Unit 2
1,Exposition (folk customs)
Deadline of submission to website,10.17 (graded)
Extra-curriculum activities
* web-pages (credits,world-e-citizen certificate )
* journals (credits)
* booklets (credits)
Students in charge,
Deadline,Nov.15
Argumentation
Critical thinking
What is critical thinking
How to improve critical thinking ability
*Writing to facilitate critical thinking
* Logical reasoning to facilitate critical thinking
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Fallacies
What is Critical Thinking
1.Definition of critical thinking
2.Components of critical thinking
Definition
?,Critical” in Latin means,to separate,to choose,
to judge”
? Critical thinking is a very complex mental
process undertaken to deal with complex social,
cultural,historical and academic issues,It is
essential to good writing because,muddy
thinking can only result in poor writing.
Task
Suppose you are a delegate of National People’s
Congress,how would you vote if a bill
concerning the following issue comes up for
decision?
? Cable car system in the scenic mountains?
Basic Components
? multi-perspectives,(from what angle to think)
examine the issue from different angles
? Analyzing,(look into the inside systematically)
examine various parts of the issue to
see how they are fit together
? Evaluation,(weigh it) Judge the merit of
assumptions made and weighing the
evidence offered to support those assumptions
Practice
? New college tuition system,is this a good
change? Is the policy fair and reasonable?
Practice
(Start to generate ideas)
? free writing,brainstorming,cubing,branching and
questioning
? e.g,Free writing,Pro-con list
? purpose of the new system
? advantage of the new system
? Disadvantage of the new system
? Advantage of the old
? Disadvantage of the old
Practice
(from what angle to think)
? multi-perspectives,
students
teachers
parents
government
Practice
(What are the components of the problem)
Analyzing
Financial burden
Fairness
Quality of education
Practice
? Evaluation:
( Judge the merit of assumptions made and
weighing the evidence offered to support those
assumptions)
*Is the tuition charged really too high?
* How long and how much will an average
income family have to save enough money?
Application
* Cable car in the scenic mountains
* ban on,off-campus” living
Logical Thinking
? To do well in analyzing and evaluating,one
must have logical reasoning ability.
? Reasoning,
thinking to some purpose according to a set
of rules.
? Logical reasoning,
emphasizes drawing valid inference through
inductive and deductive process
What is inductive reasoning?
? Summarize many observations to generalize
to a conclusion (data large and
representative)
? E.g,ball
? Old people wine and memory
? Students have local accent
? A sting from a certain bee causes the
stung area of skin to swell.
The misuse of induction
? An inductive conclusion,reliable or unreliable
quantity and quality of the evidence
hasty generalization,
Dicto Simpliciter ( Unqualified generalization)
post hoc (after this,because of this)
the conclusions you draw does not fit the facts
You should not ignore evidence that might invalidate
the conclusion ( a "neglected aspect") or present only
the evidence that supports a predetermined conclusion
("slanting your argument").
Hasty Generalization
? A generalization based on too little evidence or
on exceptional or biased evidence,
? Faulty:
Republicans have lots of money,(Many
Republicans don't have much money.)
Sts local accent
Post Hoc
? "After this,so because of this"—the mistake of
assuming that because one event follows another,the
first must be the cause of the second,
? Faulty:
The new mayor took office last January and crime in
the streets has already increased 25 percent,The
assumption is that having the new mayor caused the
increase in crime,an assumptions unlikely to be true.)
Dicto Simpliciter
(unqualified generalization)
? Following a rule without considering the
important difference
? Exercise
? Time is money
? girl
What is deductive reasoning?
? While inductive reasoning moves from particular
cases to generalizations,deductive reasoning
moves from general categories to conclusions
about particular cases
When is a deductive argument valid?
? A deductive argument is valid when the conclusion
logically follows from the premises.
? VALID Premise 1,When Allison studies,she gets
good grades,[fact]
Premise 2,She is studying,[fact]
Conclusion,Therefore,she will get good grades.
INVALID Premise 1,When Allison studies,she gets
good grades,[fact]
Premise 2,She is getting good grades,[fact]
Conclusion,Therefore,she is studying,165
Logical fallacies
? caused by invalid deductive reasoning:
? Non Sequitur
? Either,,, or
? Circular Reasoning
Non Sequitur (根据前提得出的 )推断,推理,结论
? A statement that does not follow logically from
what has just been said—a conclusion that does
not follow from the premises,
? Faulty:
Susan is smart; therefore she will receive good
grades.( Many smart people do not receive good
grades.)
Either,,, or Fallacy
? Stating that only two alternatives exist when in
fact there are more than two,
? Faulty:
We have only two choices,ban nuclear weapons,
or destroy the earth,(In fact,other possibilities
exist.)
