Chapter 6 Regulation of gene expression
第六章 基因表达调控
? From genes to characters
从 基因至性状的过程
? Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes
原核生物基因表达的调节
? Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
真核生物基因表达的调节
Genes Characters
基因 性状
Characters
性状
Genes基因
Environment环境
DNA mRNA Protein蛋白质
From genes to characters
从 基因至性状的过程
? The conception,one gene one peptide
一个基因一条多肽链的概念
? Genetic controls of metabolism
代谢作用的遗传控制
? Variations in gene action and phenocopies
基因效应的变异与拟表型
一个基因 一种障碍物
一个基因 一种酶
一个基因一条多肽链
The conception,one gene one peptide
一个基因一条多肽链的概念
底物 中间产物 1
中间产物 2 产物
酶 A
酶 B
酶 C
基因 A
基因 B 基因 C
Genetic controls of metabolism
代谢作用的遗传控制
Variations in gene action and phenocopies基因
效应的变异与拟表型
? Expressivity,Degree of expression of a trait controlled by
gene,A particular gene may produce different degrees of
expression in different individuals表现度,某一基因型表达的
程度。
? Penetrance,The percentage of individuals that show a
particular phenotype among those capable of showing it,
外显率,表现某一特定表型个体的比例。
? Phenocopy,An organism whose phenotype (but not
genotype) has been changed by the environment to
resemble the phenotype of different (mutant) organism拟
表型,环境因素有时引起非遗传的表型变化。
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes
原核生物基因表达的调节
? An abbreviated pathway of gene
expression in prokaryotes 简述
? Operons,coordinately regulated units of
gene expression 操纵子学说
? The lactose operon in E.coli 大肠杆菌
乳糖操纵子
An abbreviated pathway of gene expression
in prokaryotes简述
Levels at which gene expression is regulated in prokaryotes
3,RNA stability
1.Transcription 2,RNA processing 4,Translation 5,Posttranlation
DNA RNA transcript mRNA Protein Function
performed
by protein
Operons,coordinately regulated units
of gene expression 操纵子学说
SG1 SG2 SG3P1 R P2 O
Operon
Structural genes
P1,promoter for regulator gene;
R,regulator gene;
P2,promoter for operon;
O,operator
Repressor
Effector molecule
The lactose operon in E.coli大肠杆菌乳糖操纵子
( Jacob and Monod,1961)
P O Z Y
调节基因 控制位点 结构基因
启
动
区
操
纵
区
?-
半
乳
糖
苷
酶
转
乙
酰
酶
Z Y
Repression阻遏
阻遏蛋白
操
纵
区
P O
Induction 诱导
+ 诱导物 -阻遏蛋白
复合物不能结合
?-半乳
糖苷酶 转乙
酰
酶
乳
糖
渗
透
酶
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
真核生物基因表达的调节
? Spatial and temporal regulation of eukaryotic genes
真核基因的时空调控
? Ways of regulating eukaryotic gene expression
真核基因表达调控的途径
? Induction of transcriptional activity by
environmental and biological factors
环境和生物因子诱导的转录活性
? Molecular control of transcription in eukaryotes
真核转录的分子控制
? Gene expression and chromosome organization
基因表达和染色体结构
? Activation and inactivation of whole chromosomes
整条染色体的激活和失活
? Gene expression and cancer基因表达和癌症
Spatial and temporal regulation of
eukaryotic genes真核基因的时空调控
0 10 20 30 40 50 kb
Time of expression
Embryo
Fetus
Adult
Unknown
Pseudogene
Organization and temporally specific expression of
the human globin genes
Ways of regulating eukaryotic gene expression
真核基因表达调控的途径
? Controlled transcription
of DNA DNA控制性转录
? Alternate Splicing of
RNA RNA剪接
? Cytoplasmic control of
messenger RNA stability
信息 RNA稳定性胞质调控
nucleus
