绿色化学
Green Chemistry
Welcome to Green Chemistry
2004/4/5 化学学院
About the Teacher
? Name,胡常伟
? Email,chwehu@mail.sc.cninfo.net
? gchem@scu.edu.cn
? Telephone,85412290(give your message)
? 85411105(Lab.),88835525(M)
? Office address,化学馆一楼
? 第一理科楼南 301
2004/4/5 化学学院
Text book and references
? 1,胡常伟，李贤均
?, 绿色化学原理及应用,,
? 北京：中国石化出版社, 2002,4
? 2,Anastas P.T.,Williamson T.C,
? Green Chemistry,Theory and Practice
? London,Oxford University Press,1998
2004/4/5 化学学院
Text book and references
? 3,Anastas P.T.,Williamson T.C,
Green Chemistry,Frontiers in Benign
Chemical Synthesis and Processes
London,Oxford University Press,1998
? 4,Anastas P.T.,Williamson T.C,
Green Chemistry— Designing Chemistry for
the Environment
Washington,American Chemical
Society,1996
2004/4/5 化学学院
Text book and references
? 5:,绿色化学导论,, 仲崇立 编著
北京，化学工业出版社,2000
? 6：, 绿色化学与化工,,闵恩泽，吴巍 编著
北京，化学工业出版社,2000
? 7：, 绿色化学工艺,, 朱 宪 编 著
北京，化学工业出版社,2001
2004/4/5 化学学院
Main
reference
book
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chapter one Introduction
Chemistry is a
central,useful and creative
science
?Chemistry touches
many other scientific field,
?The study on chemical reaction,
structure and methodology
gives still directions for other discipline,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chemistry is a central science
? Material science,
Metals,Inorganic materials,bio-medical
materials
? Life science,
Molecular biology =?
? Energy science,
Petrochemical industry,Natural gas
chemistry,Coal chemistry
? Aviation and space science
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chapter one Introduction
? Exploit and effectively utilize natural resources
? Explore the natural world,and find useful
chemical substances not known before,
? Examine the chemicals found in plants and
animals on land,in the sea
? Determine their structure and explore their
function
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chapter one Introduction
?Design and create new materials
New drugs
(instead of just harvesting the living sources of useful drugs)
New materials
(especially new polymers for special usage instead of exploring in nature)
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chapter one Introduction
? The clothing,feeding and nutrition,residence,
transportation and daily necessities of human
beings
depend greatly on
Chemistry,
Chemistry is related to our whole life!
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chapter one Introduction
? The Society,Facing Challenge!
? Human beings,Facing Challenge！
? Chemistry,Facing Challenge！
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chapter one Introduction
? 1.1 Typical environmental problems
? 1.2 Shortage of resources
? 1.3 Health concerns
? 1.4 Towards Sustainable Development
? References
2004/4/5 化学学院
1.1 Typical Environmental
problems
? The cause of environmental problems
Our environment is significantly polluted
when human beings
successively exploit the nature
to satisfy
our natural and mental needs,
Ourselves,our living,our existence
2004/4/5 化学学院
Typical environmental
problems
? Global warming
? Nuclear Winter (Winter due to Nuclear
Effect)
? Depletion of Ozone Layer
? Photochemical smog and air pollution
? Acid rain
? Rapid reduction of living things
manifoldness
? Disrupt of forest
? Desolation and boundlessness
2004/4/5 化学学院
Global Warming
? The increase of Green House gas
concentration is the main cause,
? Main Green House Gases
CO2,NOx,CH4,Halogenides
? They adsorb heat from the sun,
and keep them,resulting in the
increase of earth temperature,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Global Warming
Human Activities are the origin of these
effects
Cooking,Lighting,Warming,
Transportation,
Industry
2004/4/5 化学学院
Global Warming
Consequences
? In the mid-21,the average temperature
on the surface of the earth will have an
increment of about 1.4～ 1.5℃,
? the ice on the South Pole and North
Pole will melt with accelerated speed,
? the sea level will have a rise of about
0.25～ 0.65m,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Global Warming
Consequences
? In our country,
? the rise of sea level,0.14-0.20 cm/year
? comparing to the average world level
0.15-0.16 cm/year
? These variations will alter significantly
the environment widely and eternally
2004/4/5 化学学院
Global Warming
? It is reported(31 August,2003 )
by CCTV news that Chinese
scientists exploring on the Arctic
Pole discovered that the melting
speed of ice therein is faster than
before,and the rise in
temperature is about 2-3K per
year,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Nuclear Winter
In 1982,it is proposed that the earth
will be cooled by the dust and smog
caused by limited nuclear war, This
assumption is called,Nuclear Winter,。
? Gas sol composed of dust and smog in
the atmosphere works like a lens,
? Dust and smog may alter the earth more
significantly,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Nuclear Winter
Clue Example
? In 1815,the bursting of volcano in Europe
erupted 100m3 dust to the air,and the later
floated in air for about 2 years,this had already
made Europe had cool summer,
? 核冬天的真实景象 （网上资料）
2004/4/5 化学学院
Nuclear Winter
? Nuclear explosion will
