Chapter 1 Introduction
第一章 绪论
Genetics is the study of biologically inherited
traits,including traits that are influenced
in part by the environment.
遗传学是研究生物的遗传与变异的科学
?Will the materials be interesting?
?Will it be difficult?
?Will it have any practical value?
?At the end of the course,will you be glad
that you took it or merely glad that it is
over?
Chapter 1 Introduction
第一章 绪论
?Inheritance and variation 遗传与变异
?Foundation and development of genetics
遗传学的建立与发展
?Branches of genetics 遗传学的分支学科
?Significance and applications of genetics
遗传学的意义和应用
?Further reading books 参考书
Inheritance and variation
遗传与变异
?Inheritance is identity and/or similarity
between parents and offspring 遗传是指子
代与亲代相同或相似的地方
–, 人生人, 兽生兽, 种瓜得瓜, 种豆得豆,
–, 物生自类本种,
Inheritance and variation
遗传与变异
?Variation is not identity between parents
and offspring 变异亲代与子代之间以及子代
个体之间的差异性
–, 一娘生九子, 连娘十个样,
Foundation and development
of genetics 遗传学的建立与发展
?Genetic knowledge before Gregor Mendel
孟德尔之前遗传学的发展
?Mendel’s experiments and rediscovery
of Mendel’s Law
孟德尔的实验与其定律的重新发现
?Foundation and development of genetics
遗传学的建立与发展
Genetic knowledge before
Mendel 孟德尔之前遗传学的发展
?In China
?,淮南子,,黑牛生白犊, 的记载（公元前 2世纪）
?,齐氏要术, 中的相马术与相牛术（公元 6世纪）
?In the West
?Sex determinations 在希腊关于性别的, 左右
学说,,男右女左
?Animal origin罗马人关于动物起源学说：蜜蜂
起源于牛
Genetic knowledge before
Mendel 孟德尔之前遗传学的发展
? Classification study by Linnaeus
林耐的分类学研究
?Crossing experiments 杂交试验
?Improvement for animals and plants:
R.Bakewell’s （ 1725-1795 ） work
动植物改良
?Cell theory细胞学说
?Darwin evolution theory(1859)
进化论
Mendel’s experiments and
rediscovery of Mendel’s Law
孟德尔的实验与其定律的重新发现
?Mendel’s crossing experiments with garden
pea 豌豆杂交试验的成功
?Genetic principles遗传理论
?Rediscovery of Mendel’s Law by H,de
Vries,C,Correns and E, S,von
Tschermak 共同发现孟德尔的遗传定律
The Birth of Genetics,A
Scientific Revolution
Foundation and development
of genetics 遗传学的建立与发展
Development of genetics in the
20th century 20世纪遗传学的发展
?The beginning 遗传学的初创时期 1900-1910
?Stage for the development of cytogenetics
细胞遗传学时期 1910-1940
?From cell level to molecular level 由细胞向
分子水平过渡 1940-1953
?Molecular genetics/genomics 分子遗传学
时期 1953 -
The beginning 遗传学的初创时期
1900-1910
o Rediscovery of Mendel’s Law by H,de
Vries,C,Correns and E, S,von
Tschermak 1900
o Contributions of W,Bateson and W,L,
Johannson to genetics
o Mendelism and Statistism
/Contributions of A,R,Fisher
Stage for the development of
cytogenetics 细胞遗传学时期 1910-1940
o Chromosomal theory (Morgan and his
colleagues,1908-1926）
o Gene theory
o Discovery of mutations （ Muller,1927）
?Biochemical genetics
– Study on metabolism disease by A,E,Garrod
（ 1908）
– Study on bread mold by G,W,Beadle（ 1940）
? Microorganism genetics,DNA is a
genetic material
From cell level to molecular level
由细胞向分子水平过渡 1940-1953
Molecular genetics/genomics
分子遗传学时期 1953 -
?The Double Helix of DNA Structure by
Watson and Crick DNA双螺旋结构 1953
?Central dogma,genetic code and
operon theory 中心法则、遗传密码的发现与操纵
子学说的提出
?Genetic recombination and its
applications 遗传重组及其应用 1972
?Human genome project 基因组计划 1995
Branches of genetics
遗传学的分支学科
?Based on level,genetics can be
divided into cytogenetics,population