DNA
RNA
mRNA
Polypeptide
Transcription
Processing
Translation
Cytoplasm
Induction of transcriptional activity by
environmental and biological factors
环境和生物因子诱导的转录活性
? Temperature,The heat-shock genes
温度：热激基因
? Light,The ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
genes in plants
光：植物的核糖体 1,5-二磷酸羧基酶基因
? Signal molecules,Genes that respond to hormones
信号分子：与激素反应的基因
Molecular control of transcription in eukaryotes
真核转录的分子控制
? DNA sequences involved in the control of
transcription,enhancers and silencers
参与转录调控的 DNA序列：增强子和沉默子
? Proteins involved in the control of transcription,
transcription factors
参与转录调控的蛋白质：转录因子
5’ 3’
Enhancers exon 1 intron 1 exon2 intron 2 exon 3
5’ 3’
Enhancers exon 1 intron 1 exon2 intron 2 exon 3
Gene expression and chromosome organization
基因表达和染色体结构
? Transcription in lampbrush chromosome loops
灯刷染色体的转录
? Transcription in polytene chromosome puffs
多线染色体膨突的转录
? Molecular organization of transcriptionally
active DNA 转录活跃 DNA的分子构造
? Euchromatin and heterochomatin
常染色体和异染色体
? Gene amplification 基因扩张
Transcription in lampbrush chromosome loops
灯刷染色体的转录
Activation and inactivation of whole
chromosomes
整条染色体的激活和失活
? Inactivation of X chromosomes in mammals
哺乳类动物 X染色体的失活
? Hyperactivation of X chromosomes in
Drosophila 果蝇 X染色体的高度活性
? Hypoactivation of X chromosomes in
Caenorhabditis Caenorhabditis的 X染色
体亚活性
Gene expression and cancer
基因表达和癌症
? Tumor-inducing retroviruses and viral
oncogenus
肿瘤反向病毒和病毒原癌基因
? Cellular homologs of viral oncogenes,The
proto-oncogenes
病毒原癌基因的细胞同源物：前原癌基因
第六章 基因表达调控
? From genes to characters
从 基因至性状的过程
? Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes
原核生物基因表达的调节
? Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
真核生物基因表达的调节
Genes Characters
基因 性状
Characters
性状
Genes基因
Environment环境
DNA mRNA Protein蛋白质
From genes to characters
从 基因至性状的过程
? The conception,one gene one peptide
一个基因一条多肽链的概念
? Genetic controls of metabolism
代谢作用的遗传控制
? Variations in gene action and phenocopies
基因效应的变异与拟表型
一个基因 一种障碍物
一个基因 一种酶
一个基因一条多肽链
The conception,one gene one peptide
一个基因一条多肽链的概念
底物 中间产物 1
中间产物 2 产物
酶 A
酶 B
酶 C
基因 A
基因 B 基因 C
Genetic controls of metabolism
代谢作用的遗传控制
Variations in gene action and phenocopies基因
效应的变异与拟表型
? Expressivity,Degree of expression of a trait controlled by
gene,A particular gene may produce different degrees of
expression in different individuals表现度,某一基因型表达的
程度。
? Penetrance,The percentage of individuals that show a
particular phenotype among those capable of showing it,
外显率,表现某一特定表型个体的比例。
? Phenocopy,An organism whose phenotype (but not
genotype) has been changed by the environment to
resemble the phenotype of different (mutant) organism拟
表型,环境因素有时引起非遗传的表型变化。
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes
原核生物基因表达的调节
? An abbreviated pathway of gene
expression in prokaryotes 简述
? Operons,coordinately regulated units of
gene expression 操纵子学说
? The lactose operon in E.coli 大肠杆菌
乳糖操纵子
An abbreviated pathway of gene expression
in prokaryotes简述
Levels at which gene expression is regulated in prokaryotes