produce much dust and
smog,the later will exist in
air and cool the earth,
? Even limited nuclear war
will produce significant
smog and dust
? It is still unclear about the
lifetime of gas sol and their
influence on the equilibrium
of radiation in air,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Depletion of ozone layer
? Ozone Layer refers to the ensemble of
ozone collected in the atmosphere 15-
50km above the surface,Its
concentration is less than 10ppm,
? Ozone is naturally protective for our
earth from the sun and makes our life
possible
? It adsorbs violet rays (295-320nm) from
the sun,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Depletion of ozone layer
? Halogenides used destroy
the ozone layer,
? NOx compounds from
the exhausted gas of
automobiles and other
sources catalyze the
decomposition reaction
of ozone,
The culprits
2004/4/5 化学学院
Depletion of ozone layer
? The use of ozone consuming agents(ODS)
? The developed countries used
? 1986,975.8 thousand ts
? 1992,424.1 thousand ts
? decreasing amounts are used
? Our country
? 1986,47.5 thousand ts
? 1992,102.7 thousand ts
? 1993,117.1 thousand ts
? Several measures have been taken,and a
decreasing amounts are expected
2004/4/5 化学学院
Depletion of ozone layer
Consequences
? Influences on human beings,
? Reduction of immunity
? Increment of cancer patient (Comparative
examples)
USA,5000person/year died
（ among 500 thousand patient）
Australia,5000person/year
（ among a total population of 17 million）
? Increase of cataract patient
? Influences on plant,
? Decrease in production and quality
2004/4/5 化学学院
Photochemical smog and
air pollution
Large amount of garbage exposed
directly to air,the later is polluted
and endanger human beings
? Photochemical smog formed from a series of
chemical reaction catalyzed by violet
radiations.……more
Chemical essence
idea
2004/4/5 化学学院
Nitrogen oxides are
the main prime culprit
? NO2→NO ＋ O
? O+CXHY→C XHY O
? CXHYO.+O2→C XHYO3,
?
CXHYO3.+CmHn→RCHO+R’CO
+O2→O 3
? ROO+NO2 →ROONO 2
2004/4/5 化学学院
Air Pollution
? Carbon monoxide
? Carbon dioxide
? Sulfur oxides
? Hydrocarbons
? Nitrogen oxides
? Dust of soil,pollen,coal ash,etc
pollute directly the air,
? The harmful contents of the dusts,
? Pb,Hg,Cd,Ni and other heavy metals
2004/4/5 化学学院
Acid rain
Acidic gases in air dissolute in rain and
drop to the earth forming acid rain
? Acidic gases,SOX,NOX,etc
? Acid rain is harmful to living things
and the environment,
Chongqing often
encounters acid rain ！
2004/4/5 化学学院
Acid rain
2004/4/5 化学学院
Acid rain
2004/4/5 化学学院
Water Pollution
? Water is essential for us
? Water is polluted by
Industrial waste water
Daily life waste water
Mine waste water
Transportation waste water
Farmland waste water
2004/4/5 化学学院
Rapid reduction of living
things manifoldness
? Living things
manifoldness refers to
the ensemble of all
living creatures
including plant,animals,
micro-organism and
other things
? One kind of plant
disappears every 27
year,
? and nearly 90 kinds of
vertebrates become
extinct,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Rapid reduction of living
things manifoldness
? The speed of these reduction accelerates
quite a few kinds of living things disappear
before they are named,
? Large amounts of genes lose
? No effective measure taken,human beings
risk the challenge of being living in the
used manner,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Rapid reduction of living
things manifoldness
? In our country,the living things
manifoldness ranks 8 in the world,
and 1 in the north earth,
? Extinct plants,4000-5000 kinds
15-20% among all
? 156/640(1/4) in the international trade
contract of extinct animals and plants
2004/4/5 化学学院
Disruption of forest
? Forest
? The lung
of living
things on
the earth
Have important
ecological
and
economic values
2004/4/5 化学学院
Disruption of forest
? 1 hectare of forest adsorbs 1t of CO2,and
releases 0.73ts of O2,the later is sufficient
for the breath of 1000 persons,
? 10 m2 forest ? one person
Sweden,Forest coverage 64%
3 hectares/person
Average life span,males 76.3
females 81.4
2004/4/5 化学学院
Disruption of
forest
It is obvious that forest could,
? conserve water resource,
? keep water and soil,
? prevent and fix the sand blown by the wind,
? regulate the climate,
? fix carbon and provide oxygen,
? prevent pollution,purify the air,
? Improve the environment,
? protect species,
? provide wood,etc.,
? It is multifunctional and beneficial for the
future descendents economically,
ecologically,environmentally,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Disruption of forest
? The speed of disrupt,
? Forest,7000 thousand hectare/year
? Tropical rain forest,50 hectare/minute
? In our country,
? Coverage of forest is about 14%,which is the
1/3 of the average value of the world
coverage/person
? The flood of Yangzi river,huaihe river,
Songhuajiang river,lunjiang river occurred in
recent years dues partially to the extra-cut-
down of the forest,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Disruption of forest
? It is reported that after 16 years,one of the
largest state-owned forest zone of our
country----Daxin’anling----will have no
forest tree to cut,(From Wenzhaizhoubao,