genetics,and molecular genetics
按水平划分：个体（ 细胞）遗传学,群体遗传
学，分子遗传学
Branches of genetics
遗传学的分支学科
?Based on functions,genetics can be
divided into quantitative genetics,
biochemical genetics,radiation
genetics,and etc,
按功能划分：数量遗传学，生化遗传学，辐射
遗传学等
Branches of genetics
遗传学的分支学科
o Based on subjects,genetics can be
divided into human genetics,plant
genetics,animal genetics,and
microorganism genetics
按研究对象划分：人类遗传学，植物遗传学，
动物遗传学，微生物遗传学等
Cytogenetics 细胞遗传学
以包括人在内的高等动植物为材料，
研究遗传现象的染色体基础和变异现象
的遗传效应
Molecular Genetics 分子遗传学
在分子水平上研究基因的本质，基
因的功能以及基因的变化以阐明遗传变
异的规律。
Population Genetics群体遗传学
研究群体遗传结构及其变化的规律
Developmental Genetics发生遗传学
研究从受精卵发育为成体过程中，胚层、器
官原基的形成以及组织、细胞的决定和分化的基
因调控机理，以阐明基因与性状发育的关系。
Behavioral Genetics行为遗传学
研究生物向光、向地、摄食、求偶、
育儿、攻击、逃避以及学习和记忆等行
为的遗传基础以及基因表达的时间、场
所、作用途径等。
Significance and applications of
genetics 遗传学的意义和应用
?Genetics in the news传媒中的遗传学
?Genetics and medicine遗传学与医学
?Genetics and modern agriculture遗传学与
现代农业
?Genetics and society遗传学与社会
?The misuse of genetics遗传学的滥用
Genetics in the news 传媒中的遗传学
Early-onset Alzheimer’s Gene is Isolated
Philadelphia Inquirer 18 August 1995
Genetic Flaw May Result in Obesity
Philadelphia Inquirer 10 August 1995
Biotechnology Trials – and Tribulations
Philadelphia Inquirer 26 July 1995
Maps to Scientific Discovery
Philadelphia Inquirer 20 February 1995
Scientists Make Aids Breakthrough
Philadelphia Inquirer 20 June 1996
Gene Hunters Pursue Elusive and Complex
Trait of the Mind
New York Times 31 October 1995
Mutated Gene Identified in Breast Cancer
Philadelphia Inquirer 15 September 1994
Genetics and medicine 遗传学与医学
?Metabolic disorders (Garrod,1902)
?The fragile X syndrome
?Duchenne muscular dystrophy
?Gene therapy
?The isolation of the breast cancer
genes BRCA1 and BRCA2
Genetics and modern agriculture
遗传学与现代农业
?Hybrid corn
o A wide variety of
morphological
tomato types
Genetics and modern agriculture
遗传学与现代农业
Chicken breeds
Pigs and cattle
Genetics and society遗传学与社会
?Human Genome Project
o Should parents be allowed to choose the
sex of their children?
o Should families be told when a child is
born with a poorly understood genetic
abormality?
o Should society be asked to pay for
expensive treatments for genetic disease?
The misuse of genetics 遗传学的滥用
? Genetics,perhaps more than any other science,
has a great potential for both good and evil.
? From selection to eugenics by Francis Galton,
Charles Darwin’s cousin
? The Lysenko Affair
Further reading books 参考书
? 刘祖洞等,遗传学 高等教育出版社 1986
? 杨学仁 朱英国,遗传学发展史 武汉大学出版
社 1985
? P.C.Winter et al,遗传学 （ 影印版 ） 科学出
版社 1999
? Danial L,Hartl,Essential Genetics.
Jones and Bartlett Publishers,1994
? Snustad et al,Principles of Genetics.
John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,1997
The core of modern genetics
o What is the chemical nature of
genetic material?
o How is the genetic material
transmitted?
o What does it do?
Questions and problems
o Select one or two recent newspaper or
magazine article about genetics and
write a brief report about them,Why are
these are articles interesting,and how do
they relate to the issues raised in this
chapter?
?What social or economic considerations
affect genetics research?