3,RNA stability
1.Transcription 2,RNA processing 4,Translation 5,Posttranlation
DNA RNA transcript mRNA Protein Function
performed
by protein
Operons,coordinately regulated units
of gene expression 操纵子学说
SG1 SG2 SG3P1 R P2 O
Operon
Structural genes
P1,promoter for regulator gene;
R,regulator gene;
P2,promoter for operon;
O,operator
Repressor
Effector molecule
The lactose operon in E.coli大肠杆菌乳糖操纵子
( Jacob and Monod,1961)
P O Z Y
调节基因 控制位点 结构基因
启
动
区
操
纵
区
?-
半
乳
糖
苷
酶
转
乙
酰
酶
Z Y
Repression阻遏
阻遏蛋白
操
纵
区
P O
Induction 诱导
+ 诱导物 -阻遏蛋白
复合物不能结合
?-半乳
糖苷酶 转乙
酰
酶
乳
糖
渗
透
酶
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
真核生物基因表达的调节
? Spatial and temporal regulation of eukaryotic genes
真核基因的时空调控
? Ways of regulating eukaryotic gene expression
真核基因表达调控的途径
? Induction of transcriptional activity by
environmental and biological factors
环境和生物因子诱导的转录活性
? Molecular control of transcription in eukaryotes
真核转录的分子控制
? Gene expression and chromosome organization
基因表达和染色体结构
? Activation and inactivation of whole chromosomes
整条染色体的激活和失活
? Gene expression and cancer基因表达和癌症
Spatial and temporal regulation of
eukaryotic genes真核基因的时空调控
0 10 20 30 40 50 kb
Time of expression
Embryo
Fetus
Adult
Unknown
Pseudogene
Organization and temporally specific expression of
the human globin genes
Ways of regulating eukaryotic gene expression
真核基因表达调控的途径
? Controlled transcription
of DNA DNA控制性转录
? Alternate Splicing of
RNA RNA剪接
? Cytoplasmic control of
messenger RNA stability
信息 RNA稳定性胞质调控
nucleus
DNA
RNA
mRNA
Polypeptide
Transcription
Processing
Translation
Cytoplasm
Induction of transcriptional activity by
environmental and biological factors
环境和生物因子诱导的转录活性
? Temperature,The heat-shock genes
温度：热激基因
? Light,The ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
genes in plants
光：植物的核糖体 1,5-二磷酸羧基酶基因
? Signal molecules,Genes that respond to hormones
信号分子：与激素反应的基因
Molecular control of transcription in eukaryotes
真核转录的分子控制
? DNA sequences involved in the control of
transcription,enhancers and silencers
参与转录调控的 DNA序列：增强子和沉默子
? Proteins involved in the control of transcription,
transcription factors
参与转录调控的蛋白质：转录因子
5’ 3’
Enhancers exon 1 intron 1 exon2 intron 2 exon 3
5’ 3’
Enhancers exon 1 intron 1 exon2 intron 2 exon 3
Gene expression and chromosome organization
基因表达和染色体结构
? Transcription in lampbrush chromosome loops
灯刷染色体的转录
? Transcription in polytene chromosome puffs
多线染色体膨突的转录
? Molecular organization of transcriptionally
active DNA 转录活跃 DNA的分子构造
? Euchromatin and heterochomatin
常染色体和异染色体
? Gene amplification 基因扩张
Transcription in lampbrush chromosome loops
灯刷染色体的转录
Activation and inactivation of whole
chromosomes
整条染色体的激活和失活
? Inactivation of X chromosomes in mammals
哺乳类动物 X染色体的失活
? Hyperactivation of X chromosomes in
Drosophila 果蝇 X染色体的高度活性
? Hypoactivation of X chromosomes in
Caenorhabditis Caenorhabditis的 X染色
体亚活性
Gene expression and cancer
基因表达和癌症
? Tumor-inducing retroviruses and viral
oncogenus
肿瘤反向病毒和病毒原癌基因
? Cellular homologs of viral oncogenes,The
proto-oncogenes
病毒原癌基因的细胞同源物：前原癌基因
