Chapter 2 Mendel’s Law,The
Basic Principles of Inheritance
第二章 孟德尔遗传规律
?Monohybrid crosses,The principle of
segregation
?Dihybrid crosses,The principle of
independent assortment
?Extensions of Mendel’s laws
?Formulating and testing genetic
hypotheses
?Mendelian Principles in Animals
Mendel’s study of heredity
? His parents were farmers in Moravia,then a part of the
Hapsberg Empire in Central Europe
? At the age of 21,Mendel left the farm and entered a
Catholic monastery in the city of Brünn
? In 1847 he was ordained a priest,taught at the local high
school,taking time out between 1951 and 1953 to study at
the University of Vienna
? After returning to Brünn,he resumed his life as a teaching
monk and began his experiment with garden pea
? In 1865,Mendel presented his results before the local
Natural History Society
孟德尔选择豌豆作为杂交材料的原因
豌豆的形状和色泽极易区分和分析;豌豆
为自花授粉植物,易于杂交。
The garden pea
One peculiarity of pea reproduction is that the petals of the
flower close down tightly,preventing pollen grains from
entering or leaving,This enforces a system of self-fertilization
Each variety of peas are distinguished by a particular
characteristic,Mendel’s focus on these singular differences
between pea strains allowed him to study the inheritance of
one trait at a time.
Mendel succeeded because he focused his attention on
contrasting differences between plants
孟德尔试验成功的原因
? 前人的试验有两个问题:没有对杂交子
代按性状分类计数和没有运用统计分析
? 孟德尔成功之处在于:运用假说 -推理方
法,注意实验材料的选择,引入群体分
析和数量统计分析
Monohybrid crosses,The
principle of segregation
分离定律
Homozygous× Homozygous
All F1 offspring
are heterozygous
and purple color.
Ratio of 1:2:1
Tall and dwarf
varieties are
crossed-fertilized
All progeny
are tall.
Tall 3:
Dwarf 1
Mendel’s explanation for
segregation 对分离现象的解释
? Inheritant traits are determined by genes
遗传性状由基因决定
? There are a pair of genes controlling a trait in a
cell体细胞中有两个基因控制一个性状
? A pair of gene segregate from each other
during the formation of gametes 在性细胞形成中
成对的基因彼此分离
? Each gamete carries an allele 每个性细胞含一个
基因
? The combination of gametes is random
性细胞的结合完全随机
P AA× aa
Gametes A a
F1 Aa
Eggs
1/2 A 1/2 a
sperm 1/2 A 1/4 AA 1/4 Aa
1/2 a 1/4 AA 1/4 aa
1AA,2Aa,1aa
3, 1
Interpretation 图示解释
Glossary
o Dominance,A condition in which one member of allele
pair is manifested to the exclusion of the other
o Recessive,A term applied to one member of an allelic
lacking the ability to manifest itself when the other or
dominant member is present
o Genes and allele:
o Homozygous and heterozygous
o Genotype and phenotype
o parental
性状的概念
Character,One of the many details of
structure,form,substance,or function that
make up an individual organism
有关概念
? 杂交 ( hybridization) 是指具有不同遗
传性状生物个体间的交配
? 相对性状 即一对区分清楚的性状, 或者
说是同一性状的不同表现类型
? F1代中没有表现出来的亲代性状作为 隐
性性状 ( recessive characters), F1
代仍然表现出来的亲代性状称为 显性性
状 ( dominant characters)
概念
显性基因( dominant gene) 即对应于显性
表现型的基因,如 A; 隐性基因( recessive gene)
即对应于隐性表现型的基因,如 a。表现出来的性
状,如豌豆的紫花和白花、圆型和皱型种子等叫
做 表现型(或表型)( phenotypes) ;象 AA,Aa、
aa等表示个体遗传构成的则叫 基因型( genotypes) 。
在这几种基因型中,象 AA和 aa两个基因相同的称
为 纯合体( homozygotes),其中控制显性性状的
aa称为 显性纯合体( homozygous dominants),控
制隐性性状的 aa称为 隐性纯合体( homozygous
recessives) ;象 Aa两个基因不同的称为 杂合体
( heterozygotes)。
Test cross,Backcross to the
recessive parental type.
