is paralysis - only your heart,which
runs on a separate system,and your brain
remain functional,Eventually you suffocate and
die,
There is no known antidote for Paralytic Shellfish
Poisoning,
Some of the highest recorded levels of PSP toxins in
the world have been found in British Columbia;
for example,in a sample tested in B.C,in 1998,psp
toxin levels had reached 31,000 micrograms for every
100 grams of shellfish,(The legal limit is 80
micrograms of toxin per 100 grams.)
The 1998 reading marked B.C,as the second-most
toxic coastline in the world,behind only Tierra del
Fuego in Chile,
At these levels of toxicity,a quarter-pound of mussel
meat could easily kill sixteen people,
Scientists have long been familiar with PSP,
which is why commercial mussels are
regularly screened,
But the toxins that cause PSP are only one
kind of dangerous algae that have been
uncovered,Researchers are continually
learning about various strains of toxic algae
and have come across some so frightening in
their effects that they've been dubbed "cells
from hell."
3,Destory the ecosystem of coastal seawater
1) 破坏海洋生态系统 。
破坏海洋食物链的正常顺序和生产过程,威胁着海洋生物的生存,降低海洋生物多样性 。
由于少数藻类的暴发性异常增殖,会造成海水ＰＨ值升高,粘稠度增大,改变浮游生物的生态系统群落结构 。
2) 赤潮与海域污染的相互影响和加和作用 。 发生赤潮海域,
若污染源不能切断,污染物仍不断输入,海域可能加剧富营养化和不断发生赤潮 。 赤潮加重了海域污染,污染又引起赤潮,这样不断地破坏海洋的生态平衡 。
3) 对沿岸景观的破坏 。
赤潮对海洋环境的危害日趋严重和剧烈
美国：
佛罗里达沿海从１９１６～１９４８的
３２年间，平均每隔１６年才发生一次赤潮；可１９５２～１９６４年间，几乎每年都有赤潮发生。
日本：
濑户内海仅１９７５～１９７６年间，平均每年就有３００次以上的赤潮，整个夏季几乎就未停止过。这些屡屡发生的赤潮给水产养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失。
从１９６９～１９７３的５年内日本赤潮经济损失累计高达２４１７亿日元，只１９７８年一年的赤潮经济损失就高达１１５８亿日元，
赤潮对海洋环境的危害日趋严重和剧烈
中国：
沿海从５０～８０年代有文字记载的赤潮仅３０
余起；
１９８０年前平均每２年１次；１９８４～１９
８９年每年３次，持续时间７～１０天，波及范围从几十ｋｍ２到几千ｋｍ２。
仅１９８９年８、９月份所发生的从天津到黄骅岐口的大面积赤潮，其经济损失竞高达４亿元以上。１９９３年我国赤潮损失高达１６亿元。
赤潮对海洋环境的危害日趋严重和剧烈
More than two-thirds of the world's
population are coast-dwelling,and the
nitrates and phosphates we're dumping into
the ocean seem to be playing a role in
triggering these toxic events,
Sources of Water Pollution
Sources of Water Pollution
Pollution doesn't create blooms,but it
can feed them,As Jeff Wright says,"Do
we have new blooms? Probably not,
These organisms have been around
forever,But as we dump more nutrients
and phosphates into the sea,we
increase the extent of the blooms by
giving them what they need to grow."
Chap.4 HABs and Red tide
1,Occurrence of marine blooms
2,Concept of HABs and red tide
3,Potentially harmful effects
4,Marine biology of red tide
5,The type of red tide
6,The basic procedure of red tide
7,The main cause of red tide
8,Monitoring blooms
赤潮生物引发赤潮的生物称为,赤潮生物,。
(1)赤潮的潮色
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)赤潮的潮色
引起,赤潮,的浮游生物 (主要是浮游植物 )种类很多,不同的浮游生物种类呈现不同的颜色 。
,赤潮,只是对颜色的泛指 。
赤潮的潮色可以判断赤潮生物的种类 。
Relationship between number of species and
volume of chlorophyll a.
米氏裸甲藻赤潮
From huangtianchun
From penghaiping
From penghaiping
Brown tides,Nontoxic but still killers
Red tides are the work of dinoflagellates,
Green films are cyanobacteria,Brown
tides are formed by still another stripe of
cell,marine plankton called
chrysophytes,also known as golden-
brown algae,
Unlike cells in the red and green blooms,
brown tide cells do not produce a
neurotoxin; however,their chocolaty
blooms are no less devastating,The
tiny cells grow to incredible densities --
1 million to 2 million cells in a milliliter --
and shade the plant life in shallow bays,
The effects rattle the food chain,
In 1985,the first known brown tide appeared
off Long Island,N.Y.,and destroyed the local
bay scallops industry,In 1989,the bloom of
another golden-brown species appeared off
part of Texas' Gulf Coast -- remarkably,it
hasn't left yet,That bloom has destroyed the
beds of seagrass that act as a nursery for fish
larvae,
Although brown tides kill by a different means
than other algal blooms,researchers suspect
that they are also linked to an increased flush
of nutrients into coastal waters,
In the October Global Change Biology,Julie
LaRoche and her colleagues from Brookhaven
National Laboratory in Upton,N.Y.,
describe 11 years of monitoring the ebb and flow
of brown tides around Long Island,The key
seems to be the flow of groundwater,
The researchers suggest that low groundwater,
from sparse rainfall,increases the amount of
organic nitrogen available,favoring brown tides,--
C.M.