37,2003,09,15)
? If continuing to cut down instead of
strict measures taken,
? we will have the risk of no oxygen to
breath,not saying the ecological and
economical loses
2004/4/5 化学学院
Desolation and boundlessness
It refers to the degeneration of plough duo to
human economic activities,variation in climate
etc,
?In Han Dynasty,the regulation of Tuntian (Peasants
open up wasteland and grow food grain)
?in the Northwest region of China,disrupted the forest
therein,and these fertile land had become desert,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Desolation and
boundlessness
?The red land could not keep water,
?no plant could grow well,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Desolation and
boundlessness
?This is often seen in Fujian,Jiangxi,and Guangdong province
2004/4/5 化学学院
Desolation and
boundlessness
? As a result,decrease in eligible plough on
earth,
? It is one of the most emergent environmental
challenge which should be overcome,
1.2 Shortage of resources
2004/4/5 化学学院
Shortage of energy resources
? Energy resource is the corner stone for the
development of economy as well as the daily
life of human beings,
? The productive forces of human society,and
the material and cultural civilization have
been highly enhanced and developed by the
effective use of energy resources,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Shortage of energy resources
? Industrial revolution
? depended on coal sustained 60 years,
? From 1948,the consumption of oil increases,
? Within 20 century,the population augmented
for 3 times,while the energy consumption
augmented for 10 times,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Shortage of energy resources
? The consumption of energy resource is rapid,
and huge amount of energy resources has
been used up,then the remainder of energy
resources is limited,more
? What shall we do for a sustainable
development?
2004/4/5 化学学院
Shortage of energy resources
? oil,exploitable for about 40 years
? Natural gas,about 60 years
? Coal,about 220 years
? What our descendants will use?
2004/4/5 化学学院
Shortage of energy resources
? Our country has become a Petroleum-
importing country since 1993,
? The rate of increasing petroleum consumption,
about 4％ /year-6%
? 2000,imported petroleum 1.2X108tons，
250X108 $
? In 2002,our country has become the second oil
consumer just behind USA
? At present,40% of oil used imported
2004/4/5 化学学院
Shortage of energy resources
2010,4.02X108 tons needed,
1.55X108 tons produced in our country
2.47X108 tons should be imported
? It is predicted that in 2030,80% of petroleum
should be imported,
2004/4/5 化学学院
The conflict between China-
Russia-Japan about the
construction of the pipeline
2004/4/5 化学学院
Shortage of resources
? Resources other than energy are also essential
for human beings to survive and develop,
? Plough resources (non-renewable) decrease
progressively and rapidly
? Mine resources (non-renewable) are nearly used
up,(This summer,a coal mine in Shanxi
Province has been closed because no coal is left
for exploit)
2004/4/5 化学学院
Shortage of resources
? Though bio-mass resources are renewable,the
relative velocity of consumption and production
should be considered,
1.3 Healthy of Human
Beings
The essential problems of human healthy,
Illness Senility (Long Live)
2004/4/5 化学学院
Ancient Ways
for a Long Life
Pray for
Supernatural
Being
Meditation,
Austerity,etc
Make pills of
Immorality
Seek for Special
Medicine
Not Feasible
2004/4/5 化学学院
Modern Medical
Science & Pharmacy
New Medication
For incurable
diseases
Anti-
senility
prolong
life
Reduce
side effect
Avoid
Residence
Increase
Curative effect Let’s see examples
2004/4/5 化学学院
Example 1 tholidomide
2004/4/5 化学学院
Example 2 The synthesis of L-
dopa
L-dopa is effective for curing parkinsonism,while other isomers do not
1.4 Towards Sustainable
Development
2004/4/5 化学学院
In early 80,theory of sustainable development has
been proposed,
In 1992,“Agenda of 21th Century” has been
formulated,
The view point of sustainable development comes
out from the traditional one,
? Traditionally,the increase of GDP is highly
appreciated,irrespective or even at the
expense of environmental effects,
? View point of Sustainable development,
emphasis the co-development of economy
and environment,
?more
2004/4/5 化学学院
The drawbacks of
traditional view point of
development
? A view point of industrial realization,
? The symbol of development is the increment in
industry
? The mark of modernization is industrialization and
industrial civilization
? The goal and driven forces for development are
GNP(GDP)
? Irrespective of the protection and development of
resources and environment
? The criteria marking development is unjust
2004/4/5 化学学院
The ideas of sustainable
development
? Development is highly thought of
? The protection of environment is considered as
one important component of development
? The equal opportunities to develop for
different generations are emphasized
? Appealing to change the traditional manner of
production and consumption
? Demanding the construction of new criteria for
morality and values
2004/4/5 化学学院
? Facing these challenges,
? what will Chemistry do？
? What Chemistry could do?
