Lecture 10 General Introduction of Argumentative Essay Objectives To learn how a composition is different from a paragraph To learn how to write a composition generally Writing instructions The purpose of argumentation is to convince. Argumentative essays should have a debatable point, sufficient evidence, and good and clear logic. There are two common ways for we students to use the following two types of argumentative essays: 1) Presenting one’s argument 立论类（阐述主题题型） TOPIC： 1、阐述名言主题所蕴含的意义； 2、分析或举例使其更加充实； 3、我的观点和理由或经验与体会。 Model one A famous saying goes that 名言或谚语. That is to say, 释义. Indeed, we can learn many things from the proverb. For example, 举例说明. Another case in point is that举例说明. It is also the same in举例说明. In my opinion, 我的观点, because 说明理由. I learn from my experience that 重申名言或谚语. 　 Practice Makes Perfect A famous saying goes that “practice makes perfect”, that is to say, as long as we keep practicing, we will in the end handle a skill or technique perfectly no matter how difficult it is. Take, the study of English, for example. When I began to study English, I had difficulty in pronunciation, in listening, in vocabulary, and in comprehension of the texts. By listening to the tapes again and again, reading the texts over and over, and speaking and writing in English as often as possible, I have now become quite good at English. Another case in point is my learning to play basketball. At the beginning, I couldn’t grasp the ball that my friends passed to me, to say nothing of snatch or rebound, but I continued to practise and now I am a main member of our class basketball team. It is also the same in… In my opinion, one can achieve perfection and success only through practice because practice helps one improve his skill and technique and finally master it. Without practice, one is sure to fail. I learn from my experience that “Practice makes perfect.” 　 Model Two A good command of 主题 can benefit you in a number of ways. First of all, 益处之一. In addition, 益处之二. What’s more, 益处之三. There are many ways to grasp 主题. You can 方法之一. You can also方法之二. Furthermore, 方法之三. The Advantages and Methods of English Study A good command of English can benefit you in a number of aspects. First of all, English is the language of the information era, and internet exchanges information mainly in English. If you want to gain timely information, you must know English. In addition, English is spoken widely in the world. So speaking English fluently can help us exchange ideas with foreigners, and thus promote friendship with the people of the world. What’s more, most books of science and technology are published in English today. If you can’t read them, you will be regarded as a “modern illiterate”. There are many ways to master English. You can attend English lectures at school or college. As a result, you will learn English phonetics, vocabulary and grammar comprehensively and systematically. You can also improve your English by listening to English programs over radios, watching English courses on TV, or learning English through internet. Furthermore, you can go to the English corners to have a talk with English native speakers, imitating their pronunciation and intonation directly. However, it is easier said than done. Practice is the most important factor. Only when you put your heart into it, can you grasp it sooner or later. 2)Contradicting one’s point 驳论类（对立观点题型） topic: 1、有人认为…… 2、我认为（我的理由）或用事实反驳 3、结论或措施。 Model One Some people believe that 对方的观点. For example, they think 举例说明, and it will bring them 为他们带来的好处。 On the contrary, I don’t believe 不同意对方的观点. On one hand, 反对理由之一， on the other hand, 反对理由之二. From all that I have said, it can be concluded 结论.  Do “ Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? Some people believe that numbers carry magic power and some numbers can bring good luck. For example, some people consider “six”, “eight” as lucky numbers, and it will bring them fortune or happiness. Such numbers are so popular that sometimes they can be sold at high prices. Some people have their own special “lucky number” and take it seriously. One of my friends regards “two” as his lucky number, and he even refuses to go out on business if he can’t find a companion. On the contrary, I don’t believe that numbers have anything to do with good luck. They are just abstract concepts defining the quatity. For one thing, numbers cannot bring good luck. For example, many businessmen whose phone numbers with number 6 or number 8 go bankrupt, so there is no luck with 6 or 8. For another, good luck doesn’t come from numbers. In most cases, good luck comes by chance, and chance cannot be determined by selecting numbers. From all that I have said, it can be concluded that there is no relationship between numbers and good luck. It is the psychological factor that makes some people believe in “lucky numbers.”  Model two Many people think that 观点1, because 理由. At first glance, it sounds reasonable. For example, 举例说明. Besides, 再举例说明. But in fact, 列出事实1、2、3反驳. Therefore, 得出结论. Some actions or measures must be taken to 对付某问题. First, 措施，Second,措施。And last 措施。   Global Shortage of Fresh Water Many people think that fresh water would not be exhausted because one can get it almost everywhere. At first glance, it seems reasonable. For example, whenever one turns on the cock, he will get fresh water immediately. Besides, he will find fresh water resources like rivers, lakes, well and so on. It is hard to imagine that fresh water could be used up. But in fact, our world is short of fresh water, and some areas even suffer from lack of fresh water. The increase of population and the development of industry and agriculture require more and more fresh water while more and more fresh water resources are polluted and exhausted. Therefore, the shortage of fresh water is actually a serious problem in some regions and it has become a global problem which is threatening the existence of mankind. It is urgent that some measures be taken to ensure the continuous supply of fresh water. First, everyone should be careful enough not to waste any water. Second, factories should make full use of fresh water by recycling the waste water and reducing the pollution. And last, scientists should make efforts to find new fresh water resources.