(2)有毒赤潮生物
赤潮生物并非都有毒的,现已发现有毒赤潮生物有 83种,其中以 甲藻纲 居多 。
有毒赤潮生物含有许多种毒素,较重要的毒素类,麻痹性贝毒,神经性贝毒,
腹泻性贝毒和西加鱼毒 等等 。
(3)赤潮生物孢囊
在生物因素中,赤潮生物,种子,群落是赤潮发生最基本的生物因素,赤潮种子是在海域中已存有的赤潮生物细胞和底栖休眠孢囊,也可以是由其他区域迁移和扩散来的 。
这些孢囊在环境条件不利情况下,容易诱发暂时性孢囊,保留在沉积物中,当有利其生长的环境条件时,很快释放出浮动细胞,再多次分裂,以致可以达到形成赤潮的密度 。
(4)赤潮生物学指标
赤潮生物浓度是评价水域是否达到,赤潮,
水平是十分重要的，作为赤潮生物学指标，
许多研究报告采用生物个体长度和赤潮浓度来衡量。
依据不同赤潮生物的细胞大小，当水体中赤潮生物密度超过该范围时就形成赤潮。
表 3.3.2 赤潮生物细胞密度指标生长长度 (μm) 赤潮密度指标
(个／ ml)
＜ 10 ＞ 104
10～ 29 ＞ 103
30～ 99 ＞ 3× 102
100～ 299 ＞ 102
300～ 1000 ＞ 3× 103
赤潮生物细胞密度指数（ F）
F=细胞密度 /赤潮细胞密度指标；
当某种生物的细胞密度指数 F 接近 1时，表示此种生物赤潮出现的可能性越大；
F 值大于 1时，表示发生了该类型藻类的赤潮,F值越大，表示该类型赤潮的规模越大；
赤潮生物细胞密度指数换算
（ 5）赤潮类型划分
1） 按爆发赤潮的优势种类型,如中肋骨条藻赤潮，夜光藻赤潮等；
2） 按爆发赤潮的优势种类型个数,可分为单相型赤潮或双相型赤潮等；
单双相型赤潮发生赤潮时赤潮生物只有一个种占绝对优势的称为 单相型赤潮,这是最为常见的情况 。 有时发生赤潮时有两种共存的赤潮生物占优势,就称为 双相型赤潮 。
习题
1,某海区发生赤潮污染，现给出下列几种赤潮生物最高细胞密度（个 /ml），试判断：
1）该海区发生了哪些藻类赤潮，赤潮生物优势种是什么？
2）该赤潮的类型？（属单相或双相型赤潮）
中肋骨条藻,2? 106；
笔尖根管藻,5.24?104；
甲藻,3.20?106。
Chap.4 HABs and Red tide
1,Occurrence of marine blooms
2,Concept of HABs and red tide
3,Potentially harmful effects
4,Marine biology of red tide
5,The type of red tide
6,The basic procedure of red tide
7,The main cause of red tide
8,Monitoring blooms
赤潮发生的影响因素
1
2,
（三）、物理因素
赤潮发生的原因尚未完全查明，但从理化环境的变化分析，初步认为与气候、
海温、盐度、营养料和环境污染等多种因素有关。
二、化学因素
赤潮研究普遍认为：赤潮的发生与海水中氮,磷等营养物质密切相关,营养盐是形成赤潮的物质基础和主要条件 。
其来源主要有以下两方面：
1,大量未经处理的城市生活污水和工业废水倾注：
2,海水养殖的自身污染,网箱养殖盲目发展也是造就赤潮泛滥的,温床,的另一个重要原因 。 由于投铒中的残余铒料和鱼类排泄物沉积,使一些海域严重富营养化 。
上述两方面原因导致在内湾,浅海区中无机态氮,磷酸盐和铁,锰等微量元素增多,给赤潮生物的大量繁殖提供了丰富的营养物质 。
大量未经处理的城市生活污水和工业废水倾注：
依我国为例，近年来我国每年排入海洋中的污染水约９０亿吨，
预计到本世纪末每年排入海内的工业废水和生活污水分别将增至１８０亿吨和４０亿吨。
据统计，１９９０年入海石油污染物约１２,５万吨、有机物
（ＣＯＤ）７４８,２万吨、营养盐类１１,５万吨、重金属４,
２万吨。
在大连湾沿岸７０多处排污口每年排入海的３亿吨污水中仅石油含量就超标２５倍，其它污染超标也达８倍以上。
上海每年排入长江口、杭州湾的２０亿吨污水使该地渔场南区的大肠杆菌超标竞高达１万倍以上。目前我国内海Ｎ、Ｐ等营养盐的超标率均已超过７０％。
１９９７年广东省生活污水排放量高达２９亿ｔ，其中经过污水处理的不足１０％，形成了 1998年大规模赤潮的“温床”。
二、化学因素
赤潮研究普遍认为：赤潮的发生与海水中氮,磷等营养物质密切相关,营养盐是形成赤潮的物质基础和主要条件 。
其来源主要有以下两方面：
1,大量未经处理的城市生活污水和工业废水倾注：
2,海水养殖的自身污染,网箱养殖盲目发展也是造就赤潮泛滥的,温床,的另一个重要原因 。 由于投铒中的残余铒料和鱼类排泄物沉积,使一些海域严重富营养化 。
上述两方面原因导致在内湾,浅海区中无机态氮,磷酸盐和铁,锰等微量元素增多,给赤潮生物的大量繁殖提供了丰富的营养物质 。
三、物理因素
1,上升流,上升流能将海底的营养物携到表层,为赤潮生物提供丰富的各种营养物,因此,赤潮常常发生有上升流的海域 。
2,海温或盐度,一般赤潮发生于水温２０ ℃ ～３０ ℃ 的海域中；赤潮海域的盐度一般为２７ ％ ～３７ ％ 。
3,气象条件,通常赤潮出现于闷热,风平浪静的夏季 。
4,水团影响,赤潮爆发与不同盐度的海水形成的锋面有关 。
由于台湾暖流北上或外海海水在浙江沿海形成的锋面,使东海多发赤潮 。 此外,水底层出现无氧和低氧水团也会引起赤潮 。
5,城市暴雨和洪水,冲刷入大量的营养盐和微量元素,
诱导海域,河口的赤潮发 。
赤潮的预防与治理
由于赤潮发生的原因比较复杂，目前还难以及时准确的预报。
科学的治理方法仍然是以防为主，防治结合。