? What should the Chemists do?
Just Anxious?
Regarding it as an opportunity
Treat it urgently
2004/4/5 化学学院
What will Chemistry do？
? Problems are just
? opportunities in disguise,
? Winston Churchill,
? The optimist sees
? opportunities in every danger,
? the pessimist sees
? danger in every opportunity,
? What do YOU see?（ Exercise in class）
2004/4/5 化学学院
What will Chemistry do？
? 1974,Prof,Youqi TANG,the idea of
directness of chemical reaction
? 1989,New Chemistry,New times of Chemistry
? Simons,The fundamental problems in 21
century are molecules and bio-molecules
the idea of molecular efficiency
? 90s,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chemistry facing the coming
challenges
? Environmentally Benign Chemistry
? Environmentally Friendly Chemistry
? Clean Chemistry
? Atom Economy and Benign by Design
Chemistry
? Green Chemistry(1995)
2004/4/5 化学学院
Green Chemistry is a proper choose
in the development of chemical
science,it grows up to satisfy the
demand of human society,and
shows us a higher period of
chemistry development
Main references
2004/4/5 化学学院
? 1 布里斯罗 R.著 。 化学的今天和明天 。 华彤文,宋心
琦,张德和,吴国庆 译, 北京, 科学出版社, 1998
? 2 唐有祺 。 展望今后化学之发展 。 化学通报, 1998,7：
6～ 9
? 3 冯守华, 谭持恒编译 。 化学的黄金时代 。 化学通报,
1998,7,9～ 14
? 4 李远哲 。 面对 21世纪的挑战 。 化学通报, 1998,7：
2～ 6
? 5 毛文永 。 环境战略的新发展 。 环境科学, 1994,15
（ 4）, 1～ 4
2004/4/5 化学学院
? 6 解振华。我国环境保护面临的形势和挑战。环境科学
动态,1995,2,1～ 8
? 7 俞兴福, 叶明吕, 郑志坚编著 。 环境化学导论 。 上海,
复旦大学出版社, 1997
? 8 徐 峻 。 气侯变化的新认识 。 世界环境, 2000,1：
22～ 25
? 9 田广生 。 中国气候变化影响研究概况 。 环境科学研究,
2000,13（ 1）, 36～ 39
2004/4/5 化学学院
? 10 吕学都。我国气候变化研究的主要进展。中国人
口 ·资源与环境,2000,10（ 2）,35～ 38
? 11 Scholes Mary,Andreae Meinrat O.。 Biogenic
and Pyrogemic Emissions from Africa and their
Impact on the Global Atmosphere。张国梁 译。 Ambio
（中文版）,2000,29(1):23～ 29
? 12 江桂斌 。 环境化学的回顾与展望 。 化学通报, 1999，
11,14～ 15
? 13 钟晓红 译, 楚 云 校 。 世界能源概况 。 世界环境,
1993,2,32～ 33； 1993,3,20～ 21
2004/4/5 化学学院
? 14 王秉忱。世界新能源的发展概况 —— 联合国新能源和
可再生能源会议介绍。新能源,1982,4（ 3）,1～ 30
? 15 美国国家研究委员会，化学科学与技术部，催化科学
技术新方向专家组 著。催化展望。熊国兴、陈德安 译。
北京，北京大学出版社,1993
? 16 美国化学科学机会调查委员会，美国化学科学与技术
部，美国物理科学、数学和资源委员会著。化学中的机
会。曹家桢译。中国科学院化学部，中国化学会，中国
科学院情报中心,1986
2004/4/5 化学学院
? 17 曲格平。关于可持续发展的若干思考。世界环境，
1995,4,3～ 6
? 18 冯之浚。可持续发展与技术创新。中国人口 ·资源与
环境,2000,10（ 2）,5～ 10
? 19 徐玉商，侯世昌。可持续的，可持续性与可持续发展。
中国人口 ·资源与环境,2000,10（ 1）,4～ 7
? 20 原新，唐家龙。四种竞争与环境可持续性。中国人
口 ·资源与环境,2000,10（ 1）,8～ 11
2004/4/5 化学学院
? 21 唐有祺 。 化学动力学和反应器原理 。 北京, 科学出版
社, 1974,1
? 22 Kriege James著 。 择 音 编译 。 新化学时代的来临 。
未来与发展, 1991,2,53～ 55
? 23 Anastas Paul T.,Williamson Tracy C.。 Green
Chemisty,Designing Chemistry for the Environment，
Symposium Series 626th.Washington,American
Chemical Society,1996,
2004/4/5 化学学院
作 业
? 一：简 答
? 温室效应及其与化学的相关性，核冬天，
光化学烟雾及其化学本质，生物多样性
? 二：为什么说化学是一门中心的、实用
的、创造性的学科？
? 三：人类目前面临的主要环境问题有哪
些？造成这些困境的原因是什么？
2004/4/5 化学学院
作 业
? 四；在人类面临的健康问题面前，化学
有何作为？
? 五：可持续发展观的主要观点是什么，
它与传统的发展观有何差异？
? 六：你怎样看待化学学科在本世纪的地
位？
Green Chemistry
Welcome to Green Chemistry
2004/4/5 化学学院
About the Teacher
? Name,胡常伟
? Email,chwehu@mail.sc.cninfo.net
? gchem@scu.edu.cn
? Telephone,85412290(give your message)
? 85411105(Lab.),88835525(M)
? Office address,化学馆一楼
? 第一理科楼南 301
2004/4/5 化学学院
Text book and references
? 1,胡常伟，李贤均
?, 绿色化学原理及应用,,
? 北京：中国石化出版社, 2002,4
? 2,Anastas P.T.,Williamson T.C,
? Green Chemistry,Theory and Practice
? London,Oxford University Press,1998
2004/4/5 化学学院
Text book and references
? 3,Anastas P.T.,Williamson T.C,
Green Chemistry,Frontiers in Benign
Chemical Synthesis and Processes
London,Oxford University Press,1998
? 4,Anastas P.T.,Williamson T.C,
Green Chemistry— Designing Chemistry for
the Environment
Washington,American Chemical
Society,1996
2004/4/5 化学学院
Text book and references
? 5:,绿色化学导论,, 仲崇立 编著
北京，化学工业出版社,2000
? 6：, 绿色化学与化工,,闵恩泽，吴巍 编著
北京，化学工业出版社,2000
? 7：, 绿色化学工艺,, 朱 宪 编 著
北京，化学工业出版社,2001
2004/4/5 化学学院
Main
reference
book
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chapter one Introduction
Chemistry is a
central,useful and creative
science
?Chemistry touches
many other scientific field,
?The study on chemical reaction,
structure and methodology
gives still directions for other discipline,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chemistry is a central science
? Material science,
Metals,Inorganic materials,bio-medical
materials
? Life science,
Molecular biology =?
? Energy science,
Petrochemical industry,Natural gas
chemistry,Coal chemistry
? Aviation and space science
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chapter one Introduction
? Exploit and effectively utilize natural resources
? Explore the natural world,and find useful
chemical substances not known before,
? Examine the chemicals found in plants and
animals on land,in the sea
? Determine their structure and explore their
function
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chapter one Introduction
?Design and create new materials
New drugs
(instead of just harvesting the living sources of useful drugs)
New materials