第一章 绪论
Genetics is the study of biologically inherited
traits,including traits that are influenced
in part by the environment.
遗传学是研究生物的遗传与变异的科学
?Will the materials be interesting?
?Will it be difficult?
?Will it have any practical value?
?At the end of the course,will you be glad
that you took it or merely glad that it is
over?
Chapter 1 Introduction
第一章 绪论
?Inheritance and variation 遗传与变异
?Foundation and development of genetics
遗传学的建立与发展
?Branches of genetics 遗传学的分支学科
?Significance and applications of genetics
遗传学的意义和应用
?Further reading books 参考书
Inheritance and variation
遗传与变异
?Inheritance is identity and/or similarity
between parents and offspring 遗传是指子
代与亲代相同或相似的地方
–, 人生人, 兽生兽, 种瓜得瓜, 种豆得豆,
–, 物生自类本种,
Inheritance and variation
遗传与变异
?Variation is not identity between parents
and offspring 变异亲代与子代之间以及子代
个体之间的差异性
–, 一娘生九子, 连娘十个样,
Foundation and development
of genetics 遗传学的建立与发展
?Genetic knowledge before Gregor Mendel
孟德尔之前遗传学的发展
?Mendel’s experiments and rediscovery
of Mendel’s Law
孟德尔的实验与其定律的重新发现
?Foundation and development of genetics
遗传学的建立与发展
Genetic knowledge before
Mendel 孟德尔之前遗传学的发展
?In China
?,淮南子,,黑牛生白犊, 的记载（公元前 2世纪）
?,齐氏要术, 中的相马术与相牛术（公元 6世纪）
?In the West
?Sex determinations 在希腊关于性别的, 左右
学说,,男右女左
?Animal origin罗马人关于动物起源学说：蜜蜂
起源于牛
Genetic knowledge before
Mendel 孟德尔之前遗传学的发展
? Classification study by Linnaeus
林耐的分类学研究
?Crossing experiments 杂交试验
?Improvement for animals and plants:
R.Bakewell’s （ 1725-1795 ） work
动植物改良
?Cell theory细胞学说
?Darwin evolution theory(1859)
进化论
Mendel’s experiments and
rediscovery of Mendel’s Law
孟德尔的实验与其定律的重新发现
?Mendel’s crossing experiments with garden
pea 豌豆杂交试验的成功
?Genetic principles遗传理论
?Rediscovery of Mendel’s Law by H,de
Vries,C,Correns and E, S,von
Tschermak 共同发现孟德尔的遗传定律
The Birth of Genetics,A
Scientific Revolution
Foundation and development
of genetics 遗传学的建立与发展
Development of genetics in the
20th century 20世纪遗传学的发展
?The beginning 遗传学的初创时期 1900-1910
?Stage for the development of cytogenetics
细胞遗传学时期 1910-1940
?From cell level to molecular level 由细胞向
分子水平过渡 1940-1953
?Molecular genetics/genomics 分子遗传学
时期 1953 -
The beginning 遗传学的初创时期
1900-1910
o Rediscovery of Mendel’s Law by H,de
Vries,C,Correns and E, S,von
Tschermak 1900
o Contributions of W,Bateson and W,L,
Johannson to genetics
o Mendelism and Statistism
/Contributions of A,R,Fisher
Stage for the development of
cytogenetics 细胞遗传学时期 1910-1940
o Chromosomal theory (Morgan and his
colleagues,1908-1926）
o Gene theory
o Discovery of mutations （ Muller,1927）
?Biochemical genetics
– Study on metabolism disease by A,E,Garrod
（ 1908）
– Study on bread mold by G,W,Beadle（ 1940）
? Microorganism genetics,DNA is a
genetic material
From cell level to molecular level
由细胞向分子水平过渡 1940-1953
Molecular genetics/genomics
分子遗传学时期 1953 -
?The Double Helix of DNA Structure by
Watson and Crick DNA双螺旋结构 1953
?Central dogma,genetic code and
operon theory 中心法则、遗传密码的发现与操纵
子学说的提出
?Genetic recombination and its
applications 遗传重组及其应用 1972
?Human genome project 基因组计划 1995
Branches of genetics
遗传学的分支学科
?Based on level,genetics can be
divided into cytogenetics,population