概括起来主要有以下５条：
至五月三日起,在浙江省的中部、南部海域及象山港、三门湾等海域连续发生赤潮事件共 14次,
From wuyida and zhengshenghua
自五月三日海监飞机在舟山渔场首次发现大面积赤潮后，在浙江省的中部、南部海域及象山港、三门湾等海域连续发生赤潮事件。一个多月时间内连续发生 14次。规模最大的一次面积为 7000多平方公里，持续时间达一周。温台地区受赤潮影响严重，渔业损失超过亿元人民币。
为将赤潮灾害造成的损失减少到最低限度，东海分局和地方海洋机构对赤潮进行了严密的监视。
一、基本情况本次赤潮发生在浙江省的重要渔业水域和养殖区域。经济损失超过亿元人民币，
养殖业受到一定影响，养殖鱼死亡。部分滩涂养殖死亡率急剧上升。有的地区赤潮影响范围巨大，大面积水域很长时间不能进行捕捞作业。
二、赤潮监测与防范在赤潮多发季节，东海分局严格旅行职责，对东海海域的环境进行监视和监测。其间安排遥感飞行 11次，出动多条海监船舶进行了多个航次的监测,
并分析了赤潮生物的种类和毒性。
由于监控严密，为地方政府提供了充分依据，
大大减低了损失程度 。
三、建议
1、大规模赤潮的发生，说明海洋环境污染已经对沿海经济的发展构成严重损害，修复海洋生态，采取有力措施控制陆源污染物的排放到了刻不容缓的地步。
2、加强海洋环境监测，建立赤潮灾害的应急反应机制，提高环境保护手段的科技含量，加强国家海洋主管部门和地方海洋管理部门的配合，
共同建设海洋环境保护体系，就能抵抗突发性环境灾害。
3、由于海洋污染因子的存在，如果气象、
海况条件适合，还会再次发生赤潮。提请有关方面做好应急准备。
Thanks for your attention.
CHEMISTRY
Cai-Minggang
Contents
Introduction
Part One Mechanisms in marine pollution
Part two Topics in marine pollution
Part three Measurement of biological
response toxicity and water quality
assessments
……
Part two Topics in marine
pollution
Chap.2 Marine oxygen-demanded organic pollution
Chap.3 Eutrophication and Red tide
Chap.4 Oil pollution of the sea
Chap.5 Marine synthetic organic pollution
Chap.6 Heavy metal contamination in the sea
Chap.7 Marine radioactivity pollution
Chap.8 Marine heat pollution
Chap.9 Other topics of marine polltion
Chap.3 Eutrophication and Red tide
3.1 What is Eutrophication? (definition)
3.2 Why Should We Be Concerned?
(harmful effect)
3.3 The nutrient in the coastal seawater
3.4 Eutrophication in the coastal seawater
3.5 HABs and Red tide
Eutrophication
Eutrophication is the natural process by which waters
(lakes,rivers etc) become excessively enriched with
nutrients,typically nitrogen and phosphorus,It is one of
the ways in which a water body (lake,rivers,and seas)
transforms from a state where nutrients are scarce
(oligotrophic),through a slightly richer phase
(mesotrophic) to an enriched state (eutrophic),
Human activities often enhance the rate of change due to
activities such as farming,forestry,road-building,industry
and waste treatment that cause nutrients to enter
watercourses,This nutrient enrichment often results in a
population explosion of algae and other aquatic plants.
Eutrophication
BOD and Eutrophication - rapid succession in a body of
water because of an increase in biological productivity,
(Oligotrophic lakes and rivers have clear water and low
biological productivity).