(especially new polymers for special usage instead of exploring in nature)
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chapter one Introduction
? The clothing,feeding and nutrition,residence,
transportation and daily necessities of human
beings
depend greatly on
Chemistry,
Chemistry is related to our whole life!
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chapter one Introduction
? The Society,Facing Challenge!
? Human beings,Facing Challenge！
? Chemistry,Facing Challenge！
2004/4/5 化学学院
Chapter one Introduction
? 1.1 Typical environmental problems
? 1.2 Shortage of resources
? 1.3 Health concerns
? 1.4 Towards Sustainable Development
? References
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1.1 Typical Environmental
problems
? The cause of environmental problems
Our environment is significantly polluted
when human beings
successively exploit the nature
to satisfy
our natural and mental needs,
Ourselves,our living,our existence
2004/4/5 化学学院
Typical environmental
problems
? Global warming
? Nuclear Winter (Winter due to Nuclear
Effect)
? Depletion of Ozone Layer
? Photochemical smog and air pollution
? Acid rain
? Rapid reduction of living things
manifoldness
? Disrupt of forest
? Desolation and boundlessness
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Global Warming
? The increase of Green House gas
concentration is the main cause,
? Main Green House Gases
CO2,NOx,CH4,Halogenides
? They adsorb heat from the sun,
and keep them,resulting in the
increase of earth temperature,
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Global Warming
Human Activities are the origin of these
effects
Cooking,Lighting,Warming,
Transportation,
Industry
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Global Warming
Consequences
? In the mid-21,the average temperature
on the surface of the earth will have an
increment of about 1.4～ 1.5℃,
? the ice on the South Pole and North
Pole will melt with accelerated speed,
? the sea level will have a rise of about
0.25～ 0.65m,
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Global Warming
Consequences
? In our country,
? the rise of sea level,0.14-0.20 cm/year
? comparing to the average world level
0.15-0.16 cm/year
? These variations will alter significantly
the environment widely and eternally
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Global Warming
? It is reported(31 August,2003 )
by CCTV news that Chinese
scientists exploring on the Arctic
Pole discovered that the melting
speed of ice therein is faster than
before,and the rise in
temperature is about 2-3K per
year,
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Nuclear Winter
In 1982,it is proposed that the earth
will be cooled by the dust and smog
caused by limited nuclear war, This
assumption is called,Nuclear Winter,。
? Gas sol composed of dust and smog in
the atmosphere works like a lens,
? Dust and smog may alter the earth more
significantly,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Nuclear Winter
Clue Example
? In 1815,the bursting of volcano in Europe
erupted 100m3 dust to the air,and the later
floated in air for about 2 years,this had already
made Europe had cool summer,
? 核冬天的真实景象 （网上资料）
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Nuclear Winter
? Nuclear explosion will
produce much dust and
smog,the later will exist in
air and cool the earth,
? Even limited nuclear war
will produce significant
smog and dust
? It is still unclear about the
lifetime of gas sol and their
influence on the equilibrium
of radiation in air,
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Depletion of ozone layer
? Ozone Layer refers to the ensemble of
ozone collected in the atmosphere 15-
50km above the surface,Its
concentration is less than 10ppm,
? Ozone is naturally protective for our
earth from the sun and makes our life
possible
? It adsorbs violet rays (295-320nm) from
the sun,
2004/4/5 化学学院
Depletion of ozone layer
? Halogenides used destroy
the ozone layer,
? NOx compounds from
the exhausted gas of
automobiles and other
sources catalyze the
decomposition reaction
of ozone,
The culprits
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Depletion of ozone layer
? The use of ozone consuming agents(ODS)
? The developed countries used
? 1986,975.8 thousand ts
? 1992,424.1 thousand ts
? decreasing amounts are used
? Our country
? 1986,47.5 thousand ts
? 1992,102.7 thousand ts
? 1993,117.1 thousand ts
? Several measures have been taken,and a
decreasing amounts are expected
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Depletion of ozone layer
Consequences
? Influences on human beings,
? Reduction of immunity
? Increment of cancer patient (Comparative
examples)
USA,5000person/year died
（ among 500 thousand patient）
Australia,5000person/year
（ among a total population of 17 million）
? Increase of cataract patient
? Influences on plant,
? Decrease in production and quality