? The invalid argument has acceptable premises
because the premises are facts,The argument's
conclusion,however,is wrong,It ignores other
reasons for why Alison may get good grades
(incredible luck,an easy schedule,etc.) Because
the conclusion does not follow logically from
the premises,the argument is invalid.
? A deductive conclusion may be judged true or false,If
both premises are true,the conclusion is true if it is
valid,If a premise is false,the conclusion is false,even
if it is valid,If the argument contains an assumption,
the writer must prove the truth of the assumption to
establish the truth of the argument.
? Mountai highest of the world
? I
? so
? An assertion that restates the point just made,
Such an assertion "begs the question" by
drawing as a conclusion a point stated in the
premise.
? Faulty,He is lazy because he just doesn't like to
work.(Being lazy and not liking to work mean
essentially the same thing.)
Examples
? Premise,When my boyfriend drinks too much,
his face turned pale.
? Premise,His face turned pale today,
? Conclusion,So he must have drunk too much.
? All human being are mortal
? Confucius is a human being
? So he is mortal.
Fallacies
? A form of reasoning that is illogical or violates
the rules of valid argument
*hasty generalization
5 days of dating
*false analogy
* dic to simpliciter( unqualified generalization)
exercise is good,time is money,girl
marry old
Logical Fallacies
? Hominem
? Bandwagon
? Circular Reasoning
? Either,,, or Fallacy
? False Analogy
? Hasty Generalization
? Non Sequitur
? Post Hoc
? Red Herring
Bandwagon
乐队花车,流行
? An argument saying,in effect,"Everyone's
doing or saying or thinking this,so you should,
too."
? Faulty:
Everyone else is drinking,so why shouldn't
I?(The majority is not always right.)
Hominem
? Attacking the person who presents an issue
rather than dealing logically with the issue itself
? Faulty:
His arguments might impress us if we were not
aware of how he treats his children,(The man's
alleged unfatherly behavior need not invalidate
his arguments.)
Red Herring
青鱼,鲱
? Dodging the real issue by drawing attention to
an irrelevant issue.
? Faulty:
Why worry about a few terrorists when we
ought to be doing something about acid rain?
? (Acid raid has nothing to do with the actions of
terrorists.)
False Analogy
? The assumption that because two things are alike in
some ways,they must be alike in other ways.
? Faulty:
Since the books are about the same length and cover
the same material,one is probably as good as the other,
(The length and coverage of the books cannot predict
whether one is as good as the other.)
test
? One year experience
1,Exposition (folk customs)
Deadline of submission to website,10.17 (graded)
Extra-curriculum activities
* web-pages (credits,world-e-citizen certificate )
* journals (credits)
* booklets (credits)
Students in charge,
Deadline,Nov.15
Argumentation
Critical thinking
What is critical thinking
How to improve critical thinking ability
*Writing to facilitate critical thinking
* Logical reasoning to facilitate critical thinking
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Fallacies
What is Critical Thinking
1.Definition of critical thinking
2.Components of critical thinking
Definition
?,Critical” in Latin means,to separate,to choose,
to judge”
? Critical thinking is a very complex mental
process undertaken to deal with complex social,
cultural,historical and academic issues,It is
essential to good writing because,muddy
thinking can only result in poor writing.
Task
Suppose you are a delegate of National People’s
Congress,how would you vote if a bill
concerning the following issue comes up for
decision?
? Cable car system in the scenic mountains?
Basic Components
? multi-perspectives,(from what angle to think)
examine the issue from different angles
? Analyzing,(look into the inside systematically)
examine various parts of the issue to
see how they are fit together
? Evaluation,(weigh it) Judge the merit of
assumptions made and weighing the
evidence offered to support those assumptions
Practice
? New college tuition system,is this a good
change? Is the policy fair and reasonable?
Practice
(Start to generate ideas)
? free writing,brainstorming,cubing,branching and
questioning
? e.g,Free writing,Pro-con list
? purpose of the new system
? advantage of the new system
? Disadvantage of the new system
? Advantage of the old
? Disadvantage of the old
Practice
(from what angle to think)
? multi-perspectives,
students
teachers
parents
government
Practice
(What are the components of the problem)
Analyzing
Financial burden
Fairness
Quality of education
Practice
? Evaluation:
( Judge the merit of assumptions made and
weighing the evidence offered to support those
assumptions)
*Is the tuition charged really too high?
* How long and how much will an average
income family have to save enough money?
Application
* Cable car in the scenic mountains
* ban on,off-campus” living
Logical Thinking
? To do well in analyzing and evaluating,one
must have logical reasoning ability.
? Reasoning,
thinking to some purpose according to a set
of rules.
? Logical reasoning,
emphasizes drawing valid inference through
inductive and deductive process
What is inductive reasoning?