Sewage Appeared To Cause The Lake
To Become Eutrophic.
Chap.3 Eutrophication and Red tide
3.1 What is Eutrophication? (definition)
3.2 Why Should We Be Concerned?
(harmful effect)
3.3 The nutrient in the coastal seawater
3.4 Eutrophication in the coastal seawater
3.5 HABs and Red tide
In shallow lakes and
where plant production is
high,deoxygenation of
the sediment and water
occur frequently too
(black sediment,Photo 3).
Such conditions kill fish and invertebrates (Photo 4).
Moreover,ammonia and hydrogen sulfide
originated from bacterial activity can be
released from sediments under conditions
of anoxia,and their concentrations can rise
to levels which adversely affect plants and
animals as they act as poisonous gases
Some particular type of algae,which grow in highly
nutrient enriched lakes and reservoirs,release in
the water very powerful toxins which are
poisonous at very low concentrations,
Photos 5 & 6,Macro- and micro-scopic viwes
of Microcystis aeruginosa.
Photos 7 & 8,Macro- and microscopic views
of Uroglena americana,a culprit of red tide.
Some of the toxins produce negative effects on
the liver of life stock at minimal concentrations but
they can lead to the death of cattle and other
animals even to humans when ingested in
drinking water at higher concentrations,
Although one way to treat and disinfect surface
waters where these algae grow and/or to prevent
high concentration of organic matter is to use
chlorine,unfortunately this leads to the formation
of compounds which may produce or induce
cancer -a serious threat to the safety of drinking
water supplies.
厦门同安湾海域营养状态评价
1,研究区域概述
2,样品的采集和分析
3,结果与讨论
4,结语案例分析
2,Results and discussion
2.1 Results
2.2 Evaluation of water quality by Eutro-
phication index(E)
2.3 Evaluation of water quality by Nutrient
Qquality Index(NQI)
í? 2 í? °2 í? N Q I ó? E?μ ·? 2?
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
í? °2 í? 1 2 3 4 5 6
o?
N
Q
I
ó?
E
μ
EQI
E
３．结语对同安湾水质监测的结果表明：
大部分监测项目符合二类海水水质标准，但无机氮超标，系该海域富营养化的主要因子。
应用营养质量指数（ NQI）和营养指数（ E）两种评价方法对同安湾海域营养状况评价，结果均表明该海域处于富营养状态，存在发生赤潮的潜在危险。
3,研究海域 N/P )R为 40.7，磷相对短缺，为该海域富营养化的控制因子。
4,关于保护同安湾海域的建议：应加强周边陆地污染源的治理，控制生活污水、工业废水及农业废水的排放，加强生态环境保护；控制海洋水产养殖规模，调整养殖结构，减少养殖污染环境；进一步加强海洋管理，防止发生赤潮。
３．结语
http://ns.soa.gov.cn/chichao/j6.htm
—— http://www.soa.gov.cn/bbs/report/6.htm
Chap.4 HABs and Red tide
1,Occurrence of marine blooms
2,Concept of HABs and red tide
3,Potentially harmful effects
4,Marine biology of red tide
5,The type of red tide
6,The basic procedure of red tide
7,The main cause of red tide
8,Monitoring blooms
4 海洋赤潮污染概述一、赤潮的定义二,赤潮的危害三,赤潮生物四,赤潮的类型划分五,赤潮发生的基本过程六,引发赤潮的主要原因七,赤潮的监测和防治措施概述
Marine algae are natural inhabitants of the
marine environment and include seaweeds
and microscopic plants suspended in the
water,Their type and abundance are
influenced by the availability of essential
nutrients such as nitrogen and
phosphorus,the amount of sunlight and
other factors such as mixing and turbidity.
Algal blooms are not only natural,they're
essential,Fuelled by lengthening days,
rising water temperatures,and nutrients
churned up from the sea bottom,algal
blooms kick-start and feed the entire marine
food chain - including us,
1,Occurrence of blooms
An algal bloom is essentially a population
explosion,indicating an abundance of
nutrients and ideal growing conditions,
Generally these are naturally occurring
although there is an apparent increase in their
frequency and distribution worldwide,
定义：
赤潮 是由于 海域环境条件的改变，促使某些浮游生物（如 微小的浮游植物、原生动物或细菌等 ）暴发性大量增殖和高密度聚集，引起水色异常，造成海域生态破坏和人类健康受损的现象。
Harmful Algal Blooms(HABs)
The term Harmful algal bloom has been
explained as follows,
"The last two decades have been marked by
an extraordinary expansion in the nature and
extent of the marine phenomena we now call
"harmful algal blooms",
For years,the term "red tide" was used to
describe many of these outbreaks,but in time,
that term became less and less appropriate,.,
Not all red tides are harmful,and many
blooms that cause negative impacts are not
red and in fact,do not discolour the water at
all,
Some blooms are associated with potent
toxins in the causative algae,while others
cause problems simply because of high algal
biomass,Some are of concern at exceedingly
low cell densities,..,Blooms of seaweeds or
macroalgae also cause harm,in many cases
as a result of the same environmental
forcings that regulate microalgal blooms,
The search for a term that encompasses these
diverse phenomena was doomed to fail,but,for
better or worse,"harmful algal bloom" is now
used by scientists and government officials
throughout the world,with HAB the obligatory
acronym." (Anderson & Garrison,1997),
The occurrence of HABs overlaps with the
occurrence of eutrophic conditions,but the two
are not always the same,
In Scottish waters,the toxic Red Tide of
Gyrodinium aureolum in parts of the Firth of
Clyde in 1980 (Jones et al.,1982) was certainly
associated with high biomass,and may have
been augmented by local nutrient enrichment,
In contrast,paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP,
which continues to occur in shellfish in Scottish
waters,is caused by the dinoflagellate
Alexandrium tamarense at relatively low
abundance (Joint et al.,1997) and does not seem
to be stimulated by anthropogenic nutrient
enrichment,Both phenomena could be described
as HABs
This can be attributed to a number of
factors such as:
increased scientific awareness of toxic
species
increased use of coastal waters for shell
fisheries/fisheries
increased transport of cells,cysts,and
shellfish stock
meteorological conditions
increased human activities exacerbating
eutrophication.