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Photochemical smog and
air pollution
Large amount of garbage exposed
directly to air,the later is polluted
and endanger human beings
? Photochemical smog formed from a series of
chemical reaction catalyzed by violet
radiations.……more
Chemical essence
idea
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Nitrogen oxides are
the main prime culprit
? NO2→NO ＋ O
? O+CXHY→C XHY O
? CXHYO.+O2→C XHYO3,
?
CXHYO3.+CmHn→RCHO+R’CO
+O2→O 3
? ROO+NO2 →ROONO 2
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Air Pollution
? Carbon monoxide
? Carbon dioxide
? Sulfur oxides
? Hydrocarbons
? Nitrogen oxides
? Dust of soil,pollen,coal ash,etc
pollute directly the air,
? The harmful contents of the dusts,
? Pb,Hg,Cd,Ni and other heavy metals
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Acid rain
Acidic gases in air dissolute in rain and
drop to the earth forming acid rain
? Acidic gases,SOX,NOX,etc
? Acid rain is harmful to living things
and the environment,
Chongqing often
encounters acid rain ！
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Acid rain
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Acid rain
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Water Pollution
? Water is essential for us
? Water is polluted by
Industrial waste water
Daily life waste water
Mine waste water
Transportation waste water
Farmland waste water
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Rapid reduction of living
things manifoldness
? Living things
manifoldness refers to
the ensemble of all
living creatures
including plant,animals,
micro-organism and
other things
? One kind of plant
disappears every 27
year,
? and nearly 90 kinds of
vertebrates become
extinct,
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Rapid reduction of living
things manifoldness
? The speed of these reduction accelerates
quite a few kinds of living things disappear
before they are named,
? Large amounts of genes lose
? No effective measure taken,human beings
risk the challenge of being living in the
used manner,
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Rapid reduction of living
things manifoldness
? In our country,the living things
manifoldness ranks 8 in the world,
and 1 in the north earth,
? Extinct plants,4000-5000 kinds
15-20% among all
? 156/640(1/4) in the international trade
contract of extinct animals and plants
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Disruption of forest
? Forest
? The lung
of living
things on
the earth
Have important
ecological
and
economic values
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Disruption of forest
? 1 hectare of forest adsorbs 1t of CO2,and
releases 0.73ts of O2,the later is sufficient
for the breath of 1000 persons,
? 10 m2 forest ? one person
Sweden,Forest coverage 64%
3 hectares/person
Average life span,males 76.3
females 81.4
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Disruption of
forest
It is obvious that forest could,
? conserve water resource,
? keep water and soil,
? prevent and fix the sand blown by the wind,
? regulate the climate,
? fix carbon and provide oxygen,
? prevent pollution,purify the air,
? Improve the environment,
? protect species,
? provide wood,etc.,
? It is multifunctional and beneficial for the
future descendents economically,
ecologically,environmentally,
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Disruption of forest
? The speed of disrupt,
? Forest,7000 thousand hectare/year
? Tropical rain forest,50 hectare/minute
? In our country,
? Coverage of forest is about 14%,which is the
1/3 of the average value of the world
coverage/person
? The flood of Yangzi river,huaihe river,
Songhuajiang river,lunjiang river occurred in
recent years dues partially to the extra-cut-
down of the forest,
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Disruption of forest
? It is reported that after 16 years,one of the
largest state-owned forest zone of our
country----Daxin’anling----will have no
forest tree to cut,(From Wenzhaizhoubao,
37,2003,09,15)
? If continuing to cut down instead of
strict measures taken,
? we will have the risk of no oxygen to
breath,not saying the ecological and
economical loses
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Desolation and boundlessness
It refers to the degeneration of plough duo to
human economic activities,variation in climate
etc,
?In Han Dynasty,the regulation of Tuntian (Peasants
open up wasteland and grow food grain)
?in the Northwest region of China,disrupted the forest
therein,and these fertile land had become desert,
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Desolation and
boundlessness
?The red land could not keep water,
?no plant could grow well,
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Desolation and
boundlessness
?This is often seen in Fujian,Jiangxi,and Guangdong province