? Summarize many observations to generalize
to a conclusion (data large and
representative)
? E.g,ball
? Old people wine and memory
? Students have local accent
? A sting from a certain bee causes the
stung area of skin to swell.
The misuse of induction
? An inductive conclusion,reliable or unreliable
quantity and quality of the evidence
hasty generalization,
Dicto Simpliciter ( Unqualified generalization)
post hoc (after this,because of this)
the conclusions you draw does not fit the facts
You should not ignore evidence that might invalidate
the conclusion ( a "neglected aspect") or present only
the evidence that supports a predetermined conclusion
("slanting your argument").
Hasty Generalization
? A generalization based on too little evidence or
on exceptional or biased evidence,
? Faulty:
Republicans have lots of money,(Many
Republicans don't have much money.)
Sts local accent
Post Hoc
? "After this,so because of this"—the mistake of
assuming that because one event follows another,the
first must be the cause of the second,
? Faulty:
The new mayor took office last January and crime in
the streets has already increased 25 percent,The
assumption is that having the new mayor caused the
increase in crime,an assumptions unlikely to be true.)
Dicto Simpliciter
(unqualified generalization)
? Following a rule without considering the
important difference
? Exercise
? Time is money
? girl
What is deductive reasoning?
? While inductive reasoning moves from particular
cases to generalizations,deductive reasoning
moves from general categories to conclusions
about particular cases
When is a deductive argument valid?
? A deductive argument is valid when the conclusion
logically follows from the premises.
? VALID Premise 1,When Allison studies,she gets
good grades,[fact]
Premise 2,She is studying,[fact]
Conclusion,Therefore,she will get good grades.
INVALID Premise 1,When Allison studies,she gets
good grades,[fact]
Premise 2,She is getting good grades,[fact]
Conclusion,Therefore,she is studying,165
Logical fallacies
? caused by invalid deductive reasoning:
? Non Sequitur
? Either,,, or
? Circular Reasoning
Non Sequitur (根据前提得出的 )推断,推理,结论
? A statement that does not follow logically from
what has just been said—a conclusion that does
not follow from the premises,
? Faulty:
Susan is smart; therefore she will receive good
grades.( Many smart people do not receive good
grades.)
Either,,, or Fallacy
? Stating that only two alternatives exist when in
fact there are more than two,
? Faulty:
We have only two choices,ban nuclear weapons,
or destroy the earth,(In fact,other possibilities
exist.)
? The invalid argument has acceptable premises
because the premises are facts,The argument's
conclusion,however,is wrong,It ignores other
reasons for why Alison may get good grades
(incredible luck,an easy schedule,etc.) Because
the conclusion does not follow logically from
the premises,the argument is invalid.
? A deductive conclusion may be judged true or false,If
both premises are true,the conclusion is true if it is
valid,If a premise is false,the conclusion is false,even
if it is valid,If the argument contains an assumption,
the writer must prove the truth of the assumption to
establish the truth of the argument.
? Mountai highest of the world
? I
? so
? An assertion that restates the point just made,
Such an assertion "begs the question" by
drawing as a conclusion a point stated in the
premise.
? Faulty,He is lazy because he just doesn't like to
work.(Being lazy and not liking to work mean
essentially the same thing.)
Examples
? Premise,When my boyfriend drinks too much,
his face turned pale.
? Premise,His face turned pale today,
? Conclusion,So he must have drunk too much.
? All human being are mortal
? Confucius is a human being
? So he is mortal.
Fallacies
? A form of reasoning that is illogical or violates
the rules of valid argument
*hasty generalization
5 days of dating
*false analogy
* dic to simpliciter( unqualified generalization)
exercise is good,time is money,girl
marry old
Logical Fallacies
? Hominem
? Bandwagon
? Circular Reasoning
? Either,,, or Fallacy
? False Analogy
? Hasty Generalization
? Non Sequitur
? Post Hoc
? Red Herring
Bandwagon
乐队花车,流行
? An argument saying,in effect,"Everyone's
doing or saying or thinking this,so you should,
too."
? Faulty:
Everyone else is drinking,so why shouldn't
I?(The majority is not always right.)
Hominem
? Attacking the person who presents an issue
rather than dealing logically with the issue itself
? Faulty:
His arguments might impress us if we were not
aware of how he treats his children,(The man's
alleged unfatherly behavior need not invalidate
his arguments.)
Red Herring
青鱼,鲱
? Dodging the real issue by drawing attention to
an irrelevant issue.
? Faulty:
Why worry about a few terrorists when we
ought to be doing something about acid rain?
? (Acid raid has nothing to do with the actions of
terrorists.)
False Analogy
? The assumption that because two things are alike in
some ways,they must be alike in other ways.
? Faulty:
Since the books are about the same length and cover
the same material,one is probably as good as the other,
(The length and coverage of the books cannot predict
whether one is as good as the other.)
test
? One year experience