Blooms are often spectacular
events causing discolouration of
the water by pigments in the algae
(for example 'red tides') and
excessive accumulations of foam
on the shore,producing
unpleasant odours,
In England and Wales,marine algal
blooms tend to cause an aesthetic
nuisance when large accumulations,foams
or scums are washed inshore,
The most common types include
Phaeocystis,which can form foams and
scums and Noctiluca,which can discolour
the water brownish-red and also produce
bioluminescence at night when disturbed,
Some types of algae may also produce
potentially harmful toxins
Chap.4 HABs and Red tide
1,Occurrence of marine blooms
2,Concept of HABs and red tide
3,Potentially harmful effects
4,Marine biology of red tide
5,The type of red tide
6,The basic procedure of red tide
7,The main cause of red tide
8,Monitoring blooms
3,Potentially harmful effects
Although many marine algal blooms that discolour
the water are harmless,some such as blue-green
algae can produce a number of toxins potentially
harmful to both humans and marine life,
Algae such as Alexandrium and Dinophysis can
cause shellfish poisoning,Shellfish can become
contaminated with toxins from ingested algae and are
subsequently consumed by fish,birds and humans,
This can occur even in non-bloom conditions,as
filtering by shellfish will concentrate the toxin,
Some types of algae,although harmless to humans
may still be toxic or harmful to marine life,
Gyrodinium aureolum has caused shellfish and fish
mortalities and also causes a red tide,
Another alga,Chaetoceros has spines that may clog
the gills of fish,particularly in fish farms where they
cannot swim away from the bloom,
Chap.4 HABs and Red tide
1,Occurrence of marine blooms
2,Concept of HABs and red tide
3,Potentially harmful effects
4,Marine biology of red tide
5,The type of red tide
6,The basic procedure of red tide
7,The main cause of HABs
8,Monitoring blooms
Coastal waters turn red,green,or
brown with the concentration of various
algae,before the blooms are devoured
by a bestiary of marine life - from the
microscopic,single-celled zooplankton
to a host of shellfish,including clams,
mussels,oysters,and scallops
赤潮的危害
1,对养殖区水产资源的破坏
2,对人类健康与安全的危害
3,对沿岸海域生态环境的破坏
1,对养殖区水产资源的破坏
1) 分泌粘液,粘附于鱼类等海洋动物的鳃上,妨碍其呼吸,导致窒息死亡；
2) 产生毒素,危害甚至直接毒死养殖生物,目前我国已知有毒的就有 83种 ；
3) 导致水体缺氧或造成水体有大量硫化氢和甲烷等,
使养殖生物缺氧或中毒致死；
4) 吸收阳光,遮蔽海面,使其它海洋生物因得不到充足的阳光而死亡 。
5) 赤潮破坏了基础饵料,严重地破坏整个海洋水产养殖业 。
９８年中国沿海赤潮损失概述
继１９９７年底福建厦门西港海域和广东铙平海域发生大面积赤潮之后，１９９８年２月底至３月底 广东珠江口海域,汕尾附近海域和南澳海域再次出现大面积赤潮，近３０００ｋｍ
２的海域赤潮翻涌给沿海养殖业以致命的打击。
这次赤潮规模为广东历年之最，直接经济损失
４５００ 多万元。
下半年，我国 渤海湾 又发生了大面积的赤潮。
此次赤潮持续时间为８月中旬至１１月底，面积为５０００多ｋｍ２，包括辽东湾、山东莱州湾、天津新港、河北唐山、秦皇岛等海域，
给沿海水产业造成直接经济损失 ５亿多元 。这次赤潮已被证实为我国有史以来面积最大、持
1) 赤潮毒素的富集与传递 。
由于有毒赤潮生物含有剧毒,可通过直接分泌和食物链传递,
危及人类的健康与安全,甚至 引起人类中毒死亡 。
有些赤潮生物不仅分泌毒素,甚至死后还继续放毒,而且有些毒素的毒性远远超过氰化物,如链状柒沟藻分泌的石房蛤毒素,其毒性比眼镜蛇毒高出８０倍,比一般可卡因麻醉剂高出１０万多倍,可直接或间接地毒死海洋生物及人类 。
2) 病原体大量繁殖 。
发生赤潮的水体中,细菌,病菌生长繁殖蔓延,有的病菌可达 5× 104～ 5× 108个／ l。
2,对人类健康与安全的危害赤潮毒素对人类健康危害事例简述
此外赤潮还严重威胁着人类生命安全，人们一旦食用赤潮毒害过的鱼虾，尤其是贝类就会中毒身亡。
如１９８６年１２月我国福建东山岛村民因食用带赤潮的花哈曾发生过１３６人中毒的事件；
１９９５年４月菲律宾发生的赤潮使２万名渔民被感染麻痹性贝毒，并有４名儿童死亡。
In 1984,a small herd of cows in Montana collapsed
and died 10 minutes after drinking from a pond
coated with a pea green film,
In 1987,three people died and more than 100
became ill after eating blue mussels from Prince
Edward Island,
In 1996,149 manatees perished mysteriously off
the coast of Florida,Autopsies of these
endangered marine mammals revealed biological
poisons in their brains and other tissues.