F1 Yy × yy
Yellow Green
Gametes All are y
1/2 y 1/2 yy = green
1/2 Y 1/2 Yy = yellow
Results of Mendel’s Monohybrid crosses
Parental strains F2 progeny Ratio
Tall plants× dwarf plants
Round seeds× wrinkled seeds
Yellow seeds× green seeds
Violet flowers× white flowers
Inflated pods× constricted pods
Green pods× yellow pods
Axial flowers× terminal
flowers
787 tall,277 dwarf
5474 round,1850 wrinkled
6022 yellow,2001 green
705 violet,224 white
882 inflated,299 constricted
428 green,152 yellow
651 axial,207 terminal
2.82:1
2.96:1
3.01:1
3.15:1
2.95:1
2.82:1
3.14:1
Segregation of domestic animals
① 白毛猪 × 白毛猪 ② 黄羽鸡 × 黄羽鸡
白毛猪:棕毛 黄羽鸡:白羽鸡
Dihybrid crosses,The principle of
independent assortment
Yellow,round Green,wrinkled
P ×
Yellow,round
F1
Self-fertilized
Yellow,round Green,round Yellow,wrinkled Green,wrinkled
F2
Observed 315 108 101 32
Ratio 9, 3, 3, 1
孟德尔的试验
P 黄色 圆粒 × 绿色 皱粒
F1 黄色 圆粒
F2 黄色 圆粒 绿色 圆粒 黄色 皱粒 绿色 皱粒 总和
种子粒数 315 108 101 32 556
比 例 9, 3, 3, 1
概念,亲本有的性状组合,叫做 亲本组合
( parent combination),与亲本不同的新的性
状组合,叫 重组合 ( recombination)
图示
Interpretation for independent assortment
P 黄 圆 YYRR × 绿 皱 yyrr
F1 黄 圆 YyRr
F2
YR Yr yR yr
YR YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr
Yr YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr
yR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr
yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr
自由组合定律的验证
F1 黄圆 YyRr ? 绿皱 yyrr
YR Yr yR yr
F2 YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr yr
黄圆 黄皱 绿圆 绿皱
实得种子 55 51 49 53
比 例 1, 1, 1, 1
Extensions of Mendel’s laws
?Allelic variation and gene function
?Gene action,from genotype to phenotype
Allelic variation and gene function
显色的不同表现
o complete dominance完全显性
o incomplete dominance不完全显性
o codominance等显性
o overdominance超显性
Incomplete dominance
不完全显性
P 卷羽 FF × 正常羽 ff
F1 轻度卷羽 Ff
F2 1/4卷羽,2/4轻度卷羽,1/4正常羽
Ff Ff ff
incomplete dominance不完全显性
codominance
等显性
P 红色牛 × 白色牛
F1 沙毛
F2 1/4红色,1/2沙毛,1/4白毛
overdominance超显性
白眼纯合体( W/W) × 野生型纯合体( W+/W+)
W+W
荧光色素含量
Genetic principles for over two pairs of genes
两对以上基因的遗传规律
Gene no.
基因对

Phenotype no.
完全显性时 F2
代表型数
Gamete no,in
F1 F1代形成
的配子数
Possible
combinations
F1代配子可能
组合数
Segreg
ation
ration
分离比
1
2
3
4
.
.
n
2
4
8
16
.
.
2n
2
4
8
16
.
.
2n
3
9
27
81
.
.
3n
(3+1)1
(3+1)2
(3+1)3
(3+1)4
.
.