genetics,and molecular genetics
按水平划分：个体（ 细胞）遗传学,群体遗传
学，分子遗传学
Branches of genetics
遗传学的分支学科
?Based on functions,genetics can be
divided into quantitative genetics,
biochemical genetics,radiation
genetics,and etc,
按功能划分：数量遗传学，生化遗传学，辐射
遗传学等
Branches of genetics
遗传学的分支学科
o Based on subjects,genetics can be
divided into human genetics,plant
genetics,animal genetics,and
microorganism genetics
按研究对象划分：人类遗传学，植物遗传学，
动物遗传学，微生物遗传学等
Cytogenetics 细胞遗传学
以包括人在内的高等动植物为材料，
研究遗传现象的染色体基础和变异现象
的遗传效应
Molecular Genetics 分子遗传学
在分子水平上研究基因的本质，基
因的功能以及基因的变化以阐明遗传变
异的规律。
Population Genetics群体遗传学
研究群体遗传结构及其变化的规律
Developmental Genetics发生遗传学
研究从受精卵发育为成体过程中，胚层、器
官原基的形成以及组织、细胞的决定和分化的基
因调控机理，以阐明基因与性状发育的关系。
Behavioral Genetics行为遗传学
研究生物向光、向地、摄食、求偶、
育儿、攻击、逃避以及学习和记忆等行
为的遗传基础以及基因表达的时间、场
所、作用途径等。
Significance and applications of
genetics 遗传学的意义和应用
?Genetics in the news传媒中的遗传学
?Genetics and medicine遗传学与医学
?Genetics and modern agriculture遗传学与
现代农业
?Genetics and society遗传学与社会
?The misuse of genetics遗传学的滥用
Genetics in the news 传媒中的遗传学
Early-onset Alzheimer’s Gene is Isolated
Philadelphia Inquirer 18 August 1995
Genetic Flaw May Result in Obesity
Philadelphia Inquirer 10 August 1995
Biotechnology Trials – and Tribulations
Philadelphia Inquirer 26 July 1995
Maps to Scientific Discovery
Philadelphia Inquirer 20 February 1995
Scientists Make Aids Breakthrough
Philadelphia Inquirer 20 June 1996
Gene Hunters Pursue Elusive and Complex
Trait of the Mind
New York Times 31 October 1995
Mutated Gene Identified in Breast Cancer
Philadelphia Inquirer 15 September 1994
Genetics and medicine 遗传学与医学
?Metabolic disorders (Garrod,1902)
?The fragile X syndrome
?Duchenne muscular dystrophy
?Gene therapy
?The isolation of the breast cancer
genes BRCA1 and BRCA2
Genetics and modern agriculture
遗传学与现代农业
?Hybrid corn
o A wide variety of
morphological
tomato types
Genetics and modern agriculture
遗传学与现代农业
Chicken breeds
Pigs and cattle
Genetics and society遗传学与社会
?Human Genome Project
o Should parents be allowed to choose the
sex of their children?
o Should families be told when a child is
born with a poorly understood genetic
abormality?
o Should society be asked to pay for
expensive treatments for genetic disease?
The misuse of genetics 遗传学的滥用
? Genetics,perhaps more than any other science,
has a great potential for both good and evil.
? From selection to eugenics by Francis Galton,
Charles Darwin’s cousin
? The Lysenko Affair
Further reading books 参考书
? 刘祖洞等,遗传学 高等教育出版社 1986
? 杨学仁 朱英国,遗传学发展史 武汉大学出版
社 1985
? P.C.Winter et al,遗传学 （ 影印版 ） 科学出
版社 1999
? Danial L,Hartl,Essential Genetics.
Jones and Bartlett Publishers,1994
? Snustad et al,Principles of Genetics.
John Wiley & Sons,Inc.,1997
The core of modern genetics
o What is the chemical nature of
genetic material?
o How is the genetic material
transmitted?
o What does it do?
Questions and problems
o Select one or two recent newspaper or
magazine article about genetics and
write a brief report about them,Why are
these are articles interesting,and how do
they relate to the issues raised in this
chapter?
?What social or economic considerations
affect genetics research?