But some blooms are,at least from our perspective,
a good thing gone very bad,While blooms have
always occurred,the incidence of toxic blooms -
those in which at least some of the algae present is
toxic - appears to be on the increase,
In the last three years,countries from Hong Kong
to the Philippines to Scotland have been forced to
close down coastal fisheries due to toxic algae,
and every major coastline in the world has now
reported incidents of toxic blooms,
The commonest threat to shellfish-eating humans
is Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning,or PSP,which
strikes when we eat clams,mussels,or other
shellfish,
The result is paralysis - only your heart,which
runs on a separate system,and your brain
remain functional,Eventually you suffocate and
die,
There is no known antidote for Paralytic Shellfish
Poisoning,
Some of the highest recorded levels of PSP toxins in
the world have been found in British Columbia;
for example,in a sample tested in B.C,in 1998,psp
toxin levels had reached 31,000 micrograms for every
100 grams of shellfish,(The legal limit is 80
micrograms of toxin per 100 grams.)
The 1998 reading marked B.C,as the second-most
toxic coastline in the world,behind only Tierra del
Fuego in Chile,
At these levels of toxicity,a quarter-pound of mussel
meat could easily kill sixteen people,
Scientists have long been familiar with PSP,
which is why commercial mussels are
regularly screened,
But the toxins that cause PSP are only one
kind of dangerous algae that have been
uncovered,Researchers are continually
learning about various strains of toxic algae
and have come across some so frightening in
their effects that they've been dubbed "cells
from hell."
3,Destory the ecosystem of coastal seawater
1) 破坏海洋生态系统 。
破坏海洋食物链的正常顺序和生产过程,威胁着海洋生物的生存,降低海洋生物多样性 。
由于少数藻类的暴发性异常增殖,会造成海水ＰＨ值升高,粘稠度增大,改变浮游生物的生态系统群落结构 。
2) 赤潮与海域污染的相互影响和加和作用 。 发生赤潮海域,
若污染源不能切断,污染物仍不断输入,海域可能加剧富营养化和不断发生赤潮 。 赤潮加重了海域污染,污染又引起赤潮,这样不断地破坏海洋的生态平衡 。
3) 对沿岸景观的破坏 。
赤潮对海洋环境的危害日趋严重和剧烈
美国：
佛罗里达沿海从１９１６～１９４８的
３２年间，平均每隔１６年才发生一次赤潮；可１９５２～１９６４年间，几乎每年都有赤潮发生。
日本：
濑户内海仅１９７５～１９７６年间，平均每年就有３００次以上的赤潮，整个夏季几乎就未停止过。这些屡屡发生的赤潮给水产养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失。
从１９６９～１９７３的５年内日本赤潮经济损失累计高达２４１７亿日元，只１９７８年一年的赤潮经济损失就高达１１５８亿日元，
赤潮对海洋环境的危害日趋严重和剧烈
中国：
沿海从５０～８０年代有文字记载的赤潮仅３０
余起；
１９８０年前平均每２年１次；１９８４～１９
８９年每年３次，持续时间７～１０天，波及范围从几十ｋｍ２到几千ｋｍ２。
仅１９８９年８、９月份所发生的从天津到黄骅岐口的大面积赤潮，其经济损失竞高达４亿元以上。１９９３年我国赤潮损失高达１６亿元。
赤潮对海洋环境的危害日趋严重和剧烈
More than two-thirds of the world's
population are coast-dwelling,and the
nitrates and phosphates we're dumping into
the ocean seem to be playing a role in
triggering these toxic events,
Sources of Water Pollution
Sources of Water Pollution
Pollution doesn't create blooms,but it
can feed them,As Jeff Wright says,"Do
we have new blooms? Probably not,
These organisms have been around
forever,But as we dump more nutrients
and phosphates into the sea,we
increase the extent of the blooms by
giving them what they need to grow."