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Desolation and
boundlessness
? As a result,decrease in eligible plough on
earth,
? It is one of the most emergent environmental
challenge which should be overcome,
1.2 Shortage of resources
2004/4/5 化学学院
Shortage of energy resources
? Energy resource is the corner stone for the
development of economy as well as the daily
life of human beings,
? The productive forces of human society,and
the material and cultural civilization have
been highly enhanced and developed by the
effective use of energy resources,
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Shortage of energy resources
? Industrial revolution
? depended on coal sustained 60 years,
? From 1948,the consumption of oil increases,
? Within 20 century,the population augmented
for 3 times,while the energy consumption
augmented for 10 times,
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Shortage of energy resources
? The consumption of energy resource is rapid,
and huge amount of energy resources has
been used up,then the remainder of energy
resources is limited,more
? What shall we do for a sustainable
development?
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Shortage of energy resources
? oil,exploitable for about 40 years
? Natural gas,about 60 years
? Coal,about 220 years
? What our descendants will use?
2004/4/5 化学学院
Shortage of energy resources
? Our country has become a Petroleum-
importing country since 1993,
? The rate of increasing petroleum consumption,
about 4％ /year-6%
? 2000,imported petroleum 1.2X108tons，
250X108 $
? In 2002,our country has become the second oil
consumer just behind USA
? At present,40% of oil used imported
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Shortage of energy resources
2010,4.02X108 tons needed,
1.55X108 tons produced in our country
2.47X108 tons should be imported
? It is predicted that in 2030,80% of petroleum
should be imported,
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The conflict between China-
Russia-Japan about the
construction of the pipeline
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Shortage of resources
? Resources other than energy are also essential
for human beings to survive and develop,
? Plough resources (non-renewable) decrease
progressively and rapidly
? Mine resources (non-renewable) are nearly used
up,(This summer,a coal mine in Shanxi
Province has been closed because no coal is left
for exploit)
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Shortage of resources
? Though bio-mass resources are renewable,the
relative velocity of consumption and production
should be considered,
1.3 Healthy of Human
Beings
The essential problems of human healthy,
Illness Senility (Long Live)
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Ancient Ways
for a Long Life
Pray for
Supernatural
Being
Meditation,
Austerity,etc
Make pills of
Immorality
Seek for Special
Medicine
Not Feasible
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Modern Medical
Science & Pharmacy
New Medication
For incurable
diseases
Anti-
senility
prolong
life
Reduce
side effect
Avoid
Residence
Increase
Curative effect Let’s see examples
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Example 1 tholidomide
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Example 2 The synthesis of L-
dopa
L-dopa is effective for curing parkinsonism,while other isomers do not
1.4 Towards Sustainable
Development
2004/4/5 化学学院
In early 80,theory of sustainable development has
been proposed,
In 1992,“Agenda of 21th Century” has been
formulated,
The view point of sustainable development comes
out from the traditional one,
? Traditionally,the increase of GDP is highly
appreciated,irrespective or even at the
expense of environmental effects,
? View point of Sustainable development,
emphasis the co-development of economy
and environment,
?more
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The drawbacks of
traditional view point of
development
? A view point of industrial realization,
? The symbol of development is the increment in
industry
? The mark of modernization is industrialization and
industrial civilization
? The goal and driven forces for development are
GNP(GDP)
? Irrespective of the protection and development of
resources and environment
? The criteria marking development is unjust
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The ideas of sustainable
development
? Development is highly thought of
? The protection of environment is considered as
one important component of development
? The equal opportunities to develop for
different generations are emphasized
? Appealing to change the traditional manner of
production and consumption
? Demanding the construction of new criteria for
morality and values
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? Facing these challenges,
? what will Chemistry do？
? What Chemistry could do?