(3+1)n
Gene action,from genotype to phenotype
基因间的相互作用
A- B-
A- bb aa B-
aa bb
9:3:3:1
12:3:1 10:3:3 9:6:1 9:4:3
15:1 13:3
12:4 10:6 9:7
Complementation
互补作用
P Rose ? Pea
RRpp rrPP
F1 Walnut胡桃冠
RrPp
F2 9 Walnut, 3 Pea,3 Rose,1 Single
R_P_ rrP_ R_pp rrpp
Epistasis 上位作用
P Black mice CCaa ? White mice ccAA
F1 Grayish CcAa
F2 9Grayish, 3Black, 4White
9C_A_ 3C_aa 3ccA_+1ccaa
Inhibition抑制作用
P White Leghorn IICC ? White Rock iicc
F1 白羽黑斑点鸡 IiCc
F2 7白鸡,6白羽黑斑点鸡,3有色鸡
I_cc+IIC_+iicc IiC_ iiC_
Duplication重叠作用
P 阴囊疝公猪 h1h1h2h2? 正常母猪 H1H1H2H2
正常公猪 H1H1H2H2? 外表正常母猪 h1h1h2h2
F1 正常 H1h1H2h2
F2 15正常 1阴囊疝公猪外表正常母猪
9H1_H2_+3H1_h2h2+3h1h1H2_ 1h1h1h2h2
Formulating and testing genetic hypotheses
孟德尔遗传数据的统计处理
?Probability 概率( self-study 自学)
?The Chi-Square Test 适合性检验( self-
study自学)
Mendelian Principles in Animals
畜禽质量性状的遗传方式
Quantitative traits and Qualitative traits
数量性状与质量性状
?Quantitative traits数量性状 是指生物个
体间连续的变异
?Qualitative traits质量性状 是指生物个体
间不连续的变异
Classification of qualitative traits
质量性状的分类
? Variations observed with eyes such as colours,
and forms用肉眼观察到的遗传变异, 例如毛
色, 肤色, 外形
? Variations detected by immunological,
biochemical and physical methods用免疫学方
法, 生物化学方法以及物理学方法等手段确定
的变异
? Genetic defection and lethal traits 遗传缺陷与
致死性状
Variations observed with eyes – colours
肉眼观察到的性状 —毛色
? Phenotypes of hair colors in cattle are
determined by more than 20 loci,in
which there are locus R for red hair,locus
B for black,locus S for color phenotype,
locus D for light color,locus Wh for white
牛的毛色 据认为由 20多个基因座决定, 这些基
因座主要包括红色基因 R,黑色基因 B,颜色生
成基因 S,稀释基因座位 D,白色基因 Wh等
Variations observed with eyes – colours
肉眼观察到的性状 —毛色
? Hair color of swine (猪的毛色 ) Hairs of
swine show white,pure black,brown-red,
with white ring,and etc,Phenotypes of
swine hairs are determined by 5 loci such
as locus C for color,locus B for color
phenotypes,and etc,类型有白色, 纯黑色,
棕红色以及白环带, 花斑和污白毛等, 它们由
色素合成强度基因 C,色素生成基因 B,色素
分布部位基因 A等 5个基因决定
Variations observed with eyes – colours
肉眼观察到的性状 —毛色
? Chicken feather color (鸡的羽色 ) Chicken
feathers show white,black,yellow,red,
silver and/or golden,blue and barred.
Chicken feather color are controlled by
10 loci,常见的有白色, 黑色, 黄色, 红色,
银色或金色, 兰色及横斑等, 控制鸡羽色的基
因有 10个
Variations observed with eyes --forms
肉眼观察到的性状 —形态
? Cattle horn 牛角 的有无受一对基因 P和 p控
制, P无角, p有角;肩峰和胸垂也受一对
基因控制, 有肩峰和胸垂对无肩峰和胸垂
为显性
? 猪的背型,垂背对直背不完全显性
? Chicken creeper 鸡的爬行型,爬行性状
显性, 正常为隐性
Variations detected by immunological,
biochemical and physical methods
需用免疫以及生物化学或物理学方法等手段测定的性状
o Blood groups血型
o Protein polymorphisms蛋白质多态性
o DNA polymorphisms DNA多态性
Genetic defection and lethal traits
遗传缺陷与致死性状
? 猪:后肢麻痹, 体表水肿, 上皮缺损等
? 牛:无毛, 软骨发育不全, 回肠闭锁等 。
Questions
1.爬行鸡是由显性基因 CP所控制的, 请写出如
下两个交配组合的试验结果中亲本的基因型, 并用 X2
法测验后代是否符合理论比例?
– 爬行鸡 × 爬行鸡 → 1972爬行鸡 ︰ 955正常鸡
– 爬行鸡 × 正常鸡 → 1676爬行鸡 ︰ 1661正常鸡
2.一位养鸡户来信咨询,说他的纯种玫瑰冠鸡群
中,出现了几只单冠个体,问应该怎样纯化玫瑰冠鸡
群?(玫瑰冠受显性基因 P决定,单冠性状由 p基因决
定。)
3,Rose-comb chickens mated with walnut-
com chickens produced 15 walnut,14 rose,5
pea,and 6 single-comb chicks,Determine the
genotypes of the parents.
4,The dominant mutation Plum in the fruit fly
also causes brownish-purple eyes,Is it possible
to determine whether Plum is an allele of the
brown or purple genes?