Chap.4 HABs and Red tide
1,Occurrence of marine blooms
2,Concept of HABs and red tide
3,Potentially harmful effects
4,Marine biology of red tide
5,The type of red tide
6,The basic procedure of red tide
7,The main cause of red tide
8,Monitoring blooms
赤潮生物引发赤潮的生物称为,赤潮生物,。
(1)赤潮的潮色
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)赤潮的潮色
引起,赤潮,的浮游生物 (主要是浮游植物 )种类很多,不同的浮游生物种类呈现不同的颜色 。
,赤潮,只是对颜色的泛指 。
赤潮的潮色可以判断赤潮生物的种类 。
Relationship between number of species and
volume of chlorophyll a.
米氏裸甲藻赤潮
From huangtianchun
From penghaiping
From penghaiping
Brown tides,Nontoxic but still killers
Red tides are the work of dinoflagellates,
Green films are cyanobacteria,Brown
tides are formed by still another stripe of
cell,marine plankton called
chrysophytes,also known as golden-
brown algae,
Unlike cells in the red and green blooms,
brown tide cells do not produce a
neurotoxin; however,their chocolaty
blooms are no less devastating,The
tiny cells grow to incredible densities --
1 million to 2 million cells in a milliliter --
and shade the plant life in shallow bays,
The effects rattle the food chain,
In 1985,the first known brown tide appeared
off Long Island,N.Y.,and destroyed the local
bay scallops industry,In 1989,the bloom of
another golden-brown species appeared off
part of Texas' Gulf Coast -- remarkably,it
hasn't left yet,That bloom has destroyed the
beds of seagrass that act as a nursery for fish
larvae,
Although brown tides kill by a different means
than other algal blooms,researchers suspect
that they are also linked to an increased flush
of nutrients into coastal waters,
In the October Global Change Biology,Julie
LaRoche and her colleagues from Brookhaven
National Laboratory in Upton,N.Y.,
describe 11 years of monitoring the ebb and flow
of brown tides around Long Island,The key
seems to be the flow of groundwater,
The researchers suggest that low groundwater,
from sparse rainfall,increases the amount of
organic nitrogen available,favoring brown tides,--
C.M.
(2)有毒赤潮生物
赤潮生物并非都有毒的,现已发现有毒赤潮生物有 83种,其中以 甲藻纲 居多 。
有毒赤潮生物含有许多种毒素,较重要的毒素类,麻痹性贝毒,神经性贝毒,
腹泻性贝毒和西加鱼毒 等等 。
(3)赤潮生物孢囊
在生物因素中,赤潮生物,种子,群落是赤潮发生最基本的生物因素,赤潮种子是在海域中已存有的赤潮生物细胞和底栖休眠孢囊,也可以是由其他区域迁移和扩散来的 。
这些孢囊在环境条件不利情况下,容易诱发暂时性孢囊,保留在沉积物中,当有利其生长的环境条件时,很快释放出浮动细胞,再多次分裂,以致可以达到形成赤潮的密度 。
(4)赤潮生物学指标
赤潮生物浓度是评价水域是否达到,赤潮,
水平是十分重要的，作为赤潮生物学指标，
许多研究报告采用生物个体长度和赤潮浓度来衡量。
依据不同赤潮生物的细胞大小，当水体中赤潮生物密度超过该范围时就形成赤潮。
表 3.3.2 赤潮生物细胞密度指标生长长度 (μm) 赤潮密度指标
(个／ ml)
＜ 10 ＞ 104
10～ 29 ＞ 103
30～ 99 ＞ 3× 102
100～ 299 ＞ 102
300～ 1000 ＞ 3× 103
赤潮生物细胞密度指数（ F）
F=细胞密度 /赤潮细胞密度指标；
当某种生物的细胞密度指数 F 接近 1时，表示此种生物赤潮出现的可能性越大；