? What should the Chemists do?
Just Anxious?
Regarding it as an opportunity
Treat it urgently
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What will Chemistry do？
? Problems are just
? opportunities in disguise,
? Winston Churchill,
? The optimist sees
? opportunities in every danger,
? the pessimist sees
? danger in every opportunity,
? What do YOU see?（ Exercise in class）
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What will Chemistry do？
? 1974,Prof,Youqi TANG,the idea of
directness of chemical reaction
? 1989,New Chemistry,New times of Chemistry
? Simons,The fundamental problems in 21
century are molecules and bio-molecules
the idea of molecular efficiency
? 90s,
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Chemistry facing the coming
challenges
? Environmentally Benign Chemistry
? Environmentally Friendly Chemistry
? Clean Chemistry
? Atom Economy and Benign by Design
Chemistry
? Green Chemistry(1995)
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Green Chemistry is a proper choose
in the development of chemical
science,it grows up to satisfy the
demand of human society,and
shows us a higher period of
chemistry development
Main references
2004/4/5 化学学院
? 1 布里斯罗 R.著 。 化学的今天和明天 。 华彤文,宋心
琦,张德和,吴国庆 译, 北京, 科学出版社, 1998
? 2 唐有祺 。 展望今后化学之发展 。 化学通报, 1998,7：
6～ 9
? 3 冯守华, 谭持恒编译 。 化学的黄金时代 。 化学通报,
1998,7,9～ 14
? 4 李远哲 。 面对 21世纪的挑战 。 化学通报, 1998,7：
2～ 6
? 5 毛文永 。 环境战略的新发展 。 环境科学, 1994,15
（ 4）, 1～ 4
2004/4/5 化学学院
? 6 解振华。我国环境保护面临的形势和挑战。环境科学
动态,1995,2,1～ 8
? 7 俞兴福, 叶明吕, 郑志坚编著 。 环境化学导论 。 上海,
复旦大学出版社, 1997
? 8 徐 峻 。 气侯变化的新认识 。 世界环境, 2000,1：
22～ 25
? 9 田广生 。 中国气候变化影响研究概况 。 环境科学研究,
2000,13（ 1）, 36～ 39
2004/4/5 化学学院
? 10 吕学都。我国气候变化研究的主要进展。中国人
口 ·资源与环境,2000,10（ 2）,35～ 38
? 11 Scholes Mary,Andreae Meinrat O.。 Biogenic
and Pyrogemic Emissions from Africa and their
Impact on the Global Atmosphere。张国梁 译。 Ambio
（中文版）,2000,29(1):23～ 29
? 12 江桂斌 。 环境化学的回顾与展望 。 化学通报, 1999，
11,14～ 15
? 13 钟晓红 译, 楚 云 校 。 世界能源概况 。 世界环境,
1993,2,32～ 33； 1993,3,20～ 21
2004/4/5 化学学院
? 14 王秉忱。世界新能源的发展概况 —— 联合国新能源和
可再生能源会议介绍。新能源,1982,4（ 3）,1～ 30
? 15 美国国家研究委员会，化学科学与技术部，催化科学
技术新方向专家组 著。催化展望。熊国兴、陈德安 译。
北京，北京大学出版社,1993
? 16 美国化学科学机会调查委员会，美国化学科学与技术
部，美国物理科学、数学和资源委员会著。化学中的机
会。曹家桢译。中国科学院化学部，中国化学会，中国
科学院情报中心,1986
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? 17 曲格平。关于可持续发展的若干思考。世界环境，
1995,4,3～ 6
? 18 冯之浚。可持续发展与技术创新。中国人口 ·资源与
环境,2000,10（ 2）,5～ 10
? 19 徐玉商，侯世昌。可持续的，可持续性与可持续发展。
中国人口 ·资源与环境,2000,10（ 1）,4～ 7
? 20 原新，唐家龙。四种竞争与环境可持续性。中国人
口 ·资源与环境,2000,10（ 1）,8～ 11
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? 21 唐有祺 。 化学动力学和反应器原理 。 北京, 科学出版
社, 1974,1
? 22 Kriege James著 。 择 音 编译 。 新化学时代的来临 。
未来与发展, 1991,2,53～ 55
? 23 Anastas Paul T.,Williamson Tracy C.。 Green
Chemisty,Designing Chemistry for the Environment，
Symposium Series 626th.Washington,American
Chemical Society,1996,
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作 业
? 一：简 答
? 温室效应及其与化学的相关性，核冬天，
光化学烟雾及其化学本质，生物多样性
? 二：为什么说化学是一门中心的、实用
的、创造性的学科？
? 三：人类目前面临的主要环境问题有哪
些？造成这些困境的原因是什么？
2004/4/5 化学学院
作 业
? 四；在人类面临的健康问题面前，化学
有何作为？
? 五：可持续发展观的主要观点是什么，
它与传统的发展观有何差异？
? 六：你怎样看待化学学科在本世纪的地
位？