F 值大于 1时，表示发生了该类型藻类的赤潮,F值越大，表示该类型赤潮的规模越大；
赤潮生物细胞密度指数换算
（ 5）赤潮类型划分
1） 按爆发赤潮的优势种类型,如中肋骨条藻赤潮，夜光藻赤潮等；
2） 按爆发赤潮的优势种类型个数,可分为单相型赤潮或双相型赤潮等；
单双相型赤潮发生赤潮时赤潮生物只有一个种占绝对优势的称为 单相型赤潮,这是最为常见的情况 。 有时发生赤潮时有两种共存的赤潮生物占优势,就称为 双相型赤潮 。
习题
1,某海区发生赤潮污染，现给出下列几种赤潮生物最高细胞密度（个 /ml），试判断：
1）该海区发生了哪些藻类赤潮，赤潮生物优势种是什么？
2）该赤潮的类型？（属单相或双相型赤潮）
中肋骨条藻,2? 106；
笔尖根管藻,5.24?104；
甲藻,3.20?106。
Chap.4 HABs and Red tide
1,Occurrence of marine blooms
2,Concept of HABs and red tide
3,Potentially harmful effects
4,Marine biology of red tide
5,The type of red tide
6,The basic procedure of red tide
7,The main cause of red tide
8,Monitoring blooms
赤潮发生的影响因素
1
2,
（三）、物理因素
赤潮发生的原因尚未完全查明，但从理化环境的变化分析，初步认为与气候、
海温、盐度、营养料和环境污染等多种因素有关。
二、化学因素
赤潮研究普遍认为：赤潮的发生与海水中氮,磷等营养物质密切相关,营养盐是形成赤潮的物质基础和主要条件 。
其来源主要有以下两方面：
1,大量未经处理的城市生活污水和工业废水倾注：
2,海水养殖的自身污染,网箱养殖盲目发展也是造就赤潮泛滥的,温床,的另一个重要原因 。 由于投铒中的残余铒料和鱼类排泄物沉积,使一些海域严重富营养化 。
上述两方面原因导致在内湾,浅海区中无机态氮,磷酸盐和铁,锰等微量元素增多,给赤潮生物的大量繁殖提供了丰富的营养物质 。
大量未经处理的城市生活污水和工业废水倾注：
依我国为例，近年来我国每年排入海洋中的污染水约９０亿吨，
预计到本世纪末每年排入海内的工业废水和生活污水分别将增至１８０亿吨和４０亿吨。
据统计，１９９０年入海石油污染物约１２,５万吨、有机物
（ＣＯＤ）７４８,２万吨、营养盐类１１,５万吨、重金属４,
２万吨。
在大连湾沿岸７０多处排污口每年排入海的３亿吨污水中仅石油含量就超标２５倍，其它污染超标也达８倍以上。
上海每年排入长江口、杭州湾的２０亿吨污水使该地渔场南区的大肠杆菌超标竞高达１万倍以上。目前我国内海Ｎ、Ｐ等营养盐的超标率均已超过７０％。
１９９７年广东省生活污水排放量高达２９亿ｔ，其中经过污水处理的不足１０％，形成了 1998年大规模赤潮的“温床”。
二、化学因素
赤潮研究普遍认为：赤潮的发生与海水中氮,磷等营养物质密切相关,营养盐是形成赤潮的物质基础和主要条件 。
其来源主要有以下两方面：
1,大量未经处理的城市生活污水和工业废水倾注：
2,海水养殖的自身污染,网箱养殖盲目发展也是造就赤潮泛滥的,温床,的另一个重要原因 。 由于投铒中的残余铒料和鱼类排泄物沉积,使一些海域严重富营养化 。
上述两方面原因导致在内湾,浅海区中无机态氮,磷酸盐和铁,锰等微量元素增多,给赤潮生物的大量繁殖提供了丰富的营养物质 。
三、物理因素
1,上升流,上升流能将海底的营养物携到表层,为赤潮生物提供丰富的各种营养物,因此,赤潮常常发生有上升流的海域 。
2,海温或盐度,一般赤潮发生于水温２０ ℃ ～３０ ℃ 的海域中；赤潮海域的盐度一般为２７ ％ ～３７ ％ 。
3,气象条件,通常赤潮出现于闷热,风平浪静的夏季 。
4,水团影响,赤潮爆发与不同盐度的海水形成的锋面有关 。
由于台湾暖流北上或外海海水在浙江沿海形成的锋面,使东海多发赤潮 。 此外,水底层出现无氧和低氧水团也会引起赤潮 。
5,城市暴雨和洪水,冲刷入大量的营养盐和微量元素,
诱导海域,河口的赤潮发 。
赤潮的预防与治理
由于赤潮发生的原因比较复杂，目前还难以及时准确的预报。
科学的治理方法仍然是以防为主，防治结合。
概括起来主要有以下５条：
至五月三日起,在浙江省的中部、南部海域及象山港、三门湾等海域连续发生赤潮事件共 14次,
From wuyida and zhengshenghua
自五月三日海监飞机在舟山渔场首次发现大面积赤潮后，在浙江省的中部、南部海域及象山港、三门湾等海域连续发生赤潮事件。一个多月时间内连续发生 14次。规模最大的一次面积为 7000多平方公里，持续时间达一周。温台地区受赤潮影响严重，渔业损失超过亿元人民币。
为将赤潮灾害造成的损失减少到最低限度，东海分局和地方海洋机构对赤潮进行了严密的监视。
一、基本情况本次赤潮发生在浙江省的重要渔业水域和养殖区域。经济损失超过亿元人民币，
养殖业受到一定影响，养殖鱼死亡。部分滩涂养殖死亡率急剧上升。有的地区赤潮影响范围巨大，大面积水域很长时间不能进行捕捞作业。
二、赤潮监测与防范在赤潮多发季节，东海分局严格旅行职责，对东海海域的环境进行监视和监测。其间安排遥感飞行 11次，出动多条海监船舶进行了多个航次的监测,
并分析了赤潮生物的种类和毒性。
由于监控严密，为地方政府提供了充分依据，
大大减低了损失程度 。
三、建议
1、大规模赤潮的发生，说明海洋环境污染已经对沿海经济的发展构成严重损害，修复海洋生态，采取有力措施控制陆源污染物的排放到了刻不容缓的地步。
2、加强海洋环境监测，建立赤潮灾害的应急反应机制，提高环境保护手段的科技含量，加强国家海洋主管部门和地方海洋管理部门的配合，
共同建设海洋环境保护体系，就能抵抗突发性环境灾害。
3、由于海洋污染因子的存在，如果气象、
海况条件适合，还会再次发生赤潮。提请有关方面做好应急准备。
Thanks for your attention